dgf]ut

e|i6frf/sf rf/ l;4fGtx?

k|Nnfb s'df/ 9sfn

b]zdf eO/x]sf] e|i6frf/sf] >[Înfx? / lg/Gt/ rrf{df cfO/xg] 36gf kl/36gfx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|hftflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ zflAbs k|hftGqdf dfq ;Lldt /flv s;/L sltvfn] e|i6frf/ x'g ;Sb5g eGg] l;4fGtsf] (School of Thought) k|ltkfbg o; afx| jif]{ zfAbLs k|hftGqsf] cEof;n] ug{ cfO{ k'u]sf] 5 . 5l/P/ b]z JofkL /x]sf] e|i6frf/sf] ljleGg vfn] cEof;x?nfO{ ;+ufn]/ lgisz{ lgsfNg] sfFrf] k|of; ubf{ e|i6frf/sf d'Vo rf/ vfn] l;4fGt Jojxf/df b]Vg ;lsG5 . o; l;4fGtsf] k|j{ts eg]/ o; :tDesf/ PSn} h; lng] z'/df klg 5}g lsgsL o;sf of]ubfg stf{ eg]sf d'Vot xfd|f /fhg]tf, /fhg}lts sfo{stf{ / sd{rf/L tGq g} x'g . oBkL xfd|f] ;dfhsf] of]ubfg klg pQLs} 7"nf] 5 . jxfFx? ljgf of] l;4fGt (School of thought) sf] k|ltkfbg ;+ej lyPg .

oxfF Tolx rf/ vfn] e|i6frf/sf] l;4fGtsf] JofVof ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g != kmn vfg] @= af]6} vfg] #= sfd ug]{ qmddf vfg] $= vfg] qmddf sfd eP 7Ls} 5 .

!= kmn vfg] M

of] kmn vfg] cEof; g]kfndf k+rfotsfn b]lv g} 5 . k/fsfi6 gfl3g} ;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf o; vfn] cEof; nfO{ g/d dfu{ (Mild Curruption) sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o; l;4fGt cGt{ut tf]lsPsf] sfd u/L ;s] kl5 cGtdf lgZrLt k|ltzt vfg] k|j[QLx? kb{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL ;8s ljefun] ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{ ;Dkgg eP kl5 !@Ü efu c3f]lift lgodfg';f/ vfg] . 3f]lift ;+ljwfg TotL nfu" gePsf] ePtf klg c3f]lift of] lgod ztk|ltzt Jojxf/df nfu" ePsf] ;j} vfn] 7]Ssf k§fdf pbfËf] x]g{ ;lsG5 . of] ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] /fHo ;+rfnsx? åf/f k|j4{g ul/Psf] Ps k|hftfGqLs cEof;sf] gd"gf xf] . o;nfO{ ;+:yfut e|i6frf/ eg]/ elgG5 . of] kbdf j:g] g]tfx?, xflsd ;fax?sf] g};lu{s clws/f leq kb{5 . sld;g / 3'; d'Vot o; ju{df kb{5g .

@= af]6} vfg] M

o; cGt{ut eg]sf] sfdsf] gfddf 8f]a} gnufO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ug]{ / sfuh kq ldnfP/ ;Dk"0f{ /sd vfg] vfn] k|j[QLx? kb{5g . of] vfn] k|j[QL klg b]zdf nfd] ;do b]lv cl:tTjdf 5 . xfn cfP/ o;n] ;fx|} g} km:6fpg] df}sf kfPsf] 5 . of] t xfn uf=lj=;= :t/ b]lv lnP/ s]Gb|Lo :t/ ;Dd klg nf]slk|o / ;j{dfGo l;4fGt x'g cfO{ k'u]sf] 5 . x'gt of] cEof; k|foM uf]Ko x'g] eP klg xfn v'nf uf]Ko (Open Secret) e} ;s]sf] 5 . o;sf eflubf/ clwsf+z kbwf/L ePtf klg sfuh kq ldnfpg] e"ldsf sf/LGbfx? kl5 ;s[o x'g' kb{5 . of] cEof; TotL ;+:yfut ?k lng gldNg] / ug]{x?n] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ?kdf bflj ug{ gldNg] vfnsf] 5 .

#= sfd ug]{ qmddf vfg] M

of] klg l;4fgt g+= ! h:t} g/ :jefjsf] / ;+:yfut cEof; leq kb{5 . o;f] ug]{nfO{ s'g} sfg"gL sfjf{xL x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . ctM of] klg sfuhL ?kdf cdfGo eP klg Jojxf/Ls ?kdf /fhg}tLs / Jo"/f]qmofl6s If]qdf ;j{ dfGg] t/ ef/] e'/] / cfF6 sd ePsfn] ug]{ cEof; dWo] kb{5 . o; cGtu{t eg] sfd ldnfO{ lbg] / To;sf] efu vfg] k|j[QLx? kb{5g . t/ cfkm} sfd ckm\7\of/f] kf/]/ vfg] bfp lgsfNg] cEof; klg Tolts} k|rlnt 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ætkfO{sf] ;?jf e+;f/d} ldnfOlbpnf t/ jif{sf] olt nfv rfFxL dnfO{ a'emfpg] . tkfO{ gft]bf/ ePklg s] ug]{ < r'gfj l;Q} lhltb}gÆ eg]/ 6fs 6's u/]/ vfg] v'jfpg] cfbL h:tf k|rngx? o; vfndf kb{5g\ .

$= vfg] qmddf sfd eP 7Ls} 5 M

e|i6frf/ ug{s} nfuL b]zdf hGd lnPsfx?n] cEof; ug]{ l;4fGt xf] of] . o;df sfdsf] jf/]df ;f]lrb}g k|ydtM vfg] of]hgf jG5 tt\kZrft sfdsf] vf]hL x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu hj bfdsf] rfxf lta| x'G5 clg Kn]g ef8fdf Nofpg] jf lsGg] eGg] ljsNkx? lgSnG5g\ . lsGbf Ps k6s dfq vx/]sf] jf9L d} bfd cfp5 eg] ef8fdf Nofpg] xf] eg] lg/Gt/ cfO{ /xG5 . t;y{ æKn]g rfxL ef8f d} Nofpbf b]znfO{ kmfObf x'G5Æ eGg] lg0f{o x'G5 . cem} csf]{ pbfx/0f gfkmfdf uPsf] b'/ ;+rf/ nfO{ lghLs/0f ubf{ lsGg]n] bfd lbG5 To;}n] ul/xfNg' k5{ . 3f6fsf] zf=g]=jf=gL= lglhs/0f ubf{ lsGg]n] klg lbb}g clg ;/sf/df j:g]x?sf] n}gf} ;+:yf j]Rof] ls yfS5 . w]/} pbfx/0f lbg cfjZos 5}g of] t b]zsf] /f]d /f]d df JofKt 5 ;j}n] b]v]sf] a'em]sf] s'/fdf JofVof h?/L 5}g . tyfkL olx eGbf ;a} ;d]6\5 æxfn cfP/ of] /fHo;+rfng k4tL g} aGg k'u]sf] 5 .Æ

o;jfx]s o;sf cGo kIfsf] 5f]6f] JofVof ;fGble{s / h?/L 5 . Tof] xf] oL l;4fGtsf hg;xeflutfsf] kIf / of] clVtof/ b'?kof]u xf] ls x}g eGg] k|Zg .

hg ;xeflutf

;dfhsf] ;b:osf] gftfn] o; k|s[ofdf hg Pj+ ;fdflhs ;xeflutf xfn ;Dd klg pRr g} 5 . To:tf JolQmx? b]Vgf ;fy ;Ddfgn] b'a} xft hf]8Lg' d]?b09 v'DrLP/ wg'iffsf/ x'g', tLg}sf 3/ b}nfdf 9f]u r9fpg] le8 cfbL pRr hg;xeflutsf ;"rsx? x'g\ . t/ xfn cfP/ o;df s]xL sdL b]lvPsf] 5 lj/f]wsf :j/x? j:tLdf pDng yfn]sf] 5 ;/sf/ / zfzsx?n] o; tkm{ Wofg lbO{ hg ;xeflutf sfod ug{ ;s] k|hftGq -g]tfx?n] cfkm}nfO{ k|hftGqsf] k|tLs eGg] u/]sf]n]_ l6Snf .

of] cVtLof/ b'?kof]u x}g M

dGqL, xfsLd / g]tf eP kl5 u'g{ kg]{ cfwf/e"t sfdx? h:t} bf}/f ;'?jfn nfpg', em08f xfn]/ df]6/ r9\g', ;f+;bsf] Sofk sfxL uP klg g5f]8, u/g] eg] kf] t clVtof/ sf] b'?kof]u x'G5 . jxfFx?n] oL ;j} u/]s} 5g\ . sxL r's] kf] t clVtof/ b'?kof]u x'G5 . pbfx/0f g} 5 dGqL gx'Fbf Sofk 6f]kL nfP klg d+qL x'gf;fy bf}/f ;'?jfn 9fsf 6f]kL nfPs} 5g\, 5fF6 kf/]/ df]6/sf] k5f8L 5]p kl6 a;]/ k¥of a]nfdf 6fFO{ 6'FO{ klg ahfP/ s'b]s} 5g . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg' kbf{ ug'{ kg]{ htL u/]s} 5g\ . gug'{ kg]{ bf}/f ;'?jfn gnufpg], df]6/ gr9\g], cfbL u/]s} 5}gg\ s;/L cVtLof/sf] b'?kof]u x'G5 <