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;f]daf/sf] ;dfrf/kqdf slknhLn] /fhgLlts l6Kk0fL lbP/ w]/}sf] dgsf] af]nL af]Ng'ePsf] 5. ;+ul7t /fhgLlts kf6L{df nfu]sfx¿n] af]Nbf cgy{ lgsflng] ;To kqsf/sf] efiffdf af]lnlbP/ g]kfnL /fhgLltdf pxf“n] 7"nf] u'g nufpg'ePsf] 5. Tof] l6Kk0fLn] pxf“dfly ;+s6 lgDTofp“b}g eGg ;lsGg t/ ;To af]Ng ;+s6¿kL t/af/sf] wf/df 6]Sg}k5{. wGojfb /

dfcf]jfbLsf] kl5Nnf] lgisif{ s'g} klg /fhg]tfn] a'‰g] vfnsf] 5}g. clxn] hldgut -e"ldutsf] pN6f]_ x'g'ePdWo]sf dfcf]jfbLsf ;jf]{Rr g]tf afa'/fd e§/fO{n] dfcf]jfbL /fhgLlthlgt /Qmkftk"0f{ kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf lbg'ePsf] hfgsf/L o:tf] /x]5– clxn] xfdLn] Nofpg vf]h]sf] gof“   hgjfb xf]Og, xfdLn] @)$^ k5fl8 kmls{g] tof/L u/]sf] klg xf]Og, xfdLn] :jLsfg]{ )$^ b]lv !* c;f]h )%( ;Ddsf] klg xf]Og, To;eGbf cufl8 hfp“m eg]sf] xf].

jftf{ gf6s xf] eGbf zflGt / jftf{lj/f]wL eOg] vKsL vfg'k/]sf] 5. jftf{sf] Ph]G8f lsg k|i6 ePg, jftf{ hgtfsf ;Gbe{df sxf“g]/ ;fy{s eof] eGg] k|Zg klg ;f]Wg kfO“b}g, /fhf / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] ;DaGw kf/bzL{ x'g'k¥of], jftf{ k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g'k¥of] eGbf nft dfq} vfg'k5{. Pshgf ldqn] dnfO{ ;'emfj lbPsf lyP– of] jftf{ k|ltudgsf] ;Demf}tf xf]. t/, hlt if8\oGq eP klg jftf{sf af/]df Ps zAb gn]v\. t}+n] n]Vg]lalQs} Tof] Pdfn]sf] wf/0ff x'g]5. dfcf]jfbL;“u t]/f] tgfj a9\g]5. jftf{;ftf{ h];'s} xf];\, t]/f] 6fpsf] lsg b'Vg] < r'k nfu]/ /ldtf x]/\, vf, ;'t\. clN5 nfU5 eg] lstfa k9]/ a;\. a? pkGof; / syf n]v]/ dgsf] kL8f 36f. t/, jftf{sf af/]df n]Vt} gn]v\.

o;/L plDsg kfP b'Mv lsg vf]Hg'kYof]{ / < k|Zg}k|Zgn] dg h]lnPkl5 hf]uL x'g klg ufx|f] x'G5. rf;} g/fvf}+ eGg] nfu]sf] lyof]– afa'/fdhLn] ?of§ elGbg'ef]– )$^ ;fnn] NofPsf] k|hftGq cf}krfl/s xf]. cgf}krfl/s k|hftGq eg]sf] s:tf x'G5 xf]nf < k|Zg pl7xfNof]. /fhgLlts zAbsf]ifx¿ kN6fOof]– cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s k|hftGqsf] leGg kl/efiff sxL+ e]l6Pg.

;To eGg] xf] eg], dfcf]jfbLsf dfG5]x¿ ;fj{hlgs eP t/ pgLx¿sf] /fhgLlt ;fj{hlgs ePg. dfcf]jfbLx¿ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ax'bnLo k|hftGq :jLsf/ u5{g\ ls ub}{gg\ < dfcf]jfbLx¿ :jR5 /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{df ljZjf; u5{g\ ls ub}{gg\ < dfcf]jfbLx¿ hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfdfly ljZjf; u5{g\ ls ub}{gg\ < dfcf]jfbLsf nflu dfgjclwsf/ dfGo x'G5 ls x'“b}g < olb oL rf/ s'/fdf dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] ljZjf; 5 eg] csf{] ;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/f] s;/L p7\5 <

dfcf]jfbLn] rfx]sf] s:tf] /fHo Joj:yf xf] < afa'/fdhLn] k~rfot c:jLsf/ ug'{eof], pxf“n] gof“ hgjfb c:jLsf/ ug'{eof], pxf“n] ;+;bLo Joj:yf klg c:jLsf/ ug'{eof] / lgisif{ ;'gfpg'eof]– xfdLn] To;eGbf cufl8 hfpm“ eg]sf] xf]. Tof] cufl8sf] d"t{¿k s] xf] < kf6L{ eGg]lalQs} /fhgLlts sfo{qmd eGg] zAb uf“l;P/ cfp“5 / ToxL sfo{qmd cufl8sf] d"t{¿k xf]. To;}n] sfo{qmd gePsf] ;+:yf kf6L{ g} x'“b}g. g]kfndf sf+u|];sf] ;+;bLo k|hftGq, Pdfn]sf] ax'bnLo hgjfb, d;fnsf] gf}nf] gof“ hgjfb cflb sfo{qmdx¿ 3f]lift 5g\. t/, df}sf k/] gof“ hgjfbL u0ftGq gk/] a'h'{jf u0ftGqsf] sfo{qmd af]s]/ o'4df xf]ldPsf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ jftf{df k|j]z u/]kl5 sfo{qmdljxLg ePsf] 5. jt{dfg /fHo;Qfsf] c· ag]/ afa'/fdhLn] ;f]daf/ nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb;“u bf];Nnf cf]9fpg] ;xsfo{ ug'{ePkl5 pxf“x¿n] c·Lsf/ ul/cfpg'ePsf] k'/fgf] sfo{qmd e]/L vf]nfs} lsgf/df ;'s]/ d/]sf] 5. pxf“x¿ >L % af6 aS; ePsf] kf“r lgb]{zg;lxtsf] oxL ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd;“u ;xdt x'g'eP5 eGg t d'v nfUb}g t/ kl/l:yltn] ToxL lgisif{lt/ tfGb}5.

sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ k[i7e"lds} ;Gbe{df xf]nf, afa'/fdhLn] Pp6f u'9fy{ af]Ng'ePsf] 5– clxn]sf] k|hftGqdf hgtfsf] jf:tljs k|ltlglwTj ePg, hgtfsf k|ltlglwsf] dfq eof], xfdLn] hgtfsf] l;w} k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf rfx]sf] xf]. of] klg gSsnL s'/f] xf]. /fhsLo lgsfodf hgtfsf] l;w} k|ltlglwTj x'g] eGg] tl/sf ;+;f/df sxf“ 5 cyjf s'g bz{gaf6 Tof] lgl>t x'G5. hxf“ klg hgtfn] lgjf{rgåf/f cf?gf] pkl:ylt hfx]/ ug]{ xf]. s] hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] csf]{ s'g} ljlw x'g;S5 <

)$& ;fndf dbg e08f/Ldfly ;fx|} rsf]{ cfqmd0f eof]– hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb Nofp“bf. tNn} bhf{sf] ;+zf]wgjfbLsf ¿kdf ufnL ul/of] pxf“nfO{. t/, k|To]s tL/sf] hjfkm lbg'ePsf] lyof] pxf“n] Tolta]nf. ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq :jLsfg'{sf] cf}lrTo, lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ cf?gf] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug'{sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 u/]/} 5f8\g'ePsf] lyof] / g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ Pp6f gof“ l;4fGt lbg'ePsf] lyof]. Tof] l;4fGt unt 5 eg]/ h+un k;]sf dfcf]jfbL ldqx¿n] clxn] csf]{ gof“ l;4fGt lbg'eof] eg] g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng pxf“x¿k|lt cg'u[lxt x'g]5. xf]Og eg], clxn]s} h:tf] dfG5] ;fj{hlgs /fhgLlt e"ldut /x]sf] cj:yfdf, dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL k|ltudgsf] r/d ¿k eg]/ g]kfnL /fhgLltn] lgisif{ lgsfNg'kg]{5. nf]s]Gb|–afa'/fdsf] ;xsfo{, ;+ljwfgdf d[To'b08 ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ eGg] dfcf]jfbL g]tfsf] dfu, g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] zlQm–;Gt'ngsf af/]df pgLx¿sf] df}gtf, /fhtGqsf] juL{o rl/qsf ;Gbe{df pgLx¿n] km]/]sf] efiff ;a} g} k|ltudgsf Bf]ts x'g\. To;}n] clxn] gful/s ;f]Wg afWo ePsf 5g\– /fhf / tkfO{+x¿sf aLrdf s] s'/fdf ;xdlt x'g] xf] < gful/s clwsf/sf] ;'/IFf s;/L ul/g] xf] < s0f]{n k'gM lsg tkfO{+x¿sf af/]df /fhgLlts l6Kk0fL;d]t ug{ kfO“b}g eg]/ s'ln{/xg'ePsf] 5 < st} tkfO{+x¿sf] o'4df Odfgsf] cefj t lyPg <

dfcf]jfbL ldqx¿nfO{ k|ltudgsf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf o:tf k|Zgx¿n] v]b\g'sf] sf/0f 5. ljleGg lhNnfdf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n]– cf?gf] ‘d'QmIF]q’ df c¿ /fhgLlts kf6L{n] cf?gf ‘l;l8cf]’ sf] cg'dlt glnO{ /fhgLlts ultljlw ug{ kfp“b}gf}, u/]df sf/afxLdf kg]{5f} eg]/ pbL{ hf/L ul/;s]sf 5g\, o'4lj/fdkl5 klg pgLx¿sf] cft°af6 ;ft hgf lgbf]{ifsf] Hofg uO;s]sf] 5. PshgfnfO{ t rGbf glbPs} sf/0f pgLx¿n] df/]sf 5g\. ufp“df dfcf]jfbL lhNnf ;/sf/sf ;b:osf] efif0f ;'Gg] Pshgf lzIFs >f]tfsf] l6Kk0fL xf] of]– dfcf]jfbLx¿ pgfG;o KjfOG6 kf“r k|ltzt Pdfn]nfO{ ;/fKbf /x]5g\, af“sL cfwf k|ltzt zxLbk|lt >4f~hnLdf vr{ ubf{ /x]5g\. sf7df8f}+df jftf{df cjtl/t ePsf g]tfx¿n] hjfkm lbg'k5{– of] s'g k|hftflGqs jfbsf] gd'gf xf] < of] t ‘zx/}df /fhf ltdL lgrf]/, ufp“df /fhf xfdL lgrf]5f}{+’ eg]/ bf]xf]/Lsf] efsf yfn]h:tf] dfq} xf].

dfcf]jfbL ;fj{hlgs ePsf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf ;a}n] leq–aflx/ wfs–wDsLsf] cg'ej u/]. ljr/f vu]Gb| ;+u|F}nf Toxf“ klg lyrf]ldrf]df kg'{eof] /] / kqsf/, u}/kqsf/n] s'6fO vfP /], dfcf]jfbLsf :jo+;]jsn] wDsL lbP /] / of] s:tf] ;lxi0f'tf xf], of] s:tf] k|hftGq xf]. k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] k'ln; t lgd{d eof] /], gof“ ;Qfsf] k'ln; lsg p208 eof] < Pdfn]n] klg :jo+;]js rnfp“5. ‘x/]s sfddf cfb]zx¿ kfng ub{5f}+, hgtfaf6 l;of] / wfuf];Dd lg lnb}gf}+’ eGg] lzIFfaf6 hlGdPsf] x'G5 Tof] :jo+;]js. To;}n] :jo+;]js eg]sf] w}o{, ;xgzLntf / lgi7fsf] gfd x'G5. hgtfnfO{ ljgd|tfk"j{s ;Demfpg g;Sg]x¿ hLjgdf Ps lbgsf nflu klg :jo+;]js aGg ;Sb}gg\. of] dfGotf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ c;xh nfUg ;S5. pgLx¿;“u aGb's 5, Pdfn];“u zflGt 5. clxn] klg pgLx¿n] aGb'snfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ / Pdfn]n] zflGtnfO{ g} ;jf]{kl/ 7fg]]sf] 5. dfcf]jfbLsf] lgisif}{ 5– aGb's gePsf sf/0f ;+;b\jfbL kf6L{x¿ lg/Lx 5g\. t/, Oltxf;nfO{ ;Demgf 5– )$^ ;fndf klg oL kf6L{x¿;“u aGb's lyPg. Oltxf;;“u k|df0f 5– aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{kl5 ;+;f/df st} klg aGb'ssf] hLt ePsf] 5}g. rfx] ;Qfsf] aGb's xf];\, rfx] ljb|F]xsf]– cGTodf aGb'sn] xf/]s} dfq 5. hgtf cfkm}+ hfu?s eP/ cfGbf]ng¿kL tfksf] ;'rfns geP;Dd ad / af?bsf] w'jf“ lg/y{s x'G5 eGg] ;To :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5. hgtf l/emfpg g;Sg]n] /fhgLlt u5'{ eGg' g} lg/y{s eO;s]sf] 5.

aUbfbL 5fpgLdf k8\s]sf oL k|Zgx¿

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kfnL kj{t, d}bfgdf O/fsdf clxn] lg/Gt/h:tf] eO/x]sf] adlj:kmf]6sf] cfjfh cfOk'u]sf] 5 5}g, o;} eGg ;lsGg. j}1flgsnfO{ klg ;f]em} pQ/ lbg cK7]/f] kbf{]/x]5 t/ To; adjiff{sf] k|Zg nx/ eg] oxf“ oqtq /fd|/L g} l6Kg ;lsG5, ;'lgG5, a'lemG5. ljz]ifu/L ;fdflhs /fhgLlts kmf“6df To;nfO{ gs]nfO{ gx'g] kl/l:ylt klg 5. /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;+;fwg / cfGtl/s /fhgLlt eg]sf] zlQm;DkGgsf] s[kf;Dd, ;'ljwf, ljj]s;Dd dfq xf] ls ltgn] c¿ klg cy{ /fV5g\ <

Toxf“ ePsf] xdnfn] km]l/ PskN6 of] ;jfn lbglbg} p7fO/x]5– ljZj hgdt eGg] s'/f kf7Øk':tsdf k9\g] RofK6/ dfq xf] ls ;8s, kfs{, ;efdf b]vfOg] Kn]sf8{ jf gf/f dfq xf] ls  Tof]eGbf cln km/s ljifoj:t' xf] <

xltof/;DkGgn] To;nfO{ hlt lsgf/fdf kfbf{ klg x'g] / cfkm"nfO{ dgnfu]sf] z}nLdf / k|lqmofdf cGt/f{li6«o dfldnfdf h:tf] k|of]u ubf{ klg x'g] < 9'·] o'usf] z}nLdf lgbf{]if dfgjdfly h:tf] k|xf/ ubf{ klg ;Eo g} eO/xg] < z:qsf] k/LIf0f ug{ st} vf; n8fO“ g} ug{ kg{] < xftxltof/sf] lgof{t / ;:tf] k]6«f]]lnod cfoftsf] aLr ;Gt'ng Nofpg qmlds sf6df/sf] df]8]n g} nfu" ug'{kg]{ <

o'4sf] df};d ePsf]n] adjif{s aL %@ sf] cfjfhsf] kl/j]z alnof] ePsf]n], ckfr] x]lnsf]K6/sf] uf]nL b/f] ePsf]n], gfz} gx'g] aVt/aGb uf8Lsf] Ifdtf c;Lldt ePsf]n], :df6{ adsf] k|xf/ cr's /x]sf]n] cfh oL k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg] oxf“ sf]xL 5}g. ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 cnkq kl//x]5, dn]l;ofn] dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgnfO{ /fhLgfdf ug{ eg]sf] ljifo klg To;} wldnf] eO/x]5,  o"/f]lkog o"lgog dt km6fP/ cjfs\;/x 5, g]6f] k|mfG; / hd{gLsf c:jLs[ltsf sf/0f vl08t ePsf] 5, c/a lnu ;–;fgf u"6afhLsf] ukmdf x/fO/x]5, c;+nUg cleofg nf]k ePh:t} 5, ;fs{ lgb|fdf 5 ,cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx¿ klg c:tfPsf 5g\.

g]kfnn] 6f9f eP/ klg cg]s cy{df O/fs o''4sf] df/ vKg' kl//x]5. OGwgsf] ;+s6n] 5fs sfl6;Sof], d"Nosf] pk|mfOn] ul/anfO{ a9L ul/a agfO;Sof], cy{tGqdf cfpg nfu]sf] pT;fxnfO{ km]l/ xfjfn] p8fP/ nlulbof]. dWok"j{df sfo{/t g]kfnLsf] vf; cj:yf yfxf kfpg] cfwf/ geP/ slt g]kfnL kl/jf/n] /ftsf] lgb|f u'dfO;s]. vf; s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g– Totflt/sf b]zdf ;+u|fdsf sf/0f cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] nx/df slt g]kfnL sfdbf/, >ldsnfO{ c;lhnf] kl/;s]sf] 5, sltn] sfd u'dfPsf 5g\, slt cnkq k/]/ al;/x]5g\, ltgsf slt kl/jf/ g]kfndf lklN;/x]5g\. lx;falstfa /fVg] ;/sf/L k|lqmof ePsf] eP t p4f/lt/sf] s'/f o;/L lal;{O“b}gYof].

;xof]ubftf /fi6«sf] Sna– ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, c:6«]lnof;lxt $( –g} o'4df r'n'{Dd 8'Agfn] casf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0fdf kl/jt{g x'g] lglZrt 5 / To;af6 sfl6g] s'/f xf] g]kfnh:tf b]zn] kfpg'kg{] ;xof]u. o'4kl5sf] k'glg{df{0f k|of; ePdf klg o:t} b]zsf] ljsf; cj?4 x'g hfg] xf]. b]zleq zflGt axfn ePsf] a]nf kf/]/ ljsf;nfO{ tLj| kfg{] pT;fxdfly g} t'iff/fkft x'g] t xf]Og eGg] ts{gf klg p7]sf] 5 o; a]nf oxf“ /

cd]l/sL g]tf a'z, a]nfotL cu'jf An]o/ / pxf“sf ;xof]uL g]tfnfO{ n8fO“ v]n]sf] cf/f]k nufpg x'G5, rfh{;L6 g} tof/ ug{ klg ldN5. t/, To;df e'Ng'x'Gg– pxf“x¿n] of] lj:kmf]6 / ljWj+z slt jif{sf] kvf{O, slt k|of;sf] cEof;, ljsNkxLg cj:yf cfPkl5 / sltkN6sf] clu|d ;"rgfkl5 ug'{eof] eGg] s'/fnfO{. cfdljgfzsf xltof/ gfz ug{] ;DaGwdf ePsf] O/fsL afrf klxnf] vf8L o'4sf] emG8} bh{g jif{;Dd k"/f gul/g' / o; ;DaGwdf ePsf] kl5Nnf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo r]tfjgLnfO{ ;/f;/ c6]/ 6f]s/Ldf kmflng'k5fl8sf /x:onfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' cfjZos 5 lsgls ltgdf j:t'ut tYo 5g\.

O/fsdf agfOPsf] / /flvPsf] cfd ljgfzsf /f;folgs h}ljs xftxltof/ k|of]u ePsf] ;dodf dfq o:tf] o'4 ug'{kYof]{ / To;f] x'g'cl3 ePsf] of] lgoGq0f sfo{ unt xf] eGg' slt;Dd dgfl;a xf] ljrf/ ug'{k5{. tL xltof/sf] k|of]udf x'g] lj/f6 ljgfz / To;sf] pkrf/fTds sfo{sf nflu x'g] sfo{sf aLr slt ;do /xg;S5 To;df klg oyfy{ Wofg t k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5. Toxf“ To:tf xltof/ ePsf] k'li6 t Tot}lt/ ljutdf ePsf] To;sf] k|of]un] xtfxt ePsf O/fgL / s'lb{:tfgL hgtfsf] k|;+un] ljutdf :ki6 kf/]sf] k|;+u xf].

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g ldr]sf] eg]/ tL g]tfnfO{ cf}+nf 78Øfpg ;lhnf] sxf“ 5 / < ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqsf] dd{ sfod /fVg s'g} klg /fi6«n] PSn}n] jf ldn]/ dfgjhfltsf] ;Defljt ljgfz /f]Sg k|lt/f]ws sfo{ ug{df afwf s]xL gb]lvg] /x]5. o:tf cEof; klxn] klg gePsf xf]Ogg\. O/fsL hgtfdflysf] cGofo, cTofrf/ / To; l;nl;nfdf x'g uPsf cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf ;Gbe{df klg cGt/f{li6«o hutn] Wofg glbg' Tolt;f/f] ;'xfpg] s'/f ePg eGg] ts{ klg 5. km]l/ Toxf“ clxn] ePsf] sf/afxL e"ld sAhf ug{] jf zf;g xTofpg] dg;fon] ePsf] xf]Og, kLl8t hgtfsf] lxtdf, lg/+s'ztflj?4 :jtGqtfsf nflu ePsf] xf] eGg] c8fg 5, To; s'/fnfO{ o; ;+;f/df ePsf ljutsf :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] kl/j]zdf x]g{'kg{] x'G5.

cf?gf] Psf]xf]/f] zf;gsf] ;f}v / hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ wldlng glbPsf] eP ;a} lsl;dsf O/fsL hgtfsf Toltsf cfkmGt, ltgsf cf]7, gfs, xft, v'§f / Hofg gsfl6Psf] eP ToltsfnfO{ sf/fuf/–lk“h8fdf g/flvPsf] eP / cg]snfO{ b]zlgsfnf gu/]sf] eP t clxn] dWok"j{df zlQmzfnLnfO{ lgwf{]n] a]xf]g{ u/]sf] ;bfdL cf“6nfO{ lgs} pRr z}nLdf ;/fxgf ug'{kg{] lyof].

O/fssf g]tf x';]gn] oltsf lbg;Dd @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf clt pRr / s'zn xftxltof/;DkGg egL bfjL ul/Psf /fi6«sf kmf}hnfO{ o'4e"lddf cNdNofpg / aUbfbdf bf}8]/ k'Ug glbPsf] k|;+u pNn]vgLo 5. /fi6«sf] uf}/j /fVg] / cfTd;Ddfgsf] d"No /fVg] ;Gbe{df h:tf];'s} s'af{gL ug{ tof/ ePsf] efjgfnfO{ dflg;x¿n] jiff+{};Dd ;Demg ;S5g\ klg. cfTdxTof hTyfn] cfkm}+ dfgj–ad eP/ / O/fsL :yn;]gfn] ;8s–;8sdf b]vfPsf] jL/tf / n8\g] ;LknfO{ cd]l/sL / a]nfotLn] jiff{}+;Dd ljZn]if0f ug'{kg{] ePsf] 5. /0fe"ldsf] Oltxf;df ;DejtM oxf“lg/ Pp6f csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ kl/R5]b sf]l/“b}5– aUbfbsf] ktg –h;nfO{ eljiodf w]/}n] k9\g kg{] x'g;S5.

Tof] hfaf] aUbfbL zx/ t s] xf] / dfr{ u/]/ Psl5gdf sAhf ul/G5– s]sjfs, /f]hL 6]s, y|L 8] cfpl6+u– eg]/ n08g jfl;·6gdf skmLkfg ug{] ljZn]ifsx¿nfO{ Toxf“sf n8fs'x¿n] g/fd|/L k5f/]sf 5g\ O/fssf] bf];|f] 7"nf] zx/ af;|f, g;l/of, saf{nfdf k/]sf] cK7]/f] klZrdLx¿n] cg'dfg gu/]sf] xbdf ePsf] s'/f crDdsf] 5. ;tx o'4df O/fsLn] cd]l/sL a]nfotLnfO{ yf]/} lbgdf w]/} kf7 l;sfO;s]sf 5g\ ls h:tf] 5.

kmsNof08 o'4 lhTg] xfdL, sf];f]ef], ckmuflg:yfgdf ;kmntf xftdf kfg{] xfdL, xfdLnfO{ n8\g s;n] l;sfpg] eGg] :j/df s'/f ug{]x¿nfO{ oxf“lg/ Psk6s ;f]r]/ d'v vf]Ng' kl//x]5, c8L c8L lx“8\g' kl//x]5 / g;f]lrPsf] w]/} gf]S;fgL klg a]xf]g{' kl//x]5. ;f/f O/fsLn] :jtGqtf ;]gf eg]/ dfnf klx/fpg]5g\ eGg] xfOkf]lyl;; lnP/ n8\g uPsfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ O/fsL gful/s ad ag]/ cl3 cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgfn] t lgs} x}/fg kf/]sf] klg xf]. gq t clxn] aUbfb xdnfsf] tof/Ldf oltsf /0fgLlts kl/jt{g ug'{kg{] lyPg lg /

clxn]sf] ;+;f/df ;2fdn] hlt n8fO“snf zfob c¿ s;}n] hfg]sf] 5}g. pxf“n] o'4sf] klxnf] Jofofd ubf{ ;DejtM 5f]/f>L a''z /fhgLltdf nfUg] gnfUg]df j'jf>L a'z;“u ;DejtM emu8f ub{} x'g'x'GYof] / An]o/ >ddf /fhgLlt / /fhgLltdf >dsf] cy{ nufpg] cEof;k'l:tsfdf lx;fa gldn]/ x}/fg x'g'x'GYof]. ;Dejt o;sf] xn'sf k|bz{g klg clxn] ePsf]n] ;+o'Qm ;]gfnfO{ aUbfb k'Ug olt l9nf] ePsf] xf].

aUbfbsf] ktg ca s]xL ;dodf lglZrt g} 5 / To;sf] ktgdf nfUg] ;do / z}nLn], hgwgsf] gfzn] of] n8fO“ stf hfG5 tf]S5, slt nlDaG5 7]ufg nfp“5. xltof/sf] ljhonfO{ cd]l/sL / a]nfotLn] O/fsLsf] dgdflysf] ljhodf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] xf] xf]Og Tof] cfh ;a}n] x]l//x]5g\. clxn] rlr{t dfgjLo ;xof]usf] xft slt;Dd To;df cl3 a9\g] xf] / Tof] xft slt xflb{stfsf ;fy O/fsLaf6 ;dfltg] xf] ;f] cg'ej ug{ w]/} cft'/ 5g\.

ljZj hgdtlj?4 /x]/ klg n8fO“df hfg k/]sf] s'/fsf] vf; j:t'ut k'li6 ˜jfO6xfp; / !) 8fplg+u l:6«6af6 s;/L cfpg] xf] x]g'{5. k'glg{df{0fsf k|;+udf / efjL O/fsL zf;g Joj:yfdf Toxf“sf] hgtfsf] ;xeflutf cfwf/df To;f] ug{ g;s]df clxn]sf] ljhodf ;w}+sf] lgldQ csf{] snx aLh /f]lkg hfg]5 h;af6 c¿ s'/f ldn] klg, t]n k|jfx lglZrt eP klg dWo–k"j{ czfGtsf] czfGt g} /lx/xg]5.

lghfdtL ;]jfdf cJofjxfl/s a9'jf k|0ffnL

sNkgf g]kfn

lghfdtL ;]jf ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ hgtf;fd' k'¥ofpg] Ps alnof] / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ xf]. of] ;/sf/sf] d'6' xf]. h;df s]xL u8\a8 ePdf ;Dk"0f{ /fHo;+oGqdf gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5. j[lQ ljsf;sf w]/} cj;/x¿ b]v]/ JolQmx¿ s'g} klg k];fdf nfnflot x'g] ub{5g\. >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf s'g} lglZrt k/LIff kf; u/L kb:yfkg eOcfPsf sd{rf/Lx¿ pgLx¿sf] clxn] eO/x]sf] txeGbf dflyNnf] txdf x'g hfg] kb:yfkg, tnadf x'g] a9f]Q/L / gof“ sfo{ tyf pQ/bfloTjdf x'g] j[l4nfO{ a9'jf elgG5. a9'jfaf6 s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffdf j[l4 x'g hfG5. ctM sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfdk|lt ;w}+ pTk|]l/t / pT;fxL agfO/fVg a9'jfsf] ljz]if dxŒj /xg] ub{5. lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] kl/R5]b # bkmf & sf] -!_df v'nf tyf a9'jfåf/f kbk"lt{ ul/g] tl/sfsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5. o;df /fhkq cg+lst t[tLob]lv k|yd >]0fL;Dd v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f ^) / sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof°g k|lqmofåf/f $) k|ltzt kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf 5. o;/L oL >]0fLx¿df v'nf / aGb b'j} j[lQ–ljsf;nfO{ k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5.

/fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLdf v'nf &% / cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfaf6 @% k|ltzt a9'jf ul/g] Joj:yf 5. cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] @% k|ltztdWo] !) k|ltzt kb cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIFfsf cfwf/df / af“sL !% k|ltzt kb ;DalGwt ;]jf jf ;d"xleqsf] Ps >]0fLd'lgsf] kbdf !) jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿af6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg, d"Nof°g / cGtjf{tf{nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL 5gf]6 u/L k"lt{ ul/g] / pQm cGtjf{tf{sf] c°ef/ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g] egL P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -#_ df elgP tfklg cfh;Dd Tof] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsPsf] kfOPsf] 5}g. h;af6 gf;' :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu Tof] k|fjwfgn] cfh;Dd s'g} ;sf/fTds /f]n v]Ng ;s]sf] gb]lv“bf pgLx¿sf nflu s]jn of] Joj:yfn] ‘Nxf;fdf ;'g 5, d]/f] sfg a'Rr}’ eGg] pvfgnfO{ ;DemfPsf] 5.

/fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fLdf qmdzM !) v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f, *) sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof°gåf/f / !) k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIFfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5. k|yd >]0fLsf nflu !) v'nf k|ltof]lutf, *) sfo{IFdtfsf] d"Nof°g / !) k|ltztdf lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf ljleGg ;]jfx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{åf/f u/fOg] cGt/ ;]jf k|lt:kwf{af6 k"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf eg] ;Dk"0f{ g} sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof°gåf/f kbf]Gglt x'g] ub{5. o;/L kmfOn a9'jfn] g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf bl/nf] 8]/f hdfPsf] 5.

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf
-!_ cg';f/ a9'jf sfo{IFdtfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5. pQm bkmfs} pkbkmf -@_ df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{IFdtfsf] d"Nof°g ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gjfkt rfnL;, xfnsf] >]0fLsf] h]i7tfjfkt c6\7fO;, ef}uf]lns IF]qdf sfd u/]jfkt kGw|, z}lIfs of]Uotfjfkt kGw| / tflndjfkt b'O{ c° u/L a9Ldf ;o c° lbOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. oL c°x¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L a9'jfsf nflu e"ldsf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gsf] /x]sf] 5. rfnL; c° /x]sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°gdf ;'kl/j]IFsn] lbg;Sg] clwsd xb kRrL;, k'g/fjnf]sg stf{n] bz / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] kf“r lsl6Psf] 5. ljgfhjfkmb]lxtf / kf/bzL{tfn] el/k"0f{ ePsf] o; sfo{af6 ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿df ;dfg Gofo k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]lv“b}g. hf]–hf] cf?gf cf“vfcufl8 /x]sf 5g\ / ;f“em–laxfg e]l6G5g\, pgLx¿k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f /fd|F] aGg] / To;sf] cnfjf cGosf nflu s'b[li6 /flvg] ePaf6 / a]nf–a]nf o;df x'g] ‘l6k]S; k|s/0f’n] klg :jfledfgL JolQmx¿sf] a9'jfdf o; k|lqmofn] wSsf nufPsf] 5.

;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @! df a9'jfsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g rflxg] Go"gtd ;]jf cjlw /fhkq cg+lst t[tLo / låtLo >]0fLsf] kbsf nflu b'O{ jif{, k|yd >]0fLsf nflu tLg jif{, /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu rf/ jif{, låtLo >]0fLsf nflu kf“r jif{, k|yd >]0fLsf nflu rf/ jif{ / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf nflu kf“r jif{ pNn]v ePsf] 5. tfklg a9'jfsf] nflu k"0ff{° kfpg h]i7tfjfkt Pp6} kbdf rf}w jif{ sfd ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg ePsfn] pNn]lvt cjlwdf pm a9'jf x'g ;Qm}g. t;y{ of] b'O{ jif{b]lv kf“r jif{;Dd egL /flvPsf] k|Fjwfgn] ;d:t sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;fd' s'g} klg 7f]; cf}lrTo ;fljt ug{ ;s]sf] e]l6“b}g.

ef}uf]lns IF]q a9'jfdf ;xfotf k'¥ofpg] csf]{ cfwf/ xf]. P]gsf] bkmf @$ n] o;nfO{ ;zQm¿kdf p7fOcfPsf] 5. ‘s’b]lv ª ju{;Dd ePsf] pQm ljefhgdf ‘s’ ju{df sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf nflu #=@% / ª ju{df sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf nflu !=@% c° lbg] k|Fjwfg /x]sf] 5. ;'ud IF]qdf /x]/ klg k|ltjif{ sdfOg] !=@% c°n] k"0ff{° c° !% sdfpg hDdf afx| jif{ g} sfkmL b]lvG5. t/, a9'jf x'g rf}w jif{ g} nfUb5. o:tf] cj:yfdf b'u{d IF]qdf a;]/ ;]jf ug'{kg]{ afWotf s;}sf ;fd' klg l;lh{t ePsf] kfO“b}g. kmn:j¿k sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'udk|ltsf] df]x o;n] cem a9fPsf] b]lvG5.

P]gsf] bkmf @$ ‘3’ df z}lIfs of]Uotf / tflndjfktsf] c°sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. ;]jf k|j]zsf] lgldQ tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfjfkt k|yd >]0fLsf nflu !!=%, låtLo >]0fLsf nflu !! / t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu !)=% / cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotfjfkt qmdzM #=%, # / @=% sfod ul/Psf] 5. of] of]Uotf Psk6s nf]s;]jfsf] k/LIFf kf; ul/;s]kl5 x'g] a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu klg /flvPsf]df To;sf] vf;} cy{ / cf}lrTo b]lv“b}g. t/, oxf“ Ps >]0fLaf6 csf]{ >]0fLdf a9'jf x'“bf Psk6s k|of]u eO;s]sf] a9'jfjfktsf] pQm gDa/ km]l/ csf]{k6ssf] a9'jfsf nflu klg pxL¿kdf k|of]hg x'g] ub{5. Psk6s a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu lbO;s]sf] a9'jf gDa/nfO{ k'gM k|of]udf NofOg] ul/G5. Psk6s l8lehgjfktsf] gDa/ s'DNofO;s]sfnfO{ k'gM gDa/ lbg'nfO{ Gofo;+ut eGg ldN5 / < s] o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /fd|F] dfGg ;lsPnf / < hf] sfddf nugzLn 5 / p;sf] pkNnf] of]Uotf klg k'u]sf] 5 eg] l8lehgsf] s] dxŒj x'G5 / < sfd;“u ;DalGwt x'g'k5{, of]Uotf k'u]sf] 5 eg] l8lehgsf] sf/0fn] a9'jf–ljd'v ug'{nfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf /fd|f] dFGg ;ls“b}g.

tflndjfktsf] c° lb“bf Ps dlxgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlwsf] ;]jf;“u ;DalGwt tflndjfkt k|yd >]0fLsf nflu @ c°, låtLo >]0fLsf nflu !=% / t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu ! c° lbOg] Joj:yf eOcfPsf] 5. tflnd eg]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] 1fgdf lvofnfUg'af6 arfO/fVg] Ps dfWod xf]. o;sf] c;/ a9'jfdf kfg'{sf] s'g} klg cy{k"0f{ dxŒj b]lv“b}g.

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%) cfpg'eGbf klxn] g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)!# / lgodfjnL @)@! nfu" ePsf lyP. o;af6 g} ;d:t lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rflnt ePsf] lyof]. @)$( ;fn;Dd cfp“bf oL ePsf P]g, lgoddf ;aeGbf a9L @( k6s;Dd a9'jfdfly ;+zf]wg eP. t/, To;af6 s'g} gf}nf] / gjLg ls/0f lghfdtL k|zf;gsf cufl8 v8f x'g ;s]gg\. o;af6 s]jn ljs[ltl;jfo cGo s]xL k|flKt x'g ;s]g. kmn:j¿k rfs8L, rfKn';L / r'SnLsf wgLx¿ cem wgL aGb} uP, sd{of]uLx¿
emg\–emg tn efl;P, a9'jf–ljd'v agfOP. h;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf tL; jif{cufl8 ;/sf/L ;]jfdf snsnfp“b} a}+; lnP/ l5/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿ cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf j[lQljsf;sf k|z:t cj;/ eP/} klg pxL kbdf /lx/x]sf] b]lvG5. o;nfO{ cJofjxfl/s a9'jf k|0ffnLsf] pknlAweGbf cGo s] eGg ldN5 / <

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu a9'jfn] d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5. ;a}nfO{ j[lQljsf;sf cj;/x¿ lbnfpgsf nflu pRr txsf] g]t[Tjaf6 ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgefpg ;Sg'kb{5. lghfdtL P]g–lgodnfO{ ;do;fk]IF ;'wf/ u/L :jR5, kf/bzL{ / ultzLn agfpg'kb{5. ljut s]xL jif{b]lv xfd|f] sd{rf/L g]t[Tj nuftf/¿kdf 8udufO/x]sf] 5. pRr g]t[Tj txdf ‘;]s]G8 Og sdfG8’sf] ljz]iftf e]l6Psf] 5. ha;Dd of] txdf ‘km:6 Og sdfG8’sf] ljz]iftf e]6\g ;ls“b}g Tolta]nf;Dd k|zf;gdf Nofpg vf]lhg] s'g} klg ;'wf/n] :ki6 lbzf lng ;Qm}g. pRr g]t[Tj ju{af6 ;xL lbzf lgb]{zg u/]/ cf?gf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ nIo pGd'v agfO{ ;w}+ cf?gf] ;]jfk|lt hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoLo'Qm agfpg ;Sg'kb{5. ta dfq k|zf;gsf] bIFtf oxf“  emNsG5.