Computer (Muna Nepali Monthly)

sDKo'6/sf] Oltxf;

cfheGbf s/La tLg xhf/ jif{cl3 a]lanf]lgof eGg] 7fpFdf Pafs;sf] cfljisf/ ePsf] lyof] . sf7af6 ag]sf] of] oGqdf dfnfsf u]8fh:tf u]8fx¿ tn–dfly u/]/ lx;fa ul/GYof] . ;g\ *) sf] lu|s rG6" Sofns'n]6/, ;g\ ^%) df lxGb"x¿n] kQf nufPsf] z"Go, ;g\ *#) df c/an] kQf nufPsf] lah ul0ft / ;g\ !!)) df o'/f]kdf kQf nfu]sf] u'0fg tflnsfn] sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; qmdnfO{ ;3fPsf] 5 .

hf]g g]lko/sf] g]lko/ af]G;, hd{g Ol~hlgo/n] ljsf; u/]sf] :nfO8 ?n, An]h kf:snn] agfPsf] kf:sfnfOg, csf{ hd{g uf]6\l/8\ efg nLlaGhn] agfPsf] d]sflgsn Sofns'n]6/n] sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/df 7"nf] ;xof]u u¥of] .

;g\ !*#@ df sDKo'6/sf lktf rfN;{ afa]hn] cfˆgf] l8km/]G; Ol~hgsf] s]xL efu k"/f u/] . ;g\ !*#$ df pgn] csf]{ d]zLg agfP / To;nfO{ PgfnfOl6sn d]lzg (analytical machine) eg]/ gfd lbP . pgn] lhGbuLe/ To;df sfd u/] t/ pgn] rfx] h:tf] sfd x'g;s]g . k|fljlwsx¿n] pgsf] d]lzgsf nflu cfjZos kf6{k"hf{ agfpg;s]gg\ . kl5 afa]hsf] ljrf/nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ sDKo'6/ agfOPsf] x'gfn] g} pgnfO{ sDKo'6/sf lktf elgPsf] xf] .

;g\ !*$) df n]8L cufi6f cbf nf]e]n];n] rfN;{ afa]hsf] PgnfOl6sn Ol~hgsf nflu sfd nfUg] ;"q (code) n]lvg\ / ;+;f/sf] klxnf] sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd/ eOg\ .

sDKo'6/sf] ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df dxTjk"0f{ c¿ 36gfx¿df ePsf 5g\ ;g\ !*%# df klxnf] n]Vg] Sofns'n]6/ aGof] . ;g\ !*&^ df cn]Sh]08/ u|fxd a]nn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ u/] . ;g\ !*&^ df 8f= xf]n]l/yn] k~rsf8{ k|of]u ePsf] ;]G;; Sofns'n]6/ agfP . ;g\ !*(@ df hf]8]/ n]Vg;Sg] klxnf] oGq aGof] . ;g\ !*(( df ag]sf] DofUg]l6s l/sl8{ª, ;g\ !()^ s] Eofs'd 6Ø'a, ;g\ !(!( df ag]sf] lˆnk ˆnk, ;g\ !(@* df cfO{aLPd\ eGg] sDkgLn] agfPsf] *) nx/sf] k~rsf8{ / ;g\ !(#% df cfO{aLPd\n] g} agfPsf] lah'nLaf6 rNg] 6fOk/fO6/n] sDKo'6/sf] ljsf;df lgs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .

Oltxf;df klxnf] ljB'tLo sDKo'6/ agfpg] h; eg] hf]g Os6{ / h]=8An"= dRnLnfO{ hfG5 . ENIAC cyf{t Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ;g\ !($^ df ag]sf] lyof] .

-d'gfsf] cfufdL cª\sdf sDKo'6/sf] k':tfaf/] hfgsf/L lbOg]5_

g]kfndf sDKo'6/ agfpg] d'lg zfSo

sDKo'6/ If]qdf nfUg]x¿ d'lg zfSosf] gfd cfb/;fy lnG5g\ . pxfFn] ;g\ !(&( df g]kfndf klxnf]k6s dfOqmf] sDKo'6/ agfpg'ePsf] lyof] .

d'lg zfSo ;ft–cf7 sIffb]lv g} lj1fg eg]kl5 x'?Ss x'g'x'GYof] . d'lg zfSon] :s"ndf k9\bf g} tfdfsf] tf/n] kmnfdnfO{ a]/]/ Aof6«Lsf] ljB't\ k|of]u u/]/ r'Das agfpg'eof] . pxfFn] lah'nLaf6 aHg] 306L, s/]G6 lgsfng] 8fOgfdf] df]6/ cflb ;fg} pd]/df agfpg'eof] . æd}n] cfdfsf] ;Gb'sdfly a;]/ /ftel/ nufP/ laxfg rf/ ah];Dddf ;kmn 8fOgfdf] agfPsf] lyPF, h;n] ubf{ v'zLn] d ljXjn ePsf] lyPF,Æ To;a]nfsf lbgx? d'lg zfSo clxn] klg ;Demg' x'G5 .

kl5 pxfFn] /]l8of] g]kfn ;'lgg;Sg] /]l8of] klg agfpg'eof] . To;a]nf pxfFn] s]xLn] lv:ofpg] p2]Zon] æg]kfnsf] dfsf]{gLÆ klg eg] . lj1fgsf] k':ts k9]/ pT;flxt ePsf d'lgs zfSon] afh]sf] k'/fgf] rZdf / csf]{ sGs]e n]G;sf] ;xfotfn] 3/]n' 6]ln:sf]k klg agfpg'eof] .

To;a]nf sf7df8f}+df klg clxn] h:tf] k9fOsf] ;'ljwf lyPg . d'lg zfSo snsQf hfg'eof] . ToxfF pxfFn] lbge/ sfd u/]/ /fltsf] sIffdf /]l8of] Ol~hlgol/ª k9\g yfNg'eof] . To;a]nf pxfFn] ljleGg k|of]u klg ug'{eof] . kl5 /]l8of] g]kfndf sfd ul//xFbf pxfFn] a]nfotsf] a|f]8sfli6ª :s"ndf a|f]8sfi6 Ol~hlgol/ª ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 5fqj[lQ kfpg'eof] .

;g\ !(&@ df pxfFn] hxfF;'s} af]s]/ nfg;lsg] Ps jf6 Ifdtfsf] Pd\lKnkmfo/ agfpg'eof] . Tof] ækf]6]{an PlDKnkmfo/Æ nfO{ af]s]/ hxfF klg nfg ;lsGYof] . pxfFn] ) b]lv #) ef]N6sf] kfj/ ;KnfO, Wjlg pTkfbs oGq, cfj[lQ pTkfbs oGq cflbsf] lgdf{0f klg 3/d} ug'{eof] .

;g\ !(&* df 5fqj[lQ kfP/ k|mfG; hfg'ePsf d'lg zfSon] ToxfF gofF l8lh6n k|of]ux¿ ug{ kfpg'eof] . ToxfF dfOqmf] sDKo'6/sf] k|of]uzfnf lyof] . o;} cjlwdf pxfFn] sDKo'6/sf ljleGg kf6{ agfpg] k|of]u klg ug'{eof] . k|mfG;af6 kms{+bf pxfFn] s]xL lrK; lnP/ kms{g'eof] clg sDKo'6/sf] lsaf]8{, kfj/ ;KnfO{, dlg6/af]8{ cflb ljleGg j:t' cfkm}+n] lgdf{0f u/L ;g=\ !(&( df dfOqmf] sDKo'6/ agfpg'eof] . To;} jif{ sf7df8f}+sf] xf]6]n An':6f/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] Pp6f If]qLo ;Dd]ngdf pxfFsf] sDKo'6/ k|bz{gsf nflu /flvof] . ToxfF sDKo'6/;Fu} ¥of08d gDa/ h]g/]6/, v]nx¿, pxfFn] agfPsf] sL–af]8{, a]nfosf] ;LkLo', k|mfG;sf] lel8of] sf8{, rfOlgh :jLr, ef/tLo Unf;, g]kfnL afs; b]v]/ pxfFsf] sDKo'6/nfO{ /fi6«;+3Lo sDKo'6/sf] ;+1f lbOof] . d'lg zfSosf nflu Tof] If0f v'zLsf] 7"nf] If0f lyof] . Pshgf g]kfnLn] sDKo'6/ agfPsf lyP .

d'lg zfSosf] k|of; olQd} ;Lldt ePg . pxfFn] b]jgfu/L kmG6 ljsf; ug'{eof] / ;g\ !(*# df k|bz{g klg ug'{eof] . clxn] klg pxfF ljleGg cg';Gwfg, cfljisf/df nflu/xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] sDKo'6/ If]qsf] ljsf;df c¿ klg y'k|} of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] 5 .