sf]/fnfsf] ;+s6

d'n's clxn] ;+s6df km;]sf] 5 . ;+s6df d'n'ssf] cl:tTjsf] ;jfn eg] hf]l8Psf] 5}g t/ klg g]kfn clw/fHo ;+s6u|:t 5 . Pp6} zAbdf— of] lgtfGt cfGTfl/s ;+s6 xf] . of] ;+s6n] g g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;QfnfO{ ;dfKt u5{ g t kl/ronfO{ g} r'gf}lt lbg ;S5 . of]hgfa4?kdf ;+s6sf] pTklQ u/fOPsf] /x]5 eg] bL3{sfnLg k|ltkmn rflxF ;fj{ef}d;Qf;Fu klg hf]l8g ;S5, h;n] o'uf}+ k'/fgf] g]kfnL hfltsf] jL/ufyfsf] kl/ro cf]e]mndf kfl/lbg klg ;S5 . jt{dfg cfGtl/s ;+s6sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ eGg] xf] eg] g]kfnL /fhgLltdf g/fd|f];Fu ljsf; x'g k'u]sf] ;Qfnf]n'ktfn] ;+s6sf] ;[hgf u/]sf] xf] . /fhgLlts ;+s6sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts bnx?sf] pkl:yltsf] klg ;+s6 b]lvPsf] 5 . s]xL /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ cfˆgf] pkl:ylt g]kfnL /fhgLltdf sfod /fVg] ljifodf g} ;f]Rg'k/]sf] 5 . bnleqsf] cfk;L snxsf sf/0f /fhg]tfx?nfO{ cfˆgf] g]t[Tj z;Qm /fVg] s'/fdf ;+s6 b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ;+s6sf] ;a}eGbf g/fd|f] k|efj g]kfnL sfFu|];df k/]sf] 5 . g]tfx?df g}ltstfsf] ;+s6sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts ;+s6 pTkGg ePsf] xf] /fhgLlts ;+s6af6 b]zsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f / pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf ;+s6 k/]sf] 5, h'g ;+s6 ljBdfg /xFbf d'n'ssf] cy{tGq c? a9L ;+s6u|:t x'gk'u]sf] 5 . jt{dfg ;+s6 sfod /lx/xg] xf] eg] cfly{s ;+s6sf] df/n] hghLjg c:tAo:t x'g Tolt nfdf] ;do rflxFb}g . ;+s6x?sf] dxf;+s6df eg] gful/sx? kml;;s]sf 5g\, Tof] ;+s6 xf] dfgjsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/dflysf] ;+s6 .

dfgj hLjgdflysf] ;+s6 ;a}eGbf ;+j]bgzLn s'/f eP klg clxn] cfP/ ;+;bdf pTkGg ult/f]waf6 ;j{q rf;f] / ljjfbsf] ljifo ;/sf/sf] ;+s6 ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/df ;fd]n dGqLx?sf] JolQmTj / lgoltsf] sf/0fn] ;d'Rr dGqLd08ndflysf] ;+s6 cfPsf] eP klg k|wfgdGqL lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tj ef/L x'gfn] g} ;+s6nfO{ sf]O/fnfsf] ;+s6sf]?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . h'g k|;+u ;}4flGts?kn] :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsP klg oyfy{df zfZjt ;To xf] .

k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;fwf/0f ;+s6x?n] 3]l/g'ePsf] dfq xf]Og . pxfF ;+s6sf] rqmJo"xdf kml;;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;+s6sf] rqmJo"xleq a:g pxfFn] w]/} 7"nf] ;+3if{ ug'{k¥of], cledGo'n] rqmJo"xleq k:g] 1fg k|fKt u/]/ ;kmntf kfPsf lyP t/ lg:sg] tl/sf ghfGbf pgsf] xTof ePsf] lyof] . To:t} k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn] rqmJo"x tf]8\g o'lQm;+ut?kdf / hfg]/ g} ToxfF k:g'ePsf] s'/fdfly klg z+sf ug{ ;lsG5 . pxfF of]hgfa4 9+udf leq k'Ubf t gkm:g' kg]{ xf] k]ml/ k:gs} nflu Tolt 7"nf] hLjgd/0fsf] n8fO nl8g' klg gkg]{ xf] . t/ /fhgLlt1x? cfˆgf la/f]wLx?;Fu ;w}+ ;ts{ /xg] x'Fbf ;fdfGo jf/bftnfO{ klg hLjgd/0fsf] ?kdf hfgfhfg b[Zox? b]vfOlbg ;S5g\ . sf]O/fnfn] lautsf ;+s6af6 kf/ kfpg ckgfpg' ePsf /0fgLltx? o; vfn] x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf klg 5 . gq eg] cfh;Dd zlQmzfnL g]tfsf] ?kdf :yflkt e}/xg' rfgr'g] s'/f xf]Og . cghfgdf ckgfOPsf /fhgLlts xTs08fx? nfdf] ;do;Dd lqmofzLn e}/xg ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ sf]O/fnfn] lautdf kf/ nufpg'ePsf cK7\of/fx?nfO{ hfgfhfg 7"nf b]vfOlbg'ePsf] t xf]Og <

k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfsf] ;+s6nfO{ ;/;tL{ s]nfpFbf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of k|wfgdGqL kbnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg' r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL kb u'Dg] lalQs} cfˆgf ;dy{sx? csf]{ zlQm;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ k'Ug] cj;/jfbL rl/q sfFu|];hg;Fu /x]sf] oyfy{ sf]O/fnfn] /fd|/L a'‰g'ePsf] 5 . cfk"m zlQmzfnL /lx/xgsf nflu pxfFn] kb hf]ufP/ /fVg}k5{ . k|wfgdGqLsf] kb Tofu ug]{ lalQs} tTsfn pxfFsf] zlQm ;dfKt x'G5 eGg] klg xf]Og . oyf{yrflxF s] xf] eg] k|wfgdGqLTj ljxLg x'gf;fy sf]O/fnfsf] zlQmdf Ifosf] qmd z'? x'G5 . Tof] qmd s]xL ;do hf/L /x]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;efkltdf pxfF k"0f{cjlw l6Sg ;d]t ;Sg'x'g]5}g . o;y{ sf]O/fnfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;+s6 eg]sf] clxn]sf ;a} r'gf}lt;Fu d'sflanf u/]/ k"0f{ cjlw k|wfgdGqL rnfpg' . o;sf nflu pxfFsf ;Gd'v w]/} sl7gfOx? pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ . xfn pTkGg cj/f]w kG5fpg ;Sg'eof] eg] af6fdf cfpg] ;fgfltgf afwfn] pxfFnfO{ 5'g klg ;Sg]5}g .

kf6L{leqsf] cfGtl/s åGbnfO{ kf/ nufP/ sf]O/fnf kf6L{leq / aflx/af6 agfOPsf] /fhgLlts rqmJo"xleq k:g ;kmn x'g'eof] / k|wfgdGqL aGg'eof] . k|wfgdGqL aGg] lalQs} Tof] rqmJo"xtf]8]/ aflx/ lg:sg] k|of; eg] pxfFn] ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . olt nfdf] ;do;Dddf rqmJo"xleq c8\lsg'sf] sf/0f ls t ToxfF ch'{gsf] k|ltIff e}/x]sf] 5 of t cledGo'sf] xTof x'g nflu/x]sf] 5 . rqmJo"x aflx/ /x]sfx?n] rqmAo"x b]lv/x]sf 5g\ / sf]O/fnfnfO{ klg b]lv/x]sf 5g\ . rqmJo"x Pskl5 csf]{ u/]/ alnof] x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . cfˆgf dfG5]x? klg rqmAo"x agfpg ;3fO/x]sf 5g\, s;}u/L sf]O/fnfnfO{ pDsg glbg] kIfdf 5g\, pDsgsf nflu k|of; ug'{ t k/} hfcf];\ cledGo'sf] h:tf] lgolt x]g{ rfxG5g\ . csf]{tk{m ;/f]sf/} gePsf -h;nfO{ cledGo'sf] cj;/af6 nfe of xfgL 5}g_ x? klg rqmJo"xnfO{ s8f agfpg k|ToIf nfu]sf 5g\ . emg\–emg\ sf]O/fnf k;]sf] rqmJo"x zlQm ;DkGgtfn] k"0f{tftk{m nDsb} 5 . o;sf] ljkl/t sf]O/fnfnsf] zlQm;Fu kl/ro kfPsfx? pxfFsf] tfstaf6 rqmJo"xsf] ljgf; x'g] s'/fdf 9'Ss 5g\ . t/ klg sf]O/fnfn] rqmJo"xnfO{ gi6 kfg]{ lxDdt ug'{ ePsf] 5}g / rqmJo"xn] klg sf]O/fnfnfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{ cfF6 ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . of] eg] ;To xf] ls sf]O/fnf Pp6f alnof] rqmJo"xleq x'g'x'G5, pxfF aflx/ lg:sg rfxg' x'G5 eg] rqmJo"x ;dfKt ug{ rfxG5 . rqmJo" ljleGg tTj ldn]/ ag]sf] 5, sf]O/fnf eg] ;xofqLsf] ;fyaf6 klg al~rt x'g'x'G5 . z;:q k|x/L an, :yfgLo k|zf;g, nfp8f, k|ltkIfx?, b/af/, k|ltlglw ;ef, /fli6«o ;ef, clVtof/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, n]vf ;ldlt, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{, z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, dfcf]jfbL, e|i6frf/, sd{rf/LtGq, c;Gt'i6 cfˆgf ;Nnfxsf/ cflbn] Tof] dha'bt rqmJo" ag]sf] 5 . of] rqmJo"xg} sf]O/fnfsf] d'Vo r'gf}lt xf] . oL r'gf}lt;Fu ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg' eof] eg] sf]O/fnfsf] ;+s6 ;dfKt eP/ hfG5 / pxfF ;j{zlQmdfg\ k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g ;Sg'x'G5 .

!= sf]O/fnf la?4 dgf]lgt ;f+;bx? M ;+;bsf] dflyNnf] ;bg /fli6«o ;ef k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfsf nflu ;a}eGbf r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] h'g;'s} ;/sf/ /xFbf klg kl5Nnf] cfd lgjf{rgkl5 /fli6«o ;ef clns hl6n ag]sf] xf] . /fhfaf6 dgf]lgt ;f+;bx?sf] ljjflbt e"ldsfsf sf/0f /fli6«o ;efdf hl6ntf ylkPsf] xf] . /fli6«o ;efdf /fhfaf6 /d]zgfy kf08]sf] dgf]gog ePkl5 /fhf;d]t ljjfbdf d'l5g yfn]sf 5g\ . hgfb{g cfrfo{x?nfO{ /fhfn] /fli6«o ;efdf k'¥ofPkl5 ;+;bLo k/Dk/f / dfGotfnfO{ abgfd u/fpg] k|of;x? x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .

;QfkIfnfO{ ;3fpg'kg]{ / ;sf/fTds cfnf]rgfsf nflu ;/sf/sf] k/fdz{df ;f+;b agfOPsf /fhfaf6 dgf]lgt ;f+;b ;/sf/kIfLo pDd]bjf/sf] la?4 v8f ePkl5 /fhfaf6 dgf]lgt ;f+;bsf] pkfb]otfnfO{ ;dfKt ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/åf/f k|:t't k|:tfax?df ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;fy lbg' / ;/sf/ la?4 ;/sf/L gLlt ljkmn u/fpg] sfddf g]t[Tj ug'{n] /fhf;d]t ;/sf/nfO{ ljkmn agfpg ck|ToIf?kn] ;lqmo ePsf] ;}4flGts?kdf k'li6 ub{5 .

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] :ki6 ax'dt /fli6«o ;efdf clxn] 5}g . /fhfaf6 dgf]lgt ;f+;b k|ltkIfLeGbf klg s8f?kdf ;/sf/sf] la/f]wL ePkl5 ;/sf/sf] s'g} klg ljw]os /fli6«o ;efaf6 kfl/t u/fpg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . ;+;bsf] cl3Nnf] clwj]zgdf /fli6«o ;efn] cTolws ax'dtsf cfwf/df kf; u/]sf] gful/stf ljw]os /fli6«o ;efaf6 dgf]lgt ;f+;bx?s} sf/0f kf; x'g ;s]g . o;af6 clxn] pQm ljw]osnfO{ b/af/n] klg :jLs[t gu/L cbfnt k7fOlbPsf] 5 . /fhfsf] lgb]{zgdf dgf]lgt ;f+;bx?n] ;/sf/nfO{ c;xof]u u/]sf] o; 36gfn] k'li6 ub{5 . sf]O/fnfnfO{ log} ;f+;bx?nfO{ lzv08L agfP/ eLidsf] lgoltdf k'¥ofpg] v]n /fhfaf6 gePsf] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsGg .

@= z;:q k|x/Lan / :yfgLo k|zf;g cWofb]z M d'n'sdf ljBdfg zlQm ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg cw{;}lgs lgsfosf] ?kdf z;:q k|x/L ansf] :yfkgf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf nflu ;Ifd :yfgLo k|zf;ssf] Joj:yf ug]{ oL b'O{ cWofb]z >L % af6 3f]if0ff ePkl5 z;:q k|x/L an / :yflgo k|;f;gsf] lgo'lQm eO{ sfo{ cf/De;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+;b gaf]nfOPsf] a]nf ePsf sf/0f sfg'g ;/x nfu" ug]{ tL cWofb]z NofOPsf lyP . To;kl5 a:g] ;+;bn] -b'j} ;bgaf6_ cWofb]z kf; u/]kl5 dfq sfg'gsf] ?kdf nfu" x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf rfn' ;+;bsf] clwj]zgn] tL b'O{ cWofb]znfO{ kf; ug'{ h?/L 5 . t/, ;+;bsf b'j} ;bgx? k|yd lbgb]lv g} rNg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;b\efjgf nufot cfd k|ltkIfLx? ;bg rnfpg] kIfdf 5}gg\ ha;Dd k|wfgdGqLn] kbTofu ug'{x'Gg . ;bg nlDaPdf cWofb]z kf; x'g'kg]{ lglb{i6 ltly ;dfKt x'G5 / ;bg :ylut u/]df cWofb]z lgis[o x'G5g\ . oL b'j} cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqLn] kbdf /lx/xg ;'xfpb}g . km]l/ k|ltkIfLx?sf] dfu adf]lhd kbTofu u/]/ ;+;b rnfpg' klg nfrf/L x'G5 .

#= sf]O/fnf la?4 ;+k"0f{ k|ltkIfLx? M qmflGtsf/L JolQmTjsf wgL sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL /lx/xFbf k|ltkIfL kf6L{x? lg;fl:;Psf] cg'ej ug{ yfNb5g\ . sf]O/fnf;Fu pgLx?sf] 8/ -Tof] 8/ bf;tfsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf_ /lx/x]s]f ljutsf cg'ejn] b]vfpFb5 . ha sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL x'g'x'G5 ta k|ltkIfL ljgfsf/0f ;/sf/sf] la/f]wdf pqG5g\ . k|ltkIfLsf] ljZn]if0fdf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] lg0f{oIfdtf / 7f8f]z}nL tyf sfo{stf{nfO{ pT;flxt ug]{ JolQmTj pgL?n] cft+s 7fGb5g\ . cft+ssf la?4 P]Soa4tf :jefljs klg 5 .

;/sf/sf] ljsNk lbg] k|ltkIfLbn Pdfn]sf] g]t[Tjdf c;Dj}wflgs /flhgfdfsf] k|Zg t]:of{P/ ;bg cj?4 ul/Fb}5 . lbgx'sf] cj?4tfsf] nIo ;z:q k|x/L an / :yfgLo k|zf;g cWofb]z kfl/t x'g'kg]{ ;dofjlw s6fpg'dfq /x]sf] 5 . k|ltkIfL bnx?n] e|i6frf/sf] k|;+u p7fP/ /flhgfdf dfu ug'{df s'g} t's eg] /x]sf] 5}g . k'gp{TyfgjfbL / c/fhstfjfbLx?;Fusf] sfo{ut Pstfn] o; s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ax'dt ePsf] k|ltlglw ;efdf ;efd'vn] rfx]df / lxDdt lnPdf ;bgsf] cj/f]w x6\g ;S5 .

$= gful/stf ljw]os M k|ltlglw;efn] kfl/t u/] klg /fli6«o ;efn] c:jLsf/ ubf{ k'gM k|ltlglw ;efn] kf; u/L cfly{s ljw]ossf] ?kdf b/jf/ k7fOPsf] gful/stf ljw]os sf]O/fnfsf] csf]{ r'gf}lt ePsf] 5 .

/fhfn] k|ltkIfLsf] rfxfgf adf]lhd nfndf]x/ gnufPsf] x'Fbf Tof] c? r'gf}ltk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . gful/stf ljw]os cy{ ljw]os xf] xf]Og / nfndf]xf]/ nufpg] s'/fdf ;jf]{Rr;Fu /fo dfu u/]kl5 pQm r'gf}lt k]lrnf] ag]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rrsf] /fosf] cfwf/df nfndf]x/ nfu]df t Pp6f r'gf}lt ;lsPnf t/ gnfu]df To;sf] bf]if ;/sf/n] lng] of ;efd'vn] < b'j} lgsfo g]kfnL sfFu|];s} x'g\ .

%= sfFu|];leqsf] kbnf]n'ktf M g]kfnL sfFu|];leqsf] cfk;L snx sf]O/fnfsf] nflu w]/} r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 . snx gLlt / l;4fGtsf nflu ge} s';L{ k|flKtsf] xfgfyfk eP klg Tof] snx ljeflht dgl:yltdf /x]sf] 5 . ljeflht dg:yLltsf sf/0f g} sf]O/fnfn] k|ltkIfL dfly k|xf/ ug{ lxDdt h'6fpg ;Sg'ePsf] 5}g . To:t} u/L b/jf/;Fu l;Fuf}/L v]Ng klg 8/ dfGg'kg]{ l:ylt cfPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg ;do cfˆgf la?4 c;Gt'i6x? hfg ;S5g\ eGg] eo sf]O/fnfnfO{ /x]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqLaf6 e§/fO{nfO{ x6fPsf] 36gf b]pjfsf] ;/sf/ lu/fPsf] 36gf c;Gt'i6x?n] af/Daf/ p7fPsf] sf/0f cfkm"n] Tof] lgolt ef]Ug kg]{ 8/ pxfFdf 5b}5 . sf]O/fnf cfˆg} kf6L{sf sf/0f @)%! df h:tf] dWofjlw u/]/ cfˆg} v'§fdf aGr/f] xfGg] b'ik|of; ug{ klg ca ;Sg'x'Gg . km]/L c;Gt'i6;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]/ pgLx?sf] clwg:t cfkm" x'g klg rfxg'x'Gg / cfˆgf] rfxgf ljk/Ltsf] pQ/flwsf/ tf]Sg klg pxfFsf] cfTdfn] lbFb}g . t/ klg /fdrGb| kf}8]nh:tf] ;lhnf] ljsNksf] ljsf; pxfFn] u/fpb} x'g'x'G5 .

^= unt / e|i6 ;Nnfxsf/ M k|wfgdGqL cfkm}Fn] b]z xfs]sf] Oltxf; 5}g . km]/L Psn] b'O{s/f]8dfly zf;g ug]{ Ifdtf dfgjdf x'g klg ;Sb}g, sd{rf/LtGq, dGqLd08n / Tof]eGbf a9L cfˆgf ;Nnfxsf/x? ;Ifd x'g'kb{5 . ;Ifd ;Nnfxsf/sf] sf/0f k|wfgdGqL ;Ifd jGb5  . g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf ;Nnfxsf/ ls t lghL ;xfossf] ?kdf /x], ls t wg ;+snssf] ?kdf . oL b'j} cy{df ;Nnfxsf/n] unt u/] . wg klg ga6'Ng], lkPeGbf klg dflysf c3f]lift ;Nnfxsf/x?n] cfkm" zlQm ;DkGg x'g] k|nf]egdf k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfnfO{ cfˆg} dfu{df axsfPsf sf/0f ;d:ofx? w]/} pTkGg ePsf x'g\ .

;'lzn sf]O/fnfsf] ;Nnfxn] ePsf ;d:of ;dfwfgeGbf a9\b} uP . cfGtl/sb]lv /fli6«o /fhgLltdf o:tf ;Nnfxn] s6'tfdfq pTkGg u/fP . clxn] ;DkGg ePsf] sfFu|];sf] e]nf klg unt ;Nnfxsf] hNbf]aNbf] pbfx/0f xf] .

;Nnfxsf/sf] cfk;L åGån] klg sf]O/fnfsf] ;+s6 a9fPsf]5 . ;'lzn sf]O/fnf la?4 hok|sfz u'Ktf, xl/ zdf{ la?4 g/xl/ cfrfo{, gf]gf sf]O/fnf la?4 ;'hftf sf]O/fnf, >Lxif{ sf]O/fnf la?4 cfdf]b pkfWofo, oL sf]O/fnf j[Qsf ;Nnfxsf/ åGå ;w}F 5 .

nfp8f sf08 clxn] oL ;a}eGbf a]Un} r'gf}lt ag]sf] 5 . nfp8f cgfjZos ?kdf leq\ofOPsf] kSsfkSsL xf] . o;df e|i6frf/ gePsf] eP zfg]jfgLsf] cWoIf / ko{6g dGqLsf] hflu/ hfg] lyPg . dGqLd08nn] u/]sf lg0f{osf sf/0f k|wfgdGqLsf] c;+nUgtf 5b} 5}g eGg klg ldNb}g . nfp8f ;+emf}tf gljs/0f ug]{ cf/PgP;Lsf] k|:tfjn] klg of] unt ePsf] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 .

nfp8f sf08df n]vf;ldltsf] 5fgljgn] k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+nUgtf k'li6 ul/lbPsf] 5 t/ ;+;bLo ;ldlt eP/ klg Goflos lgsfo gx'gfn] cf}lrTok"0f{ ;+nUgtf gb]lvP;Dd kbTofu ug]{ s'/f cfpb}g klg . clVtof/n] 5fgljg ul//x]sf] 5 . clVtof/sf] lg0f{o k|ltIffn] r'gf}lt lbO/x]sf] 5 .