h] b]v]+

ufoqLsF] lk8f

;nf]gL l;+x

:yfgLo ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf; g} /fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;zQm /0fgLlt xf] eGg] wf/0ffn] æ;xeflud"ns ;fdflhs d"NofÍg / ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd th"{dfÆ ug{ u/fpg ljsfz] sfo{stf{ tflnddf ;xefuL lyP+ . g'jfsf]6sf] /fgLkf}jf glhs} Pp6f ufFpdf ePsf] Ps xKt] pQm tflnd æ;d'bfodf ;d'bfosf], ;b:ox?sf] ;fydf pxfFx¿s]f 1fg, cg'ej / l;knfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfg]/ cfwf/ tYofÍ tof/ ug'{ / :yfgLo efiff, tf}/tl/sf / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df of]hgf tof/ kfg'{ tflndsf] d'Vo på]Zo lyof] . eGbf / ;'Gbf hlt ;lhnf] nfU5 k|lzIfs / k|lzIffyL{sf] nflu ljifoj:t'eGbf klg l;4fGttM k|j[lt / Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug'{ ;aeGbf 7"nf] r'gf}lt lyof] . cfofltt lzIf0f ;fdu|L / ljifoj:t'sf bf;Tjdf x's]{sf] xfd|f] l;Sg] l;sfpg] k/Dk/faf6 pDs]/ cfˆg} hLjg vf]tNg / b]Vg ;Sg] …b[li6Ú ljsf; u/fpg' k|lzIfssf] nflu 7"nf] r'gf}lt lyof] .

o;} ;Gb{edf xfdLnfO{ to ug'{ lyof], Jojxfl/s (Practical Exercise) cEof; ug{sf] nflu s'g ufpF hfg], sf] sf] hfg] / s;/L cEof; ;'¿ ug]{ . 5nkmn eof] ;j{ ;xdltcg';f/ æsfutL af/LÆ ufFp hfg] . lsg hfg] sfutLaf/L d'Vo k|lzIfssf] ?kdf d}n] of] k|Zg /fv]F æPsbd cljslzt, clzlIft, b'u{d, b"lift, aflx/L ;Dks{ gePsf], afnljjfx, afn / dft[ d[To'b/ a9L / ljleGg ;fdflhs cfly{s ;d:of 68\sf/f] ¿kn] :ki7 b]lvPsf]n],Æ eGg] pQ/ klg agfPF .

cfwf/ dgUu] lyP . ts{ljt{s sf] s'g} cfjZostf ePg . o;y{ Tot} uOof] . jf:tjdf agfOPsf] cfwf/ ;"lreGbf klg cj:yf c´} lalu|Psf] kfOof] . w]/} gf}nf crDd nfUbf s'/fx¿ km]nf k/] . To; dWo] ;aeGbf crDd nfUbf] t laxf, kl/jf/ / hg;+Vof lyof] .

´08} Ps b'O{ ;odfq 3/w'/L ePsf] Tof] ufFpdf k|To]s jif{ ;ft jif{ dflysf s]6fs]6Lx?sf] ;fd'lxs d08k agfP/ ljjfx ug]{ rng /x]5 . To;kl5 k|hgg\ pd]/ x'g] lalQs} pgLx¿sf] ;Gtfg hGdg] / dg]{ k|s[of klg rln/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] /fhwfgL, Pp6} dfq dxfgu/kflnsf / ;aeGbf cfw'lgs clg ljslzt sxlnPsf] sf7df08f} zx/sf] s]xL lsnf]ld6/dfq k/ pQ/L vf]+rdf a;]sf] of] ufpFsf s}of}+ Jojxf/ / ;+:s[lt cflbd cj:yf ´} kfOG5 . o;} ;Gb{edf xfdLn] 5nkmn u¥of}+ . ca ;d:of >f]t;fwg xf] ls < hg;+Vof < ef}uf]lns b'u{dtf xf] ls < ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts Jojxf/ / k|j[lt < cfkm"eGbf aflx/sf] ;d'bfonfO{ xfdL s]xL lbg s]xL 306fsf] cjnf]sg, d"NofÍg / 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ub}{ lyof}+, w]/} cg'dfg / jf:tljs tYofÍsf] e/df clg ljsf; of]hgf / /0fgLlt klg to x'Fb} lyof] .

tflnd cjlwe/ dnfO{ Pp6f s'/fn] ;f¥x} lk/f]ln/x]sf] lyof] . tLg lbgb]lv 5nkmn, ugyg ljZn]if0f æsfutLaf/Lsf] hghLjgaf/] xfdLn] 5nkmn ug]{, ugyg ug]{ tflnd s]Gb| 5]pd} lbg /ft b]Vg] u/]sf] Pp6L !@÷!# jif{sL ufoqL a}gL sf] lbgrof{, 3/fo;L lhDd]jf/L / kl/j]zn] dnfO{ ;f¥x} lh:SofO/x]sf] lyof] . w}o{ /x]g, pm glhs k'u]F . ufoqL nfld5fg] /x]5 pgsf] gfd . pgL >L eLd nfld5fg] / nIdL nfld5fg]sL h]7L ;'k'qL /lx5g\ . pgsf afa'cfdf /fgLkf}jf d"naf6fd} Pp6f ;fgf] lrofk;n yfk]/ 3/u'hf/f rnfpFb} lyP . 5f]/fsf] rfxfgfdf jiff}{6] 5f]/Lx¿ hGdb} uP . 3/vr{ / 5f]/Lx¿ x'sf{pg] lhDd]jf/Lsf] rfkn] d"n af6fsf] k;n cln tNnf] ahf/df ;fg]{ afWotf cfof] . ufpFsf] k|fylds :s"n glhs} kg]{ ;fy} Jofj;flos / Joaxfl/s b'j} s'/f ldn]sf]n] nfld5fg] kl/jf/n] cˆgf] k;n :s"n glhs} ;f/]sf /x]5g\ . 3/wGbf, k;n / a}gLx?sf] /]vb]v ubf{ ub}{ klg ufoqL cfˆgf # a}gLx? ;lxt :s'n hflGyg\ . d]wfjL 5fqf ePsf]n] :s"nsf] dfof Pj+ cfly{s ;xof]u kfPsL lyOg\ /] ufoqLn] . crfgs kf]xf]/ p;sf] hLjgn] cToGt cGwsf/do df]8 lng k'Uof] . 5f]/f] kfpg] cfz} cfzn] cfdf k|To]s kN6 ;'Ts]/Ldf ´g\–´g\ sdhf]/ / lj/fdL x'g yfn]sf] lgs} e};s]sf] lyof] . sfd, la/fdL / lhDd]jf/L sf] af]´ ;fy} 3/df czflGt ylkFb} uPsf] lyof] . afa' eLd nfld5fg] la:tf/ la:tf/ /S;L / hfF8sf] gzfdf 8'Ag yfn]sf] lyof] . ;Dklt vfg] 5f]/fsf] cfz} cfzdf ca h]yf ;a} ;lsg] qmddf lyof] .

ut jif{ ufoqLsL sfG5L a}gL hGdg] lalQs} cfdfn] klg clGtd ;f; km]l/g\ . æ5f]/L oL a}gLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L :ofxfg]{ / afa'nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ca ltdLdf 5f]8]/ hfFb}5' .Æ cfdfsf] of] clGtd cf1fnfO{ lz/f]k/ u/]/ afFlr/x]sL l5g\ oL caf]w aflnsf cfkm"d'lgsf] 5 hgf a}gLx? / laxfg}b]lv dfltP/ a:g] afa'sf] lhDDf]jf/L lnP/ .

;fgf] lrofk;n, ;fg} lrQ / 5f]6f] Aojxf/ ePsf u|fxs, ;–;fgf alxgLx¿ / h8\xfof afa'sf] lhDd]jf/L af]s]/ a:g'kg]{ afWotf ufoqLnfO{ dfq xf]Og o:tf ufoqLx¿ xfd|f] ufFp3/ / zx/x¿df JofKt 5g\ . xfd|f ufpFsf 3/3/df o:tf pbfx/0f k|z:t kfOG5g\ .

ufoqL nufot p;sf a}gLx¿sf] of] cj:yfsf] bf]ifL sf] < ufoqL nfld5fg] olb u0f]z nfld5fg] cyjf 3/sf] h]7f] ;'k'q eOlbPsf] eP p;n] of] b'u{lt ef]Ug'kYof]{ xf]nf < ufoqL / pgsf a}gLx?n] afn clwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/sf] s'/f ug]{ ls gug]{ < ev{/} ;DkGg ljsf; tflndsf] d'2f of] xf] ls xf]Og < ;fd'bflos ljsf;n] olt ;"Id / uxg ljifoj:t'nfO{ c+ufNg] ls TofUg] < cfh b]zsf] ;fd' oL g} ;fwf/0f / ;"Id t/ clt g} dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ xfd|f] ;fd' r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf pkl:yt5 . h:sf] ;dfwfg ljb]zL ;xof]udfeGbf cfˆg} dgleq kfOG5 . s]jn ;fdflhs c7f]6 / ;fd'bflos k|lta4tf rflxG5 .