Madhuparka (Mullekh (Nepal) )

s'g cj:yfdf 5g\ < ;fs{ /fi6«sf ljZj ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿

8f= ;fkmNo cdfTo

O=;+= !(&@ ge]Da/ !^ tfl/v k]l/;df a;]sf] o'g]:sf]sf] ;qf}+ ;fwf/0f;efn] ljZjsf] ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ug]{ af/] Pp6f a8fkq kfl/t u/] . o'g]:sf]n] pQm a8fkqdf x:tfIf/ ug{ ljZjnfO{ g} clkn u/]sf] lyof] . pQm clknnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L O=;+= !(&* sf] cu:6 dlxgfdf g]kfnn] klg ljZj ;Dkbf;DaGwL a8fkqdf x:tfIf/ u¥of] . To:tf] 7Ls gf} dlxgfkl5 O=;+= !(&( sf] d] dlxgfdf g]kfnn] ljZj ;Dkbf ;ldltdf cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;jf]{Qd dxTj ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f:j¿k /x]sf tLg b/af/If]qx¿–xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/, nlntk'/ b/af/ / eQmk'/ b/af/, b'O{ lxGb' dlGb/ If]qx¿–kz'klt / rfFu'gf/fo0f / b'O{ af}4 :t"kx¿ :joDe" / af}4nfO{ Pp6} sf7df8f}+ pkTosf egL ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/lbg dgf]gog kq k7fof] . g]kfnsf] pQm cg'/f]wnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;ldltsf] OlhK6sf] /fhwfgL sfo/f]df a;]sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] O=;+= !(&( sf] cS6f]a/ dlxgfdf ;xdlt k|bfg u¥of] . o;/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t x'g k'Uof] .

o;/L g} O=;+= !((^ df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf] kljq hGd:yn n'lDagLnfO{ klg ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug{ dgf]gogkq k7fof] . To;sf] 7Ls Ps jif{kl5 O=;+= !((& df n'lDagLsf] dfofb]jL dlGb/, kljqs'08 czf]s :tDe, ljxf/ / lgjf{0f :t"ksf eUgfjz]ifx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L n'lDagLnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/] .

;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;"rLs[t x'g s]xL cfjZos u'0f tyf nIf0fx¿ x'g clgjfo{ 5 . oL u'0f tyf nIf0fx¿ Ps csf]{;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] log} b[li6sf]0faf6 x]/L tL ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ug]{ ub{5 . ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ tLg k|sf/af6 x]l/G5–

-s_ :df/sx¿ h;df jf:t'snfTds s[ltx¿h:t} 3/, ejg, ljxf/, :t"k cflb, pRrsf]l6sf d"lt{ tyf lrqx¿, k'/ftflTjs ;fdu|L cyjf agf]6x¿ -eUgfjz]ifx¿_, lznfkqx¿, u'kmfhLjg;Fu ;DalGwt jf s'g} vf; j:t' jf j:t'x¿sf ;lDd>0f h'g Oltxf;, snf cyjf lj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 clåtLo 5g\ .

-v_ To:t}, ejgx¿sf ;d"x h'g cnUu} ejgx¿sf] ;d"x xf];\ jf Ps csf]{ ejg;Fu hf]l8P/ a;]sf xf];\ t/ ltgLx¿ jf:t'snfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 jf tfbfTDotfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of e"agf}6df ltgLx¿sf] dxTjaf6 / P]ltxfl;s, snfTds / lj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 clåtLo 5g\ eGg] x'g'kg]{ /

-u_ :ynx¿ h'g dfgjlgld{t xf];\ of dfgj / k|s[ltsf] ;+o'Qm b]g xf];\, ;fy} k'/ftflTjs :ynx¿ h'g P]ltxfl;s, ;f}Gbo{–af]wtf / dfgj lj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0f clåtLo xf];\ .

:df/s of :df/sx¿, 3/x¿sf] ;d"x of k'/ftflTjs :ynx¿ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug'{cl3 ljZj ;Dkibf ;ldltn] lgDg adf]lhdsf dfkb08x¿dWo] s'g} Ps jf PseGbf a9L dfkb08;Fu ldNg] / tL ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj;gLo / 7Ls 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fx¿ klg x]g]{ ub{5 . To;}n] dgf]gogsf nflu cfPsf k|To]s ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf oft dfgj l;h{gfsf] clt pRrtd gd'gf x'g' kb{5 . of o;n] s'g} ;dodf ljZjsf] s'g} Ps ;f+:s[lts If]qdf dfgjd"No / dfGotfsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfbfg–k|bfg ePsf] s'/fnfO{, k|ljlw / jf:t'snfsf] ljsf;nfO{, zx/L ljsf; of]hgf / e"–b[Zo agf}6nfO{ /fd|/L bzf{Psf] x'g'kb{5 . of t of] s'g} ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf], s'g} hLljt ;Eotfsf] jf x/fO;s]sf] ;Eotfsf] a]hf]8 cyjf c;fwf/0f pbfx/0f jf k|df0f x'g'kb{5 . of of] dfgj Oltxf;sf] s'g} dxTjk"0f{ ;dosf] dxTjk"0f{ Pjd\ c;fwf/0f lsl;dsf] 3/ jf jf:t'snf jf k|ljlwsf] ;dli6 jf e"–agf}6 x'g'kb{5 . of k/Dk/fut dfgja:tL jf e"–pkof]usf] clt pRrtd gd'gf h;n] s'g} ;+:s[lt jf ;+:s[ltx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 / vf;u/L ha Tof] s'g} ckl/jt{gLo k|efjaf6 lau|g ;Sb5 . of t s'g} hLljt 36gf / k/Dk/f;Fu ;Lwf jf 7f]; ;DaGw ePsf] jf s'g} ljrf/ ljZjf;, dfGotf jf s'g} snfTds / ;flxlTos lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] clt pRrtd gd'gfx¿ x'g'kb{5 . t/ of] cflv/L sf/0faf6 ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf /fVg ;ldltn] c;fwf/0f cj:yfdf dfq c¿ ;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts nIf0fx¿ x]/L k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .

o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf u'0f, nIf0f / dfkb08x¿ cg';f/ O=;+= !((* sf] hgj/L;Dd ;+;f/e/sf rf/;o c7f/ j6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿, Ps ;o rf}wj6f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿, / aL;j6f ;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts ldl>t ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . Ps ;o af¥x /fi6«x¿af6 dgf]gog ul/Psf oL ljZj ;Dkbfx¿df Pl;of tyf k|zfGt IF]qLo /fi6«x¿af6 tL; /fi6«x¿n] ljZj ;Dkbfsf] a8fkqdf x:tfIf/ u/] tfklg hDdf c7f/j6f b]zx¿n] dfq cf–cfˆgf ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . ckmuflg:tfg, lghL, shfs:tfg, s]lu|:tfg, dn]l;of, dfnlbE;, dËf]lnof, Dofgdf/, kk'cfGo'lugL, ;nf]dg åLk ;d"x, tfhls:tfg / t's{d]lg:tfgn] ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ clxn];Dd ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5}gg\ .

ci6«]lnofn] t]¥xj6f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf /fv]sf] 5 . aª\unfb]zn] b'O{j6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ afu]/xf6sf] k|frLg zx/ / kxf/k'/sf] af}4 ljxf/sf eUgfjz]ifx¿ / Psj6f k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . SofDaf]l8ofn] ljZj k|l;4 cFs'/jf6nfO{ /fv]sf] 5 . rLgsf] pGgfO{;j6f ;Dkbfx¿dWo] rf}w j6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿, tLg j6f ldl>t ;Dkbfx¿ / b'O{j6f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf 5g\ . oLdWo] d'Vo, d'Vo log} x'g\ M rLgsf] 7"nf] kvf{n …b u|]6 jfnÚ, ldË / SjLË j+zsf k|frLg b/af/x¿, dufcf]sf u'kmfx¿, k|yd SjLg afbzfxsf] lrxfg, hf]sf]l8og\sf] k]lsË dfgjsf] a:tL, r]Ëb]sf] kxf8LIf]qdf ag]sf u|LidsfnLg b/af/x¿, Nxf;fsf] kf]tfnf b/af/, ;fËbf]Ë k|fGtsf] s'km'df cjl:yt sgˆo'l;o;sf] lrxfg / sf]Ë kl/jf/sf] 3/, pbfË kj{tdf /x]sf k|frLg 3/x¿=, n';fgsf] /fli6«o pBfg, lkË ofpsf] k|frLg zx/, ;'´f] zx/sf] k|FrLg au}+rfx¿ / lnlhofªsf] k|frLg zx/ cflb .

ef/tsf PSsfO{;j6f ;Dkbfx¿dWo] ;f]¥xj6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ / kfFrj6f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] dxTjk"0f{ rflx+ log} x'g\– chGtf u'kmf, P]nf]/fu'kmf, cfu/fsf] lsNnf, tfhdxn, sf]gfhsf] ;"o{ dlGb/, dxfalnk'/dsf dlGb/x¿, uf]jfsf luhf{3/x¿, vh'/fxf]sf dlGb/x¿, xfDkLsf :df/sx¿, kmQ]xk'/ l;qmL, sgf{6s k§fwsfnsf :df/sx¿, P]lnkmG6fsf u'kmfx¿, tGhf]/sf] a[xb]Zj/ dlGb/, ;fFrLsf af}4 :df/sx¿, lbNnLsf] x'Fdfo'sf] lrxfg / lbNnLs} s't'a ldgf/ x'g\ .

OG8f]g]lzofsf kfFrj6f ;Dkbfx¿df tLgj6f ;f+:s[lts / b'O{j6f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ 5g\ . tL log} x'g\– a/ab'/sf] dlGb/ If]q, k|jfgg\sf] lxGb' dlGb/ If]q / ;ËL/0fsf] k|frLg dfgj a:tL . O/fgsf] tLgj6f ;f+:s[lts :df/sx¿ ljZj ;Dkbfdf /flvPsf 5g\ . tL log} x'g\ – rf]3f hfgljnsf k|frLg eUgfjz]ifx¿, k]l/kf]ln; / O;kmfOgsf] ld8g Odfg .

hfkfgsf cf7j6f ;Dkbfx¿dWo] ^ j6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . tL log} x'g\– xf]?hLIf]qsf] af}4 :df/sx¿, lxldlhGhf]sf] k|frLg b/af/ If]q, Sof]6f]sf] k|frLg :df/sx¿, uf]sf]ofdf / l;/fsf jfuf]sf k|frLg ufpFx¿, lx/f]l;dfsf] zflGt :df/s
-u]g afs' 8f]d_ / O:6's'l;dfsf] l;G6f] dlGb/ . nfuf];n] n'cfË k|jfË zx/nfO g} ljZj ;Dkbfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / n'lDagL b'O{j6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ / b'O{j6f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf 5g\ . Go'lhn}08sf b'j} j6f ;Dkbfx¿ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ . kfls:tfgsf ^ j6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿= ljZj ;Dkbfdf k/]sf 5g\ . tL log} x'g\ M df]xghf]8f/f]sf k|frLg k'/ftflTjs eUgfjz]ifx¿, tIfzLnf, tv6–P]–jxLsf af}4 :df/sx¿sf eUgfjz]ifx¿ / ;/–P]–anf]ndf /x]sf k|frLg zx/sf] eUgfjz]ifx¿, Jo§fsf] P]ltxfl;s :df/sx¿, nfxf]/sf] lsNnf / ;flndf/ au}+rf / /f]xtf;sf] lsNnf . lkmlnlkG;sf] a/f]s luhf{3/x¿ / k|frLg wfg v]tL ug]{ kfvfx¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] ;f]s'/fd u|f]6f] / k'nu';sf dlGb/, x]G;f dlGb/, rfËof]Ë kfËf]sf 3/x¿, rf]Ëdfof] dlGb/, rfË8f]s'ªË b/af/If]q, / Xjf;f]Ësf lsNnfx¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfdf /flvPsf 5g\ .

>Ln+sfn] cg'/fwfk'/sf] kljq zx/, kf]nf]g?jfsf] k|frLg zx/, l;u]l/ofsf] k|frLg zx/, Sof08Lsf] kljq zx/, ufn]sf] k|frLg zx/ / lsNnfx¿ / bfDa'nfsf] :j0f{ dlGb/nfO{ ljZj ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . yfOn}08sf] ;'sf]yfO{sf] P]ltxfl;s zx/, co'Yyfsf] P]ltxfl;s zx/ / jfgrfËsf] k'/ftflTjs If]qnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, phj]ls:tfgsf] O6rfgsfnf / a'vf/fsf] P]ltxfl;s s]Gb|nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfdf /flvPsf] 5 eg] leotgfdsf] Xo"F zx/sf :df/sx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf ljZj ;Dkbfaf/] cln lj:t[tdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|of; o; n]vdf ul/g]5 . aËfnfb]zn] O=;+= !(*% df au]/xf6sf k|frLg d;lhbx¿sf] zx/ / kxf/k'/sf] k|frLg af}4 laxf/sf] eUgfjz]ifx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf /fv]sf 5g\ . au]/xf6sf] aflx/L efu u+uf / a|Xdk'q gbLx¿sf] ;Ëdlg/ cjl:yt of] k'/fgf] zx/ vlnkmtfafb gfdn] klg lrlgg] of k|frLg d;lhbx¿sf] zx/nfO{ kGw|f}+ ztfAbLdf pns vfF hxfg gfds Ps t'sL{ ;]gfkltn] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . o; k|frLg zx/df w]/}j6f d;lhbx¿ / k|frLg O:nfd wd{;Fu ;DalGwt O{+6faf6 lgld{t pRr k|ljlw ePsf :df/sx¿ 5g\ . kxf/k'/sf] ;f]dfk'/ dxfljxf/sf] eUgfjz]ifn] Ps ;dodf aËnfb]zdf af}4 wd{sf] 7"nf] k|e'Tj lyof] eGg] k|dfl0ft ub{5 . O;fsf] ;ftf}+ ztfAbLsf] of] laxf/ O;fsf] ;qf}+ ztfAbL;Dd klg clt k|l;4 af}4 k|1fk|lti7fgsf] ¿kdf lrlgGYof] . of] dxfljxf/ To;avt SofDaf]l8of;Dd km}lnPsf] clt pRrsf]l6sf] af}4 jf:t'snfsf] Pp6f pRrtd gd'gf lyof] .

;fs{ d'n'sx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / ;a}eGbf w]/} ;+Vofdf ljZj ;Dkbf ePsf] d'n's ef/t xf] . ef/tn] O=;+= !(*# df chGtf, P]nf]/f / O=;+= !(*& df P]lnkmfG6fnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . O;fk"j{ klxnf] / bf];|f] ztfAbLdf lgld{t af}4 wd{;Fu ;DalGwt chGtfsf u'kmfx¿ kl5 kfFrf}+ tyf 5}7f}+ ztfAbLx¿df cyf{t\ u'Ktsfndf c´ w]/} /fd|f /fd|f / ax'd"No snfs[ltx¿af6 ;d[4 ePsf lyP . u'Ktsfndf ToxfF w]/} c¿ /fd|f /fd|f snfs[ltx¿;lxtsf u'kmfx¿ ag] . chGtfdf /x]sf af}4 lrqsnf / d"lt{x¿ ljZjs} snfsf pTs[i6 gd'gfx¿ dflgG5g\ / snfIf]qdf chGtf snfsf] 7"nf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 . P]nf]/fsf u'kmfx¿ dxf/fi6«sf] cf}/Ëfaf6 glhs} kb{5 . af;fN6sf] kTy/ r§fgdf s'FlbPsf oL rf}+tL;j6f ljxf/ tyf dlGb/x¿sf] km}nfj6 b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f;Dd 5 . O;fsf] 5}7f}+b]lv bzf}+ ztfAbL;Dd lgdf{0f ul/Psf P]nf]/fsf oL :df/sx¿sf] nx/n] k|frLg ef/tsf] ;EotfnfO{ hLljt kf/]sf] 5 . P]nf]/fsf oL u'kmfx¿ snf / k|ljlwsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 gd'gfx¿ dfq geO{ af}4, lxGb' / h}g wd{x¿sf] cgf}7f] ;Ëd:yn / k|frLg ef/tsf] wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] Pp6f pTs[i6 pbfx/0f klg xf] . aDaO{ glhs} cf]dfg ;d'b|df 6fk" ´}+ a;]sf] P]lnkmfG6fsf u'kmfx¿nfO{ …u'kmfx¿sf] zx/Ú klg elgG5 . z}j wd{;Fu ;DalGwt r§fgdf s'FlbPsf d"lt{x¿ g} oxfFsf d'Vo ljz]iftf x'g\ .

ljZj ;Dkbfdf ef/tsf cfu/f zx/sf cfu/f kmf]6{, tfhdxn / kmt]xk'/ l;qmL k/]sf 5g\ . tfhdxn glhs} kg]{ d'un afbzfxx¿sf] /fhwfgL zx/nfO{ 3]/]/ /x]sf] cfu/fsf] lsNnf …/]8 kmf]6{… sf] gfdn] klg k|l;4 5 . /ftf] r'g 9'Ëfaf6 ag]sf] ;f9] b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] of] lsNnf d'un jf:t'snfsf] Ps pRrtd gd'gf dflgG5 . o; lsNnfleq zfxhxfFn] agfpg nufPsf] hxfFlu/sf] b/af/ cyjf vf; dxn, cltlyx¿nfO{ e]6\g] 7fpF …lbjfg]–vf;Ú / cGo w]/} /fd|f/fd|f b/af/x¿ / b'O{j6f clt /fd|f d;lhbx¿ klg 5g\ .

ljZjdf ;a}n] d'Qms07n] tfl/km ul/Psf] k|]d / ;f}Gbo{sf] k|tLs dflgPsf] ljZjk|l;4 …tfhdxnÚ d'un ;d|f6\ zfxhxfFn] cfˆg} lk|o dxf/fgL d'dtfhdxnsf] ;D´gfdf O=;+= !^#!–!^$* tfsf lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . ;]tf] l;+xd/d/sf] of] d;lhb ef/tdf ljBdfg O:nfdsnfsf] ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 gd'gf dflgG5 . cfu/fkmf]6{ / tfhdxnnfO{ O{=;++ !(*# df ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] .

sl/a bz jif{;Dd d'un ;fd|fHosf] /fhwfgL /x]sf] kmt]xk'/l;qmL O=;+= !(*^ df dfq ljZj ;Dkbfdf /flvPsf] xf] . d'un ;d|f6\ csa/n] ljhosf] zx/ cyf{t\ kmt]xk'/ l;qmL gfds/0f u/L of] zx/ ;f]¥xf}+ ztfAbLsf] k"jf{4{lt/ lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . ;dfg jf:t'snf / ;fdu|L pkof]u u/L o; lsNnfleq :df/sx¿ / dlGb/x¿ lgdf{0f ul/P . ef/tsf] Pp6f ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d;lhb …hfd] d;lhbÚ oxL+ g} 5 .

ef/tsf] pl8;f /fHodf aËfnsf] vf8Lsf] lsgf/fdf /x]sf] O;fsf] t];|f] ztfAbLtfsf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] sf]gfs{sf] of] k|l;4 ;"o{ dlGb/ O=;+= !(*$ df ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z ul/of] . of] k|Voft lxGb' dlGb/nfO{ rf}aL; j6f kfª\u|f / 5 j6f 3f]8fx¿n] tflg/x]sf] b[Zo–cl°t u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .

O=;+= !(*$ df ljZj ;Dkbf 3f]lift ul/Psf] blIf0f ef/tsf] dxfalnk'/ddf /x]sf O;fsf] ;ftf}+ tyf cf7f}+ ztfAbLx¿df kNnj /fhfx¿åf/f r§fgdf s'FlbP/ agfPsf oL :df/sx¿ sf]/f]d08]n ;d'b| t6df 5g\ . /y cfsf/sf oL dlGb/x¿, u'kmfleq agfOPsf d08kx¿, sf]7fx¿, :ju{af6 u+ufhL k|s6 eO/fv]sf] b[Zo s'FlbPsf] d"lt{ / lzjsf] dlxdfnfO{ phfu/ ug]{ ;of}+ d"lt{x¿sf] of] cgdf]n ;ª\u|xfno xf] .

uf]jfsf] luhf{3/ / kfb/Lx¿ a:g] 3/x¿nfO{ O=;+= !(*^ df ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf 5g\ . uf]jf ef/tdf kf]r'{u]nLx¿sf] /fhwfgL lyof] . uf]jfsf] oL k|frLg luhf{3/ / kfb/Lx¿ a:g] 3/x¿n] Pl;ofdf O;fO{ wd{sf] k|rf/ af/]sf] Oltxf;sf] af]w u/fpFb5 . oxfFsf] ;]G6 k|mflG;;\ h]leo/sf] lrxfg;lxtsf] luhf{3/ …adh];;\Ú ;+;f/ k|l;4 5 . uf]jfsf oL :df/sx¿n] O;fO{ wd{ km}lnPsf Pl;ofsf cGo d'n'sx¿sf] jf:t'snfdf Dofg'nfOg -Ps k|sf/sf] uf]lys jf:t'snf_, Dofgl/i6 -;f]¥xf}+ ztfAbLdf O6fnLdf k|rlnt jf:t'snf_ / a/f]s af:t'snf km}nfpgdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

vh'/fxf]sf dlGb/x¿nfO{ O=;+= !(*^ df ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] . O;fsf] gjf}+ tyf bzf}+ ztfAbLsf dWo ef/tsf r08]n j+z;Fu ;DalGwt oL dlGb/x¿dWo] xfn aL;j6f dfq afFsL 5g\ . oL dlGb/x¿ lxGb' / h}g wd{x¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . oL dlGb/x¿sf] ljz]iftf eGg' g} jf:t'snf / d"lt{snfsf] /fd|f] tfbfTDo cyf{t\ tfnd]n g} xf] . sfGbfl/ofsf] dlGb/df hl8t d"lt{x¿ ef/tLo snfs} cg'kd gd'gfx¿ x'g\ .

ef/tsf] clGtd lxGb' /fHo ljhogu/sf] /fhwfgL xfDkLsf] k|frLg zx/sf] cfˆg} ljz]iftf / dxTj /x]sf] x'gfn] o; zx/nfO{ O=;+= !(*^ df ljZj ;Dkbf 3f]lift ul/of] . oxfF algPsf b«la8 z}nLsf dlGb/x¿ / b/af/x¿sf] tfl/kmdf rf}wf}+ tyf ;f]¥xf}+ ztfAbLsf kbofqLx¿n] cfˆgf ofqfj[QfGtx¿df w]/} j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . O=;+= !%^% df d';ndfgx¿n] of] k|frLg snfTds zx/df n'6kf6 u/L Wj:t kf/]sf lyP .

sgf{6ssf] k§fwsfnsf :df/sx¿ O=;+= !(*& df ljZj ;Dkbfdf k/]sf x'g\ . oL :df/sx¿ O;fsf] ;ftf}+«cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf rfn'So j+zsf /fhfx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf pQ/ / blIf0f ef/tLo snfsf] a]hf]8 Pjd\ ;'dw'/ ;lDd>0fsf] cg'kd / pRrsf]l6sf] gd'gf x'g\ . clt k|efjzfnL gf}j6f lxGb' dlGb/x¿ / Pp6f h}g dlGb/ ToxfF 5g\ . oLdWo] ;a}eGbf ljlzi6rflx+ O=;+= &$) tfsf /fgL nf]s dxfb]jLn] cfˆgf :jfdLn] blIf0fsf /fhfx¿dfly u/]sf] ljhosf] v'l;ofnLdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] lj?kfIfsf] dlGb/ xf] .

O=;+= !(*& df tGhf]/ -tfGhfe'/_ sf] a[xb]Zj/ dlGb/nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf /flvof] . rf]n j+zsf ;+:yfks dxfg\ /fhf /fh/fhfn] cfˆgf] ;fd|fHodf blIf0f ef/tsf ;a} / s]xL l5d]sL 6fk'x¿;d]t cwLgdf /fv]kl5 O=;+= !))# / !)!) tfsf of] ljzfn dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . b'O{ 7"n7"nf rf]sx¿n] 3]l/Psf] u|fgfO6 9'Ëfaf6 ag]sf] of] dlGb/sf] uh'/df t]¥x tNnfsf] lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] w/x/f 5 . dlGb/sf] dflyNnf] efudf cw{uf]nfsf/ cyf{t\ lrd cfsf/sf] 7"nf] 9'Ëf 5 h'g ^! ld6/ dfly prfOdf /flvPsf] 5 . dlGb/sf ;Ldf kvf{nx¿ clt /fd|f /fd|f d"lt{x¿n] l;ª\ufl/Psf 5g\ .

;fFlrsf] af}4 :df/sx¿nfO{ O=;+= !(*( df ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/of] . ef]kfnaf6 rfnL; lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f ;fgf] y'Dsf]df cjl:yt ;fFlrdf k|:t/sf vDafx¿, b/af/x¿, dlGb/x¿ / ljxf/x¿sf eUgfjz]ifx¿ ;+/lIft 5g\ . O;fk"j{ k|yd / bf];|f] ztfAbLsf oL :df/sx¿ af}4 wd{;Fu ;DalGwt dfq geO{ of] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf k|frLg af}4 k'0o:yn klg xf] hxfF O;fsf] af¥xf}+ ztfAbL;Dd af}4 wd{ / 1fgsf] k|d'v s]Gb| lyof] .

ef/tsf] /fhwfgL gofF lbNnLdf b'O{j6f :df/sx¿ x'Fdfo'sf] dsa/f / s't'aldgf/ tyf cf;kf;sf :df/sx¿nfO{ O=;+= !((# df ljZj ;Dkbfleq kfl/of] . x'Fdfo'sf] dsa/fsf] cfˆg} a]Un} df}lns ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ ;f}Gbo{af]ws dxTj 5 . O=;+= !%&) df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] of] ef/t pkdxfåLks} ;a}eGbf klxnf] au}+rfleq ag]sf] dsa/f xf] . of] jf:t'snfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 7"nf] pknlAw dfq geO{ o;}af6 kl5 tfhdxnsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|]l/t ePsf x'g\ egL Oltxf;sf/x¿sf] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .

lbNnLsf] blIf0f efudf cjl:yt /ftf] r'g 9'Ëfsf] w/x/f s't'aldgf/ t]¥xf}+ ztfAbLsf] k"jf{4{lt/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] :df/s xf] . of] ldgf/sf] prfO &@=% ld6/ / o;sf] r'Rrf] efusf] uf]nfO @.&% ld6/ 5 eg] o;sf] ;a} eGbf tNnf] efusf] uf]nfO !$=#@ ld6/ 5 . s't'aldgf/ If]qdf /x]sf cGo dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿df O=;+= !#!! df ag]sf] …cnfO{–b/afhfÚ, b'O{j6f d;lhbx¿ h;dWo] Ps …sjf6'Nnf–O:nfdÚ nfO{ pQ/L ef/tsf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] d;lhb dflgG5, h'g d;lhb agfpg aL;j6f lxGb' dlGb/x¿nfO{ eTsfO{ ;fdu|Lx¿ h'6fOPsf] lyof] . oL ;a} :df/sx¿ lxGb' d'l:nd snfsf a]hf]8 gd'gf dflgG5g\ .

g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ O{+=;+= !(&( df / n'lDagLnfO{ O=;+= !((& df ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/of] . ;f9] b'O{ xhf/ jif{eGbf k'/fgf] ;Eotf / Oltxf; af]s]sf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf g]kfnL snf / ;+:s[ltsf] e08f/ dfq geO{ Pp6f 7"nf] ;Eotfsf] s]Gb| klg xf] . of] pkTosf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ b'j}df wgL dflgG5 . Ps k|l;4 cd]l/sL k'/ftTjljb\ a|fpg df]6{g t];|f]n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ ljZjs} ;a}eGbf /fd|f] 7fpF xf] eg]sf 5g\ . pgL eGb5g\– lxdfnsf] sfvd'lg a;]sf] of] cgf}7f] /fHosf] crDdsf] /fhwfgLdf dfgjlgld{t / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{x¿sf] cfZro{hgs ldnfk b]Vg ;lsG5 . oxfFsf :df/sx¿ s'g kljq x'g\ s'g nf}lss x'g\ Tof] 5'§ofpg ;lsFb}g . oxfFsf dflg;x¿sf] lbgrof{ lxGb' / af}4 wfld{s k/Dk/fdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf] kfOG5 . cUnf cUnf lxdlzv/x¿sf] k6fIf]kdf /x]sf oxfFsf dlGb/x¿ snf / jf:t'snfsf] ;d[l4sf] pbfx/0f x'g'sf ;fy} oxfFsf] k"0f{tof ;fd"lxs b}lgs hghLjg / elQmefjk"0f{ hghLjgn] ubf{ of] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;|f]tsf] Pp6f clåtLo dxTjsf] :yn agfPsf] 5 . oxL sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq g]kfn clw/fHosf sl/a *) k|ltzt :df/sx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] sl/a cf7;o c7f;L j6f :df/sx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf 5g\ . oxfF rf}+tL; j6f :df/s If]qx¿ 5g\ eg] rf}aL;j6f k|fs[lts /d0fLo :ynx¿ klg 5g\ . o;sf] cltl/Qm oxfF cgluGtL ;–;fgf :df/sx¿ 5g\ h;sf] n]vf hf]vf ug{ lgs} uf¥xf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f;DaGwL a8fkqdf O=;+= !(&^ df x:tfIf/ u¥of] . To;sf] 7Ls tLg jif{kl5 O=;+= !(&( df g]kfn sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~hnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf /fVg ;kmn eof] . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] clt pRrsf]l6sf cGt/f{li6«o dxTj af]s]sf tL ;ftj6f :df/s tyf :df/s j/k/sf k|frLg ejgx¿ h;n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ snfTds pknlAwx¿nfO{ phfu/ u/L o; pkTosfnfO{ ljZj k|l;4 agfPsf] 5, tL ;ftj6f ljlzi6 :df/sx¿ h:t} sf7df8f}+, kf6g / eQmk'/sf tLgj6f b/af/ If]qx¿, :joDe" / af}4 dxfr}Tox¿, kz'klt / rfFu'gf/fo0fsf dlGb/ If]qx¿ 5g\ .

sf7df8f}+ b/af/IF]q cyf{t\ xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/If]q oL tLgj6f b/af/ If]qx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] xf] . of] cfsf/df klg 7"nf] 5 . v'nf If]qx¿sf] lx;faaf6 klg 7"nf] 5 . oxfF ljBdfg :df/sx¿sf] ;+:yfaf6 klg 7"nf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ b/af/ If]qleq sl/a ;f¶Lj6f dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿ 5g\ . tL :df/sx¿ w]/}h;f] ;qf}+÷c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf ag]sf x'g\ . t/ tLdWo] ;a}eGbf lazfn / To;If]qsf] lz/laGb' :j¿k /x]sf] tn]h'sf] dlGb/ eg] O=;+= !%&^ df ag]sf] xf] . sf7df8f}+ b/af/ If]qsf cGo d'Vo d'Vo :df/sx¿ log} x'g\ M xg'dfg 9f]sf b/af/, j;Gtk'/ ejg, nlntk'/ ejg, eQmk'/ ejg, sLlt{k'/ ejg, k~rd'vL xg'dfg dlGb/, cfud dlGb/, z]ifzfoL lji0f'd"lt{, b]u'tn]h' dlGb/, huGgfy dlGb/, sfu]Zj/ dlGb/, dvgaxfn, tfl/0fLb]jL dlGb/, dx]Gb|]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/, afne}/j, Zj]te}/j, Jof;lnË b]jn, 7"nf] 306f, nfos'axL, gjof]lugL -lzj kfj{tL_ dlGb/, s'df/L3/, dfh' b]jn, hf]zL cfFug 3/, u?8gf/fo0f dlGb/, s'df/L axfn, gf/fo0f dlGb/ -bz cjtf/ b]vfpg]_ dlGb/, czf]s ljgfos -d? u0f]z_ sfi7d08k, l;sd'axL, algof axfn, l;+x ;Qn, wg;f dlGb/ -sjLGb| k'/_ cflb .

kf6g b/af/ kf6g zx/sf] dWo efudf kb{5 . of] b/af/ If]qdf dNnsfnLg jf:t'snfsf clt ljlzi6 gd'gfx¿ 5g\ . oxfF O=;+= !^^* b]lv !&#$ ;Dd ljleGg /fhfx¿sf] kfnfdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf b/af/sf efux¿, k"j{tkm{ 7"nf] e08f/vfn au}+rf / klZrddf 7"nf] ;fj{hlgs rf]s 5 . o; rf]sdf rf/j6f 7"n7"nf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf dlGb/x¿, 7"n7"nf b'O{j6f k|:y/sf lzv/ z}nLsf dlGb/x¿, Pp7f 7"nf] 306f / cGo ;fgf ;fgf :df/sx¿ 5g\ . o; If]qdf sl/a pGgfO;j6f dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] rf/ gf/fo0fsf] dlGb/ xf] h;sf] lgdf{0f O=;+= !%^% df ePsf] xf] . o; IF]qsf cGo dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿ log} x'g\ . dfO{ b]u dlGb/, s[i0f dlGb/, xl/z+s/ dlGb/ g/l;+x dlGb/, b]u'tn]h' dlGb/, ljZjgfy dlGb/, k|l;4 s[i0f dlGb/, d+ulxl6 / eLd;]g dlGb/ cflb .

eQmk'/ b/af/ If]qleq tf}d9Lsf] Goftkf]n dlGb/ / sfzL ljZjgfy -e}/j_ dlGb/nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . eQmk'/ b/af/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ t]¥xf}+ ztfAbLdf z'? eO{ c7f/f}+ ztfAbL;Dd sfod} eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; If]qleq sl/a af¥xj6f clt pRrsf]l6sf :df/sx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] d'Vod'VorflxF log} x'g\M kz'klt dlGb/, jT;nf b]jL dlGb/, j+zLgf/fo0f dlGb/, b'uf{ dlGb/, eujtL dlGb/ tF3'5] axfn, tLndfwj gf/fo0f dlGb/ cflb .

sf7df8f}+af6 sl/a b'O{ dfOn 6f9f Pp6f ;fgf] 8fF8fdfly :joDe" dxfr}To cjl:yt 5 . o;nfO{ pkTosfleqsf ;a}eGbf k|frLg af}4 :t"k dflgG5 . uf]nfsf/sf] of] dxfr}Tosf] rf/ s'gfdf WofgL a'4x¿ 5g\ . cw{ k[YjLsf] cfsf/ ePsf] o; dxfr}Tosf] dflyNnf] ;kf6sf] dWo efudf wft'sf] rf/kf6] x/ldsfsf] rf/} efudf a'4sf låJo rIf'x¿ lrlqt ul/Psf 5g\ . x/ldsf dfly /x]sf rf/j6fwft'sf tf]/0fx¿df k~rWofgL a'4sf ;'Gb/ d"lt{x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . To;sf] dfly t]¥xj6f 5qx¿ ePsf] 5qfjln / To;sf] dfly ;'gdndjf u/]sf] uh'/ 5 . of] dxfr}Tosf] lgdf{0f O;fsf] klxnf]÷bf];«f] ztfAbLtfsf ePsf] dflgG5 . o; dxfr}To / cf;kf;sf IF]qx¿ lgs} pRrsf]l6sf snfs[ltx¿n] l;+ufl/Psf 5g\ . o; dxfr}To j/k/ 7"nf / ;fgf u/L sl/a af¥xj6f dlGb/ Pjd\ :df/sx¿ 5g\ . tL log} x'g\ M :joDe" u'Daf -wd{/fhu'Daf jf e'6fgL u'Daf_ xf/tL dftf dlGb/, zflGtk'/, sd{/fh u'Daf, k|tfkk'/, cgGtk'/, d}qL u'Daf, k'nfl;+u':t"k, j;'Gw/f dlGb/, wd{rqm ljxf/, cflb . of] 8fF8fsf] klZrdtkm{ csf]{ ;fgf] 8fF8fdf dxfdGh'>Lsf] ;fgf] af}4 r}To 5, To; :yfgnfO{ ;/:jtL:yfg klg elgG5 .

sf7df8f}+sf] k"j{ sl/a cf7 lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f ;dy/ e"–efudf cjl:yt af}4 :t"k g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] :t"k xf] . of] :t"k d08nfsf/df ag]sf tLgj6f cUnf cUnf k]6Lx¿ dfly a;]sf] 5 . cw{k[YjLsf] cfsf/ ePsf] o; :t"kdfly rf/kf6] x/ldsfdf a'4sf låJo rIf'x¿ lrlqt ul/Psf 5g\ . x/ldsf dfly sk8fsf] ´Nn/ / ´Nn/dfly rf/s'g] lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] 5qfjln 5 / To;dfly ;'gdndjf u/]sf] uh'/ 5 . of] dxf:t"ksf] lgdf{0f klg k"j{ lnR5ljsfndf ePsf] xf] . s]xL jif{cufl8;Dd :t"k j/k/ cyjf :t"ksf] rf/}lt/ /x]sf] ;fgf;fgf g]kfnL z}nLsf 3/x¿n] ubf{ of] dxf:t"ksf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{ 6f9f 6f9faf6 b]lvGYof] . xfn gofF ag]sf cUnf cUnf l;d]G6sf 3/x¿n] o; dxf:t"knfO{ g} 5f]lkg] 8/ eO/x]sf] 5 .

kz'kltIf]q g]kfns} dfq xf]Og ;+;f/e/s} lxGb'x¿sf] Pp6f 7"nf] kljq wfld{s :yn xf] . of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} ;+Vofdf lxGb' d7, dlGb/ / :df/sx¿ ePsf] 7fpF xf] . o; dlGb/IF]qsf] Oltxf; lnR5ljsfnLg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;;Fu;Fu} hf]l8Psf] 5 . kljq afUdtL gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt of] dlGb/ If]qleq rf}w j6f clt ljlzi6 :df/sx¿ 5g\ . o; kfjge"lddf ljleGg z}nLsf dlGb/x¿, zjbfx ug]{ drfgx¿, wd{zfnfx¿, ;/fox¿, au}+rfx¿ cflb 5g\ . b'O{ 5fg] ;'gdndjf u/]sf] d'Vo dlGb/ cgluGtL snfs[ltx¿n] ;hfOPsf] 5 . dlGb/sf] blIf0fåf/ cufl8 g]kfnsf k|l;4 /fhf/fgLx¿sf elQmd'b|fsf wft' d"lt{x¿ 5g\ . g]kfnLx¿sf] cf/fWob]j, /fi6«b]j kz'kltsf] leqL rf]sdf g]kfnL / cGo /fi6«sf hGdhft lxGb'x¿nfO{ dfq k|j]z ug{ lbOG5 . o; If]qdf /x]sf cGo dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿ log} x'g\ M u'x]Zj/L dlGb/, ho jfu]Zj/L dlGb/, ljZj¿k dlGb/, uf]/vgfysf] lzv/ z}nLsf] dlGb/, u'? blIf0ffd"lt{sf] dlGb/, e'jg]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/, k~rb]jn, /fh/fh]Zj/L cflb .

sf7df8f}+af6 k"j{ sl/a c7f/ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f Pp6f ;fgf] 8fF8fdf rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] clt k|frLg dlGb/ cjl:yt 5 . k"j{ lnR5ljsfnLg of] dlGb/sf] Oltxf; klg lnR5ljsfnLg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;;Fu;Fu} hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; dlGb/sf] Oltxf; kfFrf}+ ztfAbL / To;eGbf kl5 ag]sf cg]sg ;'Gb/ k|:y/sf d"lt{x¿ 5g\– h:t} ljZj ¿ksf] d"lt{, g/l;+xsf] d"lt{, u?8 gf/fo0f, lji0f' ljqmfGt cflb . dlGb/IF]q leq sl/a rf}wj6f ;fgf;fgf dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] d'Vo log} x'g\ M lsn]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/, l5Ggd:tf dlGb/, e}/j dlGb/, nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/ cflb .

o;/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf clt ljlzi6 / clt g} dxTjk"0f{ ;ft j6f :df/sx¿ / :df/s If]qx¿nfO{ Pp6} gfd …sf7df8f}+ pkTosfÚ egL gfds/0f u/L ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . Pl;of dxfåLksf] dxfg\ ;Eotfx¿sf] rf}af6f]df k/]sf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf lxGb' / af}4 wd{x¿;Fu ;DalGwt oL :df/sx¿ tyf :df/s If]qx¿n] g]kfnL snfsf] ljsf; s'g xb;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . lxGb' / af}4 b'j} wdf{jnDaLx¿n] plQs} >4f / elQm ug]{ sl/a Ps ;o tL;j6f :df/sx¿ h;df dlGb/x¿, b]j:ynx¿, ljxf/x¿, :t"kx¿, kljq 3f6x¿ cflb o; ;Dkbfleq k/]sf 5g\ .

eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf] kfjg hGd:yn n'lDagLnfO{ O=;+= !((& df ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/of] . O;fk"j{ ^@# df n'lDagL au}+rfdf eujfg\ a'4sf] hGdkl5 of] kljq :ynnfO{ a'4s} hLjgsfndf tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf dflgg yflnof] . O;fsf] t];|f] ztfAbLdf dxfg\ ;d|f6 czf]sn] o; k'0oe"lddf tLyf{6g ug{ cfpFbfsf] ;D´gf:j¿k oxfF Pp6f lznf:tDe klg /fv]sf lyP . zflGtsf cu|b"t eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn ePsf] x'gfn] n'lDagL ljZjs} Pp6f kfjg tLy{:yn aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o; :yndf xfn ljBdfg k'/ftflTjs eUgfjz]ifx¿n] k|frLg sfnb]lv g} oxfF af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿ tLyf{6g ug{ cfpFby] egL k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf dfofb]jL dlGb/, kljqs'08, czf]s :tDex¿, O;fk"j{ t]>f]b]lv kfFrf}+ ztfAbL;Ddsf ljxf/x¿sf eUgfjz]ifx¿ / O;fk"j{ t];|f]b]lv kGw|f}+ ztfAbL;Ddsf :t"kx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|frLg k'/ftflTjs :ynsf] w]/} ;fgf] efu dfq ljZj ;Dkbfdf /FlvPsf] 5 . eljiodf oxfF a[xb\¿kdf pTvgg / ;+/If0f sfo{x¿ u/L ;s];Dd rfF8} n'lDagLsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|frLg efu ljZj ;Dkbfdf /fVg' clt cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . ;fy} o; k'0o e"ldnfO{ ljZj af}4 tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf dfq xf]Og ljZjsf] Ps dfq zflGtsf] zx/ …lk; l;6LÚsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ lbzftkm{ xfdL ;a} pGd'v x'g' k/]sf] 5 .

kfls:tfgsf df]xghf]bf/f]sf] k|frLg eUgfjz]ifx¿, tIflznf, tVt–P]–axLsf] eUgfjz]ifx¿ / zx/–P]–axnf]nsf] eUgfjz]if, y§fsf] P]ltxfl;s :df/sx¿, nfxf]/sf] ;fndf / au}+rf, lsNnf / /f]xtf;sf] lsNnf ljZj ;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ . qmfO; hGdg'eGbf tLg xhf/ aif{ cufl8sf] l;Gw' 3fF6Lsf] of] k|frLg zx/ df]xghf]bf/f] k"0f{tof sfFrf] O{+6faf6 lgld{t zx/ lyof] . o; eUgfjz]if ePsf] 7fpFdf Pp6f 7"nf] e"–efunfO{ rf/}lt/af6 p7fP/ a;fn]sf] Pp6f zx/sf] efu Pqmf]yf]ln; / To;sf] tnlt/ csf]{ zx/ a;fn]sf] b]lvG5 . of] To; avtsf] zx/L Joj:yfsf] :j¿k lyof] . k|frLg ef/tsf] of] ;EotfnfO{ ljZjsf cGo ;Eotfx¿ ´}+ clt ljsl;t ;Eotf dflgG5 . o; k'/ftflTjs :ynnfO{ ;+= !(*) df ljZj ;Dkbf 3f]lift ul/Psf] lyof] .

tIflznf O;fk"j{ kfFrf}+ ztfAbLb]lv O{zfsf] bf];|f] ztfAbL;Dd clt dxTjk"0f{ af}4 wd{sf] s]Gb| lyof] . of] zx/df Oltxf;sf] ljleGg ;dodf kl;{og, lu|s / dWo Pl;ofsf] k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfF O;fk"j{ b'O{;o jif{cl3sf] ;/sfksf] k|FrLg lsNnf / zx/ / ;/fO{snfsf] k|frLg gjk|:t/o'usf lrxfgx¿ 5g\ . k|frLg wd{/fhLsf :t"k / hG8fnsf] lu|s dlGb/sf eUgfjz]ifx¿ klg oxfFsf dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿ x'g . oxfFsf cGo k|frLg eUgfjz]ifx¿df vb/ df]x/f, snfjfg, lu/L, s'0ffn:t"k, df]x/f df]/fb'sf] laxf/, lkknf, h'lnofg, axdfnf, dNnf/ :t"k, nfnrfs / afbnk'/ cflb dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . o; k|frLg zx/nfO{ O=;+= !(*) df ljZj ;Dkbfdf /flvPsf] xf] t/ xfn oxfF eO/x]sf] af}4snf;DaGwL j:t'x¿sf] rf]/L lgsf;L / c;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ of] ;DkbfnfO{ vt/fsf] ;"rLdf /fVg] t}of/L eO/x]sf] a'l´G5 .

af}4 wd{;Fu ;DalGwt tVt–P]–axL xf] eUgfjz]if / zx/ P–axnf]nsf] k|frLg zx/sf] eUgfjz]ifx¿nfO{ O=;+= !(*) df ljZj ;Dkbfleq ;dfj]z ul/of] . tVt–P]–axL O;fsf] klxnf] ztfAbLtfsfsf] /fd|/L ;+/If0f ul/Psf] af}4ljxf/sf] eUgfjz]ifsf] h'g Pp6f 8fF8fdfly cjl:yt 5 . of] ;Fu;Fu} zx/–P]–axnf]n gfd u/]sf] lsNnfn] 3]l/Psf] ToxL ;dosf] Pp6f ;fgf] zx/sf] eUgfjz]if 5 .

y§fsf] P]ltxfl;s :df/sx¿nfO{ O=;+= !(*! df ljZj ;Dkbf;"rLdf ;dflji6 ul/of] . kfls:tfgsf] l;Gw k|fGtdf cjl:yt of] k|frLg zx/ tLg leGg j+zhsf /fhfx¿sf] /fhwfgL /x]sf] lyof] . d'un afbzfx csa/n] klg of] zx/dfly ljho k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . rf}wf}+ ztfAbLb]lv c7f/f}+ ztfAbL;Dd o; zx/nfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf ;hfOPsf] lyof] . o; zx/sf] afFsL efu / k|frLg lrxfgx¿n] c´} l;Gw ;Eotfsf] cgf}7f] pbfx/0f k|:t't ul//x]sf] kfOG5 .

nfxf]/sf] lsNnf / ;fndf/ au}+rfnfO{ O=;+= !(*! df ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;d|f6\ zfxhxfFsf] ;dodf k'u]sf] d'un ;Eotfsf] clt ljlzi6 gd'gf :j¿k of] lsNnf / au}+rf /x]sf] 5 . of] lsNnfleq b/af/x¿ l;+xd/d/n] agfPsf /ËLg k|:y/x¿ / ;'gdndjf u/L l;ª\ufl/Psf d;lhbx¿ 5g\ .

nfxf]/ glhs}sf] ;fndf/ au}+rfsf] cfˆg} dxTj / ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . tLg txdf lgld{t of] au}+rfdf ´/gfx¿, 7"n7"nf s[lqd kf]v/Lx¿ / cf/fd u[xx¿ 5g\ . O=;+= @))) d qm]G;df a;]sf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;ldltsf] rf}aL;f}+ ;fwf/0f ;efn] ;fndf/ au}+rfdf eO/x]sf] c;'/Iff / nfk/jfxLnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL of] ;DkbfnfO{ vt/fsf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 .

/f]xtf;sf] lsNnfnfO{ dWo Pjd\ blIf0f Pl;ofdf k|frLg d'l:nd ;}lgs jf:t'snfsf] Pp6f cg'kd gd'gf dflgG5 . O=;+= !%$! df d'unafbzfx;Fu xf/vfPkl5 cfˆgf] arfpsf] nflu pQ/L kfls:tfgsf] Pp6f ;fdl/s dxTjsf] 7fpF /f]xtf;df z]/zfx ;'/Ln] Pp6f dha't lsNnf lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . elgG5 o; lsNnfnfO{ cfh;Dd s;}n] klg lhTg ;s]sf] 5}g . o; lsNnfsf] agf6df cUnf, cUnf kvf{nx¿ h'g rf/ lsnf]ld6/eGbf a9L km}lnPsf] 5 / 7fpF 7fpFdf a];gx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ / o;df 7"n7"nf 9f]sfx¿ hl8Psf 5g\ . of] lsNnfnfO{ O=;+= !((& df ljZj ;Dkbfdf /flvPsf] xf] .

;fs{ d'n'sx¿df >Ln°fsf ^ j6f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . tLdWo] cg'/fwfk'/ Pjd\ kljq zx/ klg xf] . of] ;DkbfnfO{ O=;+= !(*@ df ljZj ;Dkbf 3f]lift ul/of] . O;fk"j{ t];|f] ztfAbLdf ;+3ldofhf] leIf'0fL–;+3sf hGdbftf lyOg\ pgn] ef/taf6 af]lwj[Ifsf] la?jf nuL pQm af]lwj[If /f]kL o; zx/sf] :yfkgf u/]sL x'g\ . t]¥x ;o jif{;Dd >Ln°fsf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ wfld{s /fhwfgL:j¿k /x]sf] cg'/fwfk'/nfO{ O=;+= ((# df ePsf] Pp6f xdnfdf Wj:t ul/of] / To;kl5 of] 7fpFnfO{ Tofluof] . tt\kZrft\ w]/} ;do;Dd of] zx/ 3gf hËnsf] ¿kdf /Xof] . o; k|frLg zx/df b/af/x¿, ljxf/x¿ tyf cGo :df/sx¿sf eUgfjz]ifx¿ 5g\ . h]tjgsf] ljxf/ / :t"k / ceolu/Lsf] ljxf/ / :t"k klg o; zx/sf] clt k|frLg Pjd\ dxTjk"0f{ :df/sx¿ x'g\ .

kf]nf]g?jfsf] k|frLg zx/nfO{ O{=;+= !(*@ df ljZj ;Dkbfdf /flvof] . O=;+= ((# df cg'/fwfk'/ Wj:t ePkl5 of] /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g yfNof] . af¥xf}+ ztfAbLsf /fhf k/fqmd afx' k|ydn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] of] au}+rfsf] zx/df z}j / j}i0fj wd{;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} :df/sx¿ 5g\ .

l;lul/ofsf] k|frLg zx/nfO{ O=;+= !(*@ df ljZj ;Dkbfdf /flvof] . …l;+xsf] r§fgÚ gfds 8fF8fdfly sl/a tLg ;o ;Q/L ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] o; k|frLg zx/df Pp6f b/af/ / au}+rfsf] eUgfjz]if 5 . O{zfsf] kfFrf}+ ztfAbLdf /fhf sZokn] of] b/af/ / au}+rf lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . o; r§fgsf] 7fpF7fpFdf clt ;'Gb/ leQ]lrqx¿ lrlqt 5g\ . b/af/;Dd k'Ug Pp6f 7"nf] l;+xsf] d'våf/af6 leq k;L e¥ofª / sf};Lx¿ x'Fb} dfly hfg' kb{5 . elgG5 of] b/af/ /fhf sZokn] :ju{df s'a]/sf] b/af/sf] sNkgf u/L agfPsf lyP .

Sof08Lsf] kljq zx/ l;+xn /fhfx¿sf] clGtd /fhwfgL lyof] . of] kljq af}4e"ldnfO{ …;]gsf aunfk'/fÚ klg elgG5 . oxfF l;+xn /fhfx¿sf] 5q5fofFdf x's]{sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ …lbgxnfÚ ;+:s[lt elgG5 . of] ;+:s[lt kRrL;;o jif{;Dd cljlR5Gg¿kdf /Xof] . dxfdfgj eujfg\ uf}tda'4sf] kljq bfFtsf] cjz]if /x]sf] k|l;4 dlGb/ klg oxL+ g} 5 . jif{df Psk6s eujfg\ uf}tda'4sf] kljq bfFtnfO{ Sof08L zx/ kl/qmdf u/fpg] hfqf >Ln°fsf] dfq xf]Og . ljZjs} clt eJo hfqfx¿dWo] Ps dflgG5 . O=;+= !(** df Sof08LnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf 3f]lift ul/of] .

ufn]sf] k'/fgf] zx/ / lsNnfnfO{ O=;+= !(** df ljZj ;Dkbfleq kfl/of] . ;f]¥xf}+ ztfAbLdf kf]r'{ufnLx¿n] :yfkgf u/]sf] ufn] zx/sf] ljsf; c7f/f}+ ztfAbL;Dddf r/d;Ldfdf k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . of] o'/f]k]nLx¿n] blIf0f / blIf0f–k"j{ Pl;ofdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] lsNnfg'df zx/sf] /fd|f] gd'gf xf] . o; jf:t'snfdf o'/f]k]nL / blIf0f Pl;ofsf k/Dk/fut jf:t'snfx¿sf] /fd|f] ;lDd>0f b]lvG5 .

bfDa'nfsf] :j0f{ dlGb/nfO{ O=;+= !((! df ljZj ;Dkbf 3f]lift ul/of] . sl/a afO{; ;o jif{;Dd >Ln°fsf] kljq tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] o; 7fpFdf u'kmf ljxf/x¿ k|z:t 5g\ . bfDa'nfsf] u'kmf ljxf/df kfFrj6f cf>dx¿ 5g\ . of] >Ln°fsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / /fd|/L ;+/lIft u'kmf dlGb/ xf] . o; dlGb/df af}4 wd{;Fu ;DalGwt leQ] lrqx¿n] sl/a PSsfO{; ;o :Sjfo/ ld6/ 7fpF cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfF Ps;o ;GtfpGg j6f clt snfTds ;'Gb/ d"lt{x¿ 5g\ .

;fs{ /fi6«x¿af6 xfn;Dd ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf :df/s Pjd\ :df/s :ynx¿ log} x'g\ . logLx¿sf] ;+Vof aQL; k'lu;s]sf] 5 . e'6fg / dflNbE;n] cfh;Dd s'g} klg cf–cfˆgf ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5}gg\ .

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