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clxn] hgo'4 /f]lsPsf] 5 . o; Ifl0fs zflGtnfO{ :yfloTj lbg clxn] /fhgLlts bnx¿, dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ tyf ljleGg ljrf/ af]Sg] gful/s ;dfhdf /x]sfx¿af6 k|of; eO/x]sf] cfj/0fdf b]lvPsf] 5 . leqL ¿kdf klg tL k|of;x¿df Tolt g} Odfgbf/L / k|lta4tf 5 eg]/ cfzf ug'{sf] cltl/Qm Pp6f ;r]t gful/sn] tTsfn ug{ ;Sg] cGo s]xL e"ldsf b]lv"b}g . x'g t k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿n] d'n'ssf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] lgsf;sf lglDt b]vfPsf af6fx¿df /x]sf leGgtfnfO{ ;r]t gful/sx¿n] uDeL/ eP/ lgofln/x]sf 5g\ / /fhgLlts bnsf sltko xf:of:kb s'/fx¿ ;'Gg klg afWo 5g\ .

/fhgLlts k[i7e"lddf ePsf rnv]nx¿ x]bf{ /fhfn] k'gM /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ lbg yfn]sf] bz{ge]6 tyf ;/sf/L jftf{ ;+of]hs gf/fo0fl;+x k'gn] cfrf/;+lxtf t'?Gt} cfp"5 eg]sf s'/fx¿ Psflt/ 5g\ eg] k|wfgdGqLn] cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg af]nfPsf ;j{bnLo a}7ssf xf:of:kb b[Zox¿ csf{lt/ 5g\ . gof" ljsf;qmdsf ¿kdf d+unaf/ P3f/ sKo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm a}7s / pgLx¿n] ug]{ eg]sf] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngsf] k|;+u 5 . tL jfd kf6L{x¿n] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngsf] Ph]G8f to ug{ csf]{ a}7s a:g] s'/f u/]sf x'gfn] Tof] gx]l/sg o;df l6Kk0fL ul/xfNg klg x'"b}g . t/ o:tf a}7sx¿ gf}6+sL gx'g\ eg]/ ;r]t gful/sn] s] sf/0fn] lgofNg'k/]sf] 5 eg] o:t} /fhgLlts cEof; / ax;x¿af6 g} s'g} ;dfwfgsf] ldngljGb' lg:s]nf ls eg]/ cfzf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . ca d'n'sdf o'4 gxf];\, s;}sf] 5f]/f5f]/L 6'x'/f gx'g\, sf]xL dlxnf ljwjf aGg gk/f];\, s'g} cfdfafa'sf 5f]/f5f]/L gd?g\ / d'n'sdf zflGt sfod xf];\ eGg]df g} ;a}sf] dgl:ylt s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . t/ /fhgLlts dxŒjfsf+Iff af]s]sf /fhgLlts kf6L{, dfcf]jfbL tyf b/af/n] hgtfsf] o; efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ ;S5g\ jf ;Qm}gg\, o;sf nflu t ;donfO{ kv{g'kg]{ x'G5 .

/fhgLlts v]dfdf /fhgLlts lgsf;sf nflu o:tf cEof; eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;fdflhs If]qdf hgo'4af6 ePsf] dfgjLo IfltnfO{ s;/L k'gM:yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ u[xsfo{ eO/x]sf] xf]nf eg]/ cfzf ug'{k5{ . x'g t o; kIfdf uDeL/ u[xsfo{ eO/x]sf s'/fx¿ aflx/ cfPsf 5}gg\ . To;}u/L u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fdflhs If]qaf6 lx+;fkLl8t kl/jf/sf nflu s] s:tf vfnsf k'gM:yfkgf / ;xof]u sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;'?cft ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf Tolt hfgsf/L aflx/ NofOPsf] 5}g . oBlk ;/sf/ kIfaf6 ;'?cft ul/Psf] k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmd aflx/ cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L kIfaf6 cl3 ;fl/Psf] sfo{qmdsf] lsl;d / k|s[lt s:tf] vfnsf] 5 t < Psl5g rrf{ u/f}++ .

o'4lj/fd ePkl5 ;/sf/;"u lx+;fkLl8t kIf / gful/s ;dfhaf6 /flvPsf] Pp6f d'Vo dfu ;/sf/n] lx+;fkLl8tx¿sf nflu ;xof]u / k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff u/f];\ eGg] lyof] . ;/sf/n] b'O{ ;ftfcl3 lx+;fkLl8tx¿sf nflu Pp6f sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 . cvaf/x¿df cfPsf ;dfrf/nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ x]bf{ ;/sf/n] clxn] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh dGqfno / u[x dGqfnodfkm{t\ tTsfnLg /fxt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] dlxnf ljsf; zfvfaf6 ?s'd, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, bfª, Ko'7fg, sflnsf]6, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, ;'v]{t, af"s], 8f]Nkf, afh'/f, a}t8L, h'Dnf, s}nfnL, c5fd, c3f{vf"rL u/L !* lhNnfdf /fxt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] ;/sf/n] hgfPsf] 5 . sfo{qmd cGtu{t tL !* lhNnfsf lx+;faf6 lj:tflkt dlxnfx¿nfO{ lagflwtf] kf"r xhf/sf b/n] l/0f k|bfg ug]{ / 6'x'/f afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf z}lIfs ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] tyf cgfy afnaflnsfnfO{ vfg / k9\gsf nflu lhNnfl:yt afndlGb/df k'gM:yfkgf ul/g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} o; sfo{qmdsf nflu ;/sf/n] $) nfvsf] ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] / !* lhNnfsf o'4af6 kLl8t b'O{;o dlxnf, 5;o 6'x'/f tyf b'O{;o cgfy u/L Ps xhf/ hgfeGbf a9L JolQmx¿ k|ToIf nfeflGjt x'g] klg b]vfOPsf] 5 .

To;}u/L u[x dGqfnon] u0f]zdfg zflGt cleofg cGtu{t cft+s kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u, ltgsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno egf{ Pj+ cWoog cWofkgsf nflu ;xof]u sfo{qmd nfu" u/]sf] hfgsf/L aflx/ cfPsf] 5 . t/ o;sf ;fy} ljleGg lhNnfaf6 ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] eQfx¿ kfpg g;s]sf u'gf;fsf ;dfrf/x¿ klg cfO/x]sf 5g\ . oxf" k'gM:yfkgfsf oL s'/fx¿nfO{ lsg rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] eg] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4df cf7 xhf/eGbf a9L dfgjLo Iflt ePsf] cg'dflgt tYof+snfO{ aflx/ NofOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] clxn] tTsfnsf nflu eg]/ h'g sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5, To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lng'kg]{ eP klg o;sf] lg/Gt/tf s:tf] xf]nf eg]/ cfz+sf p7fpg}kg]{ x'G5 . hgo'4n] u/]sf] dfgjLo Ifltsf] t'ngfdf clxn]sf] sfo{qmd cToGt Go"g 5 / hlt ah]6 5'6\ofP/ ;/sf/ /fxt sfo{qmddf h'6]sf] 5, To;n] kLl8tx¿sf] rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ sltsf] ;d]6\g ;Snf t < ;/sf/n] o; sfo{df u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] ;xof]unfO{ s;/L v'6\ofPsf] 5 < cflb k|Zgx¿ lg?Ql/t 5g\ .

;dfrf/nfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ x]bf{ s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ klg kLl8tx¿sf] k'gM:yfkgfsf sfo{qmddf h'6]sf b]lvG5g\ . h:tf] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu s]xL ;+:yfx¿ afnaflnsf zflGtIf]q eGg] vfnsf sfo{qmdx¿sf tof/L ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L ;]e b lrN8«]g, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L tyf a]; cflbn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf s'/fx¿ k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L ;}lgssf ljwjfx¿nfO{ ;}lgs clws[t >LdtL ;+3n] sfo{qmd rnfO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;fgf]–;fgf] :t/df ePsf /fxt sfo{qmdx¿n] s]xL ;d"xnfO{ ;d]6]sf] eP klg o;nfO{ s;/L Jofks agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] kIf uDeL/ u[xsfo{n] dfq :ki6 kfg{ ;Qm5 . o;sf nflu ug'{kg]{ cEof;x¿sf] yfngL klg ;fy;fy} x'g h?/L 5 . o;sf] lglDt ;j{k|yd t ;/sf/ kIf / dfcf]jfbLx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf kLl8tx¿ sf] sxf" s;/L 5f} eg]/ cfx\jfg ug{ cToGt h?/L 5 . ef]ln uP/ kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp"bf klg w]/} lsl;dsf leGgtf x'g] TolQs} ;Defjgf 5 . To;sf lglDt kLl8tsf] k|sf/nfO{ v'6\ofp"b} To;} cg';f/sf] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsof] eg] ;a} kLl8tn] ;dfg ¿kdf Gofo kfpg ;Sg] lyP . cfkm\gf lk|ohg u'dfpg'k/]sf sf/0f x'g] dfgl;s dgf]j}1flgs kL8f ;a} lx+;fkLl8tx¿nfO{ a/fa/L g} xf]nf, t/ klg cfly{s jf ef}lts cefjsf] kL8f ;a}nfO{ Ps}:t/sf] x'"b}g, km/s–km/s x'G5 . o;} cy{df lx+;fkLl8tx¿sf] kL8fdf t ;don] dfq dnd nufpnf, c? s;}n] ;Sb}g . t/ pgLx¿ ;w}+el/ cfly{s–ef}lts k'gM:yfkgfsf] cefjdf kLl8t eO/xg' eg] x'"b}g eGg] cy{df cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ ut c+sdf klg cl3 ;f/]sL lyP" . ;xof]u / k'gM:yfkgfsf s'/fdf cfly{s–ef}lts ;xof]usf s'/fx¿ g} a];L p7\g] x'"bf h;sf] h:tf] cfjZostf 5, To:t} cg';f/sf] ;xof]u / k'gM:yfkgf x'g ;Sof] eg]dfq kLl8tx¿aLr klg Gofo x'g] lyof] . o; s'/fdf kLl8tx¿s} ;d"xx¿ klg hfu?s x'g' cfjZos 5 .

clxn] /fhwfgLdf kLl8t ;d"xx¿ k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmd / Gofosf nflu ljleGg ;+:yfx¿åf/f cfof]lht ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdx¿df pkl:yt eP/ cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df uPsf] c+sdf d}n] kLl8tx¿ slxn];Dd kLl8t eO/xg], pgLx¿nfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg s:tf] k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmd lbg ;lsG5 tyf pgLx¿nfO{ d~rdf Nofp"bf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ kIfx¿df s]xL k|Zgx¿ p7fPsL lyP", h;nfO{ cft+skLl8t 6'x'/f ;dfhsf tkm{af6 s]kL clwsf/L / ;'af]w clwsf/Ln] uDeL/ k|ltlqmof hgfpg'ePsf] lyof] . pxf"x¿sf] k|ltlqmof lyof], …;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ul/of];\ / xfd|f lktfsf] xTof clGtd agf];\ eGg] xfd|f zAbrflx" lsg n]lvsfsf] b[li6df k/]g5g\ < lgZro g} of] egfO pxf"x¿sf] cGt/cfTdfsf] jrg xf], h;nfO{ d ;Ddfg u5'{ / cfkm\gf] :d/0fdf klg /flv/x]sL 5' . t/ of] cfx\jfg ;'Gg'kg]{ d'Vo kIfx¿ dfcf]jfbL tyf ;/sf/ kIf hf] ;Qfsf nflu nl8/x]sf 5g\, pgLx¿n] o; s'/fnfO{ ;'Gg h?/L 5 . To;sf lglDt kLl8tx¿n] cfkm\gf] cfjfhnfO{ cem} a'nGb ug{ h?/L 5 .

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