s'g} klg d]g]h/ k]n] aGg ;s]gg

– d's'Gb bfxfn

sG6«f]n n's PG8 kf;’ k|fozM d]g]h/ -k|lzIfs_x¿sf] ;j{dfGo ;"q o;}nfO{ dflgG5. t/ clxn] d]g]h/x¿sf] ;"q oltdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g. pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf Jofks ag]sf] 5 / lhDd]jf/Ln] klg ;u/dfyf g} 5f]Psf] 5.

cfkm}df hf]lvdk"0f{ dflgg] d]g]h/sf] gf]s/Ln] ljZjsk km'6andf klg sd dxŒj af]Sb} cfPsf] 5}g. h;eGbf ckh; a9L kfpg] / bf]ifsf] 7"nf] eflubf/L aGg'kg]{ eP klg d}bfgdf ;lqmo¿kdf v]nhLjg latfPsf v]nf8Lx¿ ef]lnsf lbgx¿df cfkm"nfO{ d]g]h/s} ¿kdf pEofpg tNnLg /x“b} cfPsf b]lvG5g\.

Pp6f l6dsf] ;+/rgf tGb'?:t /fVg / ;f] l6dnfO{ of]Uo agfp“b} ;kmntfsf] lzv/df r9fpg d]g]h/sf] g} k|d'v xft /xg] lglj{jfb 5. l6dsf] /0fgLltnfO{ ;xL ;dodf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg', v]nf8Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ;b'kof]u u/fpg ;Sg' / ‘l6d l:kl/6’ sf] efjgfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg'h:tf kIf g} d]g]h/sf] k|d'v bfloTj dfGg] ul/G5.

ljZj v]nd}bfgdf s]xL v]nf8Lx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;j{sfnLg dxfg\ v]nf8Lsf] ¿kdf lrgfP klg To:tf] x}l;ot eg] d]g]h/x¿n] agfpg ;s]sf] kfOGg. v]nf8L k]n]sf] hGd eof] t/ s'g} klg d]g]h/ k]n] aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\. rrf{s} qmddf o;f] eGg] ul/P tfklg d]g]h/ljgf s'g} klg v]nf8Lx¿ k]n] aGg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] ts{ klg cufl8 gcfPsf] xf]Og, oBlk k]n] hlt k'lhG5g\, Tolt pgsf] d]g]h/ k'lhPsf] kfO“b}g. t/ u'? eg]sf u'? x'g\, h;sf] dxŒj cfkm}df ljlzi6 /x“b} cfPsf] 5. of] ;j{dfGo kIf xf].

;qf}+ ljZjskdf sf] d]g]h/ ljh]tf aGnf < ;f]sf] 7f]s'jf ug{ sl7g 5 / ljh]tf d]g]h/sf] af/]df eljiojf0fL ug{ km'6ansf lbUuh kl08tx¿ klg lxrlsrfpg] u/]sf 5g\. dfl/of] nf]jf] hufnf] k|mfG; ljZjsksf] ;DejtM ;a}eGbf xsbf/ d]g]h/ dflgPsf lyP. ;aeGbf ;kmn d]g]h/dWo]sf Ps dflgPsf hufnf]nfO{ ‘nSsL’ d]g]h/sf] ¿kdf ;d]t lng] ul/G5. k|mfG;df hufnf]n] a|flhnnfO{ kmfOgndf t k'¥ofP, t/ pgn] tL/sf] ¿kdf af]s]/ lx“8]sf /f]gfN8f];“u} pgL klg lg:t]h 7xl/P / cfnf]rgfsf] k|d'v kfqsf] ¿kdf pleg k'u]. ;g\ !(%* / !(^@ df v]nf8Lsf] x}l;otaf6 a|flhnnfO{ ljZjsk lbnfPsf hufnf]n] ;g\ !(&) df d]g]h/sf] ¿kdf ljZjsk lbnfPkl5 Ps ;kmn d]g]h/sf] ¿kdf ljZjs} km'6anhut\df :jLsfl/Psf x'g\.

;g\ !(($ sf] ljZjskdf a|flhnsf] ljhodf gfos 7xl/Psf] /f]dfl/of]nfO{ l6ddf ;fd]n gu/fP/ Pp6f uNtL ul/;s]sf hufnf]n] k|mfG; ljZjsksf] kmfOgndf /x:odo¿kdf cf?gf] cj:yf u'dfPsf /f]gfN8f]nfO{ v]nfP/ csf]{ uNtL ug{ k'u]sf lyP. ;f] kmfOgn v]ndf /f]gfN8f] ge{; of la/fdL s] ePsf x'g\, Tof] cem;Dd /x:odo g} dflgG5. /f]gfN8f]sf] /x:o;“u} x/fPsf] ;f] v]ndf a|flhnsf] ‘;]n]sfcf]’ ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd} sdhf]/ v]ndf 8'Ag k'u]sf] lyof] / hufnf]n] () ldg]6sf] ;doleq st}af6 l6dnfO{ ptfg{ ;s]sf lyPgg\. Pp6f bIf v]nf8L / d]g]h/sf] x}l;otn] w]/} s'/f a'lem;s]sf hufnf]n] cfkm"nfO{ arfpg l6d 8fS6/ lnl8of] 6f]N8f]dfly bf]if gyf]k/]sf klg xf]Ogg\. 6f]N8f]n] g} /f]gfN8f] v]Ng ;S5g\ eGg] l/kf]6{ lbPsf]n] cf°"n] /f]gfN8f]nfO{ d}bfgdf ptf/]sf] bfaL klg hufnf]sf] lyof]. hufnf]n] /f]gfN8f]nfO{ /f]dfl/of]sf] ‘skL’ agfP/ k|mfG;df ptf/]sf lyP. /f]dfl/of]sf] cg'kl:yltdf /f]gfN8f]sf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf;df b[9 /x]sf hufnf] ‘Gofp/L df/L k5'tf]’ eg]em}+ clxn] cfP/ eg] /f]dfl/of]nfO{ l6ddf /fVg a|flhnsf jt{dfg d]g]h/ n'O; lkmlnk :sf]nf/LnfO{ bafa lbO/x]sf 5g\. k|mfG;df /f]gfN8f], O8dfG8f] / aa]tf]nfO{ ‘:6«fOs kf6{g/’ agfP/ ptf/]sf hufnf]n] gj]{;“u klxnf] /fpG8sf] v]ndf k/fho ef]u]kl5 klg ;f] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ug{ rfx]gg\. cfqmfds v]n v]nfpg ?rfpg] hufnf] k|foM gjk|ltefx¿nfO{ l6ddf df}sf lbg] d]g]h/sf] ¿kdf klg lrlgg] u5{g\.

a|flhns} d]g]h/x¿sf] gfd ln“bf sfnf]{; cNj6f]{ lkP/fnfO{ k6Ss} la;{g ldNb}g. Pp6f Ifdtfjfg\ tyf pko'Qm ;dosf nflu ;xL v]nf8Lsf] klxrfg ug]{ d]g]h/sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf lkP/f v]nf8Lx¿dfly Gofof]lrt lg0f{o ug{ klg dflx/ dflgG5g\. /f]dfl/of]sf] Ifdtfaf6 k"0f{ kl/lrt lkP/fn] ($ sf] ljZjskdf /f]dfl/of]nfO{ ;xL 7fp“df ;b'kof]u u/]/ a|flhnnfO{ ljh]tf agfp“b} /f]dfl/of]nfO{ gfos ;flat u/fPsf lyP.

af]/f ldnf]l6gf]les ljZjsksf nflu Pp6f ‘ld/fsn d]g]h/’ sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5. ;qf}+ ljZjskdf pgL rLgnfO{ lnP/ plq/x]sf 5g\. o;cl3 pgn] cGo rf/ /fi6«nfO{ ljZjskdf ptf/]/ rfdTsfl/s glthf lbnfO;s]sf 5g\. !(*^ df d]lS;sf]nfO{ Sjf6{/kmfOgn;Dd k'¥ofP/ ;g;gL dRrfpg k|f/De u/]sf ldnf]l6gf]les !(() df dWocd]l/sL ‘l6gL’ d'n's sf]:6fl/sf bf];|f] r/0f;Dd pEofPkl5 jf:tjd} cfZro{do d]g]h/sf] ¿kdf ulgg yfn]. To:t} ($ df cfof]hs /fi6« cd]l/sfnfO{ / (* df gfOh]l/ofnfO{ lnP/ pgn] txNsf dRrfP. ‘clk|msL l;++x’ pkgfdn] k|Voft /x]sf] gfOh]l/ofnfO{ jf:tjdf ‘l;+x’sf] ¿kdf lbg] d]g]h/ g} ldnf]l6gf]les dflgG5g\. k|To]s v]nf8Lx¿sf] IfdtfnfO{ /fd|/L cWoog u/]/ dfq cf?gf] ;Lk k|of]u u/fpg] ldnf]l6gf]les cfkm}df eg] Pp6f pTs[i6 v]nf8L xf]Ogg\. t/ pgsf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f eg] km'6ando g} lyof]. pgsf bfh' ldnf]; rf]6Lsf v]nf8L lyP / pgn] !(%) sf] ljZjskdf o'uf]:nfleofsf] 6f]nLsf nflu :6«fOs/sf] e"ldsf lgefPsf lyP. ljZjskdf klxnf] k6s plq/x]sf] rLgsf] nflu pgn] s:tf] e"ldsf lgefpnfg\, To;sf] pQ/ kfpg ca w]/} lbg 5}g t/ k]n]n] ;d]t bf];|f] r/0fdf k|j]z u5{g\ eg]/ eljiojf0fL u/]sf] rLgnfO{ ldnf]l6gf]lesn] ljutdf em}+ cfZro{do glthf glbnfpnfg\ eGg eg] ;ls+b}g.

o'uf]:nfleofsf oL d]g]h/ ljz]iftM glthfd'vL /0fgLltnfO{ g} a9L Wofg lbG5g\. xfn;Dd s'g} klg ljZjsk lhtfpg g;s] klg ljZjskdf logn] sf]/]sf sLlt{dfgx¿ tf]8\g cGo d]g]h/nfO{ eg] sl7g g} kg]{ b]lvG5.

hd{gLsf nflu k|m]Gh j]s]gafp/ Ps dxfg\ d]g]h/ dflgG5g\. klZrd hd{gLnfO{ !(&$ df pkflw lbnfp“bf l6dsf sKtfg /x]sf j]s]gafp/n] d]g]h/sf] x}l;otaf6 klg klZrd hd{gLnfO{ ;°ntf lbnfPsf 5g\. ;g\ !(() df a|fxdfsf] Ps dfq k]gfN6L uf]nsf] ;xof]uaf6 l8Puf] Dof/f8f]gfsf] ch]{lG6gfnfO{ kmfOgndf x/fp“bf pgL g} d]g]h/ lyP eg] Dof/f8f]gfs} ch]{lG6gf;“u !(*^ df #–@ n] pkflw u'dfp“bf hd{gLsf] d]g]h/ j]s]gafp/ g} lyP. v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ bafa tyf lgoGq0fdf g/fvL :jtGq 5f]l8lbg] j]s]gafp/ ljZjsksf] bf}/fgdf ;d]t cf?gf v]nf8Lx¿sf] ‘of}g’ :jtGqtfdf afws gag]kl5 pgsf] 7"nf] rrf{ ePsf] lyof].

hd{gLsf] Pstfkl5 j]s]gafp/n] l6d x]/]sf 5}gg\. Pstfkl5sf] lhDd]jf/L eg] j6L{ ef]U6\;n] g} k|foM lnP tfklg hd{gLn] clxn] ;f] lhDd]jf/L rlr{t k"j{v]nf8L ?8L ef]n/nfO{ lbPsf] 5. l6dsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPb]lvg} k|fozM bafadf /x]sf ef]U6\; hd{gLsf nflu o'/f]k]nL RoflDkogl;ksf] pkflw lbnfp“bf;d]t ‘kk'n/’ aGg ;s]gg\. !(($ / (* sf] b'j} ljZjskdf pgnfO{ x6fP/ k'gM j]s]gafp/nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg Jofks hgbafa a9] tfklg hd{gL km'6an dxf;+3n] ef]U6\;nfO{ g} lnP/ hf]lvd p7fPsf] lyof]. (* sf] ljZjskdf lognfO{ l6ddf ;Gt'ng Nofpg g} ufx«f] k/]sf] lyof] eg] hgbafacg'¿k nf]yf/ DofYo'h / cf]Nkm sfgh:tf pd]/ 9Ns]sfx¿nfO{ klg l6ddf ;d]6\g'k/]sf] lyof]. () sf] ljZjsk lhTbf j]s]gafp/sf ;xfos /x]sf ef]U6\; !# v]nf8LnfO{ ‘:6]G8 afO{’ /fv]/ v]nsf] clGtd ;dotkm{ dfq zlQm a9fpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5g\. pgL o; k6s cfo/NofG8sf] l6d lnP/ pq“b}5g\.

O6fnLsf] /fli6«o /0fgLlt g} ag]sf] $–$–@ sf] ;"qnfO{ d't{tf lbg] Pl/uf] ;fRrLs} z}nLdf ;]h/ dflNbgL klg lx“l8/x]sf 5g\. (* sf] ljZjskaf6 nfu" u/]sf] ‘Aofs 6Øfsn’ ug{ gkfOg] lgodsf] s8f cfnf]rs /x]sf dflNbgL dWok+lQm / /Iffk+lQmnfO{ alnof] /fvL ‘sfpG6/ P6\ofs’ df a9L Wofg lbg] u5{g\. hgdtsf] sb/ ug{ c¿eGbf Ps sbd cufl8 /x]sf dflNbgL v]nf8Lsf] x}l;otaf6 hlt ;kmn eP d]g]h/sf] x}l;otaf6 To:tf] ;kmntf eg] k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\.

!(&* df v]nf8Lsf] ¿kdf ch]{lG6gfnfO{ ljZjsk lbnfpg] d]g]h/ 8flgon kf;f/]nfn] !((* df d]g]h/sf] ¿kdf vf;} txNsf dRrfpg ;s]gg\. cf?gf] /0fgLlt / ljrf/k|lt s;};“u ;Demf}tf gug]{ / gem'Sg] kf;f/]nfn] o; k6s p?Uj]sf] /fli6«o 6f]nLsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf 5g\. !((* df O·NofG8sf d]g]h/ /x]sf Un]g xf]8n :jod\df cf?gf] ;dosf] Ps ;kmn v]nf8L x'g\. a|flhneGbf c¿nfO{ l6d gdfGg] xf]8nsf] oxL wf/0ff g} ;aeGbf v/fa dfGg] ul/G5. k|mfG;df pgsf] 6f]nLnfO{ a|flhnn] xf]Og, ch]{lG6gfn] /f]s]sf] lyof]. clwsf/ ;DkGg v]n v]nfpg ?rfpg] xf]8n l6dsf] k"0f{tfdf ljZjf; /fV5g\ / l6dsf] ;a} kIf alnof] x'g'k5{ eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5. k|fozM #–%–@ sf] /0fgLltdf l6d pEofpg] xf]8n cfkm"n] x]/]sf] h'lgo/ l6dnfO{ ;f]xL z}nLdf ptfg]{ u5{g\.

csf{ O·ln; d]g]h/ aaL /A;g /fli6«o 6f]nL x]g]{ eGbf klg rlr{t Snax¿d} Jo:t /xg] d]g]h/sf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\. ‘kf]lh;g ckm DoflS;dd ckRo'{lg6L’ -kf]df]_ sf] l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs dflgg] /A;g ljz]ift ‘nª an u]d’ z}nL ?rfp“5g\. t/ b'ef{Uo, ;a} l6ddf Uofla|Pn afl6:6'6f 5}gg\. lsgeg] afl6:6'6fsf] nfdf] Po/ an tyf nfdf kf;x¿df 5ftL / v'''''''§fn] lgoGq0f ug]{ h'g ljlzi6 z}nL 5, Tof] cGodf 5}g. To;}n] klg pgsf] ‘nª an u]d’ Tolt ;kmn aGg ;s]sf] 5}g.

5f]6f] / 5l/tf] kf;sf] z}nLdf v]nfpg] PdL Hofs, k/Dk/fut z}nLdf gof“ kg lbg grfxg] hhL{ /]g/, Pn]g z]o// PSn}nfO{ dfq cufl8 /fv]/ v]nfpg] 6]/L e]g]jn, !(*^ sf] ljZjsk lhtfp“bf kf“r hgf;Dd ld8lkmN8/ k|of]u ug]{ sfnf]{; ljnf8f]{nufot /f]o xp;g, df;]{nf] lnkL, hf]xfg qmfokm, Pn]S; km]?U;g, hfleo/ Sn]d]G6, u; lxl8Gs, Hofs rfn{6g, lkmlnk 6«fplho/ cflb ljZjd} ulgg] d]g]h/x¿ x'g\. oL cnfjf kl5Nnf] ;dosf rlr{t v]nf8Lx¿ ?8 u'ln6, lhofgn'sf leofnL / lk6/ lzN6gn] klg d]g]h/sf] lhDd]jf/L af]ls;s]sf 5g\.

hlxn] klg ljZjsk d]g]h/x¿sf] nflu ‘clN6d]6 6]:6’ sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5. o; k6s ;f] k/LIffdf sf] sf] pQL0f{ xf]nfg\, pQ/ c;f/ !% ut] ;f“em kfOg] g} 5. Jofks bafakl5 klg /f]dfl/of]nfO{ lng gdfGg] a|flhnsf n'O; lkmlnk :sf]nf/L, ch]{lG6gfsf df;]{nf] ljON;f, :6f/ v]nf8Lx¿ 3fOt] ePsf sf/0f lrGtfdf /x]sf O·NofG8sf :e]g uf]/fg Ol/S;g, k|mfG;sf /f]h/ n]d/, hd{gLsf ?8L ef]n/df s;n] afhL dfnf{g\, k|tLIff ug}{kg]{ ePsf] 5.

xfn;Ddsf ljZjsk ljh]tf d]g]h/x¿

jif{    gfd        b]z

!(#)    cf]l8gf] leP/f     p?Uj]

!(#$    leS6f]l/of] kf]hf]     O6fnL

!(#*    u'O:k] df]Hhf     O6fnL

!(%)    sf]nf]g]n ef]Nk]      p?Uj]

!(%$    /f]o xj{u/           klZrd hd{gL

!(%*    le;]Gt] lkmcf]nf    a|flhn

!(^@    codf]/] df]l//f     a|flhn

!(^^     PNkm bf:d]           O·NofG8

!(&)    dfl/of] hufnf]    a|flhn

!(&$    x]Nd'6 ;f]Pg      klZrd hd{gL

!(&*    l;h/ n'O; d]gf]tL        ch]{lG6gf

!(*@    OGhf] a]hf]6{      O6fnL

!(*^    sfnf]{; ljnf8f]{    ch]{lG6gf

!(()    k|]mGh a]s]gafp/           klZrd hd{gL

!(($    sfnf]{; cNj6f]{ lkP/f       a|flhn

!((*    PdL Hofs           k|mfG;

dWofGt/;Dddf ePsf uf]nsf jiff{x¿Dddf ePsf uf]nsf jiff{x¿;

jif{          dWofGt/;Dd        v]n ;dflKtdf

!(%$    cl:6«of     % – :jL6\h/NofG8   $         cl:6«of &–% n] ljhoL

!(*@    x+u]/L       # – Pn ;fNef8f]/   )         x+u]/L !)–! n]   ’’

!(%$    x+u]/L       # – klZrd hd{gL   !         x+u]/L *–# n]   ’’

!(#*    a|flhn      # – kf]NofG8       !         a|flhn ^–% n]  ’’

!(%*    k|mfG;       @ – k/fUj]          @         k|mfG; &–# n]   ’’  

!(%$    x+u]/L        $ – blIf0f sf]l/of  )         x+u]/L (–) n]     ’’

!(&$           o'uf]:nfleof  ^ – h}/]           )           o'uf]:nfleof (–) n] ’’

!(%$    klZrd hd{gL # – 6sL{         !         hd{gL &–@ n]   ’’

!(#)    ch]{lG6gf      # – d]lS;sf]     )           ch]{lG6gf           ^–# n] ’’

!(%*    k|mfG;         # – klZrd hd{gL !         k|mfG; ^–# n]   ’’

| @))@ ljZjsksf] cflwsf/Ls an  || @))^ sf] ljZjsksf] cfof]hgf || !^ cf} ljZjskdf kmls{bf || rlr{t km'6an/x? || k]gfN6L eGbf lk|m lssdf || gj k|j]zL || ;f:s[lts k|efj || ljZjsk 6«kmL || hfkfg / sf]l/of || hfkfgL zx/x? || sf]l/ofsf /+uzfnfx? || Nofl6g cd]l/sL || y/Ly/Lsf kmfO{gnx? || ljZjsk d:s6 || ljZjsksf d]g]h/x? || ljZjsk ;+uLt || blIf0f Pl;ofsf efUodfgL || ;kmntfsf] km8\sf] || chDa/L sLlt{dfg || ljZjsk 5gf}6 || @))@ n] u'dfPsf || gf6sLo ljZjsk || Main | Home |