alnp8sf ;kmn / c;kmn

;g\ @))@ alnp8sf nflu ‘?nkjif{’ h:t} ;fljt eof] . o; jif{ ! ;o #@ j6f lkmNd lgdf{0f ePsf]df ! ;o @$ j6f lkmNd t ?nk eP eg] af“sL d'l:snn] aS; clkm;df k'Ug ;kmn eP . Ps tYof+scg';f/ alnp8 pBf]un] o; jif{ @() s/f]8 ?lkof“sf] 3f6f ;xg'k¥of] .

;kmn lkmNdx¿ M

/fh M alnp8df ;kmntf kfPsf] ‘˜jf6 nfOh ljlgy’ sf] ef/tLos/0f ‘/fh’ n] ‘;'k/lx6’ geP klg cfkm"nfO{ ;kmn rnlrqsf] bhf{df pEofpg ;kmn eof] . ljqmd e§åf/f lgb{]lzt ‘/fh’ c;kmn ljjfx u/]sf bDkQLsf] syf xf] / of] ‘of] dfgl;s ly|n/’ lyof], h;df d'Vo e"ldsf l8gf] df]l/of / ljkf;f a;'n] u/]sf lyP eg] gbLd >j0fsf] ;+uLt k|z+l;t 5 . ;fk6L lnOPsf] syfj:t' eP klg ‘/fh’ n] e/k'/ dgf]/~hg lbgfsf] ;fy} k|fljlws¿kdf klZrdL z}nLsf] ePsfn] of] s]xL ;kmn eof] .

b]jbf; M lgb{]zs ;~honLnf eG;fnLsf] dxTjfsf+IfL k|f]h]S6 ‘b]jbf;’ n] :jfefljs¿kdf aS; clkm;df sAhf hdfpg ;kmn eof] / ljz]if u/L k|]ddf ljZjf; ug{]x¿sf] d'6' 5'g ;kmn /x\of] . alnp8df Pp6} zLif{sdf t];|f] k6s lgld{t b]jbf; @ jif{ nufP/ agfOPsf] lyof] .

cfjf/f kfun bLjfgf M xlnp8sf] ‘b xf]n gfOg of8{;’ nfO{ ef/tLos/0f ul/Psf] o; lkmNdsf] l:qmK6 lgs} hl6n eP klg lgb{]zs ljqmd e§n] ;lhn} ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . o; lkmNdnfO{ ;kmn agfpg hf]gL lne/, k/]z /fjn / cIfos'df/sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lyof] . o;n] klg cfkm"nfO{ nufgL p7fP/ ;kmn rnlrq sf] bhf{df pEofPsf] lyof] .

c;kmn lkmNdx¿ M

cf]d ho hulbz M cleg]tfx¿ lgb{]zgdf xft xfn]sf cg'kd v]/sf] klxnf] lkmNd ‘cf] ho hulbz’ n] c;kmntfsf] ;fdgf ug{'k¥of] . ha lgdf{tf jf;' eujfgLn] ‘cf]d ho hulbz’ agfpg ;'? u/]sf lyP, o;af6 y'k|} ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] . k|fljlws¿kdf of] pTs[i6 lyof], cleg]tfx¿sf] clego klg pTs[i6 lyof], To;sf afah'b klg o;n] & s/f]8 ?lkof“sf] 3f6f ;xg'k¥of] .

z/f/t M sfd ;lsPsf] Ps jif{kl5 l/lnh ul/Psf] u'?b]j eNnfåf/f lgb{]lzt z/f/tsf] c;kmntfdf o;sf] l:qmK6sf] sdhf]/LnfO{ g} k|d'v sf/0f 7x¥ofOPsf] 5 . k|fljlws kIf / ;+uLtsf] lx;faaf6 lkmNd ;fdfGo /x] klg o;sf] csf{] sdhf]/ kIf lgb{]zg klg lyof] .

sf]O d]/] lbn;] k'5] M o;df /fh]z /f]zgsf] ;+uLt / ;Gho sk'/sf] vngfosL pTs[i6 eP klg aS; clkm;df c;kmn /x\of], h;n] aS; clkm;df & s/f]8 ?lkof“ 3f6f vfg'k/]sf] lyof] .

xd lsl;;] sd gxL M xlnp8sf] lkmNd ‘PgfnfOh’ sf] skL ul/Psf] xd lsl;;] sd gxL n] klg aS; clkm;df ;f9] $ s/f]8sf] 3f6f ef]Ug'k¥of] . 8]le8 wjgsf] of] lkmNddf ;~ho bQ / cldtfe aRrgsf] k|]d / 3[0ffsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgb{]zsn] /fd|f];“u lrlqt ug{'sf ;fy} sd]8L klg /fd|f]¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf lyP . t/ To;sf afah'b klg of] lkmNdn] bz{ssf] dg lhTg ;s]g .

b]jbf; @! j6f gf]ldg];gdf

alnp8df rrf{ kfPsf] ‘b]jbf;’ ;g\ @))@ sf] gjf}+ :6f/ :qmLg cjf8{df @! j6f Sof6fuf]/Lsf nflu gf]ldg];gdf k/]sf] 5 . h;cGtu{t pTs[i6 lkmNd, pTs[i6 lgb{]zs, -;Gho nLnf eG;fnL_, pTs[i6 gfos -zfx¿v vfg_, pTs[i6 gflosf -P]Zjo{ /fo_, pTs[i6 ;xcleg]qL -dfw'/L bLlIft_ / pTs[i6 ;+uLt -x:tsfOn b/af/_ nufot 5g\ .

To:t}, /fhs'df/ ;Gtf]ifLsf] ‘b lnh]G8 ckm eutl;+x’ !# j6f Sof6fuf]/Lsf] gf]ldg];gdf / /fd uf]kfn adf{sf], ‘sDkgL’ !@ j6f gf]ldg];gdf k/]sf 5g\ . pTs[i6 lkmNddf b]jbf;;“u cf“v] / ‘OGsfpG6/’ n] k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] cjf8{sf] ljt/0f hgj/L !^ df d'DaO{df x'g] hgfOPsf] 5 .

gf]j]n k'/:sf/ lah]tfn] lkmNd v]Ng]

ef/tsf gf]j]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cdTo{;]gnfO{ klg lkmNd v]nfpg] k|of;df ef/tLo lgdf{tfx¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . lkmNd km]o/ 86 sd gfds OG6/g]6 klqsfn] k|sflzt u/]sf] ;dfrf/cg';f/ lgdf{tf laGtf gGbfn] cdTo{ ;]g / pgsL k'qL gGbgf ;]gnfO{ lnP/ lkmNd agfpg] tof/L u/]sf 5g\ .

laGtf Ps hgf ;kmn l6eL k|f]8\o';/ klg x'g\ eg] gGbgf ;]g Ps :yflkt a+ufnL cleg]qL x'g\ . olb laGtf cdfTo{ ;]gnfO{ cf?gf] lkmNddf ;fOg u/fpg ;kmn eP eg] of] rflx+ pgsf] klxnf] lkmNd x'g]5 .

cdTo{ ;]gnfO{ v]nfOg] elgPsf] lkmNdsf] zLif{s ‘jfON8 gf]Oh’ /x]sf] ;dfrf/df hgfOPsf] 5 .

bz pTs[i6df b]jbf; / dg;'g j]l8ª

‘6fOd’ Dofulhgsf] jif{sf] pTs[i6 !) cGt/f{li6«o lkmNdsf] ;"rLdf ;Gho nLnf eG;fnLsf] ‘b]jbf;’ / dL/f gfo/sf] ‘dg;'g j]l8ª’ klg k/]sf 5g\ .

6fOd klqsfn] ‘b]jbf;nfO{ ;bfaxf/ uLt / ;bfaxf/ g[To’ /x]sf] pTs[i6 lkmNdsf] ¿kdf lrlqt u/]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;"rLsf] rf}yf] gDa/df /x]sf] ‘b]jbf;’n] l:6eg :6Lnju{sf] dfOgf]l/6L l/kf]6{’ nfO{ ;d]t k5fl8 kf/]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 .

cfdL/sf bfh'n] klg ufpg]

Pstfsf cfdL/ vfgn] ufPsf] ‘cftL Sof v08fnf’ af]nsf] uLt ;'k/lx6 ePsf] lyof] . ca cfdL/sf bfh' km}hn vfgn] klg efOs} kblrGxnfO{ k5\ofp“b} ‘kfNtg’ gfdsf] lkmNddf ufpg] ePsf 5g\ .

km}hn vfg kl5Nnf] k6s cfdL/ / l6«j+sn vGgfåf/f clelgt ‘d]nf’ df b]lvPsf lyP / pgL efOh:t} alnp8 pBf]udf :yflkt x'g k|of;/t 5g\ . km}hn vfgn] nG8gsL Ps hgf Jofkf/L ;dLof;“u lax] u/]sf] s]xL dlxgfd} ;DaGw ljR5]bsf nflu d'2f btf{ u/fPsf 5g\ .

zfx¿v / lk|tLaLrsf] zLto'4

‘lbn;]’ b]lv z'? ePsf] cleg]tf zfx¿v vfg / lk|tL lhG6faLrsf] zLto'4 oltv]/ emg\ rls{Psf] 5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k alnp8sf 7"nf Aofg/x¿ x}/fgLdf k/]sf 5g\ .

lk|tLåf/f clelgt ‘Sof s]xgf’ / ‘lbn rfxtf x}’ sf] ;kmntfkl5 s]xL 7"nf Aofg/x¿n] zfx¿v / lk|tL b'j}nfO{ Ps ;fy v]nfpg rfx] . t/, lk|tL;“usf] cfk;L ‘Ouf]’ sf sf/0f To:tf ckm/nfO{ zfx¿vn] c:jLsf/ ub{} cfP .

t/, ca an lk|tLsf] sf]6{df cfPsf] 5 . xfn} l8«D; cglnld6]8 gfds lgdf{0f sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 h'xL rfjnf gof“ lkmNdsf] ckm/ lnP/ lk|tLsxf“ k'u]sL lyOg\ . h'xLn] cf?gf] eljionfO{ x]/]/ To; lsl;dsf] ‘Ouf]’ 5fl8lbg / klxn]h:tf] uNtL gug{ ;DemfPsL lyOg\ . alnp8df Ps lr;L gflosfsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt lk|tLn] zfx¿v;“u} v]Ng] ckm/nfO{ klxn]sf] ‘Ouf]’ ;Dem]/ nft dfg{] x'g\ of x}gg\ k|tLIffsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

sfhf]n cWofTdtkm{

lkmNdL ;+;f/af6 6fl9P/ k'gM bf];|f] k6s cfdf aGg] tof/Ldf nfu]sL cleg]qL sfhf]n cfWoflTdstftkm{ nfu]sL 5g\ . klxnf] ;Gtfg v]/ uPkl5 sfhf]n k'gM bf];|f] k6s ue{jtL ePsf] ;dfrf/ alnp8sf ;~rf/dfWodx¿n] k|sflzt u/]sf lyP .

bf];|f] k6s ue{jtL ePsL sfhf]n clxn] uDeL/ eP/ ‘/]sL’ sf] cEof; ul//x]sL 5g\ / klt cho b]jugn] klg cGo ;fyLx¿;“u} eP/ pgnfO{ ;fy lbO/x]sf 5g\ .

zfx¿vsf] gof“ lkmNd ‘:jb]z’

‘cf]:sf/’ df k'Ug ;kmn rnlrq nufgsf] lgb{]zg u/]sf cfz'tf]if uf]jf/Ls/nfO{ lnP/ cleg]tf÷lgdf{tf zfx¿v vfgn] ‘:jb]z’ agfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ .

nufgsf] ;kmntfkl5 uf]jf/Ls/ cfdL/ vfg;“u} sfd ug{ rfxGy] t/ cfdL/;“u ;do gePkl5 pgn] zfx¿v;“u kx'“r a9fPsf lyP . zfx¿vn] klg uf]jf/Ls/ cf?gf] klxnf] 5gf}6 geP klg pgL;“u sfd ug{ :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . of] lkmNd klg 7"n} ah]6sf] x'g] hgfOPsf] 5 .

8fogf x]8]g cf]y]nf]df

k"j{dL; jN8{ 8fogf x]8]gn] klg xfn} Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o k|f]h]S6 xft kf/]sL 5g\ . pgn] z]S;lko/sf] s[ltdf cfwfl/t ‘cf]y]nf]’ df clego u/]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 .

8fogfn] nG8gsf] k|Voft ‘/f]on Ps]8]dL ckm 8«fdfl6s cf6{;\’ af6 l8u|L xfl;n klg u/]sL l5g\ . pgL xfn} blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;'l6ª ;s]/
kms{]sL lyOg\ .

glGbtfn] lax] ul/g

alnp8df ;DaGw ljR5]b, k'glj{jfx, /f]dfG;h:tf 36gfx¿ t ;fdfGoh:t} e};s]sf 5g\ . cfdL/ vfgn] ;'gLtf;“u km}hn vfgn] ;fdLof vfg;“u ;DaGw ljR5]b u/]sf] rrf{ ;]nfpg gkfp“b} ljj]s cf]j/fosf] OGu]hd]G6 eof] eg] kl5Nnf] k6s glGbtfbf; ljjfx aGwgdf af“lwPsf] rrf{ rn]sf] 5 .

cleg]qL glGbtfn] xfn} Ps hgf lj1fkg Ph]G6 ;f]Dof ;]g;“u ljjfx u/]sL l5g\. nfdf] ;dosf] k|]d ;DaGwkl5 pgLx¿n] l8;]Da/sf] clGtd ;ftf gof“ l8NnLdf ljjfx u/]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . h'g 36gfnfO{ alnp8df ;fdfGo¿kd} lnOPsf] 5 .

rnlrq ‘sf“6]’

lnp8 lkmNd OG8:6«Ldf bfpb P08 sDkgLsf] ck|ToIf¿kdf ;+nUgtf x'G5 eGg] cf/f]k nflu/x]s} a]nf nfdf] k|tLIffkl5 cG8/jN8{sf] sxfgL;“u ;DalGwt rnlrq ‘sf“6]’ l/lnh ePsf] 5 .

sxfgL cd]l/sfsf] n;P+hN; zx/df a:b} cfPsf ^ hgf ef/tLosf] jl/kl/ 3'd]sf] 5 . tL ;a} hgf cf–cf?gf] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5g\, sf]xL >LdtL kLl8t 5g\ eg] sf]xL /f]huf/L kLl8t . oL ;a} ;fgf] ltgf] u}/sfg"gL sfddf klg ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . k'ln;n] s'g} g s'g} axfgfdf logLx¿nfO{ ;dft]s} x'G5 .

Ps k6s nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/sf] s];df k'ln;n] tL ;a}nfO{ kqmfp ub{5 / pgLx¿ Ps} 7fp“df lx/f;tdf aGb x'G5g\ . Toxf“ logLx¿ ;a} ldn]/ Pp6f eo+s/ of]hgf agfp“5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] Pp6f 7"nf] a}+s n'6\g] / Ps} k6s s/f]8klt ag]/ b]z 5fl8lbg] pgLx¿sf] of]hgf x'G5 . d]h/ -cldtfe aRrg_, cHh' -;+ho bQ_, dfs{ -;'gLn z]§L_, P+8L -s'df/ uf}/j_, d}s -nSsL cnL_ / afnL
-dx]z df+h/]s/_ ldn]/ s;/L a}+s n'6\g]h:tf ljifodf tflnd lnG5g\ . a}+s n'6]/ lx+8\g] a]nf ^ hgfdWo] s'g} Psn] k'ln;nfO{ klxnf g} ;'/fsL lbO;s]sf] x'G5 / To;}cg';f/ k'ln; a}+saflx/ cfOk'U5 .

cd]l/sf h:tf] ‘;'k/ kfj/’ b]zdf ef/tsf ^ hgf gfosx¿n] :jrflnt xltof/sf] ;xof]uaf6 k};f n'6]/ efu]sf] b]vfOG5 . To; qmddf rn]sf] uf]nLaf6 d}s 3fOt] x'G5 . kl5 ljleGg af6f]eP/ ;a} Ps} 7fp“df cfOk'U5g\ .

To; 36gfkl5 dfq lkmNddf Pp6f sf}t'xntfsf] df]8 cfp“5 . tL ^ dWo] k'ln;nfO{ ;'/fsL lbg] dfG5] sf] xf]nf eg]/ bz{snfO{ clGtd b[Zo;Dd klg yfx} x'“b}g . oxL qmddf ^ hgfdWo] kf“r hgf dfl/G5g\ / P+8L k};f lnP/ efU5 t/ pm eflu/x]sf] uf8Ldfly klg cd]l/sL k'ln;sf] x]lnsf]K6/ kl5 nflu/x]sf] b]vfOPaf6 P+8L g} k'ln;sf] ;'/fsL x'g'k5{ eGg] cg'dfg bz{sx¿n] nufp“5g\ / olts}df rnlrq ;dfKt x'G5 . l/lnh x'g'k"j{ g} of] rnlrqn] lgs} k|rf/–k|;f/ kfO;s]sf]n] bz{sx¿ lkmNd x]g{ l;g]df xn;Dd k'U5g\ / pgLx¿ nfdf] ;dokl5 alnp8af6 /fd|} lkmNdsf] :jfb lng kfPsf] atfp“5g\ . k|fljlws kIf x]bf{ of] rnlrqn] xlnp8sf k|fljlwsx¿af6 ;xof]u lnPsf] ;xh cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . 5fof+sg:yn / pRr k|ljlwn] rnlrqnfO{ :t/Lo agfPsf] 5 . rnlrqdf afnL / c~h'n] d'DaOof ‘6kf]/L’ efiffdf ufnL unf}h u/]sf] / ;Dafb af]n]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . afnL ag]sf dx]z df+h/]s/sf] clego pTs[i6 5, pgsf] /f]lSsP/ ;+jfb af]Ng] z}nL bz{sn] dg k/fp“5g\ . cldtfe aRrgn] ‘cf“v]’ lkmNddf a}+s n'6]/fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]em}+ o; lkmNddf klg pgsf] clegosf] af/]df yk s'/f pNn]v ug{ cfjZos gknf{ .

;+ho bQ clxn] alnp8sf snfsf/x¿dWo] ‘6kf]/L’ / ‘bfbf’ sf] e"ldsfdf gDa/ Psdf 5g\ . nfdf] ;dokl5 lkmNddf k|j]z u/] klg s'df/ uf}/jn] /fd|f] clego u/]sf 5g\ . ufos nSsL cnLn] ‘;'/’ df clego u/]kl5sf] of] rnlrqsf] clego /fd|f] dflgPsf] 5 . ;'gLn z]§Lsf clegonfO{ klg bf]if nufpg] 7fp“ 5}g . lkmNddf gflosfx¿nfO{ vf;} :yfg lbOPsf] 5}g, dnfOsf c/f]/fsf] 8fG; pQ]hgfn] el/k"0f{ 5 . lkmNdsf] kfZj{ ;+uLt dfq k|efjzfnL 5, uLt–;+uLt vf;} k|efjzfnL 5}g . 7"N7"nf ejgx¿, lrNnf, km/flsnf / Jojl:yt ;8sx¿ b]vfO;s]sf 5g\, o; rnlrqsf] kmf]6f]u|fkmL lgs} /fd|f] 5 .

cGTodf eGg'kbf{ ;+ho u'Ktfn]] rnlrq ‘sf“6]’ d]xgt u/]cg';f/ /fd|} agfPsf 5g\ .

l k'ik/fh zdf{ rfln;]

lgdf{tf     M              ;+ho u'Ktf, /fh' k6]n / k|Lltzg+bL sDo'lgs];G;

lgb{]zs    M              ;+ho u'Ktf

;+uLt      M              cfgGb/fh cfgGb / nsL cnL

snfsf/x¿              M              cldtfe aRrg, ;+ho bQ, ;'gLn ;]§L, nSsL cnL,                   dx]z df+h/]s/, s'df/ uf}/j, O{zf sf]kLs/,

                        dnfOsf c/f]/f .

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