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g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf k|f= P]Zjo{nfn
k|wfgfFu k|foM k|To]s gofF s[lifdGqLn] cfˆgf] kfnfsf] efif0f s[lifsf] bL3{sfnLg
of]hgf agfOlbg]af/] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df . @)$^ ;fnb]lv
g} slthgfn] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]cg';f/ s]xLn] agfP klgÙ kl5 aLrdf
g]kfnsf cf7f}F / gjf}F of]hgf klg ag], t/ o;/L ag]sf jf aGg] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tL alg;s]sf
j[xt\ cf7f}F jf gjf}F of]hgfeGbf slt leGg x'g] x'g\, of] k|i6 ltgLx¿n] u/]sf] eg]
b]lvPg . s[lifdGqLn] eGb} u/] klg, s[lifsf] Gofosf] lsnf] t hxfFsf] txLF x'g], geg]
klg ag]sf j[xt\ of]hgfdf kljt{g eg] u/]sf]af/] of]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]un] hgfPg . s[lifdGqLn] klg >f]tfu0fnfO{ cfZj:t kfbf{ of]hgf cfof]u;Fu PsLs[t
¿kdf of]hgfsf] avfg ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ lyof] . s[lifdf Wofg lbgsf] nflu of] s'/f klg t kl/lrt ePsf] ljifo xf] ls hf]g
d]n/sf] æk;{k]lS6e KnfgÆ nfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . of]
æk;{k]lS6e KnfgÆ n] w]/} s'/f eg]sf]df l;FrfO dfqsf] s'/fdf æcfwf/e"t ;'ljwfÆ
-OGk|mf:6«Sr/_ ;o k|ltzt ePsf]df afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;'ljwf eg] %) k|ltzt a/fa/sf l;FrfO
cfof]hgfn] lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] l;FrfOdf xfnnfO{ yk s'/f e/;s gu/L nufgL
eO;s]sf]df a9L Wofg lbP klg w]/} ;do / k};fsf] arfj6 x'GYof] . lgjf{rgsf] a]nfdf afrf
u/]sf s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ eg] Tof] a]Un} s'/f x'g]5 . bf];|f] aaf{bLsf] s'/f cGg e08f/0f ultnf] gx'g' xf]– vfBfGg e08f/0fdf
s]xL ;docl3;Dd !@ k|ltztsf] gf]S;fgL x'GYof] . o;df slt ;'wf/ x'g;Sof], To;df xfdL
lj1 5}gf}F . s[lif pkh j[l4 ug{ 7"nf] s'af{gL ug'{kg]{ ;Gbe{df v]/ hfg]
u/]sf]nfO{ arfpg;s]df s[lifsf] gofF÷yk b'O{ k|ltztk|lt ug'{eGbf 7"nf] s/fdt x'g]
;DemG5' . kxf8L ufpF÷3/ vfnL x'g] u/L zx/L If]qsf] 3gTj, t/fO{sf] 3gTj a9\b} uP/
kmf]x/–d}nfn] pu|¿k lnFb} uPsf] ;Gbe{df tL kmf]x/ kbfy{af6 k|fËfl/s dn agfpg /
ljt/0f ug{ ;lsPdf gSsnL dnsf] cfoftdf hlt vr{ x'G5, Tof] eGbf sd d"Nodf k|fËfl/s
dnsf] tof/L x'g]5 . k|b"if0f Nofpg]sf] Joj:yf, clg ;/sf/sf] s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfg
h:tfnfO{ 5f8\g] k|j[lQn] ubf{ pTkGg /f;folgs dnsf] ;d:of -kl/df0f / u'0fsf b[li6n]_, dndf
lbg'kg]{ cg'bfgsf] /sd -;fxfk{_ sf] 6fpsf] b'MvfOdf s]xL sdL gcfpnf < s[lif lj:tf/df
klg sd:t/sf ljz]if1af6 slt ;]jf, 6]jf k'u]sf 5g\, oLaf/] d}n] s]xL pNn]v ug'{ plrt 5}g,
lsgeg] Tof] ljifo s[lif k|zf;g slQsf] /fd|f] 5, To;}af6 xfdLn] yfxf kfPsf 5f}F eg] ePsf
s[lif ljz]if1nfO{ ljljw pkfoaf6 zt\k|ltzt ltgnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;S5f}F eg] s[lifnfO{
cfw'lgstflt/ nUg ufx|f] kg]{ 5}g . s[lifsf 7"nf ;d:of eGg' g} l;FrfOsf]
ckof{Kttf, dnsf] ckof{Kttf / clgoldttf, k|ljlwsf] sd lj:tf/ . oL tLg s'/fsf] ;dfwfgdf
dflysf s'/fn] d2t u5{g\ eg] cem a9L j[l4nfO{ k"/f ug{ kfOg] afnLsf] /fd|f]
e08f/0f . o;/L xfdL;Fu ePs} ljifosf] /fd|f] kl/rfng, pkef]u ug{ ;s]df s[lifnfO{
cfw'lgstflt/ nUg ufx|f] kb}{g . cfw'lgstflt/ nUg' g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf p2]Zosf]
kl/k"lt{ ug'{x'G5 . csf]{ s'/f – bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf oL x'g\– s'g s[lif ;fdu|L sxfF,
slt pTkfbg u/fOg] cflb . To:t} ltgsf] ahf/Ls/0f s;/L u/fpg] < g]kfnsf s'g If]qdf
s] x'g] ;Defjgf 5 eGg] s'/f . of] ;j{dfGo ePsf] 5 ls If]qLo cfwf/df t'ngfTds vr{ x'g]
l;4fGtcg';f/ sfd x'g'k5{ . o;f] gu/]df w]/} cg'bfg -;fxfk{_ sf s'/fdf nfUg'kg]{
x'G5 . k|fs[lts sf/0fn] lbg] ljifosf] v]tL ug'{ cfly{s b[li6n] kmfObfhgs x'g]
x'G5 . g]kfnsf] If]qkmn Tolt 7"nf] gePtf klg ljlrq t/ ljnIf0fsf] e"–agf}6sf]
sf/0fn] w]/} lr;f] k|b]zdf x'g] afnLb]lv lnP/ u/d xfjfkfgLdf x'g] s[lif kbfy{;Dd xfdL kfpg
;Qm5f}F . t'ngfTds nfesf] cfwf/df x'g] s[lif ljsf;df lghL If]qnfO{ cufl8 a9\g …x}F;]Ú
sf] e"ldsf eO{ …xf]:6]Ú sf] e"ldsf ;/sf/n] v]Ng'k5{ . …x}F;]Ú
sf] sfd lghL If]qaf6} x'g'k5{ . df6f]sf] u'0f;Fu, ;DefJotf;Fu, :yfgLo, If]qLo,
/fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o cfjZostf;Fu lghL If]qnfO{ kl/lrt u/fOg'k5{ . ;Nnfx / cu'jfOsf
nflu h]=6L=, h]=6L=P=, C0fsf] nflu ljQLo ;+:yf tyf u|fdL0f a}Í, ;/sf/L ;+:yf, dnsf] nflu
;dLk:y laqmL l8kf], /fd|f] aLp, Hofjn, l8h]n, kDk, y|];/, s'6fgL, lk;fgL, k]nfgLsf nflu
w]/} 6f9f gx'g] u/L ;'ne x'g] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ – oL Joj:yfdf ;/sf/n] e/–e/f];f
lbg'k5{, lghL If]qsf] nfl5kgfnfO{ x6fpg sf]lzz x'g'k5{, ;fj{hlgs k|lt:yfgx¿af6 .
e08f/0fdf ;';'Kt ;xsf/L ;+:yf hfu[t x'g'k5{, u/fpg'k5{ . s[lif dfu{ d"n af6f]af6
w]/} km/s x'g'x'Gg . s[lifnfO{ PSn} u/]/ x]g{ ;lsFb}gÙ ;dli6¿ksf], ;+of]ufTds
¿ksf] b[li6n] x]bf{ g} s[lifsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] b]v]sf] 5 . PsLs[t ;f]rfO
s[lifsf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf xf]Og / < PsLs[t ¿ksf] ;f]rfOsf nflu a}Í, ljQ, s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfg, s[lif cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|, l;FrfO ljefu, oftfoft;Fu ;Da4 ;8s ljefu, s[lif ahf/ dxfzfvfsf] ;+o'Qm ;f]rfO
x'g'kg]{ :jtM l;4 5 . oL ljljw lgsfon] klxNofpg] s'/fnfO{ nfu" ug{, u/fpg
;df/f]xsf], 3f]if0ffsf], cleofgsf] cfjZostf 5}g– z'?df cleofgsf] ¿k lbP/, kl5 kfOnf
kmsf{pg] xfd|f] k'/fgf] k|j[lQnfO{ ca xfdLn] k|>o glbpFm . s[lif xfd|f] clwsflws dxTjsf] cfly{s sd{ xf], /f]huf/L, /fli6«o pTkfbg,
s[lifdf cfl>t pBf]u–Jofkf/sf b[li6n] . s[lifsf] pGglt g} u/La hg;ª\Vofsf]
p4f/ ug]{ Ps dfq 7"nf] dfWod xf] . of] hltsf] 7"nf] pTkfbghlgt sfd c? s'g}
x'g] 5}g, ca cfpg] %) jif{sf] nflu klg, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df . To;}n] gfd h];'s} lbP klg–
s[lifsf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf PsLs[t of]hgf– s[lifsf] pGglt x'g'k5{ . of] s[lif
Hofb} x]o cj:yfsf], ul/aL cj:yfsf], clglZrt cj:yfsf] eP/ o;nfO{ kl/Tofu u/L kf}/vafh o'jf
k':tf cGt} nfUg yfn]sf] 5g\, h'g /fli6«o lxtdf 5}g . Hofb} vlr{nf], gofF ljsf;
lgdf{0fdf nfUg'eGbf k'/fgf ePsf, t/ n8\v8fPsf] s[lifsf k"jf{wf/ ljifo -l;+rfO,
e08f/0f, s[lif ljz]if1, k|fËfl/s d"n_ nfO{ tGt'?:t kfg{ ;s]df yf]/} vr{df t'?Gt bfg,
dxfk'0o ;flat x'g] b]lvG5 s[lifsf nflu . cfzf 5 t/ ljsf; eg] of]hgfleq x/fO/x]5 lj|h]z d}gfnL lzjk'/ ufpFsf cfzfaxfb'/ g]kfnL /ftsf] bz ah] xftdf nflN6g af]s]/ a]FzLtkm{
emb}{ lyP . cFw]/L /ftdf cfzfaxfb'/ pgsf] ufpFsf] ljsf; vf]Hb} lyP . cfheGbf
em08} Psbzscl3 ljsf;sf y'k|} of]hgfx¿ lnP/ ufpF cfPsf] /x]5, t/ lj8Dagf cfh;Dd klg pgsf]
ufpFsf] ljsf; ltg} of]hgfx¿d} ?dln/x]5 . :jR5 vfg]kfgL, lzIff, :jf:Yo / ljB'tLs/0f
h:tf cfheGbf Psbzscl3 k|:tfljt cfof]hgfx¿ cem}F kmfOnleq} s}b ePsf /x]5g\ . t/
ljr/f, cfzfaxfb'/n] eg] cem} ltg} of]hgfx¿ ufpFdf cfpg] / ufpFsf] ljsf; x'g] ;kgf b]Vg
5f8]sf 5}gg\ . æolt /flt cFWof/f]df ljsf; vf]h]/ kfOG5 t af <Æ eGg] k|Zgsf]
pQ/df kvf{Osf] nfdf] ;':s]/f xfN5g\, cfzfaxfb'/ g]kfnL . lxhf]cfh t pgL To; ufpFsf x/]s gacfuGt'sx¿;Fu æljsf; slxn] ufpF cfpF5 xF
<Æ egL k|Zg ;f]lwlxF8\bf /x]5g\ . pgL;Fu s'/f ubf{ pgsf] …ljsf;Ú gfdsf]
5f]/f] x/fPsf] xf] ls eGg] nfU5 . clg pgL ToxL ljsf;sf] vf]hLdf lxF8\b}5g\ .
cfzfaxfb'/ g]kfnL ;fFRr} Tof] ufpFsf nflu ;dlk{t JolQmTj x'g\ . pgsf Oi6ldqx¿ wg
sdfpg] clek|fon] ljb]zL ;Sbf klg pgL d]/f] hGde"ld egL ToxLF s'6f]sf]bfnf] ul/a;]sf
5g\ . pgn] ufpFdf :yfgLo:t/sf y'k|} ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng u/]sf5g\ .
cfkm"n] ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn gkfP klg cfˆgf efuL ;Gtltn] kfpg] pgsf] ljZjf; 5 .
cfzfsf] TofGb|f]df em'l08P/ afFr]sf cfzfaxfb'/ ;kgf ;fsf/ x'g] ;Í]t eg] gb]lvPsf]df b'MvL
5g\ . ToxL ufpFsf] pGglt / ljsf; vf]Hg tNnf3/] 7"n]nfO{ r'gfj lhtfP/ zx/
k7fPsf] 7"n]n] zx/df …JolQm ljsf;Ú km]nf kf/]5 . clg lxhf] cfh pt} 3/hd
ul/a;]sf] 5 /] . ljsf;sf] af6f]df lrNnf] kh]/f] u'8fpFb} kfFrtf/] / rf/tf/] xf]6ndf
ljsf;sf 7"nf–7"nf s'/f u/L lxF8\5 /] . of] ;'Gbf ljr/f cfzfaxfb'/sf]
ljZjf;df 7"nf] s'7f/f3ft ePsf] 5 . jf:tjdf cfzfaxfb'/ g]kfnL cfd g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Ps kfq dfq
x'g\ . g]kfndf ljjzk'/ h:tf y'k|} ufpFx¿ 5g\ . hxfF y'k|} cfzfjfbL g]kfnL hgtf
ljsf; ufpFdf lelqg] cfzfdf afFlr/fv]sf 5g\ . ufpF g} ufpFn] el/Psf] xfd|f] h:tf]
b]zsf] ljsf; eGg' g} To; e]ssf hgtfsf] ;du| ljsf; xf] . o; s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{dt 5}g
t/ lj8Dagfsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] ljsf; lxhf]–cfh of t g]tfx¿sf] efif0fdf aGbL 5, of t
cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf …kmfOnÚ leq} . a;]{lg oxfF y'k|} of]hgfx¿sf] kl/sNkgf ul/G5 . ;DefJotf cWoog
ul/G5 . To;dWo]sf slt of]hgf kmfOnleq} x/fP/ hfG5g\, slt cfof]hgfx¿
b"/blz{tfsf] cefjdf ;DkGg x'g'cufj} /f]lsG5g\ . sfof{Gjog ePsf cfof]hgfx¿dWo]
klg sltko cfof]hgfx¿n] ;xL cy{df u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ k|ltkmn lbg g;ls/x]sf 5g\ .
of]hgf th'{df ubf{ To;sf] k|fljlws, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kIf ;a}df plQs} hf]8 lbOg'k5{
eG5g\ . Pp6f cfof]hgfnfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]l/g'k5{, of]hgfx¿ NofpFbf
bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /flvg'k5{, o; ljifodf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] ;dod} Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfjZos
b]lvG5, t/ oxfF To:tf] sfd sd} x'G5 . of]hgf /fhgLlts jf cGo s'g} k"jf{u|x g/fvL th'{df ul/g'k5{ .
:jfy{sf] rZdf ptf/]/ ljsf;sf] ;xL k|ltkmn hgtnfO{ lbg]vfnsf of]hgfx¿ tof/ x'gk5{, cfd
g]kfnLsf] wf/0ff oxL xf] . b]zdf a;]{lg ljsf;sf gfddf lelqPsf] cfly{s ;xof]usf] k'gM d"NofÍg x'g'
cToGt h?/L lyof] / 5 . ljsf; of]hgfx¿ b]z lelqg' lgtfGt ;sf/fTds s'/f klg xf] t/,
ljsf;sf gfddf cfˆg} hLjgsf] af]em wfGg g;Sg] eO;s]sf g]kfnL hgtfsf] sfFwdf yk cfly{s
af]em ylkg' rflxF uf/f] s'/f xf] . o; ;DaGwdf r]tgzLn gful/sn] v} s:tf] lrGtg
ul/x]5g\ < ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿ rf/tf/] / kfFrtf/] xf]6]nleq sfo{zfnf jf uf]i7Lsf ¿kdf
dfq ;Lldt gxf];\ . u|fdL0f hgtfsf 3/b}nf;Dd k'u'g\ . hgtfn] ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;xL
cy{df cg'ej ug{ ljsf; of]hgfx¿sf] s]Gb|laGb' …x'g]vfg]x¿ xf]OgÚ, …x'Fbfvfg]x¿Ú
x'g'kb{5 . cfhsf] xfd|f] dfgl;stf lbg– k|ltlbg JolQmjfbL aGb}5 . h;n] b]zdf
ljsf; xf]Og, ljgfz lgDTofpF5 . JolQmjfbL k|j[lQsf] l56f]eGbf l56f] lgd"{n
ug'{kb{5 . tnb]lv dfly;Dd ;a}nfO{ lgodleq afWg'k5{ . c;n s'/f l5d]sLaf6 cg'z/0f
ub}{ unt s'/fsf] kl/0ffd pgLx¿af6 l;sL ;dodf g} ;hu aGg'kb{5 . b]zsf] afu8f]/ ;dft]/
a;]sfx¿n] ;j{k|yd cfkm" :jo+ pbfx/0f ag]/ b]vfpg'kg]{ a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf
nflu xfdL ;a}n] g}ltstfsf] lzIff cfh{g ug'{k5{ . /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf JolQmut, bnut
:jfy{af6 dfly p7L ;a} Psh'6 eO{ sfFwdf sfFw ldnfO{ cl3 a9\g'k5{ . lgZro klg k|hftGq ljsf;sf nflu cTofjZos cfwf/ xf] . t/ ;of}F zxLbsf]
alnbfgaf6 k|fKt k|hftGq s]xL d'6\7Le/ JolQmx¿sf nflu 5f8ftGq ug]{ ;fwg gagf];\ .
k|hftGqsf gfddf b]lvPsf ljs[ltx¿sf] cGTo cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostf xf] . ljsf;sf nflu
l:y/ / ;jn g]t[Tj ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . :yfgLo, cdgr}g h:tf s'/fx¿ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ x'g\ . t/, lj8Dagfsf] s'/f cfh g]kfnL hgtf log} lrhx¿af6 ljdv'
x'gyfn]sf 5g\ . a'4sf] b]zdf lx+;fn] h/f uf8]sf] 5 . h/f slt ulx/f] / sxfF;Dd
km}lnPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf g]t[Tj :jo+ cGof}ndf 5 . of] cGof}nn] hgtfdf Pp6f qf; 5fPsf]
5 . oxL qf;sf sf/0f hgtfsf] ljsf;sf efjgfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . cg'udg gx'Fbf of]hgfaf6 ljs[lt cfpF5 lzj/fd Gof}kfg] d'n'sdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf tof/ eOg;s]sf sf/0f ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cem} klg k|z:t j}b]lzs ;xfotf pknAw x'g'kg]{ l:ylt
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . /fh:j ;Íngaf6 sl/a–sl/a ;fwf/0ftkm{sf] vr{;Dd wfGg] cj:yf
/xg' tyf cem} :jb]zL k"FhL ahf/ ;Ifd x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0f ljsf;sf ;Dk"0f{
sfo{qmdx¿ afXo ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
bft[/fi6« / ;+:yfx¿af6 pknAw j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]lutfdf ;Ifd eO{ pknlAw xfl;n ug{df
;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] kl/0ffdaf6 bftfx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ cem ljZj:t agfpg ;Sg'k/]sf]
5 . s]xL jif{otf d'n'sleq pknAw x'g] j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf sdL cfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;sf] sf/0fdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]udf k"0f{ ;Ifdtf xfl;n x'g g;Sg' Psftkm{ /x]sf]
5 eg] csf{tkm{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ lsl;dsf cfof]hgf tof/ u/L k|:t't ug{
g;Sg'sf] sf/0f /x]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf d'n'sleq ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] pknlAw
;Gtf]ifhgs gx'g' tyf ;Ifd / pTkfbgzLn ljsf; sfo{qmd k|:t't ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0fdf xfd|f
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df 7f]; cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|lqmofsf] cefj /x]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf]
5 . To;}n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf x/]s sfo{qmddf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|lqmofnfO{ lgoldt
agfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{tkm{ ;r]t x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . of]hgfut ljsf; k|lqmof yfngL ePsf] rf/ bzseGbf nfdf] cjlwdf of]hgfn] ck]Iff
u/]sf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . d'n'sdf JofKt ul/aL, a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L, oftfoft
tyf ljB't\ ;]jfsf] ckof{Kttf, e|i6frf/, cfly{s c;dfgtf, c;Gt'lnt ljsf; cflbn] pQm tYosf]
:ki6tf k|bfg ub{5 . jf:tjdf ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf b]lvPsf] sdL Pj+
lzlyntfnfO{ x6fO{ sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ u/fpg;Sg] xf] eg] lglb{i6
;do, nfut, kl/df0f / u'0f:t/df cfof]hgfx¿ ;DkGg u/L yf]/} nufgLdf pRr pknlAw;d]t xfl;n
ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;~rfngdf cfpg] k|To]s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] qmlds cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] jflif{s vr{sf] cg'udg u/L To;}sf cfwf/df ;dli6ut
cfof]hgfsf] pknlAw d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] cfof]hgfsf] 7f]; pknlAw d"NofÍg x'g
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;af6 Psftkm{ h'g;'s} sfo{qmd eP klg vr{ a9fO{ k|ult b]vfpg]
k|j[lQaf6 a9L ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u x'g] x'G5 eg] csf{tkm{ ef}lts Pj+ kl/0ffdd'vL pknlAw
x'g;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ef}lts Pj+ kl/0ffdd'vL pknlAwnfO{ hf]8 lbO{
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ cjwf/0ff /fVg' /fi6«sf] ljsf; cleofgdf Pp6f gofF cfofds}
¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . xfd|f ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng Pj+ pknlAw sfuhL ¿kdf lgs} ;Ifd /
;kmn b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pknAwtfnfO{ qmldstf k|bfg u/L ljsf;df hg;xeflutf j[l4 ub}{
nfg xfd|f ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ cfsif{s / pTkfbgzLn x'g' clt h?/L 5 . ljsf;
sfo{qmdx¿n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] p2]Zocg'¿k gLlt, sfo{gLlt / tb\g';f/ sfo{qmd, ah]6 th'{df eP–
gePsf] ;dod} klxrfg u/L gLlt lgdf{0f txnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ / ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿nfO{
lglb{i6 ;do, nfut, kl/df0f / u'0f:t/ cg'¿k ;DkGg u/L nIo / pknlAwaLr cGt/ cfpg glbg]
bl3{sfnLg nIosf ;fy ;du| cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yf kl/rfng ul/g] gLlt cjnDag ug'{
jt{dfg vfFrf]sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . ;fy} j}b]lzs ;fwg kl/rfngdf x'g yfn]sf] ljZjJofkL
k|lt:kwf{df ;an x'g pknAw ;fwgsf] pkof]u:t/ a9fpg / nlIot cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf
pknlAw lgoldt ¿kdf xfl;n u/L To;nfO{ lbuf] u/fpg] ;f]rsf ;fy cGttM cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog;Fu
;Da4 lgsfox¿nfO{ g} cg'udg sfo{sf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkO{ pRr u'0f:t/df sfo{ ;DkGg
u/fpg pQ/bfoL agfpg'k5{ . ljut s]xL jif{otf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjlws
of]hgfx¿df cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|lqmofnfO{ glthfk/s, ultzLn Pj+ pknlAwd"ns
agfOg] k|of; ePsf] 5 . t/ of]hgfsf] sfof{GjogkIf sdhf]/ /xg'sf sf/0f cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg k|lqmofnfO{ 7f]; ¿kdf k|of]u u/L o;af6 lng'kg]{ k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g ;ls/x]sf]
5}g . kmn:j¿k xfd|f sof}F ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿ q'l6k"0f{ ¿kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\
/ ;dod} To:tf sdhf]/Ltkm{ ;hu x'g g;lsFbf nufgLsf] 7"nf] c+z b'?kof]u x'g uO/x]sf]
5 . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{n] cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf k|fyldstf
kfpg g;s]sf], cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ :jLs[lt lbg'cl3 clgjfo{ ¿kdf 5fglag ug'{kg]{df
To;f] x'g g;s]sf], ;"rgf k|jfxdf ultzLntf cfpg g;s]sf], cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf]
sfo{ If]q sfof{Gjog kIf;Dd dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] ef}lts k|ult dfkg ug{sf nflu lglb{i6 ul/Psf
;'rfÍ k|of]udf gcfPsf] d"NofÍg k|lqmofnfO{ x/]s dGqfno ljefun] ;+:yfut ¿kdf
k|of]udf Nofpg g;s]sf] cflb ;d:ofx¿ ljsf; sfo{sf] sfof{Gjogdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . o:tf
;d:ofx¿tkm{ ;r]t eO{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf k|of]udf
Nofpg'kb{5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hgfx¿ h'g u}/;/sf/L Pj+ lghL ;+:yfx¿sf]
lhDdfdf ;d]t ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . tL cfof]hgfx¿df cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg
k|lqmofsf] emg} sd k|efj /xg] u/]sf sf/0f To:tf If]qdf ;~rflnt ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿
q'l6k"0f{ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf sf/0f klg u}/;/sf/L / lghL If]qaf6 ;~rfng x'g]
ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df nufgLsf] b'?kof]u j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfx¿sf] lj:t[t
cWoog k"/f geOsg} sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] kl/kf6L /f]Sg], cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;~rfng r/0fa4
¿kdf u/fpg] / Pp6f r/0fsf] cg'udg d"NofÍg kZrft\ csf]{ r/0f z'? u/fpg], nufgL /
k|fKt k|ltkmn;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L cBfjlws / b'?:t /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{, cfof]hgfn]
cjnDag ug]{ gLlt, sfo{gLltx¿sf] ;dLIff ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] yfngL u/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;dod}
k"/f x'g;s] g;s]sf] cfwf/df lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{, cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ clgjfo{
¿kdf nfu" ug]{, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿åf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ cflb sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg u/L ljsf; sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df xfd|f ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ a9L k|efjsf/L x'g'sf ;fy} u'0f:t/Lo
x'g] tYo ljZj;gLo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf nflu cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|lqmof clt h?/L
k|ljlw dflgG5 . d'n'ssf ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿df o;sf] k|of]unfO{ clgjfo{ / dxTjk"0f{
u/fOPsf] ePtf klg sfof{Gjogdf ePsf s]xL sdL sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f of] k|lqmof k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
k|of]udf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . h] h:tf] cj:yfdf eP klg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd
;Sg] ljs[tk"0f{ k|j[lQnfO{ /f]sL dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt pkof]usf nflu
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ clgjfo{ agfOg' h?/L ePsf] 5 . vfg]kfgL, o'lg;]km / afnaflnsf s]bf/ zfSo cfufdL ;g\ @))! sf] cGTo ;Dddf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw
u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] nIo 5 . xfn clw/fHosf ;Dk"0f{ efudf vfg]kfgLsf] cj:yf rf}F;¶L
k|ltzt / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf sl/a kRrL; k|ltzt dfq 5 . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ vfg]kfgLsf]
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg gofF– gofF of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . csf{lt/
;DkGg of]hgfx¿ pkef]Qmfx¿df x:tfGt/0f ePkl5 To;sf] ;~rfng tyf ;Def/sf nflu ;d:ofx¿ klg
ylkg yfn]sf 5g\ . o:tf cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{ / x:tfGt/0f ug'{ dfq of]hgfsf] nIo
xf]Og . To;nfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf ;~rfng / ;Def/ ug'{ klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf
xf] . To;}n] of]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;~rfng / ;Def/sf kIfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbOPsf] eP
tfklg o;tkm{ rfx] sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g g]kfn tyf blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿df kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt /f]ux¿ a9L kfOg]
u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;kmfOk|lt cleefjsn] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg
h?/L 5 . t/, o;sf nflu klg :jR5 vfg]kfgL cfjZos 5 . vf;u/L cfdfn] afnaflnsfsf
vfg]s'/f 5'g'eGbf cl3 ;kmf kfgLn] xft w'g' h?/L 5 . kfgL ;kmf geP cyjf oy]i7 kfgLsf]
cefjdf klg w]/} h;f] dflg;x¿ xft gwf]Osg vfg] s'/f 5'g] / vfg] ub{5g\ . To:t} hxfF
kfof] ToxfF kmf]x/ ug]{ afgLn] klg dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kfl//x]sf]
x'G5 . g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;zLn /fi6«df ;kmf vfg]kfgL ljt/0f / ;/;kmfOdf o'lg;]kmn]
;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o'lg;]kmn] vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ / ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf
g]kfndf u/]sf] ;xof]u jf:tjdf gd"gf dfq xf] . afnaflnsfnfO{ k/hLlj lhjf0f'x¿af6
arfpg / :j:y, ;kmf /xg] jftfj/0f s;/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ha;Dd xfd|f] ;dfhn]
dx;'; ug{ ;Qm}g ta;Dd o; lbzfdf nlIot ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g . g]kfndf ;d'bfodf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ ug]{ tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL sfo{df
o'lg;]kmn] cu|0fL bftfsf] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo tyf
;/;kmfOdf o'lg;]kmn] ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] x'Fbf :jR5 vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbPsf]
5 . sltko u|fdL0f Onfsfx¿df :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ o'lg;]kmn]
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . lhNnf vg]kfgL sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo u/L
o'lg;]kmn] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf ;xof]u ug'{ eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] lxtsf nflu g} xf] .
t/, o:tf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ of]hgf lgdf{0fsfo{ k"/f ePkl5 To;sf] ;~rfng / ;Def/
ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] xf] . o'lg;]kmn] cyjf ;/sf/L
sfof{non] ;~rfng / ;Def/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Qm}g . oxL s'/fnfO{ vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{
of]hgf k"/f ePsf hg;d'bfon] :ki6;Fu a"‰g' h?/L 5 . s'g} klg o:tf
lgdf{0f of]hgf k"/f ePkl5 To;nfO{ s;/L lbuf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] ljifodf :yfgLo
hg;d'bfon] ;fd'bflos efjgf cg';f/ uDeL/ ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . of]hgf ;~rfng / ;Def/ ug]{
sfo{df o'lg;]kmn] dfucg';f/ nfut x]/L dd{t, ;Def/ sfo{df, k|fljlws ;e]{, dd{t ;Def/ gLlt
;DaGwdf ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / k|fljlws tflnd cflbsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
o'lg;]kmn] vfg]kfgL of]hgfsf] dd{t ;Def/df 7"nf] /sd cfjZos kg]{ ePdf cfly{s jif{sf]
z'?df g} dfucg';f/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u >L % sf] ;/sf/ cyjf lhNnf vfg]kfgL sfof{no dfkm{t
lbg] u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf sfo{qmd :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf, lqmofzLntfsf cfwf/df x'g]
ePsfn] :yfgLo hg;d'bfon] klg cfˆgf] Ifdtf b]vfpg' h?/L x'G5 . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df o'lg;]kmn] afnaflnsfsf] lxtdf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf]
;xof]u pNn]vgLo 5 . t/, o:tf ;xof]un] dfq lbuf] ¿kdf jfl~5t ;kmntf k|fKt x'g
;Qm}g . o'lg;]kmn] lhNnf vfg]kfgL sfof{no jf >L % sf] ;/sf/ dfk{mt\ k'¥ofPsf]
;xof]unfO{ :yfgLo cfwf/df ;~rfng / ;Def/ ug]{ ug'{ h?/L 5 . dflg;nfO{ nfUg] c;L
k|ltzt hlt /f]ux¿ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO;Fu ;DalGwt /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf/0f ;/;kmfO /
:jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw ug]{, u/fpg] sfo{df bftfsf] ;bf;onfO{ a'em]/ xfdLn] klg ;f]xLcg'¿k
sfo{ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ eP klg o;tkm{ Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . o'lg;]kmn] :jR5 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf] csf]{ kIf
aflnsfdfly k/Dk/fut ¿kdf kg]{ u/]sf] ef/nfO{ klg sd ug'{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f]
u|fdL0f ;dfhdf aflnsfnfO{ vfg]kfgL cf];fg{] sfo{df k/Dk/fut ¿kdf nufOg] ePsfn] pgLx¿
lzIffaf6 jl~rt x'Fb}cfPsf 5g\ . ;dfh g} afn–aflnsfdf e]b l;h{gf ug]{ unt
k|rngnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf cGTo ug{ klg o'lg;]kmn] :jR5 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{df ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . ef/tdf aflnsf ;d[l4 of]hgf nfu" u/L pgLx¿sf] :t/ j[l4 ug]{
a[xb\ sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . aflnsfnfO{ ;d[4 t'Nofpg] sfo{df ef/tdf dfq xf]Og blIf0f
Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿df g} ljljw sfo{ ul/Psf 5g\ . To;dWo] g]kfndf :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO sfo{df ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ;d[l4sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ OsfO{ dfGg'
kb{5 . To;sf] ;~rfng tyf ;xof]udf ;d'bfosf] klg 7"nf] xft /xg' :jefljs}
xf] . g]t[Tjju{df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ cfF6 x'g'k5{ — gfdM /fwf/d0f pkfwofo -cfrfo{_ — d]/f] k'Vof}{nL :ynf] k"j{ vf]6fª xf], lktfhL vf]6fªaf6 pbok'/
a;fOF ;g'{ePkl5 xfd|f] kfngkf]if0f ToxLF g} eof] . To;avt ufpF–3/df :s'n geP klg
xfd|f] 3/ kl/jf/sf] jftfj/0fcg';f/ d}n] k9\g] cj;/ kfPF . To; a]nf pbok'/df ljBfno
gePsfn] dnfO{ l;/fxfsf] a:tLk'/df k9\g k7fOof] /, P;=Pn=;L= lbg] avtdf eg] agf/;sf] lxGb'
ljZjljBfno uPF . cfO{= P= df d]l/6 cÍ cfPsf] sf/0f ef/t ;/sf/n] ;Ddfgsf ;fy s]xL
kfl/tf]lifs;d]t lbPsf] lyof] . lxGb' ljZjljBfnoaf6} /fhgLlt zf:q / bz{g zf:qdf :gfts
u/]kl5 d g]kfn kmls{PF . /, g]kfnL ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ rflxF oxLaf6 u/]F . — d]/f] hflu/] hLjgsf] z'?jft\ @)!& ;fndf uf]/vfkqaf6 ePsf]
xf] . uf]/vfkqdf nfdf] ;do;Dd a:g] cj;/ k|fKt geP klg sl/a gf} dlxgf;Dd ;xfos ;Dkfbs
eP/ sfd ug]{ df}sf ldNof], Tof] cjlw klg d]/f nflu :d/0fLo ag]sf] 5, xfnsf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
k|wfg GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo klg To;avt uf]/vfkqdf g} x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF rflxF
xfdLeGbf cln …l;lgo/Ú g} x'g'x'GYof] . o;} aLrdf d}n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] zfvf
clws[t kbdf gfd lgsfn]F . To;a]nf zfvf clws[tsf] 7"nf] dxTj lyof], k~rfotsf] P]g
sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ h:tf lhDd]jf/L klg xfdLnfO{ lbOGYof] . @)@@ ;fn;Dd u[x /
k~rfot dGqfnocGtu{t /x]/ sfd u/F], / ;f]xL ;fndf k9\gsf] nflu cd]l/sf uPF . @)@$
;fndf g]kfn kms]{kl5 dnfO{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L agfP/ d]/f] k'Vof}{nL :ynf] vf]6fª
k7fOof] . — d]/f] hflu/] hLjg klg crDd;Fu lat]sf] 5 . d a|fXd0f To;}n] d}n]
em'6f] af]Ng' x'Fb}g, hflu/sf] oqf] nfdf] ofqfdf d}n] s;}sf] rfs/L klg ul/g / s'g} nf]e
nfnrdf kbsf] b'?kof]u klg u/]sf] 5}g . jf:tjdf eGg'x'G5 eg] d]/f] hflu/sf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] ;Gt'li6 eg]sf] pBf]u ;lrj 5bfFsf] xf] . To;a]nf g]kfndf pBf]usf] ljsf;sf
w]/} cfwf/x¿ lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . pbok'/ l;d]G6 sf/vfgf, x]6f}F8f l;d]G6 sf/vfgf,
a'6jn wfuf] sf/vfgf, e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf, ;'gjn lrgL sf/vfgf, jL/u~h lrgL sf/vfgfnufotsf
pBf]ux¿sf ;fy} un}Frf / tof/L kf]zfssf pBf]u wGbfx¿ klg To;}a]nf v'n]sf x'g\ . d
@)$@ ;fnb]lv @)$^ ;fn;Dd pBf]u ;lrjsf ¿kdf /xFbf ePsf oL ;a} sfdx¿ d]/f k|ofzaf6 dfq
;Dej ePsf] d elGbg . t/ o;sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ sfo{df eg] xfdL Psh'6 lyof}F .
clxn] klg d]/f] wf/0ff s] 5 eg] pBf]u wGbfx¿sf] ljsf;af6 dfq} d'n'sdf a9\b} uPsf]
a]/f]huf/L ;d:of / xTof cftª\s klg aGb eP/ hfg]5 . — d nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;lrj ePsf] avt cyf{t\ @)$^ ;fndf d'n's ax'bn
k|flKtsf] k|;j j]bgfdf k/]sf] lyof] . d}n] oL s'/f oxfF p7fpg' klg Tolt plrt xF'b}g /
tkfO{+n] n]Vg' klg x'Fb}g . Oltxf; b]vfP/ dnfO{ s;};Fu s]xL lng' klg 5}g / lbg' klg
5}g . t/ @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngdf klg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf sd{rf/Lx¿ d]/flj?4 cf}Fnf
78\ofpg ;Sb}gy] . — lj=;+= @)$& ;fn df3b]lv dnfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
cfo'Qmdf lgo'Qm ul/of] / @)%! ;fnb]lv c9fO{ jif{;Dd ;f] cfof]usf] k|d'v cfo'Qm eP/ sfd
ug]{ cj;/ ldNof] . z'?df o;df sfd ug{ s]xL sfg'gL c8\rg eP klg @)%# ;fn c;f]h *
ut]sf] ;jf]{Rrsf] lg0f{on] cfof]unfO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f v'n]sf] 5 . t/ klg o;;DaGwL
aGg'kg]{ P]gsf] lgdf{0f gePsfn] cem} s]xL afwf–Jojwfg o;df 5 . d]/f] ljrf/df
k~rfotdf klg e|i6frf/ gePsf] xf]Og, t/ Tolta]nf e|i6frf/LnfO{ 8/ / qf; lyof], cfh t Tof]
x6]/ uPsf] 5 . lgbf]{if ;dfhnfO{ b]vfP/ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb}g, o;sf] lgoGq0f
ug]{ cfF6 g]t[Tj ju{df g} x'g'k5{ . d]/f] ljrf/df t b]zsf] k|wfgdGqLn] g} e|i6frf/
lgoGq0fsf] lhDd]jf/L lng'k5{ . nsL/sf] kmsL/Ú ag]/ x'Fb}g e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{
sfo{df o;;DaGwL sfg'gL clwsf/ kfPsf ;a} txsf lgsfonfO{ PsLs[t u/]/ lxDdtsf ;fy cufl8 a9]df
o;sf] lgoGq0f x'g;S5 . clxn] ;dfhdf oxL e|i6frf/sf sf/0f ljt[i0f a9]sf] 5,
cftª\sjfbn] 7fpF kfPsf] 5 . cgfjZos t8s–e8ssf sf/0f klg ;dfhdf e|i6frf/n]
k|>o kfPsf] 5, h;sf] sf/0f xfdL ljZjdf ;d]t e|i6frf/Ldf ulgg k'u]sf 5f}F . ;dfhdf
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