xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\ M o'/f]kdf g]jf/L cWoogsf cu|0fL

—O{Zj/dfg /l~htsf/

dNnsfndf pGgltsf] r/d;Ldfdf k'u]sf] / b]zefiff tyf /fhefiff gfdn] ljsf;sf ljleGg qmdx¿ k"/f ub}{ cufl8 a9]sf] g]jf/L efiffn] kf/:kl/s snxdf Jo:t /x]sf g]kfn pkTosfsf tLg dNn /fHox¿nfO{ Ps ;fgf] kxf8L /fHo uf]vf{sf zf;s k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] qmddf ;g\ !&^( df sAhf u/]kl5 /fhsLo efiffsf] k|lti7f u'dfof] egL s[i0fk|sfz >]i7 g]kfn efiff ;flxTodf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

zfx /fhf /fh]Gb|jL/ljqmd zfxn] ædxf;Tjf]kfVofgÆ gfds gf6s g]kfn efiffdf n]Vg' afx]s /fHo:t/af6 g]kfn efiffnfO{ ;lDemg cfjZos 7flgPg==== t/ /f0ffsfndf g]kfn efiff dfly olt;Dd v'nf bdg ul/of] ls zfob cfh;Dd ljZjdf pbfPsf s'g} klg tfgfzfxx¿n] Pp6f hflt ;vfk kfg]{ o:tf] lgn{Hhtfk"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g xf]nf . jf:tjdf efiff, lnlk / ;flxToh:tf] /fli6«o ;DklQdfly bdg ug]{ /f0ff zf;sx¿sf] lg/+s'ztf cfªl;l/+u x'g] vfnsf] lyof] egL cf]dk|;fb wf}e8]nn] n]v]sf 5g\ .

tTkZrft ;g\ !*$^ df /f0ff kl/jf/n] b]zsf] zf;gsf] afu8f]/ xTofPkl5 ljz]if u/L >L # dxf/fh rGb|zdz]/ -lj=;+= !(%*–*^_ sf] ;dob]lv t o; efiffdf n]lvPsf sfuhkqx¿sf] sfg'gL dfGotf;d]t ;dfKt x'g uof] . o; efiffdf ;flxlTos lqmofsnfk t s] ;fdfGo n]vk9;d]t ;dfKt x'g uof] . g]jf/ a'l4hLjLx¿n] b]jdlGb/x¿df cf>o lng afWo x'g'k¥of] / d'VotM wfld{s rl/qsf sljtf / ehgx¿s} /rgfdf pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] k|ltef nufpg'k¥of] eGg] pNn]v s[i0fk|sfz >]i7n] u/]sf 5g\ .

o; efiffk|ltsf] o:tf] bdg gLltnfO{ klg k|ltsf/ u/]/ s]xL o'jf g]jf/ ;flxlTosx¿n] hLpHofgsf] s'g} jf:tf gu/L lg/Gt/ ¿kdf o;sf] ;flxTosf] ljsf;df cfkm"x¿nfO{ Gof}5fj/ u/L 5f8] . To;}n] tL JolQmx¿nfO{ o; efiff ;flxTosf] k'ghf{u/0f sfnsf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ egL dfWolds g]jf/L ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df ækfFr :tDeÆ cyjf ækfFr dxf/yLÆ sf] ¿kdf :d/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5, tL x'g\–

-!_ lgi7fgGb ah|frfo{ -g]=;+= (&*–!)%%_ g]jf/L uB ;flxTosf k|ltlglw

-@_ l;l4bf; cdfTo -g]=;+= (*&–!)%)_ g]jf/L uB ;flxTosf k|ltlglw

-#_ hut\;'Gb/ dNn -g]=;+= !))@–!)&@_ g]jf/L z}lIfs If]qsf k|ltlglw

-$_ of]ujL/ l;+x -g]=;+= !))^–!)^@_ g]jf/L ;fdflhs hfu/0fsf k|ltlglw

-%_ wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{ -g]=;+= !)@@–*#_ g]jf/L kqsfl/tfsf hgs

g]kfnleq o; efiffk|lt bdg eO/x]sf] ;dodf ef}uf]lns b[li6n] g]kfnaf6 w]/} 6f9f ;'b"/ o'/f]ksf] Pp6f b]z 8]gdfs{h:tf] cnu} efiff, cnu} ;flxlTos, cnu} ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / l:ylt ePsf] 7fpFdf a;]/ :jtGq ¿kn] g]kfnLsf] cWoog u/L o;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/df 8f= xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\ gfds JolQm nfluk/] . pgsf] To; sfo{k|lt s[t1tf k|s6 u/L sfzLgfy tdf]6n] æg]kfn efiffof k'g?Tyfks 8f= xfo\G; hf]u]{;g\Æ zLif{ssf] cfk\mgf] Pp6f n]vdf pgnfO{ g]kfn efiffsf] k'g?Tyfks eg]/ ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ .

pko'{Qm JolQmx¿n] ;flxTo ;fwgf ul//xFbf o'/f]k dxfb]zsf] g}CTo sf]0fdf /x]sf] Pp6f b]z 8]gdfs{df xfo\G;n] ul//x]sf] sfo{sf] ;+of]usf] t'ngf ub}{ tdf]6 k'gM n]V5g\– æg]jf/Lsf] cWoogdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f ul//x]sf xfo\G;n] o; efiffsf] af/]df l6Kk0fL hDdf ul//xFbf lgi7fgGb ah|frfo{n] nlntlj:t/
-!)#)–#$_ k':ts k|sflzt u/] . hut\;'Gb/ dNnn] O;kj+ bo]sf tMu' afv+ -!)#%_ k|sflzt u/] . To:t} l;l4bf; cdfTon] ;Hhgx[bofe/0f -!)$)_ k|sflzt u/] pgn] n]v k|sflzt ubf{tfsf wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{ -!)@@–*#_ n] a'4wd{ j g]kfnefiff -!)$%–%)_ gfds klqsf ef/tsf] snsQfaf6 k|sflzt ul//x]sf lyP . hf]u]{g;g\sf] a[xt\ n]v g]jf/Lsf] zAbsf]if lgdf{0f ug]{ Pp6f k|of;
-!)$@_ k|sflzt x'Fbf of]ujL/ l;+xsf] g]kfn efiff -!)$*_ zLif{ssf] sljtf k|sflzt eof] . ;f] sljtfsf] cGTo o;/L ul/Psf] 5 –

g]kfn efiff hL0f{ ePsf] cN;L gdfgL ;kf/f}+
ef/tLo zf:q ejgaf6 dfg o;nfO{ lbg nufcf}+ .

o;} k[i7e"lddf lhGbuLdf g]kfndf slxNo} gcfO{, s'g} klg g]jf/;Fu k|ToIf e]63f6 g} gu/Lsg klg :jtGq ¿kdf g]jf/Lsf] cWoog u/L o'/f]kdf o; efiffsf] k|rf/k|;f/df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg'x'g] 8f= xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro o; n]vdf k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . log} xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\sf] hLjg j[QfGt;DaGwL Pp6f n]vdf ;'>L kfpnLn] pgnfO{ æg]jf/L cWoogsf cu|0fLÆ eg]sf 5g\ .

xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\sf] hGd g]kfnaf6 w]/} 6f9f kg]{ o'/f]k]nL dxfåLksf] pQ/L e"efudf cjl:yt 8]gdfs{sf] cf]:saf]n glhssf] Pp6f ufpFdf ;g\ !**^ dfr{ $ sf lbg ePsf] lyof] . of] ufpF cfN;sf] pQ/L e"–efudf kb{5 . pgsf afa' / cfdfsf] gfd ‘h]D;Æ tyf ‘x]n]gÆ xf] . pgsf] hGd Pp6f x'g]vfg] ls;fg kl/jf/df h]7f] 5f]/fsf] ¿kdf ePsf] lyof] rf/}lt/ pj{/f hldgn] 3]l/Psf] x'Fbf of] kl/jf/ /fd|f] cfly{s cj:yfdf hLjg lgjf{x ub{Yof] .

xfo\G;n] cfk\mgf b'O{ efOx¿ kfpg / h]G;;Fu} cf]S;af]nsf] cfk\mg} ufpF3/sf] kf7zfnfdf k|fylds lzIff xfl;n u/] . k9fOdf nugzLn ePsf] x'Fbf 3/df Pshgf lzIfs klg /flvPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 pgL xf8]/:nfel:yt P]ltxfl;s dxTj /x]sf] u|fd/ :s"ndf egf{ eP . of] :s"n ;g\ !%^& tfsf 8\o"s xfo\G; b PN8/n] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . oxL u|fd/ :s"naf6 ;g\ !()^ sf] dfr{ dlxgfdf pgn] lj1tf k|df0fkq xfl;n u/] . To;kl5 pgn] sLn, dfa{u{ tyf Do'lgvsf ljZjljBfnox¿df zf:qLo efifflj1fg / t'ngfTds efiffzf:qsf] cWoog u/] . pgL bz{gzf:q / Oltxf;sf k|jrg sIfx¿df pkl:yt x'g'sf] ;fy} ¿;L / d+uf]nefiff;lxt ax'efiff cWoogdf k|j[Q eP . s]xL ;dokl5 pgn] ;+:s[t efifflj1fg k9\g yfn] . ;g\ !()( df sLn ljZjljBfnodf PdLn ;Lu ;+:s[tsf] k|fWofksdf lgo'Qm ePkl5 pgs} lgb]{zgdf xfo\G;n] dGq a|fDx0fsf] bf];|f] k|kf7ssf] ;+:s/0fdfly vf]hd"ns ljj]rgf n]v] . ;fdj]bLo k/Dk/fsf oL b'O6f k|kf7x¿df 5fGbf]Uoklgifb\sf] 3/]n' zf:qljlw;DaGwL @$( j6f dGqx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . oxL g} pgsf] ljj]rgfTds zf]wu|Gy lyof] . o;}df pgnfO{ ;g\ !(!! l8;]Da/ & sf lbg k|z+;fkq ;lxt ljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflw k|bfg ul/of] .

;g\ !(!@ df xfo\G;n] aln{gsf] nf]s ;flxTo ;ª\u|xfnodf sfd kfP . pgn] ;g\ !(!# df sf]k]gx]ugsf] g]zgn Do'lhoddf gf]s/Lsf] nflu k|of; ubf{ kfpg ;s]gg\ . To;}n] pgL aln{gd} a;] . efiff zf:qsf] ;fdfGo cWoog u/L ;+:s[t efiffsf] /fd|f] 1fg xfl;n u/]/, / cfk\mgf] zf]wd"ns ljj]rgf n]Vbftfsfsf] kf08'lnlkx¿sf] cWoog;d]taf6 Ps k|sf/n] cfkm" tof/ e};s]sf] x'gfn] Do'lhoddf sfd ug'{sf] ;fy} pgn] cg';Gwfg sfo{lt/ klg nfUg] cj;/ kfP . o;eGbf cl3 pgn] ltAatL cyjf g]jf/L efiff;Fu kl/lrt gePsf] sf/0fn] pgn] km]l/ z'?b]lv g} bf]xf]¥ofpg' k¥of] .

;+zf]wg d08naf6 a/fa/ o'/f]kdf uO{ cg';Gwfg ug'{ x'g] dx]z/fh kGtsf] ljrf/n] sfzLgfy tdf]6;Fu s'g} a]nf cGt/ª s'/fsfgL ePcg';f/ xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\ cflb o'/f]ksf 7"nf efiffx¿af6 kLl8t pQ/ o'/f]kLo :yfgLo efiffefifLx¿df blIf0f Pl;ofsf pk]lIft :yfgLo efiffx¿sf] cWoogdf ;dfgwdL{ efjn] cWoog ug]{ k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] s'/f o; n]vsnfO{ atfPsf 5g\ .

xfo\G;n] g]jf/L kf08'lnlkdf O{zfsf] rf}wf}+ ztfAbLtfsf ;+:s[t / g]jf/Ldf ;g !#^) df n]lvPsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dflgPsf] lxtf]kb]z nf]s;flxTo ;ª\u|xfnoaf6 k9\g kfP . ;f] u|Gysf] ldltaf/] g]kfnefiff zAbsf]if lgdf{0f ;ldltaf6 lgld{t k|sfzf]Gd'v j[xt\ k|frLg g]kfnefiff zAbsf]zsf] ;|f]tu|Gysf] ¿kdf /fVg uDeL/ cWoog ubf{ ;f] ;Dat\ O{=;+= !#^) -g]=;+= $*)_ sf] geO{ g]=;+= ^ < (!_ ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;f];DaGwL lj:t[t k/LIf0f >LdtL Hjfnf :yflktn] ;f] lxtf]kb]zaf/] g]kfnefiff Pd=P= cg';Gwfg k|aGw n]Vbf -g]=;+= !!)(_ ug'{ePsf] xf] . c¿ g]jf/L kf08'lnlkx¿ /fhsLo k':tsfno /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf pgn] hlt cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ kfP tL ;a} ;fwg;DkGg k':tsfnox¿ Pj+ aln{gsf cGo k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿df /x]sf ;Lldt ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df pknAw u|Gyx¿af6} ug{ kfP . of] pgsf] Psnf}6L k]zfh:tf] x'g uof] . pgn] :jtGq ¿kn] of] efiffsf] ljz]if cwoog ug]{ cj;/ kfP .

To;kl5 ;g\ !(!$ df k|yd ljZjo'4 5f]l8of] . jif{sf] cGTolt/ xfo\G;nfO{ ;]gfdf af]nfOof] . pgnfO{ klxn] a|fG8]gju{ / kl5 aln{g glhs} 8f]a]l/Thdf clkm;/x¿sf] SofDkdf v6fOof] . ToxfF a;]b]lv pgsf] v'§fdf /f]u nfUof] . pkrf/sf] nflu s]xL ;do;Dd pgL SofDk c:ktfndf a;] . o;n] ubf{ ;}lgs ;]jfdf nfUg gkfpg'sf] ;fy} Do'lhod / k':tsfnosf] cWoogaf6 pgL 6f9} /x] . ToxL+ a:bf klg pgn] cfkm}n] gofF l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] Wjlgzf:q lnlk k|of]u u/]/ If]qLo pk–efiffdf Pp6f kl/rofTds n]v n]v] . kl5 pgnfO{ :gfoljs /f]u nfUof] . pgsf] sfG5f] efO h]G; @! jif{s} pd]/df k|mfG;df d/]sf] va/ ;'g]kl5 pgnfO{ ;fx|} b'Mv nfUof] . h'g !(!% df pgnfO{ n]lk\m6g]G6 bhf{df a9'jf u/]/ ¿;L df]rf{df v6fOof] . To;sf] !% lbgkl5 g} /f]u emg\ ;fx|f] eof] . s]xL lbg c:ktfndf /xFbf klg gtª\lu|Pkl5 pgsf hflu/ 5'6\of] . ;g !(!% sf] cGTolt/ pgL Do'lhoddf cfk\mg} sfddf kms]{ clg g]jf/Lsf] cWoogdf PslrQ eO{ nfu] .

hf]u]{g;g\ nf]s;flxTo ;+u|xfnodf j}1flgs cbIf dhb'/sf] ¿kdf hflu/] eP / dnfof åLk;d"xsf efiffx¿sf] cWoogdf nfu] . kl5 !(!@ cS6f]a/ ! df 8An'= l;l:nªn] ;Defln/fv]sf] kb kfP . pgn] cNa6{ u'Ogj]8]sf] lgb]{zsTjdf sfd u/] h;n] pgsf] efiff;DaGwL of]Uotfsf] plrt sb/ u/]/ w]/} cg'sDkf u/] . hf]u]{g;g\ kmf}hL gf]s/Laf6 kbd'Qm eP klg k'gM lgo'lQm kfpgsf] nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] u|'Ogj]8]nn] l;kmfl/; u/L lbg cfgfsfgL u/]gg\ . ;g\ !(!^ sf] gjjif{sf] nuQ} hf]u]{g;g\ ;]gfsf] sfddf kms]{ / ;f]xL kbdf !(!( sf] dfr{;Dd /x]/ sfd u/] .

Do"lhoddf a;]/ g]jf/L cWoog ug]{ sfddf p;sf] ;}lgs k]zfn] s'g} afwf k'¥ofPg . pgL cfk\mg} 9+un] efiff;Fu kl/lrt x'g k'u] . pgn] o; efiffsf] ljj/0f / kf7sf] ;+:s/0f tof/ kf/] . o;afx]s dfly plNnlvt Do'lhoddf /x]sf] lxtf]kb]zafx]s /f]on k|'l;og nfOa|]/Ldf /x]sf cGo rf/j6f kf08'lnlk klg pgn] cWoog ug]{ cj;/ kfP . To;dWo] Pp6f lyof] j]tfnk~rlb+zltsf g]jf/Lsf] ;+zf]lwt kf7 . o;af6 hf]u]{g;g\n] b'O6f syfx¿ ;Dkfbg;lxt hd{g efiffdf cg'jfb u/L g]jf/L efiffsf] 1fgdf s]xL of]ubfg zLif{ssf] n]v k|fRoljBf;DaGwL hd{g cf]l/PG6n ;f];fO6Lsf] klqsf zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgaslandischen Gesellchaft ;+If]kdf ZDMG -h]88LPdhL_ sf] v08 &% -!(@!_ df k|sflzt u/] . ToxL klqsfdf o;eGbf cl3 v08 g]jf/L efiffsf csf{ ljz]if1 hd{g ljåfg cui6 sf]g\/fbL -nfOkhLu_ sf b'O6f n]vx¿ g]jf/L Jofs/0f / efiff k/LIff -k[i7 !–#%_ $% -!*(!_ / v08 $& -!*(#_ df / ;+:s[t–g]jf/Lsf] Pp6f sf]z÷ldgfPkmn] 5f8]/ uPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] cfwf/df_ -k[= %#&–%&#_ zLif{sdf k|sflzt eO;s]sf lyP . pko'{Qm zAbsf]zsf ;fy} g]kfnefiff;DaGwL ldgfPkmsf] y'k|} ck|sflzt s[ltx¿sf] ;+sng, ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzgsf lgldQ pgsf lzio Ps]8]ldlzPg ;]u]{O km]bf]/f]aLr cf]N8]gau{n] ;g\ !*(! df sg/]8LnfO{ ;'Dk]sf lyP, h'g ef/tsf] efiffzf:qLo ;j]{If0f #, ! -!()*_ df g]jf/L / ;uf]qL efiffx¿af/] gj]{ lqmlZrogL ljZjljBfnosf k|f]km];/ :6]g sf]gf]n] ;j]{If0f u/]sf]af6 o; efiffaf/] kl/rofTds ;|f]t x'g uof] .

o'4 ;lsPkl5 cfk\mgf] zf/Ll/s cj:yf v:sFb} uPsf]n] hf]u]{g;g\nfO{ s]xL lg0f{o ug'{ cfjZos eof] . pgn] hflu/af6 cjsfz lnP / !(!( sf] a;Gt Ct'df cfk\mg} ufpF cfN; kms]{ . t/ of] ufpFtkm{sf] kmsf{O /dfOnf] lyPg . s]xL dfqfdf lgsf] eP klg pgsf] /f]u km]l/ alNemof] . s]xL jif{ pgn] bogLo cj:yfdf hLjg latfP . ToxL jif{ pgsf afa'sf] d[To' eof] / v]taf/L kfpnn] ;Dxfn] . ckfª ;}lgssf] ¿kdf pgn] s]xL lgj[lQe/0f kfP . t/ pgnfO{ nfu]sf] /f]usf af/]df kl/jf/sf s;}nfO{ klg yfxf ePg . dfgl;s c:ktfndf s]xL lbg a;]kl5 pgL sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf eP . pgn] s'g} hflu/ kfpg ;s]gg\ / klg aln{gaf6 NofPsf l6kf]6x¿df pgn] sfd ub}{ /x] .

To;} l6kf]6df cfwfl/t pgsf] g]jf/L zAbsf]if agfpg] k|of; zLif{ssf] n]v !(@& df cS6f cf]l/PG6flnof klqsfsf] v08 ^ df k|sflzt eof] . o;eGbf cl3 pgn] o;sf] kf08'lnlk /f]on 8]lg; Ps]8]dL ckm ;fOG;];\ P08 n]6;{df k7fPsf lyP . t/ ljNx]d yf]D;]g / lbg]z PG8/;gn] of] s[lt cS6f cf]l/oG6flnofd} 5fKg of]Uo 7x¥ofP . lbg]z PG8/;g;Fu ;Dks{df cfpg' hf]u]{g;g\sf] of] s[lt cS6f cf]l/oG6flnofd} 5fKg of]Uo 7x¥ofP . lbg]z PG8/;g;Fu ;Dks{df cfpg' hf]u]{g;g\sf] nflu cxf]efUo g} eof] . PG8/;g w]/} jif{;Dd pQm Ps]8]dLsf] ;Dkfbs x'g'sf] ;fy} To; a]nf;Dd ef/tLo efiffzf:qsf] k|fWofks eP/ a;]sf lyP . pgn] xfo\G;sf] cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] k|z+;f u/]/ sfN;{au{ kmfpG8];gaf6 pgnfO{ cg'bfg;d]t lbnfP . ToxfFaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sdn] OUNof08df /x]sf g]jf/L kf08'lnlksf] cg';Gwfg ug{df pgnfO{ w]/} ;xfotf ldNof] .

d] !(@& df xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\n] sfN;{au{ 6«i6af6 cg'bfg kfP . h'g dlxgfdf pgL O+UNof08 uP / s]xL dlxgf SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6Ldf /x]sf g]jf/L kf08'lnlkx¿ ;fg]{ sfo{df ;do latfP . p;n] u[xsfo{ ug{sf] nflu cfjZosLo ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿ z'4;Fu ;fg]{ sfd u/] . kl5Nnf] jif{ cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf km]l/ a[l6z Do'lhod / Ol08of clkm; nfOa|]/Ldf sfd ug{ pgL n08g k'u] . sfN;{au{ 6«i6n] Ps k|sf/n] pgnfO{ cfhLjg cg'bfg g} k|bfg u¥of] . 6«i6sf] o;} cg'bfgk|lt s[t1 ag]/ pgn] cfk\mgf klxnf] k':tssf] e"ldsfdf n]v]sf 5g\ M

cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg u/]afkt sfN;{au{ sf]ifsf lgb]{zsx¿k|lt ;fb/ wGojfb 1fkg ug'{ d]/f] ;'vb st{Jo x'g hfG5 h;af6 ;f] k|lti7fgn] o; u|Gysf] nflu ;fdu|L ;°sn u/L To;nfO{ lj:t[t ¿k lbgdf oyf;So ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

pgL v]tsf] Pp6f 5fk|f]df a;]/ cfk\mgf w]/}h;f] ;do l6kf]6x¿df latfpFy] .

O+UNof08df a;]/ cWoog u/]sf] klxnf] kl/0ffd:j?k æljlrqsl0f{sfjbfgf]4[t M af}4 syf;ª\u|x g]jf/Ldf gfds k':ts ;g\ !(#! g]jf/Lsf] d"n;lxt /f]on Pl;ofl6s ;f];fO6L n08gaf6 k|sflzt eof] . oxL g} pgsf] klxnf] d'lb|t g]jf/Lsf] k':ts lyof] . o;n] pgnfO{ s'zn cg';Gwftfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/fof] . o;df gf}j6f syfx¿sf] /f]dg lnlkdf cg'jfb x'g'sf] ;fy} zAbfjnL / g]jf/ hflt, efiff / s]xL z'¿sf ;flxlTos /rgfx¿sf] kl/ro klg lbOPsf] 5 . o; k':tssf] e"ldsfdf z'?d} pgn] o;/L n]v]sf 5g\ –

o'/f]kdf clxn];Dd g]jf/Ln] yf]/} cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ dfq cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] ;g\ !*(! df lbj+ut k|f]km];/ cuit sf]g\/fbLn] o;sf] Jofs/0fsf] ¿k/]vf -vfsf_ j}1flgs 9ªn] k|sflzt u/] . pgsf] Wofg otflt/ To;a]nf cfs[i6 eof] ha pgn] g]kfnL kf08'lnlkaf6 w]/} e|i6 -kf7bf]if_ ePsf] ;+:s[tsf] k':ts k|sflzt u/] . To;}af6 pgn] g]kfnL efiffsf] dxTjaf/] yfxf kfP . pgn] cfk\mgf] Jofs/0f k|sflzt ubf{tfsf o; efiffk|lt pgsf] 1fg ;Lldt} lyof] . pgsf w]/}h;f] syg /fd|f] lyPgg\ . ljz]if u/L lqmofkbsf] agfj6k|lt pgsf] ljrf/ w]/} e|dk"0f{ /x]sf] ;fljt eof] . ;g\ !*(# df pgn] lbj+ut ldgfPkmsf] ;ª\u|xaf6 d"Nojfg\ e"ldsf;lxt ;+lIfKt ;+:s[t–g]jf/L zAbsf]z k|sflzt u/] . o;afx]s pgn] g]jf/Ldf ljlzi6 efu cfk\mgf] kq ef/tLo rLlgofFsf] t'ngfTds efiff lj1fg;DaGwL Pp6f cfwf/e"t u|Gy gfds ;uf]qL efiffx¿sf] l;nl;nfdf k|:t't u/] . d}n] klg w]/} cl3b]lv g]jf/L efiff cWoog ul//x]sf] tyf o'4 / w]/} lbg;Ddsf] la/fdLn] ynf k/] klg o; ljifodf s]xL s]xL k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 .

To;kl5 pgL km]l/ ynf k/] . pgL cfk\mg} b]z 8]gdfs{ kms]{ / c:ktfn egf{ eP . s]xL jif{kl5 la/fdLaf6 tª\lu|Pkl5 k'gM sfN;{au{af6 kfPsf] cg'bfgaf6 cfkm"n] jiff}{jif{ nufP/ cg]sf}+ kf08'lnlkx¿af6 ;ª\u|x u/]sf] zAbx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ u/]/ pgn] zAbsf]z tof/ kf/] . /f]on 8]lg; Ps]8]dL ckm ;fOG;]h\ P08 n]6;{af6 :jLs[t u/L !(#^ df A Dictionary of the Classicial Newari -Snfl;sn g]jf/L zAbsf]if_ gfds pgsf] u|Gy k|sflzt eof] . hf]u]{g;g\n] pQm k':tssf] e"ldsfdf æSnfl;sn g]jf/LÆ egL xftn] n]v]sf] k':tsdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] efiffnfO{ eg]sf 5g\ . of] u|Gy !(@& df k|sflzt n]v Versuch eines Worterebuches der Newari–Sprache nfO{ g} kl/jlt{t Pj+ kl/dflh{t u/L k':tsfsf/ lbPsf] s'/f pgn] ;f]xL u|Gysf] e"ldsfdf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . of] zAbsf]z lgdf{0f ug{ ljleGg ljZjljBfnodf /x]sf @# j6f ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf lgDglnlvt kf08'lnlkx¿af6 zAbx¿ ;ª\u|x u/]sf] s'/f klg pgn] n]v]sf 5g\ M

!= g]=;+= &(%, / (@! -÷ O=;+= !^&$_ df g]jf/Ldf n]lvPsf] a]tfnk~rlj+zltsf -!, @_

@= g]=;+= *@) -O=;+= !^(( sf]_ agf/b:d[lt g]jf/L efio;lxt ;+:s[tdf .

#= g]=;+= *#@ -O=;+= !&!!_ sf] a}Bfª\u,

$= g]=;+= $*! < -O=;+= !&*% sf]_ lxtf]kb]z -!–@_ .

%= g]=;+= (%! -O=;+= !*#)_ sf]_ ;+:s[t / g]jf/Lsf] dbgljgf]b  .

^= g]=;+= *!! / (^% -O=;+= !*$$_ sf] rf0fSo;f/;+u|x,  . !–@ -;+:s[t–g]jf/L_ .

&= g]=;+= (&! -O=;+= !*%)_ sf] g]jf/Lsf] efujt k'/f0f  .

*= g]=;+= (&( -O=;+= !*%$_ sf] ;+:s[t–g]jf/L sljtf gfd;+uLlt  .

oL afx]s ;+jt\ gv'n]sf g]jf/Lsf s]xL k':tsx¿ klg 5g\, h:t} lxtf]kb]z, aQL;k'lqsf syf, z's ;Kt tyf kfkkl/df]rg cflb .

o;afx]s x8;g k]k/ v08 #3, @$ / *@ -v08 ## df Pshgf g]kfnL -vbf{/ hLtdf]xg_ åf/f cd/sf]ifaf6 /f]dg lnlkdf n]lvPsf zAbx¿ klg ;dflji6 5g\ . ;fy} 8]lgon /fO6 lnlvt P lx:6«L ckm g]kfndf ;dflji6 ul/Psf s]xL g]jf/L zAbx¿sf] ;fy} xfo\G; cfkm}åf/f ;Dkflbt ljlrqjbfgf]4[t k':ts klg /x]sf 5g\ .

ldlt gePsf u|Gyx¿af/] sfzLgfy tdf]6n] o;/L :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\–

ldlt gePsf ;Gbe{ u|Gyx¿ w]/}h;f] dNnsfnkl5sf] egL ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{ ;|f]tdf b]vfOPsf] x8;g kqfjnL ;+Vof– ## vbf{/ hLtdf]xgn] n]v]sf] ;+:s[t g]kfnefiff zAbfjnL, kq ;+Vof @$ ;+:s[t g]kfn efiff g]kfnsf] j0f{g / u|Gy *@ ;+:s[t–g]kfnL–g]kfn efiff Jofs/0f x8;gs} k|]/0ffn] n]v]sf] b]lvG5 . a|fog xk\m6g xh;g -g]=;+= (@)–!)!$_ g]kfndf @) jif{ -g]=;+= ($$–(^#_ a;]sf lyP . x8;g kqfjnL * nlntk'/ -kf6g_ sf kl08t cd[tfgGbn] g]=;+= (%! df n]v]sf] Jofs/0f xf] . -dNn !(*), $!_ . jf:tjdf hf]u]{g;g\sf ;|f]tx¿df s/La @& k|ltzt pQ/ dNnsfnLg ;fdu|L /x]sf 5g\ .

o; zAbsf]ifdf s'n ^))) g]jf/L zAbx¿sf] cª\u|]hL cy{ lbPsf] kfOG5 . !&* k[i7sf] u|Gydf k|o'Qm k|To]s zAb s'g u|Gydf k|of]u ePsf] 5 egL To;sf] klg ;+s]t lbOPsf] 5 .

ToxL ;fn pgsf] csf]{ g]jf/Lsf] lqmofdf efiff;DaGwL l6Kk0fL ln+lUjl:6s ;e]{ ckm\ Ol08of -ef/tsf] efiff;DaGwL ;j]{If0f_df cfwfl/t ltAad]{nL efiff;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] n]v cS6f cf]/]G6flnof -v08 !$_ df k|sflzt eof] . ;f]xL Ps]8]dLn] pgsf] csf]{ a[xt\ u|Gy aQL;k'lqsfsyf -l;+xf;gåfle+zltsfsf]g]jf/L kf7;lxt, !(#( df_ k|sflzt u¥of] .

pgn] aQL;k'lqsfsyfdf pkof]u u/]sf] ;Gbe{;"rLn] pgnfO{ k"jL{o cfVoflosf ;flxTosf] ljz]if1sf ¿kdf k|:t't u¥of] .

pgsf] csf]{ clGtd g]jf/L k|sfzg Snfl;sn g]jf/L Jofs/0f ;g\ !($! df k|sflzt eof] . o;df p;n] cfkm"n] cWoog u/]sf kf08'lnlkdf k|ltkfbg u/]sf efiffsf tYox¿nfO{ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg u/]sf 5g\ . o; u|Gydf pgn] sd;]sd %)) jif{;Ddsf] cg]s k|fs[lts kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]t :yfg lbP/ lgodåf/f afFWg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . pQm Jofs/0f u|Gysf] e"ldsfdf xfo\G;n] o;/L pNn]v u/]sf 5g\–

k|:t't Jofs/0f g]jf/L kf08'lnlkx¿df cfwfl/t Pp6f :jtGq u|Gy xf] . clxn];Dd klg k|frLg g]jf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] 5}g .

;f]xL g]jf/L Jofs/0fsf] ljj]rgf ub}{ 7fs'/nfn dfgGw/n] æemLu' k'nf+u' efiffof Jofs/0fÆ zLif{ssf] ;dLIffTds n]vdf n]v]sf 5g\ –

k|:t't k':ts lgSs} /fd|/L n]lvPsf] 5 . q'l6 ;fx|} sd 5 . k|frLg efiffnfO{ ckgfP/ n]v]sf] x'Fbf gofF efiffsf] Jofs/0f t of] x'Fb} xf]Og . To;f] eGgfn] of] cg'kof]uL klg xf]Og . a¿ clt g} pkof]uL 5 . ljz]if u/L eljiosf j}ofs/0fx¿nfO{, lsgeg] pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;a} ;fdu|L o;df ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] of] u|Gy kyk|bz{s klg x'g;S5 . n]vsn] w]/} kl/>d u/]sf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f] k|frLg x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿sf] cWoog u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

pgsf] o; of]ubfgsf] d"Nof+sg ub}{ 6df]6 n]V5g\–

xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\n] ;a}eGbf klxn] cg'jfb u/]/ kl5 To;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ /r]sf] zAbsf]z / Jofs/0f w]/} j}1flgsvfnsf] 5 . xfo\G;n] g]=;+= !)%^ df g} g]jf/Lsf] cfk\mgf] vfnsf] j0ff{g'qmd agfP, h;nfO{ clxn];Ddg\ g]jf/L efiff If]qdf k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfndf slxNo} gcfOsg, s'g} g]jf/;Fu ge]6Lsg, k|frLg u|Gysf] cfwf/df agfPsf] j0ff{g'qmd ;fFRr} g} ;xh 1fgsf] k|df0f xf] . g]jf/Lsf] j0f{ k4ltsf] lgwf{/0fdf pgLh:tf] clxn];Ddg\ g]kfnsf s'g} lj4fg\ cl3 ;g{;s]sf 5|}gg\ .

o;afx]s kl5Nnf jif{x¿df pgsf] Ps dfq s[lt ;g\ !(!% df SofDk c:ktfndf 5Fbfv]l/ g} PlN;og pkefiffdf n]v]sf] k':ts æPnl;:s kmd{n/]Æ gfds u|Gy ;g\ !(%) df k|sflzt eof] .

To;kl5 xfofG;n] c¿ s'g} klg u|Gy 6'+UofPgg\ . cd]l/sL ljåfg /a6{ z]km/sf] æg]jf/L / rLg–ef]l6of efiffÆ ljifos t'ngfTds cGj]if0ffTds n]v :6'l8cf ln+lUjl:6sf -v08 ^, !(%@_ n'08 P08 sf]k]gx]uaf6 k|sflzt k9g kfPsf]df ;fx|} v'zL nfUof], lsgeg] pQm n]vdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf g]jf/Lsf w]/}h;f] c+zx¿ xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\s} s[ltx¿af6 p4[t ul/Psf lyP .

pgsf] ;Dkfbg sfo{nfO{ :jLl8; ljåfg ;Luk|m]8 lngxf8{n] cl3 a9fP . pgn] dl0fr"8fjbfgf]4[tM af}4 k'gh{Gdsf] syf g]jf/Ldf gfds k':tssf] ;Dkfbg u/L cg'jfb;lxt xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\s} :d[ltdf ;g\ !(^# df k|sflzt u/] . pQm kf08'lnlk :j= hf]u]{g;g\n] aln{gdf k9]sf lyP . o;eGbf cl3 pgn] ;g\ !(^! df /f]ddf ;DkGg k|fRoljb\x¿sf] ;Dd]ngdf lbPsf] Pp6f k|jrgdf pgnfO{ ‘g]jf/L cg';Gwfgsf cu|0fLÆ egL pNn]v u/]sf lyP . cfk\mgf] g]jf/LuLltd~h/LM sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf g]jf/x¿sf] wfld{s / nf}lss sfJodf nLgxf8{n] g]jf/x¿sf] csf]{ ;flxlTos ultljlwaf/] glhsdf k'Ug ;xof]u ub{5 .

cfk\mgf] b]z 8]gdfs{df eGbf g]kfndf w]/} lrlgg] tyf o;/L em08} cfk\mgf] ;f/f hLjg g]jf/L efiffsf] c6'6 cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy} o; efiffaf/] tLgj6f n]v / rf/j6f u|Gy o'/f]ksf cGo efiffdf cg'jfb u/L k|sfzg;d]t u/]/ o'/f]kdf g]jf/L efiffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ xfo\G; hf]u]{g;g\sf] b]xfj;fg ;g\ !(%$ k|m]a|'c/L ^ sf lbg eof] . tbgGt/ pgnfO{ s;}n] ;Dem]gg\ . ;g\ !(%* df ko{6g;DaGwL ljVoft n]vs sfn{ O:s]n'G8n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf;DaGwL Pp6f n]v pgnfO{ :d/0f u/]/ Ps ;fKtflxs klqsfdf 5kfPsf lyP .

pgL;Fu g]kfnaf6 kq Jojxf/ ug]{ Pshgf dfq /x]5g\– k'ik/Tg ;fu/ . cfkm" Jofkf/sf] l;nl;nfdf Nxf;fdf /xFbf pgn] ;g\ !(#* df 8]gdfs{sf] Pshgf k|sfzs;Fu xfo\G;sf k':tsx¿sf] ;fy} 7]ufgf klg dfuL k7fPsf /x]5g\ . pgn] k7fPsf] k':ts / 7]ufgf k|fKt ePkl5 pgn] ;f]em} kqfrf/ u/]sf /x]5g\ . pgn] xfo\G;;Fu ;g\ !(#* ;f] s'/f cfk\mgf] Pp6f ;+:d/0ffTds n]vdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . g]=;+= !)&@ df tbGt/ pgn] cfk\mgf] k':ts ;'af]w g]kfnefiff Jofs/0f k|sflzt u/]kl5 Ps|k|lt pgnfO{ pkxf/:j¿k k7fO lbPsf lyP . k|flKt :jLsf/kl5 xfo\G;n] o;/L k|ltlqmof n]lvk7fPsf 5g\ .

| kq–kqf+z || ;do–;Gbe || d"n n]v || k|;+uj; || lgaGw || syf || vf]h |
| gf6s || larf/–d~r || ;+:s[lt || ofqf || snf || ;+:d/0f || lrgf/L || ;Gbe{ || Home|