Ontime (arthik)

cfly{s ljZn]if0f

cfly{s ljsf; / ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd

xl/ /f]Ssf

k|f]km];/ cdTo{;]gn] ljsf;nfO{ :jtGqtfsf ¿kdf lng' ePsf] 5 / Tof] :jtGqtfleq ;f“rf] cy{df lgDg s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kdf x'g' kg]{ s'/f eGg'x'G5 . -s_ /fhgLlts :jtGqtf v_ cfly{s ;'ljwfx¿ -u_ ;fdflhs cj;/ -3_ v'nfkgsf] Uof/]G6L / -ª_ /IffTds ;'/Iffx¿ . t/ pknAw u/fOPgg\ / o:tf s'/f ug{ To;nfO{ :jtGqtfsf] cy{df cYof{p“g ;lsGg . g]kfnh:tf cljsl;t jf cNkljszLt d'n'sx¿df y'k|} sl7gfOx¿ cfOk5{g, vf;ul/ dfly pNn]lvt tTjx¿sf] ;ld>0f k|hftGqleq ;dfj]; jf kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOGg . cfhsfn ljsf;] cy{zf:qLx¿ vf; u/L cfly{s a[l4b/sf] s6fg x'G5 eGg] 7fG5g\ . pgLx¿n] ljsf;nfO{ dfly k|f]km];/ ;fx]jn] cYof{pg' ePsf] cy{df eGbf ahf/jfbL cy{tGqsf] leQfdf k'u]/ cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if / ljZja}+sn] :yflkt u/]sf] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd dfkm{t x'G5 eGg] 7fG5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljsf;M
;g\ !(&%–() sf] cjlwdf k|ltJolQm cfo j[l4b/ (Per capital income) ! k|ltzteGbf sd /xg k'Uof] . of] cjlw ;+;f/sf ;a} k|fo d'n'sx¿sf] t'ngfdf bl/b|tg l:ylt /xsf] tYo ljZj ljsf; kl/;"rsx¿ / dfgljo ljsf;sf kl/;"rsx¿n] OlËt u/]sf 5g\ . –x]g{';\ M World Development Reprt-1992) xfn g]kfndf gjf}+ k~r jifL{o of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf 5 . klxnfsf kf“r j6f k~r aifL{o of]hgfsfnfdf d"nt cfly{s ;+/rgf ljsf;df s]lGb|t lyof] . 5}+6f}+ k~r aifL{o of]hgfsfndf (1980-85) / ;ftf}+ of]hgf cjlw (1984-89) df $ k|ltztn] cfly{s a[l4b/ a9fpg] clt pu| dxfTjfsf+Iff lnOof] . kmn:j¿k ljlQo 3f6f / afx\o C0fsf] (Foreign Loan) sf] d"Nodf lgwf{/0f ug{ vf]lhof] . e"QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf b]vf k/]sf] of] cf]/fnf] ultn] lgDTofPsf] ;+s6 kg{ cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]ifsf] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] C0f (Short Term loan) lng] jfWotf ePkl5 ;g\ !(*%÷*^ df ;/sf/n] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hgf sfo{qmd (Structural Adjustment Program) nfu' ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . -x]g{'xf];\ Labor Institution and Economic Development-Ajit Narayan Mathar) . v]tL of]Uo s"n hldgsf] !& k|ltzt e"–efudf dfq ;+rfO{ x'g' / () k|ltzt hgtf s[lif If]qdf x'g'n] klg cfly{s b'b{zfnfO{ k'li6 u5{ . ljlQo cg'zf;g lxgtf, bl/b| df}lb|s gLltsf sf/0f d'b|f l:k[mlt{ (Inflation) b'O{ c+sdf lj:tf/ e} /xg', Tof] bzssf kl/;"rsx¿n] b]vfp“5g\ . Jofkf/ gLlt / ljlgdo gLlt (Trade and Exchange Policy) ef/tLo cfly{s tyf ljfgLdo gLlt;“u a9\tf ;DalGwt /x\of] . To;}u/L !(() ;Dd g]kfnsf] s"n /fli6«o cfDbfgLsf] &! k|ltzt eGbf a9L ljsf; vr{df ljb]zL C0f tyf cg'bfgsf] e"ldsf /x\of] . !& åLklIfo / @! jx'klIfo bft[ ;+:yfx¿n] g} g]kfnsf ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/] .

!(&) sf] bzssf] kl5Nnf] cjlwb]lvg} tTsflng ;/sf/n] ljsf;df u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;xeflutf / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ljt/0fdf kIfkftk"0f{ /a}of ckgfp“b} cfP . ljsf;sf] s]Gb| lj:tf/} zx/L If]qx¿ aGb} uP / vf;u/L sf7df08f}+ pkTosfnfO{ s]lGb|o k[i7e"lddf /flvof] . pTkfbg j[l4b/ sd /xg', hn:jf:ysf] l:ylt v:sg', ljsf; / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf ;j{;fwf/0f jx';+Vos hgtfsf] kx'“r gx'g'n] cfly{s :t/ v:sg' cgf}7f] ePg . pbfx/0fsf nflu s"n]vfgL hnljB't cfof]hgfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . gof“ lzIff k|0ffnL -@)@*_ nfu' ug{' / lzIffsf] :t/ cf]/fnf] nfUg', l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf ga9fpg', t/ rfdn 9'jfgLdf ;x'lnot lbg' h:tf 3l6of vfn] s[ofsnfkn] ljsf;sf] cawf/0ffdf d"n dfks If]dtfdf Toltv]/sf] g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf s:tf] lyof] slt ;Ifd lyof]

!(() eGbf cuf8Lsf cy{dGqL / k|wfgdGqLx¿n] dfq xf]Og ax'blno ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf kl5sf cy{dGqLx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if / cGo ljlQo ;+:yfx¿sf s8feGbf s8f zt{x¿ dfGb} uP . To;}n] g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] kl5Nnf] s8L !(*& sf] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hgf sfo{qmd / Tof] eGbf cufl8 cyf{t\ !(&) sf] dWo bzs b]lvg} ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . cfly{s jif{ !(&$÷&% sf] cjlw;Dd cfOk'Ubf s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf cfGtl/s C0f @=$* k|ltzt / jfx\o C0f xfjL x'“b} hfg' / ck]lIft ljsf; tkm{ cu|;/ x'g g;Sg'n] c;Gt'lnt ljsf; Jofks e|i6frf/, cgfrf/ / c;Gt'lnt /fli6«o cfosf] ljt/0fsf sf/0f k"g j}slNks ljsf; vf]Hg' kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .

s] xf] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdM
;g\ @))) ;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfn ;+;f/s} ul/j b]zsf] k+lQmdf plePsf] 5 . clxn] /fi6« /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f“:s[lts ¿kdf ;+s6sf] u+le/ cj:yfdf plePsf] 5 . cl:y/tfsf] sf/0fn] b]zn] s"g sf]N6] km]g]{ xf] eGg] s'/f c8sn ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf 5 . ljb]zL ;Nnfxsf/x¿ b]zsf /fhgLlts JolQmx¿nfO{ cfly{s cg'zf;g gdfg]sf] cf/f]k nfp“5g\ . g]tfx¿ ljb]zLsf zt{x¿ kfng ug{' kg]{ afWotf ePsf] atfp“5g\ . t/ klg b]zdf ;+rflnt cfly{s /0fgLtsf af/]df oL b'j} y/L cfnf]rgf ;'Gg 8/fp“5g\ . g]kfnsf] cy{tGq ljZj ahf/df kl5 k|j]z u/] klg ef/t;“usf] v'nf ;dfgfn] ubf{ k|efljt g/xg ;s]g . cfly{s ahf/sf] lx;fjn] of] ef/tsf] lgs6:y /x\of] / cToGt k|efljt /x\of] . !(*) sf] bzsb]lv of] e"d08nLs/0f (Globalization) sf] rk]6fdf xf]ldof] .

;g\ !(*) df ljZj a}+sn] cufl8 ;f/]sf] sfo{qmdsf] gfd xf] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd z'?df o;nfO{ ;+/rgf ;dfof]hg C0f (Structural adjustment loan) elgGYof] . !(&) sf] bzssf] a]nf ePsf] t]nsf] k]6«f]lnod_ d"Nosf] j[l4n] klZrdsf a}+sx¿df k]6«f] 8n/sf] a9L cfof] kmn:j¿k k"“hLsf] sf] d"No (Capital) sf] d"No 36\of] k"“hLnfO{ lgis[o /xg glbg / To;af6 gfkmf cfh{g ug{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;+rfng x'g] sfo{ x'g] sfo{qmddf Tof] k"“hL nufpg h?/L lyof] . To;}n] t]>f] ljZjsf d"n'sx¿df cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ljsf; lgdf{0fdf nufgL ug{ ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg C0fsf] sfo{qmd ljZj a}+sn] agfof] o:tf] nufgLn] xfd|f h:tf t]>f] ljZjsf d"n'sdf ;]jf / j:t' cfotLt u/fpg d2t k'Uof] h:n] d'b|f l:km[lt / d"No j[l4nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOof] . cfof]hgfx¿sf] cTolws d"No, sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO{sf sf/0f yk d"No j[l4 / sltko of]hgfx¿ aLrd} t'lxg] x'gfn] xfd|f] h:tf /fi6«x¿ emg 7"nf] C0fsf] hfnf] (Grand Debt Trap) leq km:g k'u] . a9\b} uPsf] Jofh ltg]{ ljZj a}+sn] bjfj lbg yfn] kl5 e"QmfgL ;Gt'ngsf nflu 5f]6f] cjlwsf] C0f leœofpg h?/L eof] . kmn:j¿k ljZj a}+ssf] csf]{ kf/f] jf euLgL ;+:yf cGt/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if (Internatiaon Monitoring Fund) sf] ;x/f lng k'u] . ;+/rgfsf] ljsfsf nflu ljsf;] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] ljZj a}+s nfdf] ;dosf nflu C0f pknAw u/fP/ Jofh vfGYof] ======5f]6f] ;dosf nflu C0f pknAw u/P/ a}+ssf] Jofh /e"QmfgL ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf ldnfp“Yof] . d'b|fsf]if, ;fk nfu' ePkl5 d'b|fsf]ifn] Jofkf/ ljgLdosf] gLltdf, zlQm (Energy) df nufgL / sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ ug]{ s'/fdf, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿sf] ljlQo k|flKt / s[ofzLntfsf] cg'udg ug]{ s'/fdf, jh]6 lgdf{0f, s/ gLlt, Jofhb/ C0f Joj:yfkgdf x:tIf]k ug{ yfNof] . o;sf k|d'v sf/0f lyP s_ /IffTds ;'/Iff (Protetive Security) cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj ahf/sf zlQmx¿nfO{ cfoft / ljlgdosf nflu v'nf ug{' . v_ ljZj ahf/n] tf]s]sf] d"No (Price) nfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;xefuL agfpg' / d"No tf]Sg] clwsf/ sAhf ug{' u_ ;/sf/ lgoGqLt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿sf] gLlhs/0f u/fpg' / 3_ /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf >ldssf] lx:;f (Share) 36fpg' /x]sf] 5 . -x]g{'xf];\ bLks 1fjfnL – Structural Adjustment Policies Impact on small scale Producers in Nepal)

hL=–& /fi6«x¿sf] gLltut s[ofsnfksf] 5fgjLg ug]{ ;+:yf OG6/g]zgn lkk'N; l6«Ao"gn sf] !((# sf] 6f]lsof] 3f]if0ffdf ;fksf] af/]df lgDg lgSof}{n lgsflnPsf] lyof] . ;fk nfu' ePsf] b]zx¿df -!_ a]/f]huf/Lsf] a[l4 -@_ sfdsf] Hofnfdf sdL -#_ vfBfGgsf] ;+s6 / k/lge{/tf -$_ jftfj/0fsf] ljgf; -%_ :jf:y–/Iff k|0ffnLsf] b'/ Joj:yf -^_ lzIff egf{df s6f}tL -&_ pTkfbsTj Ifdtfdf sld -*_ k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLsf] xTof (_ C0f df/df j[l4 -x]g{'xf];\ SAMIR AMIMINCAPITALSM in the Age of Globalization) cflb .

dfly pNn]lvt cg'ejx¿sf] cfwf/df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg], g]kfn cfh h'g cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . cl:y/t, c/fhstf, cGof}n b]vf k/]sf 5 / cfd ul/aLsf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5, ljt]sf] !% jif{b]lv g]kfn /fi6«n] nfu' u/]sf] …;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdÚ lhDd]jf/ 5 . xfd|f] xsdf klg dfly pNn]lvt l6«Ao'gn] lgsfn]sf] lgisif{ h:t} …x'ax'Ú nfu' ePsf 5g\ . / /fi6« stf u}/x]5 eGg] 6'Ëf] nfu]sf] 5}g .

xfd|f] P]ltxfl;s cfly{s k[i7e"ld x]bf{ xfdLn] nfu' u/]sf] cfly{s ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdnfO{ gTofUg] xf] eg] / g]kfndf To;sf] ljsNkdf gof“ ;dfh Joj:yfnfO{ ult k|bfg ug]{ a}slNks Joj:yf gug]{ xf] eg] jf:tljs :jtGqtf / ljsf; ;+ej x'“b}g . cj nfuf}+ jf:tljs :jtGq cfly{s ljsf; ;DalGw gLlt vf]Hg .