n]vg / d~rg b'j}df ;kmn 7flgg] Psf°Lsf] ;}4flGts kIf

uf]kL ;fksf]6f

!= k[i7e"ld

;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfx¿ dWo] Psf°L klg Ps xf] . ;+:s[t ;flxTodf Psf°L / gf6snfO{ b[Zo sfJo cGt/ut /flvPsf] kfOG5 . Psf°Lsf] n]vg kIf g} o;sf] k"0f{tf xf]Og, a? o;sf] d~rg kIfnfO{ o;sf] k"0f{tf dfGg ;lsG5 . Psf°Lsf] n]vgn] ;kmntfsf] krf; k|ltzt :yfg cf]u6]sf] x'G5 eg] d~rgn] afFsL krf; k|ltzt :yfg cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] g} o; ljwfnfO{ b[Zo sfJo elgPsf] xf] .

Psf°LnfO{ cfw'lgs o'usf] pkh dflgG5 . Psf°L nDafO{sf] b[li6sf]0fn] 5f]6f] x'G5 / oxL 5f]6f]kg g} Psf°Lsf] :j¿ksf] Ps cË xf] . ;dsfnLg hLjgdf Psf°Ln] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs sfndf Psf°L w]/} nf]slk|o 5 . Psf°L nf]slk|o x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f jt{dfgsf] Jo:t hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . jt{dfg hLjg Jo:ttfsf] e"d/Ldf ?dlNnO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] Jo:t hLjgdf w]/} ;do vr{ u/]/ x]g'{ kg]{ / k9\g' kg]{ ;flxlTos ljwfx¿åf/f dflg;n] dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . Psf°Ln] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} :j:y dgf]/~hgsf ;fy} hLjgsf] s'g} Ps kIfsf] oyfy{ l:ylt k|:t't ub{5 . To;}n] Psf°L k9]/ / x]/]/ Jo:t hLjgdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿ ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ .

Psf°Lsf] z'?jft bzf}+ ztfAbLlt/sf] cª\u|]hL ;flxTodf ePsf] kfOG5 . Tolta]nf b]vfOg] gf6sx¿ wfld{s ljifoj:t', ljz]iftM qmfOi6sf] hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt x'Gy] . Tolta]nf k|bz{g ul/g] /x:ok|wfg, rdTsf/k|wfg / gLltk|wfg gf6sx¿df Psf°Lsf s]xL tTjx¿ kfOGy] .

;flxTosf cGo ljwfx¿sf] t'ngfdf Psf°Lsf] ljsf; w]/}kl5 ePsf] dflgG5 . cfw'lgs Psf°Lsf] z'¿jftsf] k[i7e"ldsf] ¿kdf !* cf}+ ztfAbLdf ePsf s]xL gf6\o ultljlwx¿nfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . Tolta]nf cfˆ6/ lk;]h / s6]{g /]h/ Psbd nf]slk|o lyP . cfˆ6/ lk;]h / s6]{g /]h/ 5f]6f–5f]6f gf6sx¿ x'g\ . cfˆ6/ lk;]hsf] k|bz{g d"n gf6ssf] k|bz{gkZrft\ ul/GYof] eg] s6]{g /]h/sf] k|bz{g d"n gf6s k|bz{g x'g'eGbf klxn] g} ul/GYof] . gf6s k|bz{g ul/;s]kl5 klg s]xL ;do c´} afFsL /x]df bz{sx¿nfO{ xNsf dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo ;lxt cfˆ6/ lk;]hsf] k|bz{g ug]{ ul/GYof] . To:t} s6]{g /]h/sf] k|bz{g, d"n gf6s x]g{ cfpg] bz{sx¿dWo] s]xL bz{sx¿ gf6s z'¿ x'g] ;doeGbf klxn] g} cfOk'Ug] / afFsL bz{sx¿nfO{ s'g'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf ul/GYof] . o;/L To; ;dodf bz{sx¿ df´ cfˆ6/ lk;]h / s6]{g /]h/ b'j} nf]slk|o lyP .

@) cf}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf n08gsf] Pp6f gfr3/df 8ANo" 8ANo" Hofsjsf] dl°h ksf] k|bz{g ul/of] . of] k|bz{g Psbd} ;kmn /Xof] . of] k|bz{gsf] k|efj o:tf] k¥of] ls gf6s x]g{ cPsf bz{sx¿ d"n gf6s g} gx]/L of] s6]{g /]h/ dfq x]/]/ g} ;Gt'i6 eO{ 3/ kms]{ . To;kl5 n08gsf] /Ëd~rdf o:tf n3'gf6sx¿ ´g\ ´g\ k|rlnt x'g yfn] . kl5 ltg} s6]{g /]h/ / cfˆ6/ lk;]hsf] ¿kdf b]vfOg] gf6sx¿ g} gf6ssf] gofF ¿k sfod ub}{ Psf°Lsf] :j¿kdf cfa4 x'g k'u] . o;/L g} Psf°Lsf] jt{dfg :j¿ksf] lgdf{0f eof] .

@ kl/efiff

Psf°LnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . Psf°L :jod\df Ps k"0f{ ljwf xf] . Psf°Lsf] cfˆg} cl:tTj 5 . Psf°L ;flxTosf cGo ljwfx¿, syf, sljtf, lgaGw / gf6saf6 k[ys /x]/ afFRg ;S5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg gf6s / Psf°Ldf s]xL ;dfgtf ePsf] dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] oL b'j} >Jo–b[Zo snf x'g\ .

Psf°LnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{qmddf ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] cf–cfˆgf wf/0ffx¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . Sn]6g x]ldN6gn] Psf°Lsf] d~rg ubf{ nfUg] ;don] dfq geO{ o;sf] p2]Zo / d'8n] ubf{ Psf°L gf6seGbf k[ys /xg] ljrf/df hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] csf{ ljåfg\ x]g/L x8\;gn] Psf°L :jod\df k"0f{ x'g' kg]{ / Psf°Ldf cgfjZos kfq tyf 36gfx¿sf] hd36 x'g gx'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . To:t} l;8\gL aS; klg –…Psf°Ldf c;Da4 k|;Ë, ck|f;lËs 36gf / lg/y{s kfqsf] hd36 x'g' x'Fb}gF egL eG5g\ . csf{ ljåfg\ 8ANo"= cf/= O6gn] Psf°Lsf] :j¿k / dfWodsf] s7f]/ lgoGq0fn] ubf{ Pp6} 36gf jf l:yltdf Psf°Ln] ljsl;t ¿k lnG5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . To:t} l/rf8{;\ jf6\;, 8f= gu]Gb| afns[i0f ;d, / lxdf+z' yfkfn] Psf°Lsf ;DaGwdf lbPsf ljrf/n] Psf°LnfO{ Ps} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt Ps} ;do;Fu ;DalGwt, Ps} b[Zodf 6'lËg], hLjgsf] s'g} Ps kIf, 36gf jf kl/l:yltsf] af/]df n]lvg] / d~rg ul/g] Ps ;flxlTos ljwf eGg] a'´fpF5 .

jf:tjdf, PsfËL hLjgsf] s'g} Ps lbg xf], h;sf] s'g} ljz]if If0fdf, s'g} Ps ljz]if 36gf 36\b5, h;sf] k|efj hLjge/ kl//xG5 . To;}n] of] ;+lIfKt eP/ klg k"0f{ x'G5 / ;Dk"0f{tfdf o;sf] dxTj sd x'g ;Sb}g .

#= Psf°Lsf tTj

Psf°Lsf tTj eGgfn] Psf°Lsf tL kIfx¿nfO{ a'´fpF5, h;n] s'g} /rgfnfO{ Psf°L xf] eg]/ ls6fg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ Psf°Lsf nflu cfjZos tTjx¿ ^ j6f 5g\ . tL x'g\– syfgs, kfq, jftfj/0f, efiff–z}nL, ;+jfb / p2]Zo . oL dWo] sgfys, kfq / ;+jfb Psf°Lsf nflu cToGt} cfjZos 5g\ . syfgs ;dfhdf 36\g] 36gf;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5, kfq JolQmx¿ x'g\ ;dfhsf, / ;+jfb JolQmx¿ aLrsf] cGt/lqmof xf] . To;f] t, jftfj/0f, efiff–z}nL / p2]Zo klg sd dxTjk"0f{ 5}gg\ . oL ;a} tTjx¿nfO{ 5'§f 5'§} cWoog ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

s_ syfgs

syfgs Psf°Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . syfgs / syfj:t' p:t} p:t} nfU5g\ . s]xL ;dLIfsx¿n] syfj:t' / syfgsnfO{ 5'§\ofO{ b'O{–tTjsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . syfgs / syfj:t'df ;'Id leGgtf 5 . ;dfhdf / hLjgdf 36\g] ljleGg 36gfx¿ syfj:t' cGt/ut kb{5g\ . ltg} 36gfx¿nfO{ Psf°Lsf/n] ha cfˆgf] ¿kdf 9fn]/ Psf°Ldf k|:t't ub{5, Tof] syfgs aGg hfG5 . csf]{ zAbdf syfj:t'nfO{ sRrf kbfy{sf] ¿k / syfgsnfO{ ToxL sRrf kbfy{af6 lgld{t s'g} tof/L j:t'sf] ¿k eg]/ x]g{ klg ;lsG5 .

syfj:t' / syfgsaLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{sf] nflu Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 . æPp6f ;8sdf a; bf}l8/x]5 . a;n] xl/s[i0fnfO{ af6f] sf6\bf sf6\b} 7Ss/ lbG5 . xl/s[i0f 3fOt] x'G5 / p;nfO{ c:ktfndf egf{ ul/G5 . kl5 xl/s[i0fnfO{ ;~rf] x'G5 t/ p;sf] v'§fn] sfd ub}{g / pm nË8f] aG5 .Æ of] syfj:t' xf], 36gf xf] . 36gf qmlds ¿kdf 36\b} hfG5 . t/ Psf°Ldf of] syfj:t' k|:t't ubf{ Psf°Lsf/n] Psf°Lsf] z'?df a; bf}l8/x]sf] b[Zoaf6 Psf°Lsf] z'¿jft gug{ klg ;S5 . Psf°L 3fOt] xl/s[i0f c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fpFbf u/fpFb}af6 klg z'¿ x'g ;S5, xl/s[i0f cfˆgf] 3/df j}zfvL 6]s]/ lx+8\b} u/]sf] 36gfaf6 klg z'? x'g ;S5, a}zfvL agfpg] 7fpFaf6 klg z'¿ x'g ;S5 . of] Psf°Lsf/ cfkm"n] syfj:t'nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ tl/sfdf e/ k5{ . syfj:t'nfO{ snfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Pkl5sf] ¿k syfgs aGg k'U5 . cyf{t\ syfj:t'sf] snfTds k|:t'lt syfgs xf] . syfgsdf 36gfsf] qmda4tf x'g'k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g .

Psf°L ;+lIfKt cyf{t\ n3'¿ksf] x'g' kg]{ ljrf/ kfOG5 . o;y{ Psf°Ldf lq–clGjltsf] lgjf{x ul/G5 . lq–clGjltn] Psf°Ldf :yfg, ;do / sfo{sf] clGjlt a'´fpF5 . :yfg clGjltn] Psf°L s'g} klg Pp6} :yfgdf z'¿ eO{ ToxL :yfgdf cGTo x'g'k5{ eGg] atfpF5 . ;f] cg'¿k olb Psf°Ldf Pp6f :yfg u}+8fsf]6 5 eg] Psf°L u}+8fsf]6df z'¿ eO{ u}+8fsf]6df g} 6'lËg'k5{ . :yfgflGjlt cg';f/ Psf°Ldf b[Zo kl/jt{g u/]/ km]l/ kf]v/f cyjf sf7df8f}+ agfpg ldNb}g . Psf°Ldf Pp6} ;do x'g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . k"0ff{°L gf6sdf hLjgsf ljljw kIfx¿ ;d]l6g] ePsfn] o;df Pp6} ;do ;Dej x'Fb}g . t/ Psf°L hLjgsf] s'g} Ps kIf;Fu ;Da4 x'gfn] o;df ;do clGjlt ;Dej 5, / cfjZos klg 5 . ;fdfGotof, Pp6f Psf°Ldf ;do ;+of]hg To;/L ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5, h'g 36gf Ps°Ldf k|:t't ubf{ jf:tljs hLjgdf nfUg] hlt ;do dfq pkof]u xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ Psf°Ldf ljZj;gLotf, ultzLntf / hLjGttf ´lNsG5 . sfo{sf] clGjlt tLg clGjltx¿dWo]sf] csf]{ Ps xf] . Psf°L Psf]Gd'v x'G5 . Psf°L Pp6} ljifoj:t' / hLjgsf] s'g} Ps kIf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;/L Psf°Ldf sfof{lGjlt ;Dej klg 5 .

Psf°Lsf] syfgsnfO{ k|f/De, ljsf; / cGTo u/L tLg efudf ljefhg u/L x]g]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .

v= kfq

s'g} klg ;dfh h;/L dflg;x¿sf] pkl:yltdf dfq ;Dej 5, To;/L g} Psf°L kfqx¿sf] cg'kl:yltdf ;Dej 5}g . To;}n] kfqnfO{ Psf°Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .

Psf°Ldf cgfjZos kfqx¿sf] eL8 hDdf ul/g' pko'Qm b]lv+b}g, o;f] eGg'sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls Psf°Ldf kfqx¿ Psbd} sd x'g\ . ;fdfGotof, rf/ kfFrhgf kfqx¿ Psf°Lsf nflu :jfutof]Uo dflgG5g\, ltgdf b'O{ hgf k|d'v kfq x'G5g\ / afFsL uf}0f kfq x'G5g\ . k|d'v / uf}0f oL b'j} k|sf/sf kfqx¿df leGgtf olt dfq x'G5 ls k|d'v kfqx¿ cfˆgf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lx+l8/x]sf x'G5g\ eg] uf}0f kfqx¿n] k|d'v kfqx¿sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;xfos e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ . k|d'v kfqsf rl/qdf k|sfzkfg{ / syfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg uf}0f kfqn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ .

Psf°Ldf b]lvg] gfos, ;x–gfos, vngfos, gflosf cflb Psfl°sf kfq x'g\ . Psf°Ldf P]ltxfl;s / kf}/fl0fs kfqx¿sf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . P]ltxfl;s Psf°Ldf P]ltxfl;s JolQm kfqsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt x'G5 . / Psf°Lsf/n] p;sf] rl/q lrq0f u5{ . syf / pkGof; ljwfdf n]vsn] k|ToIf l6Kk0fL ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 t/ Psf°Ldf n]vs k|ToIf ¿kdf pkl:yt x'g ;Sb}g . o; l:yltdf n]vsn] cfˆgf ljrf/x¿nfO{ k|:t't ug{ kfqnfO{ dfWod agfPsf] x'G5 .

Psf°Lsf kfqx¿ hLjgsf JolQmx¿sf k|ltljlDa x'g\ pgLx¿ Psf°Lleq hLjg afFr]sf] cfkm" cg'e"t u5{g\ / ljZj:t x'G5g\ / c¿nfO{ klg To;/L g} ljZjf; lbnfpF5g\ .

u= ;+jfb

;jf+b Psf°Lsf] csf]{ tTj xf] . ;+jfbsf] cg'kl:yltdf gf6s÷Psf°L ;Dej 5}g . Psf°Ldf kfqx¿ x'G5g\, kfqx¿ Ps cfk;df cleJolQm ljlgdo u5{g\ oltv]/ pgLx¿sf] dfWod ;+jfb x'G5 . Psf°Ldf kfq h] af]N5, Tof] ;+jfb xf] . oxL ;+jfbsf] dfWodaf6 g} Psf°Lsf] syfgsdf ljsf; x'G5 / rl/q lrq0f ;Dej 5 . syf, pkGof;df n]vsn] k|ToIf¿kdf rl/q lrq0f ug{ ;S5, t/ Psf°Ldf kfqx¿ aLrsf] ;+jfbåf/f g} rl/q lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .

Psf°Ldf ;+jfbsf] k|of]u pko'Qm / ;fy{s ?kdf ul/g' cfjZos dflgG5 . ;+jfbdf cgfjZos zAb /flvg' x'Gg . Pp6} kfqn] w/} nfdf] ;+jfb af]Ng' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . o;n] Psf°Lsf] ultzLntfdf afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5 . Psf°Lsf nflu ;/n, ;hLj / ;+lIfKt ;+jfb :jfutof]Uo x'G5 .

Psf°Ldf kfqn] af]Ng] ;+jfbaf6 pQm kfqsf] leqL tyf aflx/L b'j} l:ylt pb\3fl6t x'G5 . Psf°Ldf ;+jfbsf] dfWodaf6 g} Ps kfqn] csf]{ kfqsf] k|z+;f / cfnf]rgf cflb ug]{ ub{5 . ;du|df, ;+jfb Tof] xf], h;n] Psf°LnfO{ hLjg lbG5 .

3= efiff z}nL

Psf°Ldf efiffsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . Psf°Ldf kfqx¿n] af]Ng] ;+jfb efiffsf] dfWodaf6 g} lgld{t x'G5 . Psf°L Psf]Gd'v / åGåfTds x'G5 . Psf°Ldf k|of]u ul/g] efiffdf snfTdstf / k|efjsfl/tf x'g' cfjZos 5 . ljrf/ cleJoQm ug]{ tl/sf z}nL xf] . Psf°Lsf] ;kmntfdf o;df k|o'Qm z}nLsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . jf:tjdf, ;+jfbdf k|of]u x'g] efiffsf] :jefj g} z}nL xf] . ;kmn Psf°Lsf nflu /fd|f] efiff– z}nL cfjZos 5 .

Psf°Ldf k|of]u x'g] efiff ;/n / ;+lIfKt x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;/n jfSo / ;/n zAbsf] k|of]uåf/f :jR5 ¿kdf Psf°Lsf] syfj:t'nfO{ aufpg' Psf°Lsf/sf] bIftfsf] k|bz{g xf] . Psf°Ldf k|of]u ul/g] efiff Psf°lsf] jftfj/0f / kl/j]zdf klg e/ k5{ . s'g} lglZrt ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt Psf°Ldf ;f] 7fpFsf] efiff / ;f]xL 7fpFsf] hLjg z}nL k|:t't ul/g' k5{ . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t Psf°Ldf k|o'Qm efiff :jfefljs nfUg] x'g'kb{5 . k|To]s kfqsf] leGgleGg k|s[lt x'G5, pm ;f]xL cg'¿k g} efiff k|of]u u5{, h'g s'/fnfO{ ;"Id ¿kdf s]nfP/ leGg leGg z}nLdf efiffsf] k|of]u ug'{ Psf°Lsf/sf] sfd xf] .

Psf°Ldf pvfg 6'Ssfsf] k|of]u ubf{ ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g] x'G5 . To;}n] ;Gbe{ cg'¿k k|tLsfTds efiff klg Psf°Ldf k|of]u ug'{k5{ . Psf°Ldf u'lDkmt z}nLeGbf ;/n z}nL k|of]u ug'{ lxts/ dflgG5 .

ª jftfj/0f

dflg; ;dfhaf6 leGg x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] pm g} ;dfhsf] Ps cË xf] . ;flxTo dflg;åf/f g} n]lvG5, dflg;sf nflu g} n]lvG5 / dflg;s} af/]df n]lvG5 . o;y{ ;dfh / ;flxToaLr cGt/;DaGw :yflkt 5 . ;flxTo ;fdflhs l:yltsf] pkh xf] . ;f]xL ;fdflhs l:ylt, h;af6 ;flxTo l;lh{t x'G5, g} jftfj/0f xf] . jftfj/0f eGg' b]zsfn xf] . Psf°L ;dsfnLg ;do / ;dsfnLg :yfgaf6 k|efljt x'G5 cyf{t\ Psf°L jftfj/0faf6 k|efljt x'G5 / Psf°Ln] :jod\ Ps jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .

Psf°L jftfj/0f cg'¿k ;+/lrt x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;f] ePg eg] kf7sn] ga'‰g klg ;S5g\ . jftfj/0fn] ljz]iftM kl/j]znfO{ a'´fpF5 . ufpFn] kl/j]z / zx/L kl/j]zdf l;lh{t Psf°L 5'§f5'§} x'G5g\ . jt{dfg kl/j]zdf n]lvPsf] Psf°L / s'g} lglZrt ;dosf] kl/j]zdf n]lvPsf] Psf°Ldf leGgtf x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ Psf°Ldf jftfj/0f eGgfn] Psf°L l;h{gf ul/g] kl/j]z a'l´G5 .

r= p2]Zo

s'g} klg sfo{sf] p2]Zo x'G5, To:t} Psf°Lsf] klg . Psf°Lsf] cfˆg} d"No, dfGotf / cy{ 5 . Psf°Ln] cfkm"df tLg} d"No, dfGotf / cy{sf] :yfkgf ug]{ Pp6f p2]Zo af]s]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg /rgfnfO{ Psf°L xf] eg]/ lrGgsf nflu ;+/rgfTds b[li6sf]0fn], ;+lIfKttfsf b[li6sf]0fn], Psf]Gd'vtfsf b[li6sf]0fn] Psf°Ln] cfˆgf] kl/ro :yflkt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL kl/ro :yfkgfy{ Psf°Ln] cfˆgf] p2]Zo lgwf{l/t u5{ .

;a}eGbf klxnf] s'/f t Psf°L :jod\ cfkm" Ps Psf°L x'g] p2]Zo /fVb5 . To;kl5 Psf°Ln] s'g} ljz]if P]ltxfl;s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts kIfsf] pb\3f6g u/L cfˆgf kf7s tyf bz{snfO{ ;'–;"lrt agfpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'g ;S5 . Psf°L Ps snfTds l;h{gf ePsf]n] Psf°L :jod\df Ps snfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g' klg o;sf] csf]{ p2]Zo xf] .

$ Psf°Lsf juL{s/0f

Psf°LnfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]/]/ ljleGg cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . r'8fdl0f aGw'n] ;f´f Psf°Lsf] k|:tfjgfdf tL cfwf/x¿ k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 . tL cfwf/x¿ x'g\– syfgs, rl/q, jftfj/0f, z}nL, p2]Zo / ;+jfb .

s= syfgssf cfwf/df

syfgssf cfwf/df Psf°L tLg k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g\ . tL x'g\ – P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs / ;fdflhs . P]ltxfl;s Psf°Ldf P]ltxfl;s syfj:t' x'G5 eg] kf}/fl0fs Psf°Ldf kf}/fl0fs syfj:t' x'G5 . ;dfh;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfx¿nfO{ syfj:t' agfO{ n]lvPsf Psf°Lx¿ ;fdflhs Psf°L x'g\ . ;fdflhs ;d:of;Fu cfa4 Psf°Lx¿ ;fdflhs Psf°L x'g\ .

v= rl/qsf cfwf/df

rl/qsf cfwf/df Psf°LnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/n] ljefhg u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ ;fdfGo rl/q ePsf] Psf°L / c;fdfGo rl/q ePsf] Psf°L . ;fdfGo rl/q ePsf] Psf°Ldf jf:tljs hLjgdf b]lvg] ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ g} kfqsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt x'G5g\ . eg] c;fdfGo rl/q ePsf] Psf°Ldf s]xL kfqx¿ ljlzi6 x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ ;j{;fwf/0f kfqx¿n] h:tf] Jojxf/ gu/L pgLx¿n] eGbf leGg Jojxf/ ub{5g\, pgLx¿sf] cfbz{ ljrf/ / sfo{n] pgLx¿nfO{ ljlzi6tfsf] lzv/df k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .

To:t} Psf°Ldf b'O{ k|sf/sf kfqx¿ x'G5g\–l:y/ / ultzLn . l:y/ kfq Psf°Lsf] z'¿ / cGTo b'j}df ;dfg l:yltdf /lx/xG5 eg] ultzLn kfq kl/l:yltsf] k|efjn] p;df kl/jt{g cfO{ p;sf] l:yltdf Psf°L z'¿ x'Fbfsf] cj:yf / Psf°L cGTo x'g] a]nfsf] cj:yfdf leGgtf b]vf k5{ .

u= jftfj/0fsf] cfwf/df

jftfj/0fsf] cfwf/df Psf°LnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\– ef}lts jftfj/0f b]vfpg] Psf°L / dfgl;s jftfj/0f b]vfpg] Psf°L . ;dfh, b]z / ljb]zdf 36\g] 36gfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ n]lvg] Psf°Ldf ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] pkl:ylt /xG5 . s'g} kfqsf] cGt/dgsf] åGå k|:t't ul/+bf Psf°Ldf dfgl;s jftfj/0f pb\3fl6t x'G5 .

3= z}nLsf] cfwf/df

afns[i0f ;dn] z}nLsf cfwf/df Psf°Lsf rf/ e]b b]vfpg' ePsf] 5 . ltgLx¿ x'g\ – sljtf Psf°L, efj–Psf°L, g[To–Psf°L / ;ËLt Psf°L . To:t} Psf°LnfO{ >Jo Psf°L -/]l8of] ?ks_ / b[Zo Psf°L -d~rdf k|blz{t Psf°L_ eg]/ 5'§fOPsf] klg kfOG5 . s]xL Psf°L k9\g dfq x'g] u/L ;flxlTos efiffdf n]lvPsf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ kf7\o Psf°L eGg ;lsG5 .

ª= p2]Zosf] cfwf/df

p2]Zosf cfwf/df r"8fdl0f aGw'n] Psf°LnfO{ k|rf/fTds, ;'wf/fTds, kl/rofTds, xf:o JoªUofTds Pj+ z'4 ;flxlTos egL juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 .

r= ;+jfbsf] cfwf/df

;+jfbsf] cfwf/df Psf°LnfO{ :jut Psf°L / ;+jfbfTds Psf°L u/L b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f dfq kfq ePsf] Psf°Ldf Psn cleJolQm x'G5, To:tf] Psf°LnfO{ :jut Psf°L elgG5 eg] Ps eGbf w]/} kfqx¿ ePsf] Psf°LnfO{ ;+jfbfTds Psf°L elgG5 .

%= Psf°L / cGo ljwf

Psf°L ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfx¿dWo] Ps ljwf xf] . of] :jod\df k"0f{ 5 . o;sf] ;DaGw ;flxTosf cGo ljwfx¿;Fu klg /xG5 . Psf°Lsf] ;flxTosf cGo ljwfx¿ ;Fusf] ;DaGw af/]df ljZn]if0f ug'{ oxfF ;fGble{s x'g]5 . tL ;DaGw ljZn]if0fdf Psf°L / tL cGo ljwfx¿ aLrsf] ;dfgtfx¿ / leGgtfx¿ g} cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /xg]5g\ .

s= Psf°L / gf6s

Psf°L / gf6s b'j} >Jo–b[Zo snf x'g\ . o;y{ ´§ x]bf{ gf6s / Psf°Ldf w]/} ;dfgtf eP ´} klg nfU5 . gf6s / Psf°L b'j} d~rgsf] p2]Zo /fv]/ n]lvG5 . b'j}df kfqx¿ aLrsf] cGt/lqmofaf6 syfgs cufl8 a9\5 . km/s km/s rl/qsf kfqx¿sf] pkl:ylt b'j}df x'G5 . ;fob o;}n] klg Psf°LnfO{ gf6ssf] pkljwfsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

jf:tjdf Psf°L / gf6s 5'§f5'§} ljwf x'g\ . h;/L syf / pkGof;df leGgtf 5, To;/L g} Psf°L / gf6sdf :j¿kut leGgtf 5, . nfdf] syf h;/L pkGof; x'g ;Sb}g, To;/L g} 5f]6f] gf6s Psf°L x'g ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ gf6snfO{ 5f]6\ofpFb}df Psf°L / Psf°LnfO{ nDAofpFb}df gf6s x'Fb}g . Psf°Ldf Psf]Gd'vtf x'G5 . Psf°Ldf Pp6f c° x'G5 eg] gf6sdf ljleGg c°x¿ x'G5g\ . Psf°Ln] hLjgsf] s'g} Ps kIfnfO{ dfq ;d]6\5 eg] gf6sn] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ g} ;d]6\5 . Psf°Ldf :yfg, ;do / sfo{, oL tLg clGjlt ;Dej dflgG5 .

v= Psf°L / syf

Psf°L / syfdf s]xL ;dfgtf kfOG5 . syfnfO{ pkGof;sf] ;x–ljwf dfg]em} Psf°LnfO{ klg gf6ssf] ;x–ljwf dflgG5 . cfsf/ut ¿kdf x]bf{ oL b'j}df n3'–:j¿k kfOG5 . b'j} ljwf Ps csf{df cf–cfˆgf k|s[ltsf cfwf/df leGg leGg 5g\ . Psf°L clegoåf/f dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . syfaf6 k9]/ dgf]/~hg lng ;lsG5 . Psf°Ldf n]vs t6:y /xG5 / kfqx¿sf] aLrsf] ;+jfbdf cGt/lqmof ;DkGg x'G5, t/ syfdf slxn]sfxL+ syfsf/ :jod\ x:tIf]k ug{ k'U5 . syfsf/ syfdf cr]tg ¿kdf pkl:yt eO/xG5 .

syf Gof/];g;Fu ;Da4 5 . s'g} kfq jf n]vsn] 36gfx¿sf] af/]df s]xL af]ln/x]sf] x'G5– syfdf . syfdf kfOg] of] Gof/]l6e 6]lSgs Psf°Ldf lgs} sd kfOG5 . Psf°Lsf/x¿n] Psf°Ldf ;"qwf/sf] k|of]u u/L Gof/]l6d 6]lSgs ckgfpg ;S5g\ .

u= Psf°L / pkGof;

Psf°L / pkGof; b'O{ k[ys ljwf x'g\ . logLx¿sf] aLrdf vf;} ;dfgtf kfOFb}g . cfsf/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] pkGof; nfdf] x'G5, Psf°L 5f]6f] x'G5 . :j¿ksf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ Psf°Ldf ;+jfbfTdstfsf] cflwSo x'G5 eg] pkGof;df j0f{gfTdstf / ljZn]if0ffTdstf x'G5 . pkGof;n] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ ;d]6\g ;S5 eg] Psf°Ln] hLjgsf] s'g} Ps kIfnfO{ x]g]{ u5{ .

3= Psf°L / sljtf

Psf°L / sljtf b'O{ k[ys ljwf x'g\ . Psf°Ldf ;+jfbfTdstfn] k|efj hdfPsf] x'G5 eg] sfJofTdstfn] . Psf°Ldf k|o'Qm ;+jfbx¿df sljtfTds cleJolQm e]l6G5g\ . s]xL Psf°Lsf s]xL kfqx¿ ;+jfb g} sljtfdf af]n]sf klg kfOG5g\ . km]l/ otf s]xL sljtfx¿ klg ;+jfbo'Qm e]l6G5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ Psf°L / sljtfdf s]xL ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] dx;'; x'G5 .

ª= Psf°L / lgaGw

Psf°Ldf cGt/lqmofTdstf x'G5 eg] lgaGwdf j0f{gfTdstf . lgaGwdf k|foM s'g} j:t'sf] 36gfsf], kl/l:yltsf] / cg'e"ltsf] af/]df j0f{g ul/Psf] x'G5, h'gs'/f Psf°Ldf kfqx¿aLrsf] cGt/lqmofaf6 yfxf x'G5 . s]xL Psf°Ldf s'g} kfqn] cyjf ;"qwf/n] To:tf 36gf, kl/l:ylt / cg'e"ltsf] af/]df j0f{g u/L af]n]sf] kfOG5 . Tolta]nf Psf°Ldf lgaGwsf] j0f{gfTdstfsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof, Psf°L / lgaGw b'j} cfsf/sf b[li6n] 5f]6f x'G5g\ . oL b'O{ k[ys ljwf x'g\ .

^= Psf°Ldf snf / k|ljlw

k|To]s l;h{gf snf / k|ljlwsf] ld>0f xf] . Psf°Lsf/sf] efjgfsf] cleJolQm snf xf] . snf cleJoQm x'Fbf o;n] cfˆgf] Pp6f ¿k agfpF5, :j¿k agfpF5 . tL ¿kx¿ / :j¿kx¿ Psf°Lsf k|ljlw x'g\ . Psf°L ;flxTosf cGo ljwfeGbf km/s 5 . o;/L km/s b]lvg' Psf°Lsf] k|fljlws kIfaf6 ;Dej x'G5 .

Psf°Lsf] k|fljlws kIf o;sf] d~rg;Fu klg ;Da4 5 . d~r, dfOs aflx/L k|ljlw x'g eg] clego ug{ d~rdf kfqsf] pkl:ylt x'g' leqL k|ljlw xf] . Pp6f snfsf/ d~rdf clego u5{, of] p;sf] snf kIf xf] . snfsf/, ;ËLt j]ze"iff, dfOs, k|sfzsf] k|of]u u5{, oL p;sf ;xfos ;fdu|Lx¿ x'g\, h;nfO{ k|ljlw kIf dflgG5 . o;/L k|ljlwsf] ;xof]un] snfsf/n] cfˆgf] snf k|bz{g u5{ d~rdf / Pp6f l;h{gf ;'DkG5– bz{snfO{ .

&= Psf°L n]vg / d~rgsf] ¿kdf

Psf°L >Jo b[Zo snf xf] . To;}n] o;sf b'O{ kIf x'G5g\– n]vg / d~rg . Psf°L ljz]iftM d~rgsf nflu n]lvG5 . To;}n] Psf°Lsf] d~rg kIfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . To;f] t Psf°L k|f/Dedf n]lvG5, ta dfq d~rg ul/G5 . Psf°Lsf] k|fylds sfo{ n]vg;Fu ;Da4 5 .

s]xL Psf°Lx¿ d~rgsf] p2]Zo g/fv]/ k9\gsf nflu dfq x'g] u/L n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . s]xL Psf°L k7g / d~rg b'j} p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] x'G5 . Psf°LnfO{ n]vgsf] ¿kdf ;flxTosf] Ps ;zQm ljwf dflgG5 . ljlzi6 ;flxlTos d"Nosf Psf°LnfO{ ;flxlTos Psf°L eg]/ eGg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .

Psf°LnfO{ d~rgsf] ¿kdf ;kmn agfpg clego, ;ËLt, Wjlg k|sfz Joj:yf, j]ze"iff, z[Ëf/ cflbsf] ljz]if e"ldsf x'G5 . o;k|sf/ Psf°L d~rg ul/+bf Psf°L / rnlrqdf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . Psf°L / rnlrqdf km/s olt x'G5– rnlrq kmf]6f]u|fkmL xf], Psf°L hLjGt .

o;k|sf/ Psf°L n]vg / d~rg b'j} ¿kdf ;kmn b]lvG5 .

– u}+8fsf]6, gjnk/f;L

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