Yo patak Sarbottam (Nepal)

h'DNofxfx?sf] ;+;f/

dflg;sf] hLjgrqmdf hGd / d[To' ckl/xfo{ / clgjfo{ ag]sf] 5 . j}1flgsx¿n] dflg;nfO{ k|f0fLhut\sf] :tgwf/L ;d"xdf juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ eg] :tgwf/L ju{df kg]{ xfQL, 3f]8f, ufO{, e}+;L h:t} dflg;n] klg PskN6df Pp6f dfq aRrf hGdfpg] ub{5g\, o;nfO{ ;dfGo dflgG5 klg . t/, slxn]sfxL+ c;fdfGo l:yltsf] l;h{gf eO{ Ps hgf hGdg'kg]{df b'O{ hgf, tLg hgf jf Tof]eGbf a9L klg hGdg] ub{5g\ . ;fdfGotof *) j6f hGdb/df Ps h'DNofxf -b'O{ aRrfsf] Ps;fy hGd_ x'G5 eg] ltDNofxf jf Tof]eGbf a9Lsf] hGdsf] k|ltzt Hofb} Go"g kfOG5 .

Psflt/ h'DNofxfsf] hGdnfO{ c;fdfGo 36gfsf] ?kdf x]l/G5 eg] csf{lt/ h'DNofxf aRrf hGd]kl5 / hGdg'cl3 klg cfdf tyf aRrfsf] Hofg g} vt/fk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ hlGdPkl5 pgLx¿ Pp6} :jefj, afgLJoxf]/f, ?k/+u / ;dfg u'0fsf x'g'nfO{ Tolt c:jfefljs dflg+b}g . x'gt Pp6} afa'cfdfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf w]/} s'/fx¿ ldN5g\ / ;a}n] oL bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL jf bfh'alxgL, lbbLefO x'g\ eg]/ cGbfh nufpg ;S5g\, t/ pgLx¿sf] hGdfGt/sf] ;do, jftfj/0f, l:ylt, kf]if0ftŒj, xfjfkfgL cflbn] pgLx¿nfO{ w]/} s'/fdf k[ys\ /fv]sf] x'G5 t/ h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ Pp6} ;dodf ;dfg jftfj/0f, l:ylt, kf]if0ftŒj / xfjfkfgLdf hlGdPsfn] sf6Ls'6L Pp6} x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf w]/} s'/f ldn] tfklg leGgfleGg} z/L/ ePsfn] ;"Id e]b x'g' :jfefljs g} xf] . t/ klg h'DNofxfsf] ue{wf/0f cg';f/ pgLx¿ slt ;dfg / slt c;dfg x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] j}1flgs k/LIf0fn] k'li6 ul/;s]sf] 5 . h'DNofxfx¿ st} ;dlnËL x'G5g\ t st} ljk/Lt lnËL klg x'G5g\ .

h'DNofxfx¿sf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfp“bf s] yfxf kfOG5 eg] klxn]–klxn]sf] o'udf klg h'DNofxf aRrfsf] hGd x'g] ub{Yof] . lxGb" wd{zf:qcg';f/ b]jtfx¿sf j}B clZjgLs'df/x¿ h'DNofxf lyP / pgLx¿ Ps–csf{df k|foM ;a} s'/fdf ;dfg ePsf sf/0f 5'§f5'§} e]6\bf s;}n] klg sf] xf] eg]/ yfxf kfp“b}gy] . To;sf/0f pgLx¿sf] gfd klg 5'§} geP/ clZjgLs'df/x¿ eg]/ b'j}nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/G5 eg] /fdsf 5f]/fx¿ njs'z, /fj0fsf 5f]/fx¿ clx/fj0f / dlx/fj0f klg h'DNofxf g} ePsf] j0f{g ;DalGwt u|Gyx¿df kfOG5 . wd{zf:qdf h'DNofxf aRrfsf] hGdsf] sf/0f kTgLnfO{ kltn] ue{wf/0f u/fpgsf nflu kmnk"mn, vL/ -cf}iflwsf] ?kdf_ cflb v'jfp“bf dfqf w]/} eO{ h'DNofxf aRrf hGdg uPsf] tYonfO{ cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 .

h'DNofxfx¿sf] gfd ;dfg x'g' t :jfefljs} xf], lsgls pgLx¿sf] hGd k|foM ;fgf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf ePsf] kfOG5 t/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf lxGb" ;+:s[ltcg'?k clwsf+z h'DNofxf 5f]/fx¿nfO{ /fd / nId0f gfd lbOG5 eg] 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ u+uf, hd'gf . t/, /dfOnf] / cgf}7f] s] 5 eg] g t /fd / nId0f g} h'DNofxf x'g\ g t u+uf / hd'gf g} .

h'DNofxfx¿ Psfk;df slt ;dfg, slt c;dfg x'G5g\ / cfk"mnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf c? hgdfg;df s:tf] dx;'; ub{5g\ eGg] hfGg h'DNofxfx¿sf] ;+;f/df k:g cfjZos 5 . h'DNofxf aRrfsf cfdfafa', 3/kl/jf/ tyf pgLx¿ :jo+df k'Ubf yfxf kfOof] ls ;f“Rr} g} h'DNofxfx¿sf] ;+;f/df /dfOnf] 36gf klg x'g] ub{5 . lj=;+= !(($ kmfu'g @* ut] z'qmaf/ sfe|]knfGrf]s v/]nyf]sdf hGdg'ePsf nId0f v/]n h'DNofxfdWo]s} efO x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ cfk\mgf] bfO /fd v/]n;“u} hGd]/ ;“u} lax] klg ug'{ePsf] s'/f :d/0f ub}{ eGg'x'G5— …xfdLn] !@ jif{s} pd]/df bfOn] k"mk" / d}n] eb} Ps}lbg lax] u/]sf lyof}+, t/ bfOsf] !# jif{s} cNkfo'df d[To' eof] .Ú nId0f v/]n >L % sf] ;/sf/df ;]jf u/L
ljlzi6 >]0fL pk;lrjaf6 cjsfz kfO{ xfn g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;g ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf clwjQmfsf] ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

lj=;+= @)@( kmfu'g !# ut] z'qmaf/ laxfg $ ah] df]/ª lhNnfsf] zlgZr/]df hlGdPsf s]zj a"9fyf]sL cfk\mgf] efO sdn a"9fyf]sLeGbf & ldg]6 cufl8 hlGdP/ bfO x'g] ;f}efUo kfPsf] s'/f atfp“5g\ . pgLx¿sf] gfd s]zj / sdn eP klg pgLx¿ /fd / nId0f gfdn] g} ;'kl/lrt 5g\ . afa' dfgaxfb'/ a"9fyf]sL / cfdf /fd/Tg a"9fyf]sLsf cf7 hgf 5f]/f5f]/LdWo] pgLx¿ rf}yf] / kf“rf}+ ;Gtfgsf ?kdf hlGdPsf x'g\ . b'j} bfh'efOn] ( sIff;Dd cWoog u/L 5f]8]sf] / @)%) ;fn kmfu'g !% ut] b'j} h'DNofxf bfh'efOn] Ps} nugdf df]/ª Ox6/Lsf b]jsf s6'jfn / b]jsL s6'jfn h'DNofxf lbbLalxgL g} lax] u/] . b]jsf / b]jsL klg u+uf–hd'gf gfdn] ;'kl/lrt 5g\, t/ h'DNofxf bfh'efOn] h'DNofxf lbbL–alxgL lax] u/]sf] of] klxnf] 36gf eg] xf]Og . xfn;Dd pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/L ePsf 5}gg\ eg] pgLx¿sf] zfvf–;Gtfgdf c? sf]xL klg h'DNofxf kfOPsf] 5}g .

h'DNofxf lbbLalxgL ljjfx ubf{ pgLx¿n] klg /dfOnf] vfnsf] ;d:of ef]Ug'k¥of] . b'j} lbbLalxgL Pp6} ?k/+u / b'?:t} x'gfn] lax] u/]sf] ;'?sf] Ps dlxgf;Dd 5'§Øfpg g} 7"nf] ;d:of k¥of] .

lj=;+= @)@$ ;fpg #@ ut] a'waf/ laxfg ^=@) ah] / ^=#) ah] hlGdPsf ho/fh l3ld/] / ljho/fh l3ld/] ;fg}b]lv Pp6} afgL–Joxf]/fsf lyP eg] b'j}n] lqrGb| SofDk;af6 cfO{=P:;L= u/L ef/taf6 OlGhlgol/ª u/]sf 5g\ . xfn ho/fh l3ld/] vfgL ljefudf sfo{/t eO{ yk tflnd, cWoogsf nflu xNof08 uPsf 5g\ eg] efO ljho/fh l3ld/] ;'Gb/Lhn cf;{gndf ;}lgs SofK6]g 5g\ . 5f]/fx¿ h'DNofxf hGd]/ ;“u;“u} cWoog u/L /fd|F] hflu/ vfPsf]df a'af cfgGb/fh l3ld/] / cfdf ;'ldqf l3ld/] k|;Gg x'g'x'G5 . klxn] g} tLgj6f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ hGd lbO;s]sL ;'ldqf l3ld/]n] cfk\mgf] ue{df h'DNofxf aRrf 5g\ eg]/ 8fS6/n] eGbf klg cfk"mnfO{ ljZjf; gnfu]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . kl5 kf6g xl:k6ndf pgLx¿sf] hGd eof], pgLx¿nfO{ cfdfsf] b"wn] gk'u]/ ahf/sf] b"w v'jfpg'k/]sf] s'/f ;'ldqf l3ld/] atfpg'x'G5 . pxf“x¿ ;kl/jf/ rfalxn d}h'axfndf a:b} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

af}4 dxf+sfn 3/ eO{ c?l0fdf af]l8{ª :s"n cf?af/Ldf lzlIfsfsf ?kdf sfo{/t ;'>L ;l/tf ;'j]bL klg h'DNofxfdWo]sL alxgL x'g\ . lj=;+= @)#) ;fn c;f/ @& ut] d+unaf/ laxfg ( ah] pgsf] bfO ;/f]h ;'j]bL / (=)% df pgL l;Gw'kfNrf]sl:yt cfkm\gf] k}t[s 3/df hlGdPsf x'g\ . cfk"m h'DNofxf bfO;“u c;fWo} ldNg] / xfn bfO ef/tdf OlGhlgol/ª k9\b} u/]sf] / jif{df Psk6s dfq 3/ cfpg] x'"bf b;}+ slxn] cfp“5 eGb} lbg ug]/ a:g] s'/f ;l/tf atfp“l5g\ . ;“u}sf] h'DNofxf bfO ef/tdf OlGhlgo/ k9\g] t/ cfk"m oxL+ k9\g] ubf{ st} cfdfafa'n] 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldfly e]b t u/]sf 5}gg\ eGg] k|Zgdf pgL elG5g\— …x}g, xfdL b'j} hgf bfh'alxgLn] ;“u} P;=Pn=;L= kf; u/]sf xf}+ t/ cfk\mgf] ?lrcg';f/ bfO lj1fg k9\g yfNg'eof], d cf6\{; k9L lzlIfsf eP“ . d o;}df v';L 5' . ;'?–;'?df pgLx¿ Pp6} 8«];df
-k]G6–;6{df_ :s"n hf“bf lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿ e'mlSsg] ub{y] . pgLx¿ ;fg}b]lv c;fWo} ldNby] / pgLx¿ lg/f]uL klg 5g\ .

hf]/kf6Lsf dLgaxfb'/ If]qL / b'uf{s'df/L If]qLsf h'DNofxf 5f]/fx¿ /fd aflgof“ / nId0f aflgof“n] t k;ndf cfpg] ;a} u|fxsnfO{ g} /ge'Nndf kf/]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)#* ;fn c;f/ !& ut] z'qmaf/ laxfg %=#) ah] /fd aflgof“ / ^=#) ah] nId0f aflgof“ yfkfynL k|;"ltu[xdf hlGdPsf x'g\ . pgLx¿eGbf cufl8 tLg 5f]/f / tLg 5f]/L kfO;s]sL b'uf{s'df/L If]qLnfO{ Hofb} ufx«f] ePsf]n] kf“r dlxgfkl5 xl:k6ndf hf“r u/fp“bf 8fS6/n] h'DNofxf ePsf] s'/f ;'gfp“bf 7"nf] 8/ nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ 5f]/fx¿ ;s'zn hlGdP / tLg lbgkl5 pgL 3/ kmls{g\ . hGd"bf b'j}sf] tf}n qmdzM @@%) u|fd / #!%) u|fd lyof] . b'j}sf] k9fO Ps}gf;sf] eP klg bfh' /fdsf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff lalu|of] eg] efO xfn SofDk; k9\b} 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] Pp6f ls/fgf k;n hf]/kf6Ldf 5 . u|fxsx¿ Pp6faf6 ;fdfg pwf/f] nu]/ csf{nfO{ k};f lbg], Pp6fnfO{ ;fdfg /fVg lbP/ csf]{;“u dfUg] u/L e'mlSsG5g\ . efO nId0fsf SofDk;sf ;fyLx¿ cfP/ bfO /fdnfO{ nId0fhL 3'Dg hfp“ eGb5g\ . To:t} hf]/kf6Ld} a;f]af; ug]{ s[i0fk|;fb uf}td tyf ;fg' uf}tdsf kl5Nnf b'O{ 5f]/L alatf uf}td / sljtf uf}td klg h'DNofxf g} x'g\ . :yfgLo af]l8{ª :s"ndf sIff ( df cWoog/t alatf / sljtfsf] hGd @)$) c;f]h ! ut] z'qmaf/ laxfg ^ ah] / ^=#) ah] yfkfynL k|;"ltu[xdf ePsf] xf] . pgLx¿sf] Gjf/gsf] gfd dgs'df/L / dfgs'df/L xf] t/ ;a}n] pgLx¿nfO{ u+uf hd'gf eg]/ af]nfpg] ub{5g\ . pgLx¿ sf6Ls'6L Pp6} 5g\ . b'j}sf] ?lr klg p:t} 5 . v]ns'b, ;+uLt, g[To cflb dg k/fpg] u/]sf u+uf–hd'gf eljiodf ;dfh;]jL aGg] ljrf/ JoQm ub{5g\ . pgLx¿ b'j} hgf olt w]/} ldN5g\ ls glhs}sf] k;ndf klg ;“u;“u} hfg] u5{g\, 3/df Ps hgfnfO{ ufnL ubf{ csL{ l/;fpg] ;fdfGo s'/f ePsf] 5 .

sIff * df cWoog/t slkn k'mof“n tyf sf}zn k'mof“nsf] hGd @)$@ ;fn ;fpg @( ut] z'qmaf/ lbp“;f] # ah] / #=@) ah] ;f“v'df ePsf] xf] . pgLx¿nfO{ ;fgf] pd]/df lgdf]lgof, 8fOl/of x'g] ub{Yof] eg] xfn b'j} :j:Yo 5g\ . b'j}sf] prfO / tf}n p:t} 5 . cg'xf/sf] Pp6f sf]7Ln] dfq pgLx¿nfO{ 5'§Øfpg ;lsG5 . b'j}sf] k9fO ;Gtf]ifhgs 5 eg] v]ns'bdf b'j}sf] ?lr pT;fxhgs 5 . xfn pgLx¿ 1fg]Zj/df a:b} cfPsf 5g\ . Ps–csf{df Hofb} ldNg] / 3/sf c? ;a} Psflt/ x'"bf klg pgLx¿ Psflt/ x'g] ub{5g\ .

lj=;+= @)$^ cflZjg !# ut] z'qmaf/ laxfg ( ah]/ ! ldg]6sf] cl3kl5 hlGdPsf clg;f ef/tL / cfO;f ef/tL :jfefljs ?kdf ghlGdP/ ck|];g u/L lemlsPsf] xf] . lq=lj= lzIf0f c:ktfndf hlGdPsf ef/tL lbbLalxgL rfalxnsf] /fhg ef/tL / lg? ef/tLsf 5f]/Lx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿ h'DNofxf hlGdP klg Ps–cfk;df s]xL s'/f klg ldNbf] 5}g egL >LdtL lg? ef/tL atfpg'x'G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ s;}n] klg h'DNofxf egL cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] afgLJoxf]/f, ?k/+u klg ldNbf] 5}g . pgLx¿ Ps–cfk;df emu8f ul//xg] :jefjsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ hGd"bfsf] tf}n qmdzM @,%)) u|fd / @,*)) u|fd lyof] eg] xfn klg b'j}sf] prfO / tf}n ;dfg 5 .

rfalxn kfgL 6\ofÍsLsf a6's[i0f Gof}kfg] / ;'wf Gof}kfg]sf] bf];|f] / t];|f] ;Gtfgsf ?kdf hlGdPsf k|flKt Gof}kfg] / k|of; Gof}kfg] klg h'DNofxf x'g\ . lj=;+= @)$^ k'; @* ut] z'qmaf/ laxfg % ah] k|flKt / %=)& ah] k|of; kf6g c:ktfndf hlGdPsf x'g\ . pgLx¿ klg Ps–cfk;df k"0f{tof km/s k|s[ltsf 5g\ . lbbL k|flKt nugzLn, uDeL/ / ;+j]bgzLn l5g\ eg] efO r~rn], emu8fn' :jefjsf 5g\ . lbbL k9fOdf klg t]h l5g\ eg] efO Tolt nugzLn 5}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] ?lr klg km/s 5 . lbbL ;fg}b]lv cln cUnL / df]6L l5g\, efO cln xf]rf] ePsf]n] s;}n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ h'DNofxf hlGdPsf x'g\ eg]/ eGg ;Sb}g . hGd"bf 5f]/Lsf] eGbf 5f]/fsf] tf}n w]/} -@,@)) u|fd / @,#)) u|fd_ lyof] .

sf7df8f}+ ynLsf ljs'axfb'/ gflkt tyf 1fgL gflktsf bf];|f] / t];|f] ;Gtfgsf ?kdf hlGdPsf /fd÷nId0f gflktsf] hGd @)%) r}t #) ut] laxfg *M$% ah] / ( ah] yfkfynL k|;"ltu[xdf ePsf] lyof] . o;eGbf klxn] gflkt bDktLsf Ps 5f]/L lyOg\ . /fd÷nId0f gflktsf] ?k/+u, afgLJoxf]/f, af]nL Pp6} 5 / :jo+ cfdfafa' klg 7"nf] b'ljwfdf kg]{ u/]sf] gflkt bDktL atfp“5g\ .

hf]/kf6Lsf u+uf/fd /fjn tyf uf]df /fjnsf b'O{ 5f]/Lx¿ clg;f / cgfldsf h'DNofxf x'g\ . @)$( ;fn c;f/ # ut] ;f]daf/ /flt !=!) ah] / @=#) ah] lq=lj= lzIf0f c:ktfndf pgLx¿sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . ;fgf] pd]/df b'j}nfO{ p:t} vfnsf] :jf:Yo ;d:of b]lvP tfklg xfn pgLx¿ :j:Yo 5g\ / b'j} Pp6} sIffdf cWoog/t 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ?k/+u, cfjfh Pp6} ePsf] sf/0fn] cfdfafa'n] klg d'v x]/]/ dfq 5'6\ofpg] u/sf] k|;+unfO{ /dfOnf] u/L /fjn bDktL atfp“5g\ . cfk\mgf] dfOtLsf] efph"sf klg h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ ePsf] s'/f >LdtL uf]df /fjn atfpg'x'G5 .

;f“v'sf ;fg' tfdfª / zf]ef tfdfªsf klxnf] ;Gtfgsf ?kdf @)$* k'; @# ut] laxLaf/ lbp“;f] # ah] / #=!% ah] 3/d} /fd tfdfª / nId0f tfdfªsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . b'j} :j:Yo / rnfv 5g\ eg] Ps–csf{df ;a} s'/fdf ;dfg b]lvG5g\ . To;}u/L ;'/]zljqmd /f0ff / cfzf /f0ffsf] bf];|f] ue{af6 hlGdPsf ;'k|jn /f0ff / cl:dtf /f0ff klg h'DNofxf x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] hGd @)%) c;f]h @@ ut] /flt (=!$ ah] (=@) ah] cf]d gl;+ª xf]ddf ePsf] xf] . hlGd"bf bfO ;'k|jn /f0ffsf] tf}n @,@%) u|fd / alxgL cl:dtf /f0ffsf] tf}n @,!%) u|fd lyof] . pgLx¿ h'DNofxf hlGdP klg h'DNofxf eGg ;'xfpg] vfnsf 5}gg\, cyf{t\ pgLx¿aLrsf] ;dfg Jojxf/ Hofb} sd kfOG5 . …5f]/f w]/} vfG5 / 7"nf] klg 5 eg] 5f]/L yf]/} vfG5] / ;fgL 5, t/ k9\gdf b'j} plQs} 5g\,Ú >LdtL cfzf /f0ff eGg'x'G5 . alxgL r~rn], bfO uDeL/ 5g\ eg] ;fgf]df b'j} w]/} la/fdL x'g] u/]sf] s'/f pxf“ atfpg'x'G5 . pxf“x¿ xfn l;kmn sfnf]k'ndf a:b} x'g'x'G5 . cfk\mgL cfdfsf] klg klxn] h'DNofxf ;Gtfg hlGdPsf] t/ gaf“r]sf] s'/f ;'g]sf] >LdtL /f0ff atfpg'x'G5 .

;f“Rr} j+zf0f'ut g} xf] t=====

lj=;+= !((* r}q !@ ut] a'waf/ laxfg eb|af;df hGdg'ePsf jf;'k|;fb zdf{ k'8f;}gL h'DNofxfdWo]sf Ps a[4 JolQm x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ xfn hoafu]Zj/Ldf a:b} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] hLjgsf ^ bzs ef]lu;Sg'ePsf jf;' cfkm\gL h'DNofxf alxgL nIdL k'8f;}gLeGbf %÷& ldg]6 klxn] hGdg'ePsf] xf] .

cfkm\gf] kl/jf/df cfkm"x?eGbf klxn] sf]xL klg h'DNofxf ePsf] yfxf geP klg cfkm\gf] h]7f] bfOsf] 5f]/f cfTdf/fd zdf{sf klg Ps 5f]/L / ! 5f]/f -cf:yf zdf{ / cfhfb zdf{_ h'DNofxf ePsf] pxf“ atfpg' x'G5 . lj=;+= @)$& ;fndf nueu %) jif{kl5 pxf“x?sf] kl/jf/df km]l/ h'DNofxf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] hGd eof] . ;+of]u s:tf] eof] eg] klxn] klg pxf“x? h'DNofxf 5f]/f / 5f]/L x'g'x'GYof] eg] kl5 klg h'DNofxfdf 5f]/f5f]/L g} eP . pxf“ xf“:b} eGg'x'G5– ;fob of] j+zf0f'ut k|efj g} xf]nf .

zdf{ cfkm\gf] cg'ejdf h'DNofxf hLjgsf] af/]df o;/L atfpg'x'G5 . xfd|f k|foM ;a} u'0f ldNbfh'Nbf lyP t/ alxgL cln a9L l/;fpg] / uDeL/ lyO{ . :jf:Yosf] af/]df pxf“ eGg'x'G5– …dnfO{ ;'?df To:tf] :jf:Yo ;d:of lyPg . alxgLnfO{ !%÷!^ jif{sf] pd]/df 5f]Kg] -a]xf]; x'g]_ /f]u nfUof] / kl5 7Ls eof] . kl5 dfgl;s /f]u klg b]vf k¥of] Tof] klg pkrf/kl5 7Ls ePsf] 5 . clxn] alxgL hgsk'/df a:5] . p;sf ! 5f]/f / # 5f]/L 5g\ . d]/f $ hgf 5f]/fdfq 5g\ . dnfO{ ljut @) jif{b]lv 8fOlal6h / Uofl:6s /f]un] ;tfO/x]sf] 5 .Ú

cfkm" hGdbf 3/d} hlGdPsf] / cfdfsf] b"w g} b'a} h'DNofxfnfO{ kof{Kt ePsf] s'/f c?n] atfPsf] s'/f klg zdf{ atfpg'x'G5 .

h'DNofxf;DaGwL /f]rs hfgsf/L

!= clwsf+z h'DNofxf Ps–csf{df ldNg] / Pp6} u'0f:t/sf] kf]zfs nufp“5g\ .
@= h'DNofxfsf] ?k/+u / cGo u'0fx¿ ldNbf]h'Nbf] ePsfn] oxL ljifonfO{ clt/l~ht agfP/ pkGof;, syf n]Vg] tyf rnlrq agfpg] ul/G5 .
#= h'DNofxf Ps–csf{df 3lgi7 ?kdf ldNg'sf] sf/0f dgf]j}1flgs c;/ klg xf], lsgeg] pgLx¿df xfdL t ;“u} hGd]sf] sf/0fn] c?eGbf km/s 5f}+ eGg] ljrf/n] h/f] uf8]sf] x'G5 .
$= 3/df ;fdfGo ljjfb, emu8f x'"bf k|foMh;f] h'DNofxf Psftkm{ /xG5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] Psn] uNtL u/] klg csf]{n] 9fs5f]k ug]{ rng x'G5 .
%= k|foMh;f] h'DNofxfx¿df Ps} vfnsf] :jf:Yo ;d:of b]lvG5 / of] ;d:of lzz' cj:yfdf t clgjfo{ h:tf] g} ;dfg ?kdf x'g] ub{5 .
^= hGdb/df h'DNofxfsf] k|ltzt sd x'g] tyf cfdf–aRrf af“Rg] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd ePsfn] o;nfO{ c;fdfGo dflgG5 .
&= h'DNofxfsf] k|;"lt lqmofdf zNolqmofnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
*= h'DNofxfsf] hGddf Pp6f d/]sf] hGd]df csf]{ aRrf af“Rg] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5 .

h'DNofxfx¿ j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf nflu pkof]uL x'G5g\

—8f= kf/;dl0f e§/fO{, sflGt afn c:ktfn

Pp6f aRrf hGdgnfO{ @# z'qmsL6 / @# j6f l8Dasf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k'?ifaf6 cfpg] z'qmsL6df PS; / jfO{ b'O{ vfnsf qmf]df]hd x'G5g\ eg] dlxnfaf6 cfpg] l8Dadf PS; qmf]df]hd dfq x'G5 . ;Def]u kl5 olb PS; / PS; qmf]df]hdsf] ldng eof] eg] 5f]/Lsf] e|"0f a:g] / PS; / jfO{ qmf]df]hdsf] ldng eof] eg] 5f]/fsf] e|"0f a:g] x'G5 . o;/L ;fdfGo k|lqmofaf6 ue{wf/0f x'g] u/] tfklg obfsbf PseGbf a9L e|"0f a:g] klg x'G5 . uef{zodf e|"0f a:gf;fy Pp6} e|"0faf6 ljeflht eP/ b'O{j6f e|"0f a;]/ b'O{j6f aRrf k}bf eof] eg] To:tf vfnsf h'DNofxf aRrfx¿nfO{ df]gf]hfOuf]l6s h'DNofxf elgG5 . uef{zodf e|"0f a:bf g} cnu–cnu b'O{j6f e|"0f a;L k}bf ePsf aRrfnfO{ 8fOhfOuf]l6s h'DNofxf elgG5 . k|To]s *) j6f hGdb/df Pp6f h'DNofxf aRrf hGdg ;S5 .

o;/L x]bf{ ;/b/ !=@% k|ltzt h'DNofxf aRrfsf] hGd x'G5 . hGdb/df nueu !=@% k|ltzt h'DNofxf aRrf hlGdP klg obfsbf tLgj6f, rf/j6f jf kf“rj6f aRrfx¿ klg hGdg] ub{5g\, t/ o:tf 36gf Hofb} sd kfOG5 . h'DNofxf aRrf hGdg'df j+zf0f'ut u'0fn] k|efjsf/L c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . dlxnfx¿df k|hgg xfdf]{gsf] j[l4df / af“emf]kg x6fpg PG6L ci6«f]hg ;d"xsf] Snf]ldkm]g ;fO6«]6 hL=Pg=cf/=Pr= Pgfnu cflb gfds cf}iflw k|of]u ubf{ klg h'DNofxf aRrf hGdg ;S5g\, lsgls of] cf}iflwn] e|"0fnfO{ ljeflht u/fpg] k|an ;Defjgf /xG5 .

h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ c? aRrfsf] t'ngfdf sd tf}nsf x'G5g\ eg] ;dofjlw gk'Ub} hGdg] ub{5g\ . cufl8 hGd]sf] aRrfeGbf k5fl8 hlGdPsf] aRrfnfO{ a9L vt/f x'g], cfdfdf ePsf] /Qm;|fjn] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ tyf bf];|f] aRrf hlt l9nf] hGdG5 Tolt a9L vt/f cfdf / aRrf b'j}df x'g] ub{5 . h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ k|foM !% b]lv #) ldg]6sf] cGt/df hlGdg] ub{5g\ eg] hGd]kl5 klg cfdfaf6 hlt kf}li6s cfxf/ kfpg'kg]{ xf] Tolt kfp“b}gg\ . ;fdfGotof h'DNofxf hGd]sf] JolQmsf] cfo' c? JolQmsf] cfo' ;/b/ hlt g} x'G5 .

df]gf]hfOuf]l6s h'DNofxfx¿ Ps–csf{df sf6Ls'6L ldN5g\ . o;df k|foMh;f] aRrfx¿ ;dln+uL x'G5g\ . /Qm ;d"x klg Pp6} x'G5 t/ o;sf] dtna of] xf]Og ls ;a} h'DNofxf 5f]/f–5f]/f jf 5f]/L–5f]/L df]hfOuf]l6saf6} x'G5g\ . 8fOhfOuf]l6s h'DNofxfx¿ Ps–csf{df s]xL km/s / sltko u'0fx¿ km/s–km/s x'g;S5g\ . df]gf]hfOuf]l6s h'DNofxfx¿ Pp6} ?k, Pp6} /+u tyf u'0ffTds ?kdf klg Ps–csf{df ;dfg /xG5g\ . olt;Dd ls lhg]l6ssf sf/0faf6 x'g] sltko j+zf0f'ut /f]ux¿ b'j}nfO{ Ps} ;dodf nfUg ;S5 . o; cy{df df]gf]hfOuf]l6s h'DNofxf j}1flgs cWoog–cg';Gwfgsf nflu a9L pkof]uL 7xb{5g\ . t/ slxn]sfxL+ s] x'G5 eg] tLg hgf Ps} k6s hlGdPsf aRrfx¿df b'O{ hgf df]gf]hfOuf]l6s x'g ;S5g\ / csf]{ Pp6f km/s klg x'g ;S5 .

;fdfGotof Pp6} cfdfafa'af6 hlGdPsf 5f]/f–5f]/Ldf s]xL dfqfdf cg'xf/ ldNg] ub{5, t/ ue{wf/0f / hGd]sf] ;do, :yfg, jftfj/0f cflbsf sf/0f pgLx¿df ;a} s'/f ldNg ;Sb}g . t/ h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ Ps};fy, Ps} ;do / Pp6} jftfj/0fdf ue{wf/0f eP/ hlGdPsfn] p:t} vfn] x'g' :jefljs} xf] . To;df klg df]gf]hfOuf]l6s h'DNofxfx¿ olt w]/} ;dfg ?ksf x'G5g\ ls sltkN6 t afa'cfdfx¿ klg sf]–sf] xf] < eg]/ e'mlSsg] ub{5g\ .

h'DNofxf ue{wf/0fsf sf/0fx¿

8f= crgf{ cdfTo k|;"lt tyf :qL/f]u ljz]if1

b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L e|"0fx¿sf] ue{wf/0fnfO{ ax'e|"0fLo ue{wf/0f elgG5 . ax'e|"0fLo ue{wf/0fsf ljleGg cj:yfx¿dWo] h'DNofxfsf] k|ltzt ;a}eGbf w]/} kfOG5 . To;}u/L ltDNofxf clg rf/ aRrfsf] x'G5 . k|To]s ! xhf/ hLljt hGdb/df tLgj6f h'DNofxf kb{5g\ .

ue{wf/0fnfO{ lgofn]/ x]bf{ b'O{ lsl;daf6 h'DNofxfsf] ue{wf/0f x'g] ub{5 . b'O{j6f c08f / Pp6f z'qmsL6 ePsf] h'DNofxfsf] ue{wf/0fnfO{ afOgf]e'n/ h'DNofxf elgG5 eg] Pp6f c08f / Pp6f z'qmsL6af6 ue{wf/0f eO{ kl5 uP/ b'O{ efudf ljeflht h'DNofxfsf] ue{wf/0fnfO{ o'lge'n/ h'DNofxf elgG5 . o'lge'n/eGbf afOgf]e'n/ h'DNofxfsf] k|ltzt a9L kfOG5 . o'lge'n/ h'DNofxfx¿nfO{ klg ue{wf/0f ePsf] ;do x]/]/ tLg k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . olb ue{wf/0f ePsf] &@ 306fleq e|"0f ljefhg ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf h'DNofxf aRrfx¿nfO{ 8foldcf]l6s 8fOsf]l/cf]lgs elgG5 . h;df b'O{j6f ;fn x'G5 eg] aRrfx¿ leGbfleGb} y}nLdf x'G5g\ . ue{wf/0f ePsf] rf/b]lv cf7 lbgleq e|"0f ljeflht eP/ h'DNofxf ePsf] xf] eg] To:tf aRrfx¿nfO{ 8fOlecf]l6s df]gf]sf]l/df]lgs elgG5 . o:tf aRrfx¿ b'O{j6f ;fn / Pp6} y}nf]df x'G5g\ . To;}u/L cf7 lbgkl5 e|"0f ljeflht eO{ h'DNofxf ue{wf/0f ePsf] xf] eg] To:tf aRrfx¿nfO{ df]gf]cldcf]l6s df]gf]sf]6f]cles elgG5 . o:tf h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ Pp6} ;fndf Pp6} y}nf]leq /x]sf x'G5g\ .

slxn]sfxL+ ue{wf/0f ePsf] !# lbgeGbf kl5 k'g ue{wf/0f x'g uof] eg] b'O{j6f z/L/ hf]l8Psf h'DNofxf hlGdG5g\ . aRrfx¿ Ps–cfk;df 5ftLdf hf]l8Psf]nfO{ yf]/fsf]Kofu;, k]6df hf]l8Psf]nfO{ kfcf]Kofu;, 6fpsf]df hf]l8Psf]nfO{ qmflgcf]Kofu;, rfsdf hf]l8Psf]nfO{ Ol:scf] Kofu; elgG5 .

h'DNofxf aRrf hGdg'sf ljleGg sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . hftLo ?kdf xA;Lx¿df a9L h'DNofxf hGd kfOG5 eg] d+uf]lnogx¿df sd kfOG5 . To;}u/L j+zf0f'ut sf/0fn] klg o;df c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . a9L pd]/df aRrf hGdfpg' tyf w]/} aRrf hGdfPkl5 klg h'DNofxf aRrf hGdg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}u/L ue{wf/0f zlQm a9fpg] ljleGg cf}iflwx¿sf] k|of]un] klg h'DNofxf ue{wf/0f x'g ;S5 . h'DNofxf ue{wf/0fsf a]nf hl6n ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg ;S5g\ . /QmcNktf (=$ k|ltzt h'DNofxfdf kfOG5 eg] !$ b]lv @) k|ltzt h'DNofxf uef{j:yfdf /Qmrfk a9\g] ub{5 . To;}u/L %%=*% k|ltzt h'DNofxf aRrfx¿ dlxgf k'Ug'eGbf cufl8 g} hGdg] ub{5g\ . aRrf y}nLdf kfgL w]/} a9\g' / aRrfsf] ue{sf] a;fO c;fdfGo /xg' klg h'DNofxf aRrf tyf cfdfsf nflu hl6n ;d:of x'g\ .

h'DNofxf x'g' k|fljlws 36gf xf]

k|Zg M tkfO{+sf 5f]/f5f]/L klg h'DNofxf /x]5g\, slxn] hGd]sf x'g\ <

pQ/ M lj=;+= @)$& h]7 ( ut] a'waf/ laxfg % ah] 5f]/L cf:yf / %=!% df 5f]/f cfhfbsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . pgLx¿sf] hGd l6lrª xl:k6ndf ePsf] xf] .

k|Zg M aRrf hGdg'cl3 cfdfnfO{ s'g} ;d:of lyof] ls <

pQ/ M w]/} ;d:of lyof] . %) lsnf] ef/ af]Sg ;Sg] dfG5]nfO{ !)) s]hL af]sfof] eg] s:tf] x'G5, To:t} ;d:of lyof] . of] ;d:of d]/L >LdtL dfqnfO{ xf]Og ;a} h'DNofxf aRrf kfpg] cfdfx¿nfO{ x'G5 . ue{wf/0f ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 g} of] s'/f yfxf kfOof] / w]/} s'/fdf Wofg lbg kfOof] .

k|Zg M h'DNofxf aRrfsf] afa' x'g kfp“bf s:tf] cg'ej x'G5 <

pQ/ M h'DNofxf aRrfsf] cfdfafa' aGg' eg]sf] Pp6f ;+of]u xf] . d lj1fgdf ljZjf; ug]{ ePsfn] klg of] k|fljlws 36gf xf] . t/ h'DNofxf aRrf hGdfP/ x'sf{pg' eg]sf] ;lhnf] s'/f xf]Og, of] vt/fk"0f{ klg 5 .

k|Zg M t/ Ps hgf aRrf x'sf{pg] ;do / vr{df t b'O{ hgf aRrf x'ls{P . o;df t v';L g} x'g'x'G5, xf]Og <

pQ/ M cx", d of] s'/fdf ;xdt 5}g . lsgeg] $÷% jif{sf] km/sdf b'O{j6f aRrf hGdfP/ x'sf{pg hlt ;lhnf] / ;/n x'G5 To;sf] bf]Aa/ ef/ h'DNofxf aRrf hGdfP/ x'sf{pgdf x'G5 . h'DNofxf aRrf hGdfpg' eg]sf] cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf nflu Hofb} hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . km]l/ hGdfO;s]kl5 ;“u;“u} b'j} x'sf{pg klg plQs} ufx«f] x'G5 .

k|Zg M aRrfx¿df ;dfg / c;dfg u'0fx¿ s]–s] 5g\ <

pQ/ M b'j} p:t}–p:t} 5g\ . r~rn], af]nSs8 / k9\gdf b'j} t]lhnf 5g\ . 5f]/feGbf 5f]/L cln a9L ;+j]bgzLn / ;dembf/ 5 . pgLx¿df ;fg}b]lv Ps}vfn] /f]ux¿ nfUg] ub{5 . emf8fkvfnf, lgdf]lgof / Hj/f] klg ;“u;“u} cfp“Yof] . xfn klg b'j}sf] sfg kfSg] / sd ;'Gg] /f]u 5 . 5f]/LeGbf 5f]/f cln rf“8f] l/;fpg] ub{5 .

k|Zg M tkfO{+ cfk"m h'DNofxf 5f]/f5f]/Ldf sltsf] ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{x'G5 <

pQ/ M d dfq xf]Og ;a} cfdfafa'n] cfk\mgf] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ub{5g\ h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . d eljiodf cfk"mn] ;s]hlt ;dfg Jojxf/ g} u5'{ . pgLx¿nfO{ plQs} lzIffbLIff lbg]5' .

ljZjs} ;a}eGbf ;'vL / efUodfgL bDktL

lj=;+= @)$& ;fn c;f]h % ut] z'qmaf/ laxfg lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIf0f c:ktfndf Pp6f crDds} 36gf 36\of] . b'O{ lbgcufl8 k|;"ltjf8{df egF{ ePsL >LdtL ;u'g b]jsf]6fn] tLgj6f 5f]/fnfO{ hGd lbPsf] 36gfn] ;g;gL km}nfof] . laxfg * ah]/ %! ldg]6 hf“bf klxnf] 5f]/f ;f}uft, ( ah] bf];|f] 5f]/f ;f}hg / ( ah]/ # ldg]6df t];|f] 5f]/f ;f}/hsf] hGdn] lzIf0f c:ktfnsf ;a} lrlsT;ssdL{x¿nfO{ crlDet t'Nofof] .

x'gt >LdtL ;u'g b]jsf]6fsf] k]6df tLgj6f aRrf 5g\ eGg] s'/f % dlxgf cufl8 g} lel8of] PS;/] ubf{ yfxf e};s]sf] lyof] . cfdfafa' / lrlsT;fsdL{x¿nfO{ 1ft g} /x] klg zNolqmoflagf g} tLg–tLgj6f aRrfsf] hGd x'g' Pp6f crDdsf] ljifo lyof] eg] tLgj6f aRrfsf] tf}nn] klg ;a}nfO{ csf]{ crDddf kf/]sf] lyof] . ;fdfGo Ps :jf:Yo lzz'sf] hGd"bfsf] tf}n @ lsnf]b]lv $ lsnf];Ddsf] x'g ;S5 . t/ oxf“ t klxnf] aRrfsf] tf}n @ lsnf] @ ;o %) u|fd lyof] eg] bf];|f] / t];|f] aRrfx¿ k|To]s @ lsnf] @ ;o u|fdsf lyP . o;/L Pp6L cfdfsf] Pp6} ue{df hDdf ^ lsnf] ^ ;o %) u|fdsf] aRrf /xg' / lagf zNolqmof hGdfpg'n] c:ktfnb]lv kqklqsf;Dd xnrn dlRrPsf] lyof] .

sf:sLaf6 sf7df8f}+ cfO{ blIf0f9f]sf, dgsfdgf dfWolds ljBfnodf lzIf0fsfo{df /xg'ePsf lzjk|;fb b]jsf]6f / >LdtL ;u'g b]jsf]6fsf] sf]vaf6 hlGdPsf oL tLg hgf lzz'x¿ xfn ( j6f j;Gt kf/ ub}{ sIff # df cWoog/t 5g\ . ue{ /x]sf] $ dlxgfdf /Qm>fj ePsf] / c:ktfndf k/LIf0f u/fp“bf tLgj6f aRrf 5g\ egL 8fS6/n] eGbf klg pxf“x¿nfO{ ljZjf; nfu]sf] lyPg .

klxn] Ps 5f]/f hGdfP/ x'sf{O;s]sL >LdtL b]jsf]6fn] cfk\mgf] klxnf] ue{sf] cg'ejeGbf a9L kL8fbfos / ufx«f] dx;'; ug'{eof] . cfk\mgf] k]6 Hofb} 7"nf] ePsf] / nueu ue{wf/0fsf] kl5Nnf] Ps dlxgf pxf“n] xnrn klg ug{ kfpg'ePg . ^ lbgsf] c:ktfn a;fOkl5 t/fO{sf] 3/df a;]/ ufO{–e}+;Lsf] b"w v'jfP/ aRrfnfO{ s'g} ;d:oflagf g} x'sf{pg pxf“ ;kmn x'g'eof], t/ o; sfo{df pxf“sL ;f;"sf] Hofb} 7"nf] ;xof]u /x]sf] s'/f pxf“ slxNo} e'Ng'x'Gg .

h]7f 5f]/f ;f}/j xfn sIff $ df cWoo/gt 5g\ . pgL !! jif{sf 5g\ eg] af“sL tLg hgf xfn;Dd vfg, a:g, k9\g, v]Ng, 8'Ng / ;'Tg klg 5'l§Psf 5}gg\ . ;dfGotof vfg]s'/fdf p:t} ?lr /fVg] tLg} bfh'efO ;+uLtlk|o 5g\ eg] v]ns'bdf klg ;dfg u'0fsf 5g\ . tLg} hgf r~rn], plQs} k9\g] eP tfklg bf];|f] aRrf clt l/;fpg] / sfG5f] a9L ?g vf]Hg] vfnsf] ePsf] s'/f lzjk|;fb b]jsf]6f atfpg'x'G5 . klxn] tLg} hgfnfO{ hlG8; / 8fOl/of x'g] ub{Yof], t/ xfn To:tf] ;d:of pgLx¿df 5}g .

lzjk|;fb b]jsf]6f / >LdtL ;u'g b]jsf]6f clxn] cfk"mnfO{ ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf efUodfgL bDktL 7fGg'x'G5 . lzjk|;fb b]jsf]6f tLg hgf 5f]/fx¿sf] Ps}rf]l6 hGd ePkl5 cfk"m k"/} cfl:ts ePsf] atfpg'x'G5 . pxf“ To;eGbf klxn] k"/} gfl:ts x'g'x'GYof] / O{Zj/k|lt ljZjf; /fVg'x'GgYof] . ha ;s'zn tLg aRrfsf] hGd zNolqmoflagf g} eof] ta pxf“ k"/} O{Zj/eQm x'g'eof] . rf/÷rf/j6f 5f]/fnfO{ cfhsf] ;dodf nfngkfng ug{ ufx«f] x'"b}g < eGbf pxf“ eGg'x'G5— …klxn] c:ktfndf klg 5f]/f5f]/L gePsf sltko JolQmx¿ Pp6f 5f]/f dnfO{ lbg'xf];\, tkfO{+sf] csf]{ 5f]/f klg 5 eGg cfPsf lyP / w]/} kqsf/n] klg o:tf k|Zg ;f]w]sf lyP, t/ dnfO{ To:tf] s'g} ;d:of nfu]g / nfu]sf] 5}g klg . eljiodf klg o:tf] s'g} ;d:of xf]nf h:tf] nfUb}g . ;a} s'/f O{Zj/s} /]vb]vdf /xg]5g\ .

xfdL h'DNofxfsf] efUo km]g{ ;St}gf}+

– 8f= wg/fh cof{n, ljz]if afn pkrf/ sIf, yfkfynL, k|;"lt u[x

;dfGotof aRrfx? #& b]lv $@ xKtfsf] aLrdf hGdG5g\ t/ h'DNofxf aRrfx?nfO{ cfdfsf] kf7]3/df #@ xKtfb]lv a:g] 7fp“ kof{Kt x'"b}g . To;sf/0f h'DNofxf aRrfx? k|foM #@÷## xKtflt/ g} hGdg] ub{5g\ . rf“8} hGdg] x'gfn] pgLx?sf] tf}n Hofb} sd x'g], kmf]S;f]sf] k"0f{ ljsf; eOg;s]sfn] ubf{ Zjf; k|Zjf; lgoldt gx'g], tfkqmd k"/f geO{ lr;f] x'g] / /Qm;|fj a9L x'g] x'gfn] pgLx? ;fdfGo c? aRrfeGbf a9L vt/fk"0f{ l:yltdf /xg] ub{5g\ . h'DNofxf aRrfx?sf] /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf sd x'g], ;+qmfds /f]uaf6 a9L u|l;t x'g] / c? aRrfsf] t'ngfdf pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo rf/ u'0ff a9L gfh's /x]sf] x'G5 .

;fdfGotof aRrfx? hGdbfsf] tf}n ;f9] @ lsnf];Dd eP k"0f{ dflgG5 t/ h'DNofxfx?sf] tf}n Ps, 8]9 s]hL dfq x'G5 . Pp6fdf a9L /ut eP/ a9\tf /ftf] x'g] / csf]{df /ut geP/ kx]+nf] b]lvg] tyf bf];|f] aRrf k"0f{ vt/fdf /xG5 . ;fdfGo aRrfnfO{ #÷$ lbg;Dd /flvg] ljz]if afn pkrf/ sIfdf h'DNofxf aRrfnfO{ @* lbg;Dd /fVg'kg]{ klg x'G5 . k"0f{tof uef{zo hlQs} cj:yf ldnfP/ /flvg] of] sIf Hofb} ;+j]bgzLn / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ x'G5 . aRrfsf] tfkqmdnfO{ ldnfpgsf nflu ljz]if lsl;dsf jfd{/ / OGSn'e]6/ k|of]u ul/G5 / xfdL pgLx?sf] tf}nsf] k"/f ljsf; u/fP/ cfdfsf] b"w r':g ;Sg] ePkl5 dfq cfdfnfO{ lhDdf nufOlbG5f}+ .

h'DNofxf aRrf kfpg] cfdf klg plQs} hf]lvddf x'G5g\ eg] h'DNofxf aRrfx? hGd]sf] @* lbgleq g} dg]{ ;Defjgf &% k|ltzt /xG5 eg] ! jif{leq dg]{ ;Defjgf %) k|ltzt /xG5 . h'DNofxf aRrfx? c? h:t} ;fdfGo hGdG5g\ klg t/ xfdLn] zNolqmof u/]/ lems]sf aRrfx?df eg] h'g klxn] lemSof] pm g} h]7f] x'G5 . To;sf/0f xfdLn] zNolqmof u/]/ lgsfn]sf aRrfx?df !÷@ ldg]6eGbf a9Lsf] km/s x'"b}g . xfdLn] klxn] hlGdg] aRrfnfO{ kl5 lems]sf] klg x'g;S5 . To;sf/0f xfd|f] zNolqmofn] pgLx?sf] pd]/sf] txdf tndfly kg{ ;S5 . t/ o;sf] dtna of] xf]Og ls xfdLn] pgLx?sf] efUo g} km]l/lbG5f}+ .

h'DNofxf afnsx? / ltgsf Jojxf/

k'?if of}gsf]lzsf / :qL of}gsf]lzsfsf] ldngaf6 hLjgsf] k|f/De x'G5 . dfgjhLjgsf] o; k|f/Desf] If0fnfO{ ue{wf/0f elgG5 . ue{wf/0f To;a]nf x'G5 ha afa'sf] lnËaf6 aLh -z'qmf0f'_ cfdfsf] of]lgdf /x]sf] l8Da;“u ldNb5 . ue{wf/0fsf] ljz]if dxŒj 5, lsgeg] 5f]/f x'g] jf 5f]/L x'g] / sltj6f aRrf x'g] eGg] ljifo ue{wf/0fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ue{wf/0fsf] cj:yfdf cfdf / afa'sf] of}gsf]lzsfdf t]O; hf]8f u'0f;"q x'G5g\ . ue{wf/0faf6 k|fKt $^ j6f u'0f;"qx¿ -@# j6f cfdfsf] / @# j6f afa'sf]_ af6 gof“ afnssf u'0fx¿, Jojxf/x¿ / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5 . k'?ifsf] of}gsf]lzsfdf /x]sf u'0f;"qx¿ PS; / jfO{ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . ue{wf/0fsf ;dodf k'?ifsf] PS; sf]lzsf;“u :qLsf] PS; sf]lzsfsf] ldng ePdf 5f]/L / k'?ifsf] jfO{ sf]lzsf;“u :qLsf] PS; sf]lzsfsf] ldng ePdf 5f]/fsf] hGd x'G5 .

;fdfGotof ue{jtL cfdfaf6 Ps hgf dfq afns hGdg] ub{5 . t/ slxn]sfxL+ h'DNofxf jf ltDNofxf jf Tof]eGbf a9L afnsx¿ hGdg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ltDNofxf jf Tof]eGbf a9L afnsx¿ hGdg] l:yltnfO{ c;fdfGo l:ylt dflgG5 . h'DNofxf afnsx¿ / ltgsf Jojxf/ jf lqmofsnfkx¿ s;/L lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5g\ .

h'DNofxfx¿ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g] ub{5g\ . cfdfsf] Pp6f l8Dadf afa'sf] Pp6} aLhaf6 lgif]rg e} b'O{j6f afnsx¿sf] ljsf; eO{ hGdg] aRrfnfO{ h'DNofxf elgG5 . o:tf h'DNofxfnfO{ Identical twins jf Univovular twins elgG5 . o:tf afnsx¿ hGd"bf 5f]/f5f]/f jf 5f]/L5f]/L x'g] ub{5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ cfdfdf /x]sf b'O{j6f l8Da;“u afa'sf] b'O{j6f cnu–cnu aLhsf] qmd;Dd Ps} uef{wfgdf lgif]rg x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 hGdg] afnsx¿ klg h'DNofxf x'G5g\ t/ 5f]/f5f]/f jf 5f]/L5f]/L x'g'kb{5 eGg] 5}g . o;/L hGdg] afnsx¿ 5f]/f5f]/L jf s'g} klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] jf:tjdf Pp6} Ovum df Pp6} sperm af6 hGdg] afnsx¿nfO{ h'DNofxf / cnu cnu Ovum df cnu cnu sperm af6 lgif]rg e} hGdg] afnsnfO{ simultaneous pregnancies sf sf/0faf6 hGd]sf afns eGg] ub{5g\ . h] xf];\, Pp6} aLhaf6 Ovum af6 hGd]sfnfO{ Identical or uniouular / cnu–cnu aLhaf6 cnu cnu Ovum df lgif]rg e} hGd]sfnfO{ Non identical or biovular or fraternal twins elgG5 .

;fdfGotof afnaflnsf identical twins x'g'sf sf/0fx¿sf] ls6fg ug{ ;lsGg tfklg cfdfsf] z/L/df ePsf Hormons sf 36La9Lsf sf/0fn] identical twins ;+of]ujz x'g] s'/f elgG5 . h] xf];\, gjhft lzz'x¿df cfdfsf] / afa'sf] j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿sf] k|;f/0f ;fdfgotof a/fa/L dfqfdf x'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; ul/G5 . gjhft lzz'n] ha cfdfsf] ue{df ue{wf/0f ub{5 o;a]nf cfdfsf] / afa'sf] u'0f;"qsf] dfqf a/fa/ x'g] ub{5 . o;/L a/fa/ dfqfdf /xg] u'0f;"qx¿df j+zf0f'x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . oL j+zf0f'x¿n] afnaflnsfdf j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf] k|;f/0f ug]{ ub{5g\ . cfdfsf] ue{df ljsl;t x'g] Identical twins cfdfsf] Pp6} Ovum / afa'sf] Pp6} sperm af6 lgif]rg e} dfgjljsf;df cl3 a9\g] x'gfn] logLx¿ Pp6} ln+u, Pp6} k|s[lt, Pp6} :jefj, Pp6} lqmofsnfk / Pp6} afgL Jojxf/sf x'g] ub{5g\ . o;}u/L Pp6f 3/df hlGdPsf identical twins sf] ljsf;sf jftfj/0fx¿ Pp6} k|sf/sf x'g] x'gfn] klg o:tf h'DNofxfx¿ Pp6} k|s[ltsf x'g] ub{5g\ . o:tf identical twins sf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;, dfgl;s ljsf;, af}l4s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;+j]ufTds ljsf;, ljz]if u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; / ;Dk"0f{ JolQmTjsf] ljsf; Pp6} ?ksf] x'g] ub{5 .

Hof]ltifzf:qdf h'DNofxfsf] eljio

Hof]ltifzf:qsf k|sf08 ljåfg\ k/f;/ Clifn] odn]Wofo u|Gydf h'DNofxfx?sf] af/]df lj:t[t rrf{ ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;+:s[t efiffdf odnf eg]sf] h'DNofxf xf] . h'DNofxf;DaGwL pxf“n] u/]sf] rrf{cg';f/ h'DNofxfx?sf] hGdfGt/ !% b]lv #) ldg]6df x'G5 . ;fdfGotof @ 306fleq hlGdPsf JolQmx?sf] hGd s'08nL Pp6} x'g] ub{5 . t/ h'DNofxf aRrfx? !%÷@) ldg]6s} cGt/df hGdg] x'gfn] pgLx?sf] hGds'08nL / lrgfnfO{ nUgdf x]bf{ cGt/ gb]lvg] x'gfn] gjdf+z 6'qm\ofP/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . Ps gjdf+z nugdf ePsf] gf} v08sf] ! v08 x'g] ub{5 . km]l/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf hGd ;do leGg leGg tl/sfn] lng] ul/G5 . sf7df8f}+sf] ;"of]{bosf] ;do kfNkfsf] / Onfdsf] eGbf km/s x'G5 . ;/b/df Pp6} ;do lnP/ s'08nL agfp“bf km/s kb{5 . To;sf/0f afnssf] hGd eg]sf] hg]g]Gb|Loaf6 aflx/ lg:s]kl5sf] ;do dfGg] ls klxnf] ?jfO < xfd|f] Hof]ltifzf:qdf hGdkl5sf] aRrfsf] klxnf] lrTsf/nfO{ p;sf] hGd ;do eg]/ u0fgf ug]{ ul/G5 . k|To]s aRrf hGdgf;fy ?G5 g} .

h'DNofxf hGd]sf JolQmx?sf] k|To]s s'/fsf] ;dfg kl/0ffd / hGds'08nL Pp6} eP klg efUo eg] km/s km/s g} x'G5 . h'DNofxf aRrfsf] rrf{ ubf{ Ps hf]8L h'DNofxf bfh'efOdf b'j} wgf9\o lyP / p:t} k9]sf klg . b'j}sf] hflu/ /fd|} lyof] t/ ( jif{cufl8 bfh'rflx+sf] df]6/ b'3{6gfdf k/]/ d[To' eof] t/ efO cem} hLljt} 5g\ . To;}u/L h'DNofxf lbbLalxgLdf lbbL w]/} wgL / ;d[4 kl/jf/df 5 t/ alxgL Hofb} ul/a / b'MvL kl/jf/df . o;/L h'DNofxf JolQmx?sf] efUo Pp6} x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg unt xf] .

ljhf]/ /flzsf] ljhf]/ gjdf+z eP 5f]/f 5f]/f h'DNofxf hGdG5g\ / hf]/ /flzsf] hf]/ gjdf+z eP 5f]/L 5f]/L h'DNofxf hGdG5g\ . To;}u/L hf]/ /flz ljhf]/ gjdf+z jf ljhf]/ /flz hf]/ gjdf+z eP 5f]/f / 5f]/L h'DNofxf x'g] ub{5g\ . h'DNofxfx?sf] ;dofjlwnfO{ lrlsT;fsdL{x?n] klg c;/ kf/]sf 5g\ . pgLx? ck|];g u/]/ ! ldg]6sf] km/sd} aRrf lgsflnlbG5g\ h;n] ubf{ hGd s'08nL agfpg Hofb} cK7]/f] kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof h'DNofxf hGd]sf JolQmx? c? ;/x g} af“Rg] / sfo{ ug]{ ub{5g\ . pgLx?df c? JolQmeGbf leGg ljz]if u'0f h'DNofxfaLrsf] ;dfg u'0fafx]s c? e]l6+b}g .

uf}/j dx;'; x'G5

k|Zg M h'DNofxf aRrf tkFO{+sf] k]6df x'"bf s'g} ;d:of lyPg <

pQ/ M ;'?df d]/f] k]6 w]/} b'Vg] ub{Yof] / ;fdfGotof 7"nf] klg lyof] . $ dlxgf ePkl5 8fS6/L k/LIf0f u/fp“bf h'DNofxf 5g\ eGg] yfxf eof] . h'DNofxf aRrf k]6df x'"bf ufx|f] x'"bf]/x]5 . jfsjfs a9L eP/ afGt x'g], hLp ef/L eP/ lx+8\g g} g;lsg] ePsf] lyof] .

k|Zg M k]6df h'DNofxf aRrf 5g\ eg]/ dgf]j}1flgs c;/ t k/]sf] lyPg <

pQ/ M dgf]j}1flgs c;/ klg k5{ g} t/ dnfO{ t k]6df h'DNofxf aRrf 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf geOsg g} ;d:ofx? cfP . d}n] klxn] g} 7"nL 5f]/L hGdfP/ x'sf{O;s]sL lyP“ . klxn]sL * dlxgfsL 5f]/L k]6df x'"bf d ;'Gb/Lhnsf] psfnf] r9]sL lyP“ t/ kl5 h'DNofxf x'"bf d $÷% ;o ld6/sf] b"/L klg lx+8\g g;Sg] ePsL lyP“ .

k|Zg M pgLx?aLrdf s] s] ;dfg u'0f 5g\ <

pQ/ M h'DNofxf eP klg pgLx?df ;dfg u'0f 5}g . klxn] hGd]sL 5f]/Lsf] tf}n @@)) u|fd lyof] / kl5 hGdsf] 5f]/fsf] tf}n @#)) u|fd lyof] . kl5 5f]/L 7"nL eO{ . clxn] klg 5f]/L g} 7"nL 5 . 5f]/L Hofb} uDeL/ 5] t/ 5f]/f r~rn] 5 . 5f]/L k9\gdf lgs} t]h 5] t/ 5f]/f Tolt t]h 5}g . s;}n] klg pgLx?nfO{ h'DNofxf eGb}g . ;fgf]df 5f]/L c;fWo 8/fpg], 7"nf] :j/n] af]n]sf] ;'Gg gx'g], l6eL x]bf{ emu8f x]g{ g;Sg] lyO{ t/ 5f]/f To:tf] lyPg .

k|Zg M h'DNofxf aRrfsf] cfdf ePsf]df s:tf] dx;'; ug'{x'G5 <

pQ/ M dnfO{ t h'DNofxf aRrfsf] cfdf ePsf]df uf}/j dx;'; x'G5 . pgLx?nfO{ ;s'zn hGdfP/ x'sf{pg ;lsof] . hf] sf]xL cfdfn] o:tf] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .