Kathmandu, Falgun 16 2064.

ljrf/

– lgdsfGt kf08] –

s]xL ;do cl3 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf cWoIf k|r08n] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ Pdfn]s/0f gx'g] 7f]s'jf ug'{ ePsf] cGtjf{tf{ k9\g kfOPsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{;“u ;]gf / xltof/ ePsfn] cfkm\gf] kf6L{ Pdfn]s/0f gx'g] ts{ k|r08n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . k/Gt', dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ Pdfn]s/0f dfq x}g sf+u|];Ls/0fsf] klg eb\bf gd"gfdf ¿kfGtl/t e}/x]sf] b]Vg yflnPsf] 5 .

Pdfn]s/0f gx'g] sf/0fdf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{;“u ePsf] ;}Go / xltof/nfO{ k|r08n] k|:t't ug'{ x'“bf dfcf]jfbLsf ;]gf / xltof/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] lgu/fgLdf SofG6f]Gd]G6df ylGsPsf 5g\ . cyf{t dfcf]jfbL klg olta]nf ;]gf / xltof/ljxLg cj:yfdf 5 . ;]gf / xltof/ gePsf eP dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ / Pdfn]df km/s x'g] lyPg eGg] cy{ k|r08sf] egfO{af6 a'em\g ;lsG5 . k|r08sf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ Pdfn]s/0f x'“b}g eGg] ts{n] csf]{ s'/f s] :ki6 u5{ eg] Pdfn] kf6L{n] ckgfPsf c? ;a} gLlt / ultljlwx¿k|lt dfcf]jfbLsf] dtleGgtf ;dfKt ePsf] 5 .

g]skf -Pdfn]_ klg dfcf]jfbLn] h:t} gf}nf] hgjfbL qmflGtsf] gf/f lb+b} ju{zq'nfO{ ;kmfof ub}{ ;z:q o'4af6 cfwf/ Onfsf lgdf{0f ub}{ ljsl;t ePsf] b]zeQm of]4fx¿sf] ;zQm ;+u7g xf] eGg] s'/f hf] s;}nfO{

klg yfxf 5 . k/Gt', of] kf6L{n] ;z:q o'4 kl/Tofu u/L zflGt k|lqmofdf cfPkl5 ju{;+3if{sf] nfOg klg kl/Tofu u¥of] . hLjg z}nLdf a'h'{jfs/0f u¥of] . dfS;{jfbsf] l;h{gfTds k|of]usf gfddf a}rfl/s ljr/0fsf] af6f] ;dfTof], cfly{s e|li6s/0f, /fi6«3ft, kh]/f]k|]d, dxnk]|d nufotsf ljs[lthGo ultljlwx¿ Pdfn] kf6L{sf cfbz{ aGg uP . Pdfn]sf] of] l:ylt g} sf+u|];Ls/0fsf] pbfx/0f /x\of] . of] kf6L{sf] /fhgLlts ;+3if{ g]kfnL sf+u|];;“u k|lt:kwf{df ¿kfGtl/t eof] . ;Qfdf s;/L k'Ug] < sldzg s;/L n'“8\ofpg] < cfkm\gf gftf uf]tfnfO{ s;/L ;'ljwfo'Qm 7fp“df k'¥ofpg] < t:s/x¿nfO{ s;/L k|efljt t'Nofpg]{ < cflb lqmofsnfkx¿df g]kfnL sf+u|];;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{nfO{ g} Pdfn] kf6L{sf] dflyNnf] g]t[Tjn] …/fhgLltÚ dfGg yfNof] . dflyNnf] g]t[Tjsf] of] rl/qsf] k|efj pQm kf6L{sf cu'jf sfo{stf{x¿df kg'{ :jfefljs x'g k'Uof] . o;/L Pdfn] kf6L{ sf+u|];;“usf] 3[l0ft k|lt:kwf{df km:g k'u]kl5 o;sf] g]t[Tjk+lQmnfO{ ;Qf cf/f]x0fsf lglDt t:s/x¿ / t:s/x¿;“u uf9f ;DaGw ePsf] ef/tLo zf;sju{sf] ;xof]u cTofjZos ePsf] e|d kg{ uof] . ToxL e|dn] ubf{ Pdfn] g]t[Tjsf] /fhgLlt ef/tsf] :jfy{df wSsf k'¥ofpg' x'“b}g eGg] ;f]rdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g k'Uof] . ljutsfndf g]kfnL sf+u|]; / Pdfn]sf] ;Qf u7aGwg -;QfkIf / k|d'v k|ltkIfsf] x}l;ot_ aGg'sf k5fl8 log} sf/0fx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ x'g\ .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]skf -Pdfn]_ l5d]sL d'n's ef/tsf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ slt tn;Dd cf]ln{P eGg] s'/f s]xL 36gfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . xfn} dfq dfcf]jfbLsf] aGb'ssf] andf #) nfv ef/tLo gful/snfO{ g]kfnL gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . of] sfo{ ;DkGg ubf{ o;sf] sn+s dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] g]t[TjnfO{ nfUg k'u]sf] 5 . k/Gt', ljutsfndf of] sfo{sf lglDt Pdfn] / sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tj w]/} k6s k5fl/Psf x'g\ . wgklt pkfWofosf] ;+of]hsTjdf gful/stf ljt/0f cfof]u aGof], o;nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] /f]Sof] . To;kl5 Pdfn] g]tf hLt]Gb| b]jsf] ;+of]hsTjdf cfof]u u7g u/L t/fO{sf 3/b}nf]df k'u]/ gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ axfgf agfP/ ef/tLox¿nfO{ g]kfnL agfpg] cleofg k|f/De e};s]sf]df To;nfO{ klg c;+j}wflgs eg]/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] /f]Sof] . olt e};s]kl5 cbfntn] /f]s]sf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ sf+u|]; / Pdfn]n] cy{ ljw]ossf] hfdf nufOlbP/ gful/stf ljw]os ;+;baf6 kfl/t ug]{ b':;fx; u/] . o;nfO{ /fhb/af/n] nfndf]x/ gnufP/ ;+j}wflgs eP–gePsf] /fo dfUg ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ ;f]wL k7fPkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{onfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP/ k7fof] . o;/L k6s–k6s sf+u|]; / Pdfn]n] t/fO{ If]qdf ef/tLox¿sf] k|efj ;'b[9 u/fpg u/]sf k|of;x¿df dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf /xg k'u]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ Pdfn]s/0f ePsf] of] gUg pbfx/0f xf] . o;sf cnfjf dfly pNn]lvt Pdfn]df b]lvPsf ljrngx¿sf] l;sf] dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjn] qmdzM ul//x]sf] 5, of] klg Pdfn]s/0fsf] gd"gf xf] .

sf+u|];Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] Pdfn]sf] kblrGxdf k|r08kysf] b'Mvb cj;fg ePsf] of] dfq pbfx/0f x}g . dflyNnf] s0ff{nL / c?0f t];|f]sf] ;jfndf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] jr{:j /x]sf] / Pdfn]–dfcf]jfbL ;lDdlnt /x]sf] jt{dfg cGtl/d ;/sf/n] ef/t;“u u/]sf] ;Demf}tfsf] bf]if ;a}eGbf a9L dfcf]jfbLnfO{ hfG5 . ljutsfndf Pdfn]sf] g]t[TjaLr ljefhg ;d]t x'g k'u]sf] dxfsfnL ;lGw k|s/0fnfO{ klg cf]em]ndf kfg]{ u/L ePsf] dflyNnf] s0ff{nL / c?0f t];|f]sf] 36gfn] dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[TjnfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;dfKt agfO{ lbPsf] 5 . oxL xf] Pdfn]s/0f eg]sf] . of] ljifoaf/] hlt k6s n]v] klg g]kfnsf] cl:tTj /x];Dd of] gof“ ljifo aGg] 5 /, of] ljifon] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ kf]ln/xg] 5, o;n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lxgtfaf]w u/fO/xg] 5 . To;sf/0f cWoIf k|r08n] ;]gf / xltof/nfO{ Pdfn]s/0f gaGg] cfwf/ ug'{sf] ca s'g} t's 5}g . ;]gf / xltof/ t /fhb/af/;“u cem} klg k|z:t} 5g\ . /fhb/af/ cem} klg ;]gf / xltof/df dfcf]jfbL eGbf sdhf]/ 5}g . j}rfl/s kIf sdhf]/ ePs} sf/0f / ef/t l/;fpnf eGb} / hglxt / /fli6«o lxtsf k|Zgdf k|:t't x'g g;s]s} sf/0f ;]gf / xltof/n] /fhb/af/nfO{ alnof] agfO/xg g;s]sf] tfhf 36gfaf6 k|r08 sfd/]8x¿n] kf7 l;Sg ;Sg' k5{ ls < cfu] sfd/]8x¿s} dhL{ ††

af“8]/ lng g;lsg] bb{ †

– rGb|k|sfz aflgof“ –

k'/fk'/ b'O{jif{sf] cGt/fndf o;k6s dnfO{ d]/f] hGd:yn DofUbLdf kfO{nf /fVg] cj;/ h'¥of] . …aflgof“ ;xof]u ;ldltÚsf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng o;kfnf DofUbLsf] ;b/d'sfd a]gLahf/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . p;} klg nfdf] ofqfdf lg:sg cN5L dfGg] :jefj d]/f], To;dfly ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv c;fdfGo /x“b} cfPsf] d]/f] :jf:Yo † b]ze/af6 Ps} ynf]df hDdf ePsf aGw'jfGwjx¿;“u Psd'i6 e]63f6 ug]{ cj;/n] dnfO{ cfslif{t u/]klg lau|bf] :jf:Yosf] gfddf dnfO{ /f]Sg] hAa/ lgx'“ d]/f] 3/ kl/jf/;“u lyof] .

b]ze/af6 cfpg] aGw'x¿nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] c;'ljwf dx;'; ug'{ gk/f];\ eGg] ;bfzoåf/f clek|]l/t aGw'x¿n] ;a} s'/fsf] tflnsfa4 Joj:yf ldnfO{;s]sf /x]5g\ . sfd} ug'{ gk/]klg a]gLahf/sf] d]/f] PsxKt] a;fO{ j]km';{bd} laTof] . cfkmGtx¿;“usf] e]63f6 / enfs';f/LnfO{ a9L dxŒj / ;do lb+bf;d]t a]gLsf] ;fg" ahf/ klg k'/} l5dNg ;lsPg . e]6'“e]6'“ nfu]sf sof}+ aGw'x¿;“u e]63f6 x'g} ;lsPg . s;};“u klg dgvf]n]/ / wsk'msfP/ ukm ug]{ ;do k'u]g . cs'kGr/sf] pkrf/aLrd} 5f]8]/ lx8]sf] x'gfn] ;Dd]ngsf] lgx'“ ;dfKt x'gf;fy t'?Gt kms{g' kg]{ lyof] . To;}n] ;Dd]ngsf] cjlw e/df hlt;Sbf] w]/} cfkmGthgx¿;“u e]63f6 u/L l;Wofpg] x'6\x'6Ln] dnfO{ Dof/fyg bf}8 u/fof] .

sf7df8f}+af6 ;fO{t u/]b]lv g} d/f] dgn] a]gL k'u]kl5 clgjfo{¿kdf e]6\g} kg]{ bh{ge/ cfkmGtx¿sf] ;"rL agfPsf] lyof] . c? cfkmGtx¿;“u e]63f6 x'g g;s]kl5 ;"rLdf k/]sfx¿nfO{ h'g;'s} xfntdf e]6\g}

kYof]{, e]6]“ klg . tL e]63f6x¿ cljid/l0fo /x] . ltgLx¿dWo]sf tLg j6f e]63f6x¿n] dnfO{ of}6f leGg cg'e"lt u/fP . tLgj6} aGw'x¿sf] ;fdflhs l:ylt of}6} lyof] . d]/f Pshgf bfh' of}6L alxgL / of}6L efph';d]t ;a}n] of}6} lgolt ef]lu/x]sf lyP . cyf{t\ tL tLgj6} lk|ohgx¿n] c;dod} cf–cfkm\gf hf]8L u'dfPsf lyP . lgi7'/L b}jn] :ju{h:tf] pgLx¿sf] 3/ kl/jf/ d?e"ld h:tf] phf8 agfO{ lbPsf] lyof] .

kmfu'g % ut]sf] ljxfg bfO{ jL/]Gb|s'df/ >]i7sf] 3/df l5/]“ . bf]sfgdf 5f]/f lbk';“u} efph' klg a:g' ePsf] /x]5 . ;w+} j}zfvdf km'n]sf] nfnLu'/f“; h:tf] nfUg] efph'sf] cg'xf/ ca t cf]OnfO{ ;s]5 . b'O{–b'O{ jif{ lalt;Sbf klg jL/]Gb| bfO;“usf] lj5f]8af6 pTkGg ljiffbsf] 5fof“ efph'sf] cg'xf/af6 d]l6Psf] /x]g5 . efph'sf] xftsf] dL7f] lrof lkpg] t dg lyof] t/ nfdf] ;do d}n] efph'sf] ;fldKodf latfpg ;s'“nf h:tf] nfu]g . To;}n] ljgd|tfk"j{s km]l/ cfpg] 9f“6 s'/f u/]/ lx8\g' >]o:s/ nfUof] . 8lNkmgrf]sdf nIdL bfO;“u hDsf e]6 ef] . nIdLk|;fb >]i7, ;fg" sb t/ 7"nf] dg ePsf] dfG5] x'g'x'G5 eGg' cTo'lQm x'“b}g . cfkm"nfO{ dgk':t k'u]kl5 clnstf Tofu / pbf/tf b]vfpg]x¿ t ;dfhdf xhf/f}+ x'g;S5g\ . cfkm" gf+u} /x]/ klg ;dfhsf] lxtsNof0fdf csNkgLo bfg ug{ pBt /xg] yf]/} dfG5]x¿ x'G5g\ . nIdL bfO bf];|f] b'n{e sf]6Ldf kg'{ x'G5 . olta]nfsf] /xg, ;xg, klx/g, cfdb, x}l;ot x]/]/ nIdLk|;fb >]i7n] a]gLahf/sf] d'6'df cjl:yt k|sfz dfWolds ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf lgldQ e"ldbfg u/]sf] xf]nf eg]/ hf]s;}nfO{ cg'dfg ug{ ufx|} k5{ . To; cy{df nIdL bfOnfO{ a]gLahf/sf] …bfgjL/ s0f{Ú eGbf km/s kb}{g . efj's x[bosf nIdL bfOnfO{ cf]daxfb'/ af]u6Lsf] lgwgn] lgs} ddf{xt agfPsf] d}n] dx;'; u/]sf] lyP“ . a'9];sfnsf] ;fyL efph'n] klg c;od} PSn} 5f]l8lbP kl5 bfO emg Jolyt x'g' eP5 . Tof] ljxfg, Pstfsf slj xl/eQm s6'jfn gof“ ;8sdf gzfsf] ;'/df n8\v8fp“b} lx8]sf] b'?:t gSsn nIdL bfOn] 8lNkmgrf]sdf ptf/]sf] b]Vbf d]/f] dg klg cldlnof] . Jolyt dgsf] lk8f la;f{pg dfG5]n] ckgfpg] tl/sf p:t}–p:t} x'“bf /x]5g\ .

a]gL k'lu;s] kl5 uf}rg lgjf; l5g}{ kYof]{ / alxgL ljdnfnfO{ e]6\g} kYof]{ . a]gL k'u]sf] ^ lbg lalt;s]sf] lyof], dgdf pTs6 O{R5f eP/ klg cf“6 ug{ eg] ;s]sf] lyOg . e'nSs8 bfOn] lal;{xfN5 ls eg]/ xf]nf efO lnnfn] k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿kdf :d/0f u/fpg] r]i6f uy]{ . d}n] la;]{sf] jf grfx]sf] t sxf“ xf] / < lxDdt h'6fpg g;s]sf] dfq} lyof] . hLjg / hutk|ltsf] nufj / cbDo pT;fxn] cf]tk|f]t, ;w} k|km'Nn /xg] a}gL ljdnfsf] hLjgdf cfOk/]sf] csNkgLo cf3ftkl5sf] cj;fbk"0f{ cg'xf/sf] sNkgf dfq}n] klg d]/f] x[bo el/P/ cfp“Yof] . a}gL;“u e]6\gf;fy d]/f sfo/ cf“vfx¿ 5nNs]nfg\ ls eGg] qf;n] dg yx{/L x'GYof] . To;}n], cfh, ef]ln, k;L{ eGbf eGb} k'/} kf“r lbg latfOPsf] 5 . Joj:yf ldn] ef]lnkN6 kms{g'kYof]{ . a]gL k'u]/ klg uf}rg lgjf; gl5g'{ xb bhf{sf] clzi6tf x'GYof] . csf]{lt/ ldq >]i7, /fduf}rg ljgfsf] …otLk|f+u0fÚ df kfOnf /fVg' d]/f nflu lgs} s7Lg sfd lyof] . t}klg xhf/f}+ dgsf] u?Ëf] ef/L af]s]/} ePklg d}n] Toxf“ hfg] lxDdt h'6fpg} kYof]{ .

…xf]6]n otLÚ sf] d"nu]6df em08} Ps 306f hlt pleP“ . cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ cfkmGthgx¿;“u enfs';f/L u/L 6f]kn] klg jf:tljstf eg] cs}{ lyof] . d]/f uf]8fx¿n] leqlt/ nfUg lgs} ufx|f] dflg/x]sf lyP . d]n};“u uf]8fx¿nfO{ hah{:tL l3;f/]“ / leq l5/]“ . alxgL sfpG6/d} x'g'x'GYof] . x“;L v';L / Jo:t b]lvg' x'GYof] . alxgLn] cfkm"nfO{ hlt g} :jfefljs b]vfpg] r]i6f u/] klg pxf“sf cf“vfdf kL8f / Joyfsf] ulx/f] ;d'b| 5rlNsPsf] dx;'; ;xh} ug{ ;lsGYof] . cfkm"nfO{ sfddf Jo:t /fv]/ cg'xf/df kf]ltPsf] ljiffbsf] emns n'sfpg] Joy{ r]i6f alxgLn] ul//xg'eof] . pn{bf] af9LnfO{ af“wn] sltHofn /f]Sg ;SYof]
/ < w}o{sf] af“w 6'6\g' lyof], 6'6\of] . dgsf] jx kf]lvg} kYof]{, kf]lvof] . ;fGTjgfsf b'O{ rf/ zAbx¿ af]ln6f]kNg' afx]s c? d}n] ug{ ;Sg] s'/f s] lyof] / < d cem} klg cln a9t} efj's / ;Dj]bgzLn 5' . g t g?g'xf];\ eGg ;lsg] g t /f]Psf] x]g{ g} ;lsg], g t p7]/ lx8\g ldNg] . ljlrqsf] wd{ ;+s6sf] e"d/Ldf k/] h:tf] nfUof] . …alxgLn] o;/L cf“;' aufp“bf /fdhLsf] cfTdf klg ?g]5 . /fdhLsf] cfTdfzflGtsf nflu klg alxgLn] cf“;' krfpg' k5{, lkpg' k5{Ú elg/x“bf d cfkm} klg /f]OlbG5' ls h:tf] nflu/x]sf] lyof] . s07af6 Ps–Ps zAb lgsfNg dnfO{ lgs} si6 e}/x]sf] lyof] . Tolta]n} ;f}efUoj;\ hok|sfz sfsf 6'Kn'lSsg'ef] . k|;+u clnstf df]l8of] . 6NknfP/ aUg 7LSs k/]sf cf“;'sf l9Ssfx¿ cf“vfd} lanfP . d}n] /fxtsf] Zjf; km]/]“ .

/fd uf}rgsf] c;fdlos lgwgdf g?g] a]gLahf/df sf]xL /x]g xf]nf . ;f}Do, eb| / w}o{sf] k|ltd"lt{ /fduf}rgsf] cg'xf/ nfdf] ;do;Dd a]gL ahf/n] la;{g ;Sg]5}g . b'ef{Uoj;\ l;+uf] ahf/;“u cf“;' aufpg] cj;/ dnfO{ ldn]g . x“l;nf], km/fl;nf] / e/f];f nfUbf] /fd uf}rgsf] ef}lts pkl:yltsf] cefjsf] kl/sNkgfn] xf]nf uf}rg lgjf;sf] km/flsnf] k|f+u0f ;f“3'/f], c“Wof/f] / cTof; nfUbf] u'kmf h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . …slt sfd dfq} ul//xG5];Ú eg]/ cfkmGtx¿n] ufnL u5{g\ . 5f]/fn] klg cd]l/sfsf] k9fO 5f8]/ a'afsf] Jojxf/ ;DxfN5' eGYof], t/ lagfsfd d}n] s;/L lbg latfpg ;S5' / < s;/L dg e'nfpg ;S5' / <Ú alxgLsf] o:tf] efjfJolQmn] dnfO{ yk ddf{xt / Jolyt agfof] . x'g klg sfd wGbfdf Jo:t /fv]/ x[boleqsf] slxNo} lgsf] gx'g] 3fpsf] kL8f la;{g] sf]lz; ug'{sf] ljsNk s] af“sL lyof] / < alxgLsf] kL8fsf] cg'e"lt ug{ t ;lsGYof] t/ xhf/ O{R5f eP klg pxf“sf] b'Mv kL8f af“8]/ ltg{ ;ls+b}gYof] . uf}rg lgjf;leq l5bf{ eGbf Toxf“af6 aflx/ lg:sbf d]/f] dg cem u?Ëf] eP h:tf] nfUof] . alxgLsf] kL8f clnstf dfq} klg 36fpg g;lsg] cfkm\gf] lg/Lxkgk|lt cfkm}nfO{ bof nfUof] . csf{sf] b'Mv si6df ;dj]bgf cg'e"t ug{ t ;lsG5, t/ b'Mv af8\g g;ls+bf] /x]5 . h;nfO{ k¥of]–k¥of] . ;xg' kg]{ vKg'kg]{ t p;}n] xf] . c?n] t …s7}a/fÚ eGg] dfq} t xf] gL † of] wtL{df hGdlng]x¿ ;a} l9nf]rf“8f] dg}{ k5{, d5{g\ . gdg]{ t ghGdg]x¿ dfq} xf] . d[To' clgjfo{ 5 t/ s;} s;}sf] d[To' lsg lgs} ux|f}+ nfU5 s'GgL <†

r'gfj, bjfj / tgfjdf x/fPsf] /fli6«otf

alb|g/l;+x s]=;L=

;a} kf6L{x¿ cfºgf] /fhgLltsf] vf]hLdf 8'a]sf 5g\ . zlQmsf] ef]sn] ubf{ k|hftGqnfO{ rflxg] ljj]s klg ltgLx¿n] u'dfPsf 5g\ . :jkIfsf uNtLnfO{ klg ;xL / :jfefljs egL k|rf/ ug{' / k|ltkIfsf c;n s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{;d]t g;Sg' ljj]s u'dfPsf] ;a't xf] . b]z 8/nfUbf] l:ylt / bnx¿ bogLo dgl:yltdf k'Ug' cfhsf] ;+s6sf] oyfy{ ¿k xf] .

bjfj / tgfjsf aLr r'gfj ug{ vf]lh“b}5 . To;dfly o; r'gfjn] 8/nfUbf] jl~rtLs/0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . k|hftGqdf r'gfj x'g'nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . t/ r'gfjsf] df};d / jftfj/0f aGg g;Sg' clg ;j{q lj/f]w / cfqmf]zsf aLr ^ bnsf] ;j{;QfjfbL lg0f{o cg'¿k r'gfj dfq vf]Hg'sf] kl/0flt 8/nfUbf] x'“b} hfg yfn]sf] xf] . r'gfjsf] ldlt cfpg 8]9 dlxgf klg af“sL g/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] pkfo geP/ r'gfj s]jn zlQm ;++3if{sf] Pp6f ¿k eO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«otfnfO{ /0fe"ld agfP/ …nf]stGqÚ / …u0ftGqÚsf nflu lgDTofOPsf] r'gfj u[xo'4, /Qmkft / ajf{bLsf] ;|f]t jf sf/s aGg nflu/x]sf] 5 .

t/fO{df /fli6«otfsf] 8/nfUbf] ;+s6 …nf]stGqÚn] lgDTofof] . clxn] Toxf“ cflbjf;L wtL{k'qx¿ / pgLx¿sf zAbdf …alhofÚx¿ Pp6} wtL{df 5g\, t/ kfgL / dl§t]n Pp6} af]tndf /fv]h:tf] b]lv“b}5 . wtL{k'qx¿ t/fO{nfO{ …dw];Ú eg]s}df cfkQL hgfO/x]sf 5g\, t/ g]kfndf …dw];Ú vf]Hg] csf{ yl/nfO{ a]Un} /fHo rflxPsf] 5 . h;/L blIf0f ef/taf6 kfl/kl§ >LnÍfdf sfd ug{ uPsf tdLnx¿ cfh Toxf“ /Qmkft / pTkft dRrfP/ >LnÍfsf] >L tyf ;d[l4 ajf{b ul//x]sf 5g\, To;}u/L g]kfndf dw]; vf]Hg]x¿n] t/fO{df zflGt / ;'lj:tf Wj:t u/L g]kfnsf] /fli6«o klxrfg Pj+ /fli6«o cv08tfnfO{ clt hf]lvddf k'¥ofpg nflu/x]sf 5g\ . …xd g]kfnsf] >LnÍf agfb]+u]Ú eGg] cfk/flws :j/ w]/} jif{cufl8 g} sf7df8f}“sf] 6'“l8v]naf6 u'l~hPsf] lyof] . To;}sf] sfof{Gjog xf]nf, …Ps dw]; Ps k|b]zÚsf] gf/fdf …tfdLnsf] 5'§} /fHoÚsf z}nLdf …dw];Lsf] 5'§} /fHoÚ dflu“b}5 . o;df xltof/sf] ultljlwb]lv …dltof/Úsf] /fhgLlt;Dd hf]l8Psf] 5 .

o;k|sf/ t/fO{df …k|efs/0fÚ hGdfpg] b':r]i6f eO/x]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLnfO{ csf]{ h+uaxfb'/ hGdfpg' k/]sf] 5 . Pdfn]nfO{ …u0ftGqÚsf gfddf …nf]stGqÚ xf]Og, cfºg} Ps5q /fhsfh rflxPsf] 5 . oxL x'ndf aLr k/]sf] g]kfnL sf“u|];sf] klg csf]{ jLkL hGdfpg] OR5fzlQm xf]Og, tfgfzfx aGg] ef]sn] uf“lh/x]sf] 5 . bnx¿sf log} rfxgf k"/f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj jf r'gfj alxisf/sf] ultljlw eO/x]sf] xf]Og s;n] eGg] < eg] klg kTofpg] s;n] < nf]stGqsf] cfj/0fdf ;QflnK;fsf] rxnkxnnfO{ /fhgLlt dfGg' kl//x]sf] 5 . o;df tLg d'Vo /fli6«o tŒj– hgtf, /fi6« / k|hftGqn] ce'tk"j{ si6 tyf ;+s6 ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] PstfnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] zflnssf xft ef“r]/ z'? ePsf] …nf]stflGqs qmflGtsfl/tfÚn] b]znfO{ cfh oxf“ NofOk'¥ofof] . r'gfjkl5 sxf“ k'lug] xf] ;fob lul/hfafa'nfO{ klg yfxf 5}g . To;sf/0f d}n] eg]sf] x'“, dnfO{ r}t @* ut]sf] lbg x]g{eGbf @( ut] / To;ptfsf] l:ylt x]g]{ cfsif{0f / k|tLIff 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgn] d'n'ssf] ;femf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ub}{g, o;n] ;d:ofsf] gof“ cfofd z'? u5{ eGg] dfq nfUb}5 . To;sf/0f @* ut];Dd zlQmsf] snxsf kl/0ffd r}t @( pQ/sf lbg s;/L b]vfkg]{ x'g\ eGg]df eoldl>t sf}t'nxtf xfdL hgtfnfO{ 5 .

olb b]z cv08 / ;Unf] ¿kdf /lx/xG5 eg] t/fO{n] w]/} kfpg'k5{ ls hghfltn] zf;gsf] g]t[Tj lng'k5{, wd{ yfDg] blnt x'g'k5{ jf If]qL, a|fXd0f, 7s'/L, g]jf/, ysfnL cflbx¿ k"0f{ zfl;t eP/ a:g'k5{, d'n'ssf] cv08tf / :jfwLgtf oyfjt\ ;'/lIft /xG5 eg] h;f] u/] klg d~h'/ 5 . xfdLnfO{ /fhf jf /fh;+:yf rflxPsf] c? sf/0fn] x'“b} xf]Og /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff / kx/]bf/Lsf nflu ;j{dfGo, k|efjsf/L / ;zQm lgsfo xfdL;“u c¿ x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljZjf;n] xf] . jLkL sf]O/fnfnfO{ oxL ljZjf; lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ s'g zlQmn] hf]ufp“5, g]kfn sxf“ 5 / o;n] s;/L cufl8 a9\g'k5{ eGg]df pxf“sf] ;jf{lws k|df0fl;4, Jofjxfl/s, ;Gt'ngjfbL / k|hftflGqs ljrf/ lyof] . ha g]kfnL sf“u|];n] jLkLsf] dfu{bz{gnfO{ 5f]8\of], r'gfjsf] of] 38Ldf cfOk'u]kl5 d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf xhf/f}“ g]tf jf sfo{stf{n] sf“u|]; 5f]8]sf ;dfrf/ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . hlt;'s} qmflGtsf/L Ph]08f nfuf];\ t/ sf“u|];n] cfºgf] klxrfg / ;Ldf u'dfP/ of] af6f] lx“8\g' x'“b}gYof] . hlt;'s} enfOsf ljrf/n] nId0f/]vf gf3] klg ;Ldf gf3]kl5 ljjfb / ktg z'? x'gyfN5 eGg] lzIff /fdfo0fdf ;Ltfn] hf]uLnfO{ leIff lbg] kljq Wo]on] nId0f/]vf gf3]kl5 pgsf] ljjfb, ktg / si6 z'? ePsf] syfaf6 klg hfGg ;lsGYof] .

of] r'gfjn] csf]{ …k|efs/0fÚ jf …h+uaxfb'/Ú hGdfpnf, t/ csf]{ jLkL sf]O/fnf hGdfpg ;Sb}g eg] sf“u|];sf nflu o; r'gfjn] s] enfO{ u5{ / † 3f6fsf] /fhgLlt u/]/ zlQm :vlnt ug{' / ;a}nfO{ zq' agfpg' afx]s sf“u|];sf] efudf s]xL kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvGg . ca sf“u|];sf] ldqzlQm sf] af“sL /Xof] t < sf“u|];n] g} Psl5g\ ;f]rf];\ .

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d]/f] 3/ /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf k5{, hxf“ ls;fg cfGbf]ngsf] s]Gb| lyof] / ToxL efuaf6 @)!% ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf b'O{ pDd]bjf/ lht]sf lyP . cyf{t\ xfd|f] ufp“ ls;fg cfGbf]ngaf6 k|efljt lyof] . To;}n] d ;fg} pd]/b]lv /fhgLlts ljrf/ / cfGbf]ngaf/] hfGg] df}sf dfq kfPgf}+, Toxf“sf] dfxf}nn] sDo'lgi6k|lt dnfO{ ;sf/fTds agfp“b} nUof] . t/ hxf“;Dd JolQms} e"ldsfsf] s'/f ug{' x'G5 eg] d]/f] dfdf v8\u ;fx hf] dzfnsf] g]tf x'g'x'GYof], d'VotM pxf“s} k|]/0ffn] a9L k|efljt lyP“ . ;fy} ;dfhdf x'g] e]befjsf] dx;'; Pj+ ;+3if{ ug{] OR5fzlQm ljsf;sf] sf/0f d ;fg}b]lv :yfgLo ;+3if{df rf;f] / ;lqmotf a9fp“b} uPsf] lyP“ . slxn] xf/ t slxn] hLtn] d leq pT;fx / b[9tfsf] ljsf; dfq u/fPg /fhgLlts ;Qf ;+3if{df hf]8g w]/} d2t u¥of] / d /fhgLltdf k|efljt x'“b} uP .

d]/f] z}lIfs hLjgaf/] eGg' kbf{ z'?b]lvg} d]/f] lzIFf k|lt ulx/f] rf;f] lyof] . dnfO{ k9fpg] cfdfsf] k|jn OR5fzlQm x'“bf–x'“b} klg cfly{s cj:yf Psbd bogLo eP/ ljleGg hl6ntfsf] ;fdgf ug{' k¥of] . d}n] k|fylds lzIff ufp“s} k|f=la=af6 k"/f u/]“ . dfWolds lzIffsf] lgldt ufp“df df=lj= gePsf] / l5d]sL ufp“sf] df=lj= cln 6f9f / k9fO{ Tolt /fd|f] gePsf sf/0f lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd uf}/df hfg' kYof]{ ufp“n] k[i7e"ldaf6 PsfPs zx/ ahf/df uPsfn] z'?z'?df cg]sf}+ cK7of/fx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{' k¥of], t/ ;dosf] qmd;“u} tL cK7\of/fx¿;“u h'Wb} To;df 3'nldn x'“b} uOof] . d]/f] cfly{s cefjsf] sf/0f ljwfyL{x¿aLr c;dfgtfsf] rk]6f;“u} cWoogdf ;d]t k|efj kg{] ub{Yof] . csf{]lt/ Toxf“sf] zx/L jftfj/0f / 5fqfjf;sf] a;fO{sf] km/flsnf] eP/ ;f]Rg] cj;/ k|fKt eP klg Toxf“sf] gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] JolQmjfbL ;+:sf/n] xfdLnfO{ c;fWo} 3f]RYof] . )$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf uf}/ 5fqfjf;df x'“bf Toxf“ ljwfyL{ g]tfx¿ cfpg] hfg] sf/0f xfdLnfO{ /fhgLlts bn / ;+3if{af/] ljleGg hfgsf/L k|fKt dfq ePg cfGbf]ngdf ;fd]n x'g] df}sf klg ldNYof] .

o;} qmddf d}n] s= afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ )$& ;fnlt/ ljleGg ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdx¿df b]Vg] u/]klg s= k|r08nfO{ k|ToIF ¿kdf b]Vg kfPsf] lyPg . dxfg\ hgo'4sf] rrf{;“u} s= k|r08sf] Jofks rrf{n] dnfO{ hgo'4df nfda4 ePkl5 emg\ a9L e]6\g] pT;'stf hfUYof] . t/ hgo'4df nfda4 eO;s]kl5 l;nLu'8Ldf ePsf] dw]zL df]rf{sf] :yfkgf sfo{qmddf s= ls/0f;“u} s=k|r08;“u e]6g] df}sf kfP“ . s= afa'/fd e§/fO{;“u eg] )%* ;fndf /f]Nkfdf ePsf] hgkl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf sfo{qmddf e]6 ePsf] xf] . hgo'4sf qmddf kf6L{sf] of]hgfd'tfljs ljleGg df]rf{x¿df cfj4 x'“b} cfOof] . t/ aLrdf sl/a !) dlxgf hlt zfxL ;]gfåf/f dnfO{ a]kQf kfl/Psf] lyof] . hgo'4 sfnsf ;aeGbf a9L b'Mv n8fO{df k/fho x“'bf / ;“u}sf] ;fyL u'dfp“bf x'GYof] . d]/f] Psdfq ;kgf hgo'4nfO{ ;kmn kfg{' / ;dfhaf6 e]befjsf] cGt ug{' lyof] / 5 .

d Psbd dfgl;s ylst ePsf] a]nf / s'g} ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] a]nf dfq dgf]/~hglt/ k|efljt x'Gy]“ . hgo'4åf/f ckx]lnt hg;d'bfodf cfTd;Ddfgsf] hfu/0f cfpg' g} d]/f] ;kmntfsf] clxn]sf] pknlAw xf] eGg] 7fGb5' .

clxn] d'n'sdf k|ltufdL / cu|ufdL aLrsf] ;+3if{ lg0ff{os lbzflt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . k|ltufdLx¿ cfk\mgf] cl:tTj/Iffsf lglDt ljleGg if8\oGqd'ns tl/sfåf/f hgtfnfO{ e|dLt kfg{ p2t 5g\ eg] cu|ufdLx¿ To;sf] k|lt/f]w ub{} clGtd ljhosf] tof/Ldf h'l6/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

olta]nf dw]; d'lQmsf] gfddf ljleGg ;+u7gx¿sf] lgdf{0f / xfjfbf/L k|rf/n] cfd dw];L hgtfsf] lbdfudf /x]sf] dw];sf] ;d:of / ;dfwfg af/]sf] a'emfOnfO{ l5GgleGg t'NofOlbPsf] 5 . hgtfdf eO/x]sf] a'emfOsf] c;dfgtf Pj+ c:ki6tfn] dw];L cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljeflht Pj+ lbzfljxLg agfpg] s'/f kSsf 5 .

lxhf] :jfwLg, zfGt / :jtGq dw]; cfh k/fwLg, czfGt / cf}klgj]lzs aGb} uPsf] 5 . pAhfp hldg, h+un / hnh:tf ;+zfwgn] el/k"0f{ dw];sf hgtf ;'s'Daf;L aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] 5'§} efiff, ;+:s[lt;lxtsf] km/s dgf]lj1fg eP/ klg /fli6«o klxrfgsf] cefj 5 . Oltxf;df ljåfg hGdfpg] dw];n] cfh ljleGg vfn] x]kfOsf] df/ v]Kg' kl//x]sf] 5 . lxhf] dw];Lx¿ ef/t dfq xf]Og, n+sf / nfxf}/;Dd 3f]8f s'bfpg] / k6s–k6s sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf cfkm\gf] cflwkTo :yflkt ug]{ uy]{+ . cfh lsg c?sf] cf}klgj]lzs pTkL8gsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ < :ki6 ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ dw];Lx¿sf] pTkL8gsf] d'Vo sf/0f kxfl8ofx¿sf] cg'xf/ / kxf8L e"efu xf]Og ls v; kxfl8of cx+sf/jfbL /fhgLlts ;Qf xf] . h'g lj:tf/jfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] cf8 e/f];fdf l6s]sf] 5 . xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 ls g]kfnsf] slyt PsLs/0feGbf k"j{ sf7df8f}+df dw];af6} cfPsf uf]kfnj+zL, lnR5jL / dNnx¿n] zf;g ub}{cfPsf lyP t/ ca uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf …Ps efiff Ps e]if, Ps hflt Ps b]zÚ h:tf unt gLltdf cfwfl/t ;fDk|bflos PsfTds ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfsf] :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 dfq dw];Lnufot g]kfnsf cGo zf;s hfltx¿ pTkLl8t x'g] k|lqmof ;'? eof] . / cfh ToxL /fHo;Qfsf] e]befj / pTkL8gsf/L e"ldsfsf sf/0f l;+u} dw]; kxfl8ofx¿sf] sHofpg] / xf]Rofpg] j:t'df kl/0ft x'g afWo ePsf] 5 . o;/L tYox¿n] k|dfl0ft ub{5g\ ls dw];Lx¿sf] pTkL8gsf] sf/0f s'g} cd's cg'xf/ / ;+:s[lt geP/ e]befj Pj+ pTkL8gsf/L /fHo;Qf g} xf] . t;y{ xfdL dw];sf] d'lQm rfxg]x¿n] cfkm\gf] ;+3if{sf] lgzfgf /fhgLlts ;QfnfO{ agfpg' kb{5 . t/ la8Dagf cfh dw];df dw];L d'lQmsf] gfddf ;+3if{/t sof}+ ;+u7gx¿ cfkm\gf] k|xf/sf] d'Vo lgzfgf /fhgLlts ;QfnfO{ agfpg'sf] ;§f /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] d'Vo c+u ;]gf / k'ln;;“u ;Demf}tf ul//x]sf 5g\ / cfkm\gf] k|xf/sf] d'Vo lgzfgf kxfl8of cg'xf/, ;+:s[lt / e"uf]nnfO{ agfO/x]sf 5g\ . lglZrt ¿kdf dw];nfO{ o:tf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] ;fdGtL ;fDk|bflos /fHo;Qf xf] / To;sf] cGt geP;Dd dw]; d'Qm x'g ;Sb}g . olb s;}n] d'Vo lgzfgf /fhgLlts ;QfnfO{ gagfP/ ;+:s[lt / e"uf]nnfO{ agfp“5 eg] To;n] cGttM pTkL8gsf/L /fHo;Qfsf] /Iff g} ug]{ 5 . To;}n] xfdL dw]; d'lQm rfxg] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] k|xf/sf] lgzfgf v; kxfl8of cx+sf/jfbL ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfsf] d'Vo c+ux¿nufot To;nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ c+xsf/jfbL ljrf/sf JolQm, ;+:yf / lgsfonfO{ agfpg' k5{ . rfx] Tof] pTkL8s hflt xf];\ jf pTkLl8t hfltdWo]s} bnfn lsg gxf];\ . t/ la8Dagf of] ;fDk|bflos ;fdGtL /fHosf] lxhf]b]lv bnfnL ub}{ cfPsfx¿n] clxn] lgtfGt gof“ 9+u cyf{t kxfl8of cg'xf/sf] lj?4sf] ;+3if{sf] gfddf ;fDk|bflostf dRrfP/ /fHo;QfnfO{ rf]Vofpg] / km]l/ dw];L hgtfnfO{ n'6L /fVg] b':k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ . sy+sbflrt of] ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfsf] lj?4 ;+3if{ u/] klg ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfbsf] k'R5/ eP/ cufl8 a9\g] sf]l;; ul//x]sf 5g\ . hals v; kxfl8of cx+sf/jfbL ;Qfsf] lj:tf/jfb / ;fd|fHojfb;“u cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf s] lj:tf/jfb jf ;fd|fHojfbn] lg:jfy{ efjgfn] dw]; d'lQm cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u / ;dy{g ug{ ;S5 < lglZrt ¿kdf oxf“ xfdL pTkLl8t hgtf uDeL/ / ;ts{ x'g} k5{ .

xfdL :ki6 5f}+ ls ax'hftLo ;dfhdf /fHosf] Ps hftLo gLlt Pj+ ;+/rgfsf] sf/0f g} g]kfnsf cGo hfltx¿ pTkLl8t 5g\ / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf; k|lqmof cj?4 x'“b} of] ;d:of v8f ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|Zg p7\5, ca xfdL s:tf] ljrf/ / ;+/rgfn] dw];L nufot cGo pTkLl8tx¿sf] d'lQm Pj+ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpg ;S5f}+ < s] lxhf]sf] h:t} cGwhfltjfbL ljrf/n] ;dfhdf /x]sf cGo pTkLl8tx¿ d'Qm x'g ;S5g\ < s] Pp6f hflt d'Qm x'g] / csf]{ pTkLl8t x'g] k|lqmofsf] k'g/fj[lQ x'G5 < lglZrt ¿kdf ;dfhdf eO/x]sf] pTkL8g jf pTkL8gaf6 d'lQm To;;“u ;DalGwt ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . lxhf]sf] /fHo;Qfsf] ljrf/ hfltjfbL ;fDk|bflos / ;+/rgf ;fdGtL eP/ ;d:of v8f u¥of] / g]kfnL ;dfh 6'qmf 6'qmf eof] eg] cfh ToxL ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0fn] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ub}{g .

To;}n] pTkL8gsf] ljrf/ / ;Qfsf] lj/f]w To:t} ljrf/ / ;+u7gaf6 ;Dej 5}g . ca k|Zg p7\5 ls dw];df d'lQmsf] nflu ;+3if{/t ;+u7gx¿n] s:tf] ljrf/ ;dft]sf 5g\ < oxf“ s] :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 eg] s'g} klg ;Qf jf ;+u7g ljrf/ljxLg x'g ;Sb}g . olb ljrf/ ;dfh jf ;d"xnfO{ hf]8\g'sf] ;§f 6'qmofpg an u5{ eg] Tof] pTkL8gsf/L ljrf/ xf] . o;/L kl/0ffd jf Jojxfl/s kIfaf6 dw];jfbL ;+u7gnfO{ x]bf{ k|i6 x'G5 ls dw];jfbL ljrf/ af]s]sf ;+u7gx¿ ;dfhnfO{ Pstfa4 kfg]{ s'/f t s] cfkm\gf] ;fgf] ;+u7gnfO{ ;d]t Pstfa4 kfg{ g;s]/ k6s–k6s km'l6/x]sf 5g\ / cGo pTkLl8t hflt;“u ;xsfo{;Dd a9fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ;Dk"0f{ d'lQmsfdLx¿n] of] ljrf/ ;+u7gnfO{ lrGg ;Sg}k5{ / c?nfO{ cfkm\gf] sAhfdf /fVg] cGwhfltjfbL ljrf/af6 d'Qm x'g}k5{ clg dfq ;f“lRrs} cy{df xfdL d'Qm x'g ;S5f}+ .

Ps dw]; Ps k|b]zsf] dfu dw];Lx¿sf] k|e'Tj :yflkt ug]{ sf]0faf6 ug]{ ls :jtGqtfsf] j:t'ut cfjZostfsf] sf]0faf6 ug]{ < olb :jtGqtfsf] cfwf/df ug]{ xf] eg] clxn] dw];sf] j:t'ut cfjZostf s] xf] < xfdL x]l//x]sf 5f}+ dw];sf] j:t'ut cfjZostf eg]sf] oxf“sf hgtf c?sf] x}sdaf6 :jtGq x'g rfxG5g\ . To;}n] dw]; /fHosf] l;df+sgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ hgtfsf] :jtGqtf :yflkt u/fpg' xf] . hf] ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; qmd;“u hf]l8Psf] xf];\ / h;n] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult k|bfg u/f];\ . olb xfdL csf{nfO{ cfkm\gf] x}sddf /fVg] ljrf/ / ;Qf :yflkt ug{ rfxG5f}+ eg] Tof] ;dfhsf] ;fws x'g ;Sb}g . tTsfnLg ¿kdf pTkL8gsf] df/ v]k]sf cfqmf]lzt hgtfnfO{ pT;flxt agfpg ;Sg] eP klg o:tf] ljrf/ / ;Qfn] ;dfhdf eO/xg] pTkL8gsf] cGt ug]{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb}g . lj8Dagf † cfh dw];df dw]; d'lQmsf] s'/f ug]{x¿n] …cfkm" :jtGq x'g] / c?nfO{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ug]{Ú lx;fan] eGbf klg cGo ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] k|e'Tjdf /fVg ;Sg'df dw];sf] d'lQm vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . hf] ;/f;/ unt xf] / To;n] cGttM g c?nfO{ d'Qm ug{ ;S5, g cfkm"nfO{ .

hxf“;Dd /fHosf] ;Ldf+sgsf] s'/f 5, ;dfhsf] j:t'ut w/ftn;“u d]n vfg] /fHo;+/rgf agfOg' k5{ . oxf“ k|Zg p7\5 ;dfhsf] j:t'ut w/ftn s] xf] < v; cx+sf/jfbL ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfn] oxf“sf ;Dk"0f{ hfltx¿nfO{ pTkL8gdf kf/]sf] 5, rfx] Tof] kxf8sf] cGo hflt xf];\, rfx] t/fO{sf] . Pp6f s'/f s] ;To xf] eg] dw];L hflteGbf cGo hfltsf] pTkL8g km/s 5 . o;sf] dtnj kxf8df hftLo pTkL8g g} 5}g eGg] xf]Og . t/fO{df klg cGo hfltx¿;“usf] /fHosf] Jojxf/ dw];eGbf cln km/s /x“b} cfPsf] s'/f ;a}n] :jLsfg}{ k5{ . o;/L pTkL8gsf] s'/f ubf{ t/fO{ kxf8 ;a}lt/ 5 . To;}n] x/]s hfltsf] ljutsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf; / jt{dfg pTkL8gsf] cfwf/df :jfoQtf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L ljrf/ ubf{ dw];Lx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s kIf s] xf] / clxn] pTkL8gsf] :t/ ;dfg / c;dfg s] 5 < t/fO{sf] cfly{s hLjg ;dfg x'“b}df pTkL8g / ljsf;:t/ ;dfg x'g ;Sb}g . xfdL x]l//x]sf 5f}+, dw]; /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ljsf; eO/x] klg To;leq cem sof}+ c;dfgtf / cGt/lj/f]wx¿ 5g\ . To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L /fHosf] ;+/rgf sfod ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ;dy/ e"efusf] dfq} gfd dw]; xf]Og / x'g ;Sb}g . t/fO{ zAbn] dfq Pp6f If]qLo kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] o;af6 dw];L hg;d'bfosf] :jfoQtfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg g;Sg] s'/f kSsf 5 . o;y{ dw];sf] l;df+sg t/fO{;“u hf]8\g h?/L 5}g .

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g]kfn rLgaLrsf] ;Ldf o'4df ;dfj]z tTsfnLg uf]vf{ /]lhd]G6sf hLljt ;xefuLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'g' kg]{ xf] k"jL{ df]rf{df lrlgof“x¿n] s;/L bf]xf]nf] sf8]sf lyP . s]xL lbgs} o'4df #^ xhf/ ju{dfOn ef/tn] u'dfof] . ;g\ !(^* df OlGb/f ufGwLn] …/Ú hGdfpg' cl3g} ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;+:yf cfOaLn] klZrd g]kfnsf] t'lN; Go'/fª -sfnfkfgL_ / k"jL{ g]kfnsf] gfy'nf e~Hofª -gfy'nf kf;_ nfO{ xjfO{ o'4sf] lglDt clt ;+j]bgzLn gfsf dfg]sf] lyof] .

;g\ !(%( df jLkLn] ;uf}/j sfnfkfgLdf ef/tLo ;]gf /fv]kl5 Toxf“sf] ef/tLo df]x k"tL{ eof] . t/, gfy'nf 5]pd} l;lSsd] ;}Go kf]i6 / Jofkfl/s:yn ePklg g]kfnsf ef/tkGyL k|wfgdGqL jLkLn] :jLs[lt lbP klg k"j{sf] ef/tLo df]x k"tL{ ePg .

cfOjLsf] clws[t 5“b} rLg;“usf] ;Ldf gfsfaf/] cWoog u/]sf /fd]Zj/gfy sfjn] …/Ú k|d'v ePkl5 To;nfO{ /fli6«o ldzgsf] ¿kdf cl3 ;f/] . ;g\ !(^) ;Dd g]kfnL ufp“ s'6Ldf a;]sf] ef/tLo ;]gf c? g]kfnleq k:b} u'~hL, u'bL, t'lN;Go'/fª -sfnfkfgL_ / gflj8fªdf cv8f hdfP/ a:of] . ptf …/Ú k|d'v sfjn] gfy'nf gfsf dfkm{t\ rLg lj?4 ;}Go tof/L ug{ l;lSsdnfO{ ef/tdf ufEg] /0fgLlt tof/ kf/] . ufGwLn] tTsfn} 7"nf] /fzLsf] ah]6 :jLs[t u/L rf“8f] ldzg ;kmn kfg{ cfb]z lbOg\ . cfkm\gf] sfo{sfndf s'g} Ps /fli6«o ldzg ;kmn eP To;sf] /fhgLlts h;n] cfkm\gf] sfo{sfn nDAofpg ;S5' eGg] pgsf] leqL :jfy{ /x]sf] klg b]lvG5 .

ljZj kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f ;}Go zlQmsf] e/df l;lSsd xTofpg] cf“6 ef/tn] ug{ ;s]g . p;nfO{ ;f]leot ;+3sf] / p;sf tTsfnLg lk5nUu' k"jL{ o'/f]ksf] afx]s s;}sf] ;dy{g ldNg ;Sg] lyPg . To;}n] l;lSsdsf] k'/ftg ;fdflhs ;+:sf/, /fh;+:yf / /fhgLlts bnnfO{ le8fP/ cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ cleofgdf …/Ú nfUof] . …/Ú n] ufGtf]s b/af/leq klg l;w} ;Dks{ agfof] . /fhf rf]UofnsL sfG5L a]lNhog /fgL xf]o …/Ú sf] k8sdf kl/g\ . /fhgLltdf n]08'k bf]h]{ n]Drf d"nsf / g/axfb'/ vltj8f g]kfnL d"nsf 5flgP . l;lSsdsf k|To]s ufp“df vltj8f / bf]h]{n] o:tf] xNnf km}nfpg cg'r/x¿ v6fP– /fh;+:yf /x'Gh]n l;lSsd c“Wof/f]d} /xG5 . /fhfn] b/af/leq rf/ xfQL kfn]sf 5g\ . pgsf @) j6f /fgL 5g\ . xf]k h:tf] v}/]gLsf] ;+Vof g} b'O{ bh{g 5 . o;kfnLsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhf lj/f]wLsf] kIfdf h;n] ef]6 xfN5, p;sf] efUo v'N5 . of] k|rf/;“u;“u} l;lSsdsf ufp“ ufp“df /fhf rf]UofnnfO{ xf]Rofpg] z}nLsf hfqfx¿ ul/P . hfqfdf r'gfjsf] k|rf/;“u} lgMz'Ns ufO{, uf]?, e}+;L cflbsf df;' / eft v'jfO{P . wfgsf] eft bz}+df aNn tNn vfg kfpg] l;lSsd]nL hgtfn] x/]s lbg df;' eft vfg kfP .

tTsfnLg l;lSsd / jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cj:yf t'ngf ubf{ x'–ax' ldN5, Ps b'O{ cf}+z tndfly xf]nf . l;lSsdnfO{ nf]stGqsf] lgjf{rg dfkm{t ef/tdf ljno u/fpg jf:tljs l;lSsd] n]KrfnfO{ cNkdtdf kf/]sf g]kfnL d"nsf ljwfosx¿sf] xft /x\of] . otf g]kfndf /}yfg] kxf8]nfO{ ef?sf] lj6fn] k'/]/ gful/stf ljw]os kfl/t ul/lbg] bnsf g]tf / ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfpdf ljhoL x'g] ljwfosx¿ b]lvg] 5f“6sf“6 5 .

jf:tjdf cfufdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj n7}tx¿sf] efn] le8Gt g} xf] . cfnfsf“rfx¿aLrsf] s':tL v]n ;/x xf] . o;nfO{ ef/tLox¿n] pgLx¿sf] cf“vfaf6 :k]gL /fli6«o v]n ;f“9] h'wfO{ -a'n kmfO6_ sf] ¿kdf x]g]{5g\ . g]kfnL xl/n¶sx¿ eg] l;ª ltv|fb}{ hLp Hofg ck]{/ ;+ljwfg;ef gfp“sf] h+uL d}bfgdf plqg] 5g\ . aGb's] efiff af]Ng] dfcf]jfbL, ef/tLo af]nL af]Ng] sf+u|];, ;b\efjgf, sfOt] rl/qsf] Pdfn] / 7fp“ cg';f/sf] efiff af]Ng] 6'qm]bnx¿ ef/tLo hfdf nufP/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] le8Gtdf pqg] 5g\ . ef/tLo O;f/fdf x'g] pQm v]ndf ef/tn] tf]s]sf] lah]tf lrGx 5f]Pkl5 v]nf8Ln] ckfË eP/ klg ljho kfpg] 5g\ . hLjg d/0fsf] ;jfn eGbf 7"nf] ef/tLo lrGx 5'g' pkm{ ljhoL x'g' xf] .

clxn] h'g gf/f ufp“df nfu]sf 5g\, gf+uf leQf kf]ltPsf 5g\ / ;+rf/ dfWodx¿n] pN6} /sd jlif{g] va/ km'Sg / n]Vg kfPsf 5g\, l;lSsddf o:t} ePsf] lyof] . /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+zgf; ug]{ ef/t bnx¿åf/f g} bf]ifhlt c?nfO{ yf]kg{ / k|df0fhlt ;a} gi6 ug{ ;kmn eof] . d/]t'No /fhtGqnfO{ xfpu'hL b]vfP/ clxn] h;/L k|rf/ ul/b}5, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 l;+xb/af/sf] l;+uf] ;+;bnfO{ gof“ lbNnLsf] nf]s;efdf ufEg] ef/tLo k|k~r / g]kfnL n7}tx¿sf] tof/L xf] . h;/L k|x/L ljefunfO{ ef/tLo s/0f cg';f/ cg'r/x¿n] k|x/L k|efudf 9fn] nuQ} d[uf}nf t:s/nfO{ ;'Dk]/ g]kfn k|x/Lsf] d'Vofno lbNnL /x]sf] b]vfP . o;af6 a'em\g ;lsG5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj dfcf]jfbL, sf+u|];, Pdfn], ;b\efjgf nufotsf ;ftbnsf nflu ljz]if /0fgLlt 5f]Kg] aflx/L vf]n dfq} xf] .

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hgwf/0ffn] ljb]zL lgb]{sx¿åf/f lgb]{lzt g]kfnL /fhgLltsf gf6\osdL{sf] af/]df ljutdf yf]/} phfu/ u/]sf] lyof] . t/, kmf]x/L /fhgLlts rlt{snf / gf6saf/] snfsf/n] lgb]{zg lng] n}grf}/l:yt c“Wof/f] ef/tLo cv8fn] s]xL n]Vg afWo kf¥of] . slt kmf]x/L 5 g]kfnL /fhgLlts gf6s . ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf gf6\osdL{sf] :t/ / d'xf/ clg clego Pp6}, gfd r}+ km/s, ToxL gfdsf] cfwf/df ;fpy Ansaf6 c;'Ng] ef?sf] lj6fsf] kl/0ffd km/s †

Pdfn]df cfkm\gf] gf6s d+r / Tof] tof/ ug{ hu a;fNg] b"/b|i6fsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ jf:tljs gf6ssf/ klg 5g\ . h;n] bnnfO{ /fi6«, /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / :jfledfg kl5sf] dgf]/~hgk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;do ljtfpg] lj>fd kl5sf] dgf]/~hgk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;do ljtfpg] lj>fdsf] rf}tf/L dfG5g\ . gf6ssf] d+r cyf{t\ /fi6«dfly r'gf}tLsf] afbn d8fl/bf To;nfO{ cfkm\g} hLjgdfly cfpg;Sg] ;+efljt vt/f dfGg] jl/i7 k|ultzLn ;flxTosf/ df]bgfy k|l>tk|lt xfdLn] s:tf] wf/0ff agfpg] < ;'Gb/ sNkgf zlQmsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ x'–ax' oyfy{¿kL w/ftndf ptfg]{ k|l>tsf s[ltx¿ !) k|ltzt klg Pdfn]kGyLn] k9]+sf 5}gg\ . g]x¿ky, ufGwLkydf lx8]sf k'/ftg sf+u|];sf] jt{dfg k':tf Pdfn]u0f em}+ ;do cg';f/ s]eL /fhg kydf klg lx8\of] . clxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] k"j{;GWofdf Zofdz/0fkydf nlDsb} 5 . o:tf] a]nfdf /fi6« lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] df}g zflnsdfly k|r08ky lgdf{tfk|lt v'n]/ tLtf] cfqmf]z kf]Vg] k|l>tsf] dgn] s] eGnf < cflv/ Pdfn]sf] xfOsdf08 lxhf] s]eL /fhgkys} kfnfdf lx8]sf] hdft xf] . To;}n] jfdb]jkydf nfu]/ /fli6«otfsf] gf/f p/fNb} sfnfkfgLdfr{ ug]{ gfp“df k};f em\jfd kfg]{ of]u]z e§/fO{, ¿kgf/fo0f >]i7x¿s} nfO{gdf k|l>tnfO{ v8f u/]/ ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] l6s6 lbg] xf] . To:tf] cj:yf b]zeQm k|l>tn] s'g} gf6ssf] kl/syf kSs} n]Vg' ePsf] x'g'k5{ . olb /fi6«jfbL cfGbf]ngn] jt{dfg /fhgLlt / /fhgLltsdL{nfO{ a9f/]sf] v08df k|l>tsf] gof“ s[ltn] csf]{ gof“ …alnbfgÚ rnlrq cjZo hGdfp“g] 5 .

jf:tjdf jt{dfg /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsf / ef/tsf] gLlt x'–ax' kfngf ug]{ g]t[TjnfO{ x]/]/ klg df]bgfy k|l>t h:tf JolQmn] Pdfn] h:tf] /2Lsf] 6f]s/Ldf vf“lbP/ a:g ;'xfp“b}g . cfh cf/f]k} cf/f]kn] y]Q/f] nfUg] e};s]sf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{n] d[To'sf] ;+3f/df cfO{ k'u]/ h'g af6f] /f]h]sf 5g\, efjL k':tfn] pgnfO{ ;Ddfgsf] b[li6n] x]g]{5, dfGg]5 . lul/hf, dfwj g]kfn, k|r08x¿nfO{ l;lSsd ljnosf] 36gfdf n]08'k bf]h]{nfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf ;fy lbg] kbf{ k5fl8sf vngfos g/axfb'/ vltj8fsf] ?dkf x]g]{5 . x[bo]z lqkf7L nufPtsf dw];L g]tfx¿ t lkmhLsf dx]Gb| rf}w/L aGg] bfpdf bf}8b}5g\ . km/s olt xf] lkmhL gf6s oxf“ d+rg ul/of] eg] l;¿kft] v's'/L bfkaf6 lg:sg]5g\ . ljv08gsf/Lsf 6fpsf lu+l8g] 5g\ . clxn] km]b g 6'Kkfsf uLt, ;+uLt / rnlrqx¿ h;/L k|rfl/t 5g\, To;a]nfsf] oyfy{jfbL g]kfnL /+ud+rsf] :yfg xlnp8sf] a/fa/L cfpg ;S5 . o;df k|l>tsf] sNkgf / snddfq eP k'Ug] 5 . t/, k|l>t :jo+n] cfkm"k|lt w]/} b]zeQmx¿sf] cfzf / e/f];f /x]sf] slQsf] d"Nof+sg u/]sf 5g\ . cfkm\g} a}rfl/s nfOg / :t/sf g]tfx¿sf] ef/telQmnfO{ x]/]/ cfkm"nfO{ hgtfn] ef}lts z/L/ 5pGh]n dfq :jLsf/ unf{g\ eGg' k|l>tsf] 7"nf] e"n x'g]5 . jfdb]j / dfwj g]kfn h:tf] v/fgL kfl/+bf;Ddsf] cNksfnLg >4f ;'dg eGbf k|l>tk|ltsf] cfb/0fLo ;Ddfg pgsf] ;ftf}+ k':tfn] klg cg'e"lt ug]{5 . efjL ;To Oltxf;df h;/L g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf sf]O/fnf vfgbfg kltt eP/ pbfpg] 5, To;df PSnf] ;"o{sf] ¿kdf s]kL e§/fO{ /xg] 5g\ . h;nfO{ afWo eP/ ;a}n] >4fn] k'Hg} k5{, pgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] af6f]df lx8\g} k5{ .

jf:tjdf of] wtL{sf] u'0f g} cgf}7f] 5 . Pp6} df6f]df u'lnof], cldnf] / 6/f]{ kmnlbg] lj?jf x's{G5g\ . ltgsf] cfwf/ Ps} ;dfg 7fp“ g} xf] . /fhgLlt klg To:t} u'0f / rl/q af]s]sf] /+ud+r /x]5 . oL ;ftbnnfO{ g} x]/f}}+ g sf]xL /fi6«nfO{ v]nf}gf ;Demg] kftsL ktem/ klg 5g\ / sf]xL cfkm\gf] uf}/jdo ynf] ;Demg]x¿ klg . k|l>tn] of] oyfy{nfO{ bf“Hg] t ug'{ ePsf] xf]nf g} . s'g dfu{df cfkm"nfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] eGg] leqL dgsf] OR5fcg';f/ rNg] c7f]6 pxf“s} jt{dfg ljZn]if0fdf e/ k5{ . cfkm"nfO{ ;DkGg /fi6«jfbL lsQfdf pEofP/ ;bfjxf/ ¿kdf 5fpg ;Sg] afbnsf] ¿kdf /xg] ls OGb|]0fLem}+ >l0fs rdsdf /dfpg] < Tof] k|l>tn] 5fGg] kydf e/k5{ .

‘/fhfsf] nft vfP/ tfn' v'OlnPsf’x¿;Fu e]63f6

8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{{+

kz'kltsf] hfqfdf hfg] g} eP l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ lsg gug]{ t eg]/ xfdLn] …hgdfg;Ú sf] lglDt 7"nfa8fx¿sf] cGtjf{tf{ lng hfg] cj;/nfO{ g]kfnsf] 5f/i6;“u 6'lqmPsf] hgkIfLo /fhgLlts v]dfnfO{ hf]8\g kftn} vfn] eP klg u'“b bNg] df}sfdf abNg vf]Hof}+ . o;} axfgfdf klxn] slxNo} ge]6]sf sltko 6fps]x¿sf] bz{g kfOg] sNkgfn] xfdL b+u lyof}+ . …7"nfa8fx¿ 7"nf b]lvG5g\ lsgeg] xfdLn] 3'“8f 6]ls/fv]sf x'G5f}+Ú eGg] egfOnfO{ lg/y{s kfg{ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] 3'“8f ;f]em\ofpg ljz]if d]xgt nufPsf lyof}+ . klxnf] e]6\g] kfnf] bzjif{b]lv h]n s'l//xg' ePsf >L df]xgrGb| clwsf/Ll;t lyof] . …emfkfnLÚ gS;njfbLÚ …pu|jfbLÚ …6fpsf] lu+8'jfÚ h:tf ljeT; ljz]if0fn] k'sfl/g] >L clwsf/LnfO{ e]6\g gSv'h]nsf] u]6g]/ k'Ubf st} xfd|f] lgwf/df klg ltg} laNnf 6f“l;g] xf] ls eg]/ xfd|f v'§f y/–y/ sf“Kb} lyP . zlgaf/sf] lbg aGbLx¿nfO{ e]6\g gkfOg] eP klg ljz]if cj:yfdf kfOg] /x]5 . lbNnLb]lv uPsf xd|f] ljz]if cj:yf 5“b} lyof], gePsf] k'/fgf] kl/ro / uf]? a]r]sf ;fOgf]sf] b'xfO lbP kl5 e]6\g gkfOg] s'/} ePg . ;DalGwt k'ln; clwsf/Ln] klg >L clwsf/Lk|lt uf]xLsf] cf“;' emfb}{ ;/sf/n] h] h:tf] ck/fwsf] bf]ifL 7fg] klg pgn] rfxL+ jxf“nfO{ /fhgLlts aGbL dfGg] u/]sf atfP/ cflTdotf b]vfpg vf]h] . pgsf] ;xL /+u kl5 lzIfs ljBfyL{x¿sf] h'n';df 3';]/ uf“;, af; / skf; b] gq ;Qf 5f]l8b] gf/f ;aeGbf rsf]{ :j/n] nufPsf] b]Vbf dfq} kQf nfUof] . h] xf];\ df]xgrGb|hLnfO{ zlgaf/sf] lbg @÷# 306f;Dd s'/f ug]{ 5'6 lbPsf]df xfdL pgLb]lv s[To–s[To g} lyof}+ . dfG5]sf] 6fpsf] sf6\b} lx8\g] tL dflg; wd{zf:qsf] lstfadf kl9Psf l;ª, k'R5/, bfx|f, g+u|f eo+s/ /fIf; h:tf xf]nfg eGg] xfd|f] sNkgf df]xrGb| clwsf/L gfdsf xfdL h:t} gfs, sfg, d'v, njfO{, vjfO{, x“;fO, s'/f u/fO ePsf Pshgf cln pd]/ 9Ns]sf dfG5] b]v]/ df6f]df ldNof] .

xfdL 3f]O/f] ;'g]sf jfdkGyL cfGbf]ngsf s'/f p7fof}+ . xfdLnfO{ lgs} k9]n]v]sf] 7fg]/ xf]nf pxf“n] klg kl/:s[t / s]xL c+u|]hL ldl;Psf] efiffdf cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, dte]bsf a'“bfx¿, Pstfsf] ;Defjgf / cfkm\gf] nfdf] h]n cg'ejaf/] wf/fk|jfx k|jrg lbg'eof] . w]/} h:tf] t xfd|f] cfnf]sf+rf] lubLd} 3';]g, s]xL 3';]sf s'/f lyP– pxf“ klg Pstfa4 jfdkGyL cfGbf]ng ljgf hgqmflGt ;kmn gx'g]df ljZj:t x'g'x'“bf] /x]5, emfkfsfnsf] cltjfbL ;f]rfO / sfo{sf] cfTdfnf]rgf ug'{x'“bf]/x]5, xfn k|ltkIfLx¿n] nufO/x]sf blIf0fkGyL e8\sfpsf] cf/f]knfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;To dfGg' x'“bf]/x]5, rLgsf] jt{dfg g]t[TjnfO{ ;+zf]wgjfbL eGg' x'“bf]/x]5, pxf“nfO{ h]naf6 5'6fpg dgdf]xg clwsf/LhLn] lgs} k|of; ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 t/ kl5 dflyaf6 dgdf]xg ;d"xdf ;fd]n x'g] ePdfq 5f]l8lbg] zt{ /fv]kl5 pxf“n] OGsf/ ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . klxnf] tLg 306fsf] ;xjf;d} g]kfnsf] jfdkGyL cfGbf]ngn] Pp6f k|v/ k|ltef / JolQmTjnfO{ !) jif{;Dd h]ndf u'dfP/ ck'/0fLo Iflt ef]lu/x]sf] /x]5 eGg] dgdf 7DofP/ xfdLn] jxf“;“u ljbf lnof}+ .

ca e]6 ug]{ kfnf] lyof] csf{ clwsf/LhLl;t >L dgdf]xg clwsf/L . efif0f w]/} rf]l6 ;'lg;s]sf] eP klg g]kfnsf klxnf sDo'lgi6;“u k|yd k6s ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ sNkgf To;} /f]dfGrs 5“b} lyof] . pxf“sf] kf6gl:yt 8]/fdf Gofgf] ;Tsf/ ;d]t kfp“bf xfd|f] gfs km'n]/ l3/f}+nf] hqf] x'g' :jfefljs lyof] . klxnf] e]6df xfdLn] pxf“s} ts{sf] s'/f] ;'Gof}+, bf];|f] e]6df s]xL k|Zgx¿ ug]{ cg'dlt dfUof}+ . cfkm\gf] ?;af/]sf] ;f]rfO abn]sf] k|i6 kfg'{ x'“b} >L clwsf/Ln] eGg'eof], …dxfg rLgn] ;d]t cfkm\gf] ;f]rfO{ abn]kl5 xfdL h:tf ;fgfltgf b]zsfn] lsg gabNg] <Ú xfdLn] s'g} l;4fGtsf] cg';/0f ug]{ xf] jf b]z ljz]ifsf], xfd|f] cfnf]sf“rf] lubLdf 3';]g . pxf“n] jfdkGyL Pstf …;a} kIf;“u ;Dej x'g] t/ olta]nf ;aeGbf pu|jfbL …d;fn ;d"xÚ ;“u ;Dej gx'g] atfpg' eof] . xfdLn] df]xgrGb|hLnfO{ dflyaf6 /flvPsf] zt{sf] rrf{ u¥of}+ . dgdf]xghLn] cfkm\gf] tfn' xfdLnfO{ b]vfp“b} eGg'eof], …d h:tf] /fhfsf] nft vfP/ tfn' v'OlnPsf] dfG5] klg slxNo} /fhfjfbL x'g;S5' <Ú ;f“Rr} g} pxf“sf] tfn'df yf]/}dfq /f}+ lyP t/ xfdLn] To;df s'g} nftsf] 8fd eg] b]v]gf}+, lsgsL Tof] 6NsL/x]sf] lyof] . xfdLn] hgdt tfsf pxf“sf] /fhb/af/ ofqfsf] k|;+u rnfof}+ . pxf“n] cf“vf s]xL rlDsnf] kf/]/, s;/L …dxf/fhaf6 ;“u} a;fnLaS;]/ s'/f ul/alS;of]Ú …dxf/fgLaf6 df};'kms} afx'nLaf6 lrof alS;of]Ú cflb nf]enfUbf j[tfGt ;'gfpg' eof] . xfd|f] d'vdf klg kfgL el/of], t/ xfdL Toxf“af6 p7\g] a]nf e};s]sf] lyof] .

ca kfnf] lyof] lgd{n nfdfhLnfO{ e]6\g] † ef/tdf e"ldut¿kdf n's]/ g]kfndf qmflGt ug]{ /] eGg] k|ltkIfLx¿af6 xNnf ;'lgO“b} cfPsf nfdfhLnfO{ sf7df8f}+sf] dfem}df e]6\g] eGbf xfd|f] ;ftf] k'Tnf] pl8;s]sf] lyof] . slxNo} glrg]sf] dfG5]n] slxNo} glx8]sf c“w]/f uNnLaf6 3'dfp“b} Pp6f /fd|} vfnsf] 3/sf] sf]7fdf y'lgg' ePsf nfdfhL sxf“ k'¥ofP . 5f]6f] sb, ;fwf/0f e]ife'iff, x“l;nf] cg'xf/ ePsf ;fwf/0f ufp“n] ls;fg h:tf] b]lvg] >L nfdf jl/kl/ lstfan] 3]l/P/ dx]zrGb| /]UdLsf] g]kfnL cy{zf:qsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL k':ts k9\b} x'g'x'“bf] /x]5 . g]kfnL hgqmflGtsf] :j¿k, jfdkGyL cfGbf]ngsf dte]b, a'l4lhljx¿sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf nfdf] rrf{ eof] . xfdLn] …b]zeQm / hgtflGqs zlQmx¿sf] ;/sf/Ú af/] cS;/ ;'lgg] e|dx¿af/] :kli6s/0f dfUof}+ . pxf“n] ;Demfpg' eof], …of] b]zsf] ljBdfg j:t'ut / dgf]ut l:ylt ;fk]If ;/sf/sf] :j¿k ePsfn] ef}lts l:yltdf kl/jt{gsf] ;fy;fy} ;/sf/sf] :j¿kdf km/s x'“b} hfG5, To;}n] tbg's"n kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf ePdf o;}nfO{ …gof“ hgjfbLÚ ¿k lbg / ToxL gfp“n] k'sfg{ ;lsG5 .Ú xfd|f] 3}6f]df stfstf 3fd em'Ns] h:tf] eof] . xfdL l8u|Lsf] kf]sf] a6'Ng] d';fbf}8df nfu]sf :j3f]lift a'l4hLjLx¿sf] lkQ 3f]Rg] u/L nfdfhLn] s'g} a]nf kf6L{sf ;b:ox¿ dWo]sf a'l4hLjLx¿n] u/]sf] u2f/L / clxn] cfd ¿kdf af}l4s nufgL ug{ ;Sg] JolQmx¿sf] sd ;+nUgtfn] hgtflGqs cfGbf]ngn] ef]Ug kl//x]sf] sl7gfOx¿sf] ddf{Gts j]bgf ;'gfpg' eof] . h]n k/]sf] df}sf 5f]k]/ cf}krfl/s cWoog ug{ ;s]sf JolQmx¿n] g} hgqmflGtsf] ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s kIf ;Dxfln/xg' k/]sf], Tof] klg /ftlbg uf]nLsf] k/f{d'lg e"ldut /x]/, eGg] a'em\bf 3'; vfP/ /ftf/ft sf/ a+unf hf]8\g] ;kgf b]lv/fv]sf] xfd|f] cGt:yn cfTdUnfgLn] kfgL kfgL eof] . zL/ em'sfP/ xfdL aflx/ lg:Sof}+ .

clg x:ofª km:ofª ub}{ xfdL ;xfgf k|wfghL sxf“ k'Uof}+ . enfs';f/Lsf] ¿kdf pxf“n] xfd|L gjljjflxtf dlxnf ;fyLnfO{ awfO{ lbg'x'“b} kltsf] y/;"rs gfp“n] ;Daf]wg ug'{eof] . g]kfnsL Tolt dxfg dlxnf g]tfsf] rfKn';L u/] s'g} a]nf s]xL xftnfUg ;Sg] d'scfzf lnPsf] xfd|f] bf;dgf]j[lQ kLl8t dgl:yltn] …pxf“s} k|]/0ffn] dlxnf ;fyLn] klg ljjfxkZrft cfkm\gf] gfp“ gabNg] c7f]6 ug'{ ePsf]Ú Joxf]/f ;'gfof] . t/ ;xfgfhLsf] …xfd|f] g]jf/ hftdf >]i7 / k|wfgsf] s'g} cGt/ gePsfn] dfq} d]/f] gfp“ gablnPsf] xf]Ú eGg] pb\uf/n] xfd|f] rfKn';L lrlKnof], xfdL v;|Ss k¥of}+ . xfdLn] pxf“nfO{ k|Zg ug{ s]xL ;do kfpg ;S5f}+ ls eGg] cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . pxf“n], s]xL 6s\6lsP/ clxn] s;}nfO{ cGtjf{tf{ lbg tof/ gePsf] / pxf“sf] ljrf/ hfGg rfxg]n] …g]kfnkqÚ k9\g ;Sg] ;'emfj lbg'eof] . xdL lªRr k/]/ kmls{of}+ .

xfdLnfO{ …cf= ef= g]= lj=;+= sf] rf}yf] ;|Dd]ng ljb]zL e"lddf ug'{ plrt lyPgÚ eGg] /fo -;fIfL M …rrf{Ú ;fKtflxs_ JoQm ug'{ x'g] sf= /f]lxtsf] klg bz{g ug]{ 7"nf] clenfiff lyof], t/ ef]lnkN6} …ljb]zL e"ldÚ lt/ nfUg' kg]{ ePsfn] cfsf+Iff cw"/} /x\of] .

lqe'jg /fhkysf] 3'dfp/f] cf]/fnf]df a;df 6fpsf] 3§ h:tf] 3'd]/ …tLg lqnf]s rf}w} e'jgÚ b]vfp“bf dx;'; eO/x]Yof], g]kfnsf] jfdkGyL Pstfsf] df]8 eGbf oxf“s} df]8 sd 3'dfp/f] xf] ls <

-hg–dfg;, jif{–$ c+s–$, @)#* c;f]h_

/fi6« arfpg ‘uf]/vgfy’sf] cjt/0f h?/L

@ l;h{gf s];L «

lxGb' wd{sf cf/fWob]j kz'kltgfynfO{ b]jx¿sf klg b]j dflgG5 . k"jL{o bz{gsf cg';f/ ;[li6stf{ a|Dxf, kfngstf{ lji0f' / ;+xf/stf{ lzjsf] 5q5f“ofdf b'lgof“sf] hLjgrqm rln/x]sf] 5 . k"jL{o bz{gdfly l6Kk0fL ug{ ;lhnf] t/ v08g ug{ ufx|f] x'gfn] cGo u|Gyx¿sf] t'ngfdf lxGb' j}lbs u|Gy ljZj;gLo dflgG5 .

Ps j}lbs syf cg';f/ dfG5]x¿ :ju{nf]s / odnf]sdf k'Ug ;Qm}gg\ . hLljt dflg; lzjnf]s cyf{t\ s}nfz kj{t rfxL k'Ug ;S5g\ . jt{dfg e"uf]ndf rLgsf] :jfzfl;t If]q ltAatdf kg]{ s}nfz kj{t x'Dnf / bfr'{nfaf6 lx8]/ / vf;f -hfªjf]_af6 df]6/df klg k'Ug ;lsG5 . j}lbssfndf eujfg lzjn] s}nfz kj{tdf a;]/ dfgjsf] lbgrof{af/] Vofn uy]{ eGg] cfd ljZjf; 5 . krf; xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] dfgj cjz]if / kfiff0f o'usf 9'+u] xltof/x¿ cfh klg g]kfndf kfOg'n] ljZjsf] dfgj pTkQL ynf] g]kfn /x]sf] k'li6 u5{ . :d/0fLo /xf];\, cd]l/sL cGj]ifs 6f]nLn] km]nf kf/]sf] pQm dfgj cjz]if / bf“t eg] @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ufoj kf¥of] .

Ps j}lbs syf eG5, …Ps lbg ;[li6stf{ a|Dxfn] kfngstf{ lji0f'nfO{ af]nfP/ eg], …s] xf] lji0f' < d s] cgy{ ;'Gb}5' < tn dTo{nf]sdf t dfG5]x¿aLr xfxfsf/ eP5 . clgsfn, /f]u / em}emu8f k}mnbf] 5 . ltdLn] sfdsf] lhDdf kfP/ klg a]jf:tf ug]{ < a|Dxf hlª\uPsf] b]v]kl5 gd| eO{ zL/ e'msfP/ lji0f'n] ljlGt u/]5g\–k|ef] † Tof] sfd t ;+xf/stf{ dxfb]jsf] xf] . d}n] t 7Ls ;dodf x]/ ljrf/ ul//x]sf] 5' k|e' † p;f] eP dxfb]jnfO{ d]/f] ;Gb]z k'¥ofO{b]p . dTo{nf]ssf] l:ylt sfa'df /fVg' k¥of] elGbg' .Ú a|Dxfn] eg]5g\ . j}s'07nf]saf6 x:ofª km:ofª ub}{ lzjnf]s k'Ubf kfj{tLsf] sfvdf klN6/x]sf dxfb]jnfO{ a|Dxfsf] s'/f lji0f'n] ;'gfP . efªsf] gzfn] cf“vf /ftf ePsf dxfb]jn] csf]{ ;sf]{ tfGb} eg]5g\–lji0f' ltdL hfp, d l:ylt lgoGq0fdf lnG5' .

…gGbL, otf cfpt †Ú efªsf] gzfn] 5f]8]kl5 cfkm\gf] afxg ;f“9] -gGbL_ nfO{ af]nfp“b} dxfb]jn] eg] . …ltdL cfh} dTo{nf]s hfp . Toxf“ ;a}nfO{ e]nf kf/]/ lbgdf tLg rf]6L g'xfP/ PskN6 dfq vfg' eGg] d/f] cfb]z ;'gfpg" . d]/f] cfb]z gdfGg]nfO{ dxfb]jn] 7Ls kf5{g\ c/] elGbg" .Ú dxfb]jn] gGbLnfO{ c¥xfP .

;a} dxfb]j kfj{tL af]s]/ s}nfz kj{tdf ljr/0f ug]{ gGbL v';L eof] . dTo{nf]sdf OR5f cg';f/sf] 3f“; vfg kfOg] nf]en] p;sf] d'v /;fof] . dxfb]jsf] cf1f adf]lhd s}nfz kj{taf6 uLt ufp“b} gfRb} pm dTo{nf]s em¥of] .

dTo{nf]sdf k'u]kl5 ;a} dg'io hfltnfO{ gGbLn] e]nf u¥of] . …s}mnfz nf]saf6 dxfb]jsf] x's'd 5– ca pk|fGt ltdLx¿n] lbgdf Ps kN6 g'xfP/ tLg kN6 vfg' /], gq dxfb]jn] sf/afxL ug]{ /] † d k|e'sf] oxL x's'd ;'gfpg cfPsf], d uP“ .Ú gGbL s}nfz nf]s kmls{of] .

ptf dTo{nf]sdf emg\ 7"nf] slrªun dlRrof] . dxfb]jsf] cfb]z eGb} dfG5]n] lbgdf tLg kN6 vfg] x'“bf pAhgLn] k'u]g . n'6, df/sf6 / e}+emu8fn] dTo{nf]s l;+u} d;fg3f6df kl/0ft eof] . of] b[io lzjsf] t];|f] g]qn] s}nfzaf6 b]lv/x]sf] lyof] .

…sfd kmQ] u/]/ cfP“ k|ef] †Ú s}nfz kj{tdf k'Ugf;fy gGbLn] dxfb]jnfO{ eGof] . …ltdLn] dg'ionfO{ s] eGof}+ t <Ú dxfb]jn] ;f]Wgf;fy gGbLn] eGof]– k|e'n] h] eGg' eg]/ k7fpg' ePsf] lyof], ToxL eg] k|e' † …nf} Ps rf]6L eg t d}n] eg]sf] s'/f <Ú dxfb]jn] ;f]w] . …ca pk|fGt dg'ion] lbgdf tLg kN6 vfg' / Ps kN6 g'xfpg' gq dxfb]jn] 7Ls kf5{g\ c/] eg] k|e' †Ú p3|fp“b} u/]sf] gGbLn] ;xh tl/sfn] eGof] . …gGbL † ltdLn] d]/f] cfb]z pN6f] ;'gfP5f}+ . ca dg'ionfO{ cK7\of/f] kbf{ ltdLn] ;3fP/ kfNg' . dnfO{ ca ltdLn] af]sL /xg' kb}{g, d cs}{ ¿kdf cfpg]5' .Ú lg/f; eP/ dxfb]jn] eg] . To;}a]nfb]lv uf]?nfO{ cgfh pTkfbgsf] nflu dfG5]n] hf]Tg yfn]sf] syg 5 .

kz'kltgfy, dxfb]j, lzj eg] klg xfd|f cf/fWob]j Ps} x'g\–;Def], ef]n]gfy, h] eg] klg .

cfh eGbf !# ;o jif{ cl3 sf7df8f}+df v8]/L k¥of] . afx| jif{;Dd pQm v8]/L k/]sf] lyof] . To;sf] j}lbs sf/0f 5 . sf7df8f}+jf;L /; /fudf e'n]/ kz'kltgfynfO{ cax]ngf u/]sf] 7fgL d[u:ynLdf gfusf] lj5\of}gfdfly uf]/vgfy a;]sf] sf/0f ;f] v8]/L k/]sf] sxfjt 5 . kl5 eQmk'/sf tflGqs u'efh'x¿n] cys k|of; u/]kl5 uf]/vgfyn] dfkm lbPsf] syf 5 . uf]/vgfyn] To;a]nf eg]sf lyP, l/lt lauf/]df ;Dxf/ ug{ s'g} ¿kdf k|s6 x'g]5', cK7\of/f] k/]df d2tsf] nflu cfpg] 5' t/, sf7df8f}+ vfN8f]df Ps}kN6 ;a}lt/ hn a[li6 sbflk u/fpg] 5}g .

cfw'lgs g]kfnsf ;[li6stf{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]/vgfysf] bz{g kfpg'df 7"nf] /x:o 5 . To;a]nfsf e'/] 6fs'/] /fHox¿df ;DkGgtfsf] pGdfb lyof] . clgsfn / v8]/L s]xL lyPg . dflg;x¿aLrdf cxdtfsf] kf/f] r'lnb} lyof] . tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] g]t[Tj ug{;Sg] o'ub|i6f k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fd' k|s6 eP/ uf]/vgfyn] nlIft sbd rfNg k|]l/t u/]sf lyP .

…ha ha j}lbssfnLg of] kljq e"ld g]kfnsf k/rqmLx¿sf] bfO“ rN5 uf]/vgfyn] p2f/ ug'{x'g]5 .Ú uf]/vgfysf cgGo eQm /fi6«u'? of]uL g/xl/gfyn] eGg' ePsf] lyof] . ca t uf]/vgfysf jf:tljs cg'ofoL g]kfndf kfOg 5f8] . of]uL g/xl/gfysf s'g} a]nfsf dfG5] cfh :jfdL /fdb]j eP/ b'lgof“sf] k|rf/df 5fPsf] 5 . jo:s pd]/ 5pGh]n s;fO{vfgfsf] sfl/Gbf ofbj y/sf] pm s;/L kt~hnL of]u u'? eof] < ef/tLo k|rf/s} sdfn xf]nf .

cfh lzj/fqLsf] dlxdf qmdzM cf]/fnf] nfUg] qmddf 5 . h;/L /fi6« / /fli6«otf v'Drb}5 gfl:ts b]lvg rfxg] ef/tkGyLx¿sf] bjbjf a9\b}5 . pgLx¿n] xftdf lt/+uf em08f kmx/fpg dfq af“sL 5, dgdf t kmx/fO{ ;s] . j}lbs cy{ af]Sg] xfd|f] rGb| ;"o{ c+lst em08fsf] /Iffy{ u'? uf]/vgfy g} k|s6 x'g'kg]{ eof] . h'g;'s} ¿kdf k|s6 eP klg :jfledfgL g]kfnL gful/sn] cjZo lrGg]5g\ .

k//fi6« gLlt 6f6 kN6]sf] ;fljt

8f= OlGb/f zfx

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olb ljZj lhTg] a]nfotnfO{ xfd|f] dg lhTg' 5}g eg] 7Ls} 5 . xfdL klg ;fyLn] dfofsf] 8f]/L l5gfNof], a}u'gL /x]5 egL lrQ a'emfp“nf, t/ hg:t/df o:tf] ;f]r ePklg s'6gLlts:t/df eg] ;a} s'/fdf k"/} a]sDdf ;fljt ePsf] ;ftbnsf] ;/sf/ ldqx¿sf Jojxf/df cfPsf] o:tfvfn] ldq3ftL Jojxf/af6 o; ;/sf/sf] s'g} k//fi6« gLlt g} geP/ xf] / ePklg Tof] ;tk|ltzt km]n ePsf] 5 jf 5/l5d]ssf kf]N6fdf las]sf] 5 eGg] ;fljt ePsf] 5 . –hgd~r ;fKtflxs

SLOW PROGRESS ON AFGHAN REFUGEES RETURN

Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema

Rapidly deteriorating security situation in Afghanistan has not only slowed down the rate of returns of Afghan refugees from camps in Pakistan but has also taken a heavy toll of focused and sincere efforts of UNHCR(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). The worsening security situation in some parts of Afghanistan is effectively impeding the return of two million refugees. In the past the repatriation of Afghan refugees was viewed as progressing at somewhat satisfactory level but the recent drastic fall in numbers has created many difficulties and injected complications for the Pakistani host.

While it is repeatedly asserted that the ultimate aim is to repatriate the Afghan refugees to their homeland within a reasonable time span, little more than 356,000 refugees returned this year out of which 150,000 were registered whereas the rest of them were non-registered refugees. The year 2002 saw the return of the highest number of refugee to Afghanistan which was 1.6 million. Since 2002 the number of returning refugees have not been all that impressive.

Unless and until the security situation improves the number of returnees is likely to further drop. The presence of large number of refugees in Pakistan has already complicated the situation in Pakistan and gave birth to many unanticipated social and economic problems. In addition, their presence Pakistan has further complicated Government of Pakistan’s efforts to plug trafficking of both the Taliban and their sympathizers.

It has been reported that many Taliban’s sympathetic elements use the cover of returnee refugee luggage and sometimes even attempts to get guns and ammunition inside their luggage are made. The Government of Pakistan have been engaged in all kinds efforts to accelerate the departure of the refugees and deny the them smuggling of contrabands. It has also bee reported that many Taliban take refuge in refugees camps and use all those facilities that are being provided by the Pakistani Government.

The discovery of Taliban fighters who frequently use the cover of refugees makes the situation for the Pakistani authorities rather complicated and difficult. Already the registration system is being questioned. The people of Pakistan are doing everything to facilitate their stay in Pakistan but accommodating attitude of some of the refugees to provide cover to the Taliban injects complications for Pakistan. The western media invariably without undertaking proper investigation puts out reports of their hideout in such a way that it generates the impression that it is being done with the connivance of Pakistani Government.

For more than 25 years the government of Pakistan has played a host to four million Afghan refugees. Despite the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan the process of repatriation took quite sometimes to take off. This was quite understandable as the situation in Afghanistan was not all that attractive to motivate them to go back to Afghanistan. Over the years the American and their allies have been able to inject some semblance of stability but situation is still far from being total normalcy.

It is a well known fact that Pakistan’s open door policy towards the Afghans eventually resulted in many complications whereas the Iranian policy was carefully carved. However it needs to be stressed here that following the ouster of the Taliban regime, Pakistan’s de-linking with Taliban has not yet fully sunk in among some quarters. The accusation that Pakistan is providing a sanctuary to Taliban is not at all true. However it is difficult to deny the existence of some sympathies for Taliban among certain sections of Pakistani Pakhtoons population. This does not mean that Pakistan is not engaged in preventing the periodic undesired infiltration from some parts of Pakistani tribal areas.

Pakistan has always been deeply interested in Afghans’ welfare and has consistently extended its full cooperation. Cognizant of close geographical proximity sharing a long and difficult border stretching over 2500 km, close ethnic linkages, shared historical experiences and trading interactions, both Pakistan and Afghanistan need to work hard towards the attainment of closer ties and increasing cooperation in almost all fields. The existence of Pakhtoons on both sides of border and the presence of large number of Afghan refugees on the Pakistani soil make it imperative for both to avoid irritations, unnecessary conflict situations, provocative statements, undesired insinuations and wild accusations etc. If one is annoyed over certain aspect of a particular policy, it should immediately get in touch with the counterpart and try to resolve it quickly.

In recent times the Pakistani forces have started an army action against the foreign militants who use the borders areas of both Pakistan and Afghanistan for their nefarious designs. Pakistan’s actions against the foreign militant elements in the tribal areas are not only meant to curtail their illegal activities but also to ensure peace and security in the area. It is not too fetched to assume that some foreign militant elements do try to enter Afghanistan after feeling the heat on Pakistani side. However the Pakistani forces are engaged in ensuring that both sides of the border are safe and the terrorists are not allowed to enter Afghanistan. But this does not mean that the entire border is effectively plugged and sealed.

Undoubtedly there is a realization that the two neighbors need to live in peace and harmony. Frequent contacts and visits of senior officials and the holding of common Jirga have been able to improve ties between the two countries considerably though some senior non-Pakhtoon officials of President Karazai’s government along with American officials in Afghanistan did manage to damage the relations between the two countries. During the early days of Karazai regime one can easily afford to ignore the policy pursuit of shifting responsibilities but continuous dwelling on such a policy even after the passage of so many years begins to reflect the contribution of other undesirable factors and also tends to expose the hollowness of the policy.

The Afghan dilemma is how to secure stability and ensure a reasonable level of developments. Cognizant of its fragile security situation and increasing need for accelerated development, the Afghan government in fact requires the cooperation of all. Afghanistan needs the help of both India and Pakistan. To secure the cooperation of neighbors, it is imperative that Afghanistan carefully avoid any misunderstandings and elicit more and more cooperation for its own objectives. For obvious reasons the Afghan government needs to work hard in ensuring a reasonable level of internal security.

Pakistan’s Relations with Afghanistan has always been somewhat problematic despite the existence of a realization that both need to have very cordial relationships. While Pakistan’s major objective is to have a friendly and stable Afghanistan on its western borders, it appears that the developments in Afghanistan have invariably influenced the Afghan decision makers to employ the strategy of shifting responsibilities in one form or the other. Pakistan is fully conscious of the fact that instability in Pakistan would have direct and serious repercussions for Pakistan; therefore all of its efforts are directed towards the stability, unity, development and prosperity of Afghanistan. Undoubtedly a stable and peaceful Afghanistan can accelerate the return of the Afghan refugees.

–Od]naf6 k|fKt ;fdfu|L