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VOL. 27, NO. 43, July11 , 2008 (Ashadh 27 2065 B.S.)
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THE LAST BATTLE OF BHAKTI THAPA
Mrs. Laxmi Thapa
Dr. Tulsi Ram Vaidya and Dr. Indira Joshi have written in the recently published book Sardar Bhakti Thapa: Rastra Bhakti ka Praktik that Bhakti Thapa was the only commander in Nepal’s history who was vested with authority to govern the vast territory to the west of the Chepe-Marshyangdi river stretching almost up to the Sutlez river. At that time in 1790s at the height of the Nepal’s Unification Campaign Bhakti Thapa was stationed in Kumaun. ( now in India). According to Kirkpatrick Nepal was then trying to reinvigorate the attack in the west.
British Started to Worry
Many of our historians have not yet taken stock of the fact that soon after the signing of peace treaty with China our country had started to make preparation for the next round of the Unification Campaign. The British rulers in India appeared to be greatly concerned about it. We can draw such conclusion from the visit of Kirkpatrick to Kathmandu in 1793. Historian Steeler has given at length the description of that visit in his book. British governor general in India had agreed to send Kirkpatrick to mediate in Nepal China dispute. Kirkpatrick did not even set out for Nepal until after the war had been successfully terminated by the Nepal-China agreement. The governor general was requested not to send Kirkpatrick since the war had been amicably concluded. However, since the governor general was keen on sending a man to Nepal, so Kirkpatrick visited Kathmandu for not any specific official purpose. During his visit Kirkpatrick found that Nepal was trying to reinvigorate the attack in the west. The circumstances under which the visit of the Kirkpatrick to Kathmandu took place clearly shows that British rulers in India were all the time watching Nepal with great suspicion. At that time British rulers in India were adopting every possible method to enlarge the territory under their control. The way new territories in India were brought under British control and ruled had shocked even the British public. British Parliament went completely against it.
Heinous Acts of British Rulers
Historian HG Wells has written about the British rule in India at great length. The text from his book {History of the World) has been reproduced here. Englishmen at home were perplexed when presently the generals and officials came back to make dark accusations against each other of extortions and cruelties. Upon Clive, Parliament passed a vote of censure. He committed suicide in 1774. In 1788 Warren Hastings, a second great Indian administrator, was impeached and acquitted (1792).
Leadership of Bhakti Thapa
Historian C.B. Khanduri has written about the new nationalism concept underlying the Nepal’s broad Unification Campaign. Why Gorkhas won and their enemies, the Kumaonis, Garhwalis or Himanchalis lost is the question that should haunt every historian. After all, the armies of those states were large; reasonably equipped; and their men material and their armies were not inferior to the Gorkhas'. And they fought in their own territories with the advantage of intelligence, resources and no dearth of brave population. The conclusion one draws from the analysis of strategies followed, battle field tactics and techniques adopted, is just one: there was total lack of leadership among the vanquished. The Gorkhas, on the other hand, had been spurred by their overzealous new concepts of nationalism ( Hami Gorkhali hom). It had leadership that grew stronger as it moved from Kumaon to the Kashmir border. Leadership and character were the hallmarks of the Gorkhas that got them victorious against a people who lacked both these essential ingredients for the life of a state.
According to CB Khanduri Bhakti Thapa had impressed the Gorkha commanders during the War of Consolidation and joined those who were to be the eventual ruler of Nepal. Kazi Amar Singh Thapa had treaded in the footsteps of Bhakti Thapa.
Nepal was Invaded
It was early 1810s. Great Britain was the most powerful country in the whole world. Its vast empire stretched across all five continents. At that time it was ruthlessly expanding its empire in the South Asian Sub-continent. Britain was tempted to make Nepal also its colony. Nepal was attacked without formally declaring war. Britain hoped that Nepal could be quickly subdued in a blitzkrieg invasion. The battle fronts stretched over a distance of about 1500 km. between the Teesta and the Sutlez River.
Needless to say that those were the worst days in the history of our country. The war stretched over a period of three calendar years in sharp contrast to the expectation of the British Government. Nepal bravely defended its independence. Britain was forced to abandon its grand design to enslave Nepal though we lost some of our territories.
Our forefathers were able to protect the honor of our country while almost all other countries in Asia and Africa failed. Nepal was able to defend its independence because of our forefathers’ great sacrifice
Youthful Spirit of Old Man
At a time when Nepal had almost lost hope to win the war fought against the British in 1815, the Nepalese high command in the west appeared to have made up its mind to lay down arms. However, Bhakti Thapa was adamant to fight. He, at the age of 74 years, led the most daring counterattack on April 16. 1815 against the British force at Deothal. Bhakti Thapa and his followers in the counterattack appeared to have vowed to fight to the death. Bhakti Thapa had even handed his infant grandson in the custody of the Amar Singh Thapa just before going to the battlefield. Defiant Bhakti Thapa with a small force of just 400 marched to the battlefield in broad daylight after the sunrise to fight against the entrenched British force armed to the teeth and numbering about 3500.
The Last Battle
Bhakti Thapa led the counterattack against the British force. It was 3.15 a.m. when the small force under Bhakti Thapa marched out of the Malaun fort. The British column had taken position at Deothal on reverse slopes. The cannons of 6 pounders were properly concealed. There were two Indian battalions, the Grenadiers companies of the Light Battalions and some 1000 Irregulars. Thus the British strength was up to about 3,500 troops and weapons.
It was a bloody battle Bhakti Thapa laid down his life in the battlefield. Every one who fought from the Nepalese side was either killed or wounded. The British casualties were also high.
Nepal after Bhakti Thapa
“ Until Bhakti Thapa was alive Nepal’s territory was in a state of great expansion. After that Nepal started to shrink” This is an excerpt from the sainikitihas which is based on the book “ Vikramjit Hasrat, History of Nepal (Punjab: V. V. Research Institute, 1970)”.
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