Biyngan Prabidhi (Yuwamanch Monthly)

lj1fg lzIf0fnfO{ ;lhnf] kfg]{ oGq

k|f]h]S6/ Ps j}1flgs oGqsf] gfd xf] . o;sf] k|of]u cfhsn ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ d'n'sdf w]/yf]/ ePs} 5, t/ xfd|f] h:tf] u/La d'n'sdf eg] ;DkGg ;+3;+:yfdf dfq ;Lldt 5 . o;sf d'Vo sf/0f b'O{j6f 5g\ . klxnf] of] Hofb} dx+uf] ePsfn] ;a}n] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg' / bf];|f] o;sf] dxTj w]/}n] ga'‰g' xf] . oxfF oxL lj1fg lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf]¿kdf cToGt dxTj k"0f{ dflgPsf] k|f]h]S6/sf] dxTj :jb]zd} ;lhnf] / ;:tf] :j¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;lsg] s'/fsf] s]xL hfgsf/L k|:t't 5 .

xfd|f] h:tf] u/La d'n'sdf lj1fg lzIff w]/} kl5 k/]sf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f k|of]ufTds ljlw jf k|bz{g ljlw lagf g} ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fgsf jfSof+; 3f]sfpg' xf] . lj1fg lzIf0fdf k|of]ufTds ljlw lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5 . t/ o;sf] nflu rflxg] pks/0f / /;fogx¿ cToGt dxªf] kg{ hfg] x'Fbf of] ljlw ckgfpg zx/L If]qsf s]xL ;DkGg ljBfno afx]s c¿sf] nflu ;+ej eO/x]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] clnslt dfq Wofg lbg] xf] eg] klg xfdL :jb]zd} o:tf] oGq lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5f}+ . h;nfO{ k|f]h]S6/ elgG5 . :jb]zdf xfdL cfkm}n] lgdf{0f u/]sf k|f]h]S6/x¿ ;:tf] ;lhnf klg x'G5g\ . o; k+lQmsf/n] cfkm}n] cg';Gwfg u/L tof/ kf/]sf] k|f]h]S6/sf] gd"gf oxfF k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ rnfpg cfofltt dx+uf k|f]h]S6/nfO{ h:tf] lah'nLsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .

;}4flGts ¿k/]vf M– k+lQmsf/ cfkm}n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] o; k|f]h]S6/ oGqsf] ;}4flGts ¿k/]vf o; k|sf/ 5 .

M= Concave Mirror
L= Lamp (Source of Light) - (Halogen Lamp) 50W, 100W
C= Condensing Lens - Palno Convex Lens
S= Tansperent Small Slide - Photo Graph of Object
P= Projection Lens - Which Produces Highly Magnified Figure

kmfObfM– o; oGqsf] ;xof]uaf6 lng ;lsg] kmfObf cglulGt 5g\ . To;df klg d'Vo ¿kdf lgDg kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .

– ef}uf]lns sf/0faf6 :yfgLo¿kdf b]Vg gkfOg] hgfj/, la?jf, r§fg OToflbsf] hLjGt /+lug t:jL/ cfˆg} sIff sf]7fdf dgdf]xs¿kdf ljBfyL{n] cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

– o; k|lqmofaf6 ljBfyL{df k9fOk|ltsf] ?lr k|r'/ dfqfdf a9\g]5 .

– of] oGq ljB't ;]jf pknAw :yfgdf ljB'taf6 / gePsf] :yfgdf !@ ef]N6sf] ;fgf] Aof6«Laf6 klg rNg ;Sg] 5 .

– bzf}+ xhf/ kg]{ ljb]zL k|f]h]S6/df gePsf] lr:ofpg] k|lqmof (Cooling System) o;df pknAw x'g]5 .

– o;sf] d"No g]kfnsf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] cfly{s Ifdtfn] wfGg ;Sg] x'g]5 .

– lau]|sf] v08df xhf/f}+ ?= vr{ ug'{kg]{ ljb]zL k|f]h]S6/sf] bfFhf]df o;nfO{ s]xL ;dodf k'gM lgdf{0f (Repairing) ug{ ;lsg]5 .

– ljBfnodf cfjZos kg]{ 7"nf kf]i6/ 6fFUg leQfsf] sdL x'g], k6\ofP/ /fVbf d';fn], sL/fn] laufg]{ / /fVg 7"nf] 7fpFsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'Fbf :nfO8sf] k|of]uaf6 ;a} ;d:ofsf] xn x'g]5 .

– :nfO8 cfkm} klg tof/ ug{ ;lsg] / lsGg klg kfOg] x'Fbf b]vfpg] j:t'sf] ck|fKotf dx;'; x'g] 5}g .

– of] oGq ;:tf] dfq geO{ cfsif{s, xn'sf, bl/nf], ljB't / Aof6«Laf6 klg rNg] ePsfn] h'g;'s} :yfgsf] nflu klg pko'Qm x'g]5 .

– o;n] ljB't sd vkt ug]{ ePsfn] ljB't jf Aof6«Lsf] Operating Cost Go'g /xg]5 .

– lzIf0f ;+:yf afx]s NGO, INGO jf cGo ;+:yfsf] nflu klg of] pkof]uL x'g]5 .

sdhf]/ kIfM

pQm oGq sd ljB'lto Ifdtfsf] ePsf]n] hlt ;Sbf] a9L cFWof/f] sf]7fsf] h?/t kg]{5 .

– ;'/]Gb| l3ld/]

s]xL pkof]uL cfljisf/

3'dfpg] s'zg

sf/df r9\bf / sf/af6 cf]n+{bf z/L/df b'vfO{sf] sf/0f cK7\of/f] x'g] dflg;nfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] Ps la|l6; sDkgLn] 3'dfpg] s'zgsf] cfljisf/ u/]sf] 5 . sf/sf] l;6df ;Fu} /fVg ;lsg] o; s'zgnfO{ 3'dfpgf;fy l;6df a:g] ofqL :jtM aflx/tkm{ 3'Dg k'Ub5 / p;nfO{ cf]n{g ;lhnf] x'G5 . s'n @) 8n/ kg]{ o; s'zgnfO{ sf/sf] s'g} klg l;6df /fVg ;lsG5 .

kmf]x/af6 6fon ag]

6fon agfpg] Ps la|l6z sDkgLn] af6fdf kmfNg] ul/Psf] O{+§fsf] 6'qmfx¿ / 6'6]km'6]sf] df6fsf] efF8fs'8faf6 6fon agfpg] k|ljlw ljsl;t u/]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ljlw cg';f/ plNnlvt kmf]x/nfO{ w"nf] -kfp8/_ agfP/ Ps dha't 6fon agfpg ;lsG5 . o; pknlAwsf] nflu ;f] sDkgLnfO{ …OGefo/f]d]lni6 ckm Oo/Ú gfds k'/:sf/ ;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . Pr P08 cf/ hf]G;g 6foN; gfds o; sDkgLn] k|ltjif{ o; sfddf kfFr xhf/ 6g df6f]sf] ;f] kfp8/ vkt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h;af6 p;n] cg]s lsl;dsf] 6fon agfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;eGbf cl3 pQm kl/df0fsf] kmf]x/ tx nfpg dfq a;]{lg b'O{ nfv %) xhf/ kfp08 vr{ x'g] ub{Yof] .

k|lt306f ^%) ls=dL= s'b\g] sf/

k|lt306f ^%) lsnf]dL6/;Dd rNg ;Sg] sf/sf] s'/f] ;'Gbf xfdLnfO{ cfZro{ nfUg ;S5 . t/ oxfF b]lvPsf] df5fsf] cfs[ltsf] sf/ To:t} ultsf] sf/ xf] . #) km'6 nfdf] Na'j8{ gfds o; sf/nfO{ 8f]gfN8 SofDkj]n gfds 8«fOe/n] n]s cfk;{ gfds :yfgdf ;g\ !(^$ df k|lt306f ^% ls=dL=sf] ultdf s'bfP/ sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sf lyP . cfhsfn klg ;f] sf/n] ;f]xL ultdf s'b\g] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

sfF8f lemSg] ;lhnf] k|ljlw

aflx/ clnslt klg gb]lvg] u/L z/L/sf] leqL c+udf 3';]sf] sfF8f lgsfNgsf] Ps o:tf] DoflUg kmfOª 6\jLh/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . h;n] If0fe/d} sfF8fsf] ;d:of xn ub{5 . ljz]if lsl;dsf] DoflUg kmfOª l;;f nufOPsf]n] o; 6\jLh/n] leq wl:;Psf] sfF8f lgsfNg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . of] On]S6«f]lgs O:6'd]06; b]vefn ug]{ h:tf] dl;gf] sfd ug]{ dflg;nfO{ a9L pkof]uL x'g] atfOG5 .

k|:t'lt M t'n;L l/dfn

cd]l/sL s]xL cGtl/If cg';Gwfg

– cGtl/Ifdf ofg k7fpg k|of]; ug]{ klxnf] JolQm cd]l/sL gful/s Robert H. Goddard x'g\ .

– cd]l/sfn] % d] !(^! df klxnf] cGtl/If ofqLsf]¿kdf g};}lgs Pnfg ;]kf8{nfO{ k7fPsf] lyof] .

– ;g\ !(^! d] % df cd]l/sL cGtl/If ofqL Pnfg ;]kf8{ ds{/L SofK;'ndf a;]/ % ldg]6;Dd ef/lxg cj:yfdf /x]sf lyP .

– ;g\ !(&# d] !$ df cd]l/sfåf/f cGtl/Ifdf k7fOPsf] :sfO{Nofj ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / kl/is[t lyof] .

– ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] k|If]k0f u/]sf] :sfO{Nofj ;g\ !(&( h'nfO{ !! df lxGbdxf;fu/df v;]sf] lyof] .

– cd]l/sL k|yd dlxnf cGtl/If ofqL :ofnL /fO8 ;g\ !(*# h'g !( df Rofn]Gh/ ofgaf6 cGtl/Ifdf uPsL lyOg\ .

– cGtl/Ifdf hfg] cd]l/sL bf];|f] dlxnf Sofyl/g ;'lnefg x'g\ . pgL ;g\ !(*$ sf] cS6f]j/df cd]l/sL ;6n Rofn]Gh/ ofgaf6 cGtl/Ifdf uPsL lyOg\ .

– ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿af6 cGtl/Ifdf hfg 5gf}6 x'g] JolQm cd]l/sL lzlIfsf lqmi6f Dofs]lnkm x'g\ .

– ;g\ !(*^ hgj/L @* df cd]l/sL cGtl/If ofg Rofn]gh/ b'3{6gfu|:t ePsf] xf] . pQm Rofn]Gh/ ofg b'3{6gfdf kg]{ b'O{ dlxnf cGtl/If ofqLx¿ lqmi6f Dofs]lnkm / h'l8o /]lhu x'g\ .

– ;g\ !(*^ df b'3{6gfu|:t ePsf] Rofn]Gh/ ofg x]nLsf] k'R5]|tf/fsf] af/]df cWoog ug{ hfg nfu]sf] lyof] .

– ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] …Pkf]nf]Ú ofgsf] gfd lu|; b]jtf …Pkf]nf]Ú sf] gfdaf6 /fv]sf] xf] .

– j[x:klt u|xsf] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cd]l/sfn] k7fPsf] cGtl/If ofg …kfof]lgo/–!)Ú xf] .

– ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfåf/f lgld{t ofg …EjfOh/Ú n] st}klg g]/f]lsOsg ;Dk"0f{ k[YjLsf] p8fg k"/f u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ofgn] $@ xhf/ @@% lsnf]dL6/ ofqf k"/f u/]sf] lyof] .

– ;g\ !(^@ df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf j}1flgsx¿n] cGtl/Ifdf Eno gfdsf] lrDkf~hL k7fPsf lyP .

– ;g\ !(@( df cd]l/sL vuf]nljb\ O=kL= xAann] xhf/f}+ tf/fk'~hx¿af6 cfO/x]sf] k|sfzsf] j0f{k6sf] ljZn]if0faf6 a|Xdf08sf ;a} k'~hx¿ k/:k/af6 emg–emg\ 6f9f x'Fb} 5'l§b} 5g\ cyf{t\ a|Xdf08 cfkm} Psgf;;Fu rf/}lbzftkm{ k|;fl/t x'Fb}5 eGg] s'/f :yflkt u/]sf lyP .

– ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] # hgj/L !((( sf lbg d+un u|xsf] cWoog ug{ Mars Polar Lander gfds cGtl/If ofgnfO{ 8]N6f–@ gfdsf] /s]6åf/f k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; cGtl/If ofgdf Mars Climate Orbiter gfdsf] oGq h8fg ul/Psf] 5, h;n] cGtl/Ifsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s csf]{ u|xdf uP/ ToxfFsf] hldg vgL hldgleq k;]/ To; hldgsf] cWoog ul/ k[YjLdf /]l8of] ;Gb]z k7fpg] sfo{ ug]{5 .

– ;a}eGbf j[4 cGtl/If ofqLsf]¿kdf Ps gofF sLlt{dfg :yflkt ub}{ cd]l/sL cGtl/If ofqL hf]g Un]g && jif{sf] pd]/df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfåf/f ;g\ !((* cS6f]a/ @( df k|If]k0f ul/Psf] cGtl/If ofg …:k]; ;6n l8:se/LÚ df a;]/ cGtl/Ifsf] ofqfdf lgl:sP . pgn] o; cl3 klg ;g\ !(^@ df cGtl/Ifsf] ofqf u/]sf lyP .

;+sns M s[i0f e'h]n

n]p j}slNks OGwgsf] ;|f]t aGg ;Sg]

ljZjsf k|foM /fi6«x¿n] ;jf/L k|b"if0fnfO{ :j:y jftfj/0fsf] d'Vo zq'sf] ¿kdf dfGb} cfP tfklg /fi6«x¿n] o;nfO{ k"0f{ lgd"{n ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}gg\ . cTolws ;jf/Lsf] rfk tyf cf}Bf]lusLs/0fn] ubf{ s'g} lbg k[YjLdf kfOPsf] k|fs[lts OGwg k"0f{¿kdf ;dfKt gxf]nf eGg ;ls+b}g t/ o;sf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf clxn] gofF k|ljlwnfO{ leTofpg yflnPsf] 5 . k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ldtJooL, ;/n / ;j{;'ne agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf klg vf]h cg';Gwfg eOg}/x]sf] 5 . t]n tyf k|fs[lts UofF; ;dfKt ePdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; Ps /fd|f] OGwg x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ o;nfO{ sd d"Nodf s;/L pTkfbg ug]{ eGg] ;d:of eg] cem} /lx/x]sf] 5 .

j}1flgsx¿n] xl/of] PNuL-n]p_ df k|r'/ dfqfdf xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf /x]sf] s'/f xfn} kQf nufPsf 5g\ . j}1flgsx¿ ;fdfGo kf]v/L tyf hnfzodf x'g] xl/of] n]pnfO{ k|of]u u/L xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg u/]/ OGwgsf] ljsNksf]¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ k|of;df 5g\ . ljZjsf] h'g;'s} efudf kfOg] xl/of] PNuLdf kfgL / k|sfznfO{ xfO8«f]hgdf kl/jt{g ug]{ 7"nf] Ifdtf xG5 eGg] s'/f j}1flgsx¿n] kQf nufPsf 5g\ eg] PNuLnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg ug{ nufpg] Pp6f gofF tl/sfsf] vf]hL klg u/]sf 5g\ . sfd gnfUg] o:tf] n]p nufot kfgL ;d]tsf] k|of]uaf6 pTkfbg ul/g] xfO8«f]hgsf] pkof]uaf6 jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f klg x'g]5}g . csf]{tkm{ o;af6 k|;:t xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg x'g] ;+efjgf klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

k[YjLdf ;jf{lws kfOg] k|frLg k|fs[lts jg:kltsf]¿kdf lrlgg] n]pdf b'O{ a]Un} k|sf/sf jftfj/0fdf ;lhn} afFRg;Sg] c;fwf/0f Ifdtf /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnosf tfl;cf] ldN;sf] 5 . ha xfjf / k|sfzdf PNuL pd|G5, To;n] cGo jg:kltn] h:t} k|sfz ;+:n]if0f lqmof ckgfpF5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] k|lqmofdf k|sfz, kfgL / sfj{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ clS;hg / afFRgsf nflu cfjZos /f;folgs tTjx¿df jg:kltn] kl/jt{t ub{5 . t/, ha n]pnfO{ k|d'v ;Nkm/af6 al~rt ul/G5 / clS;hgljgfsf] jftfj/0fdf afFRg afWo ul/G5, ta afFRgsf nflu o;n] a}slNks hLjgz}nL ckgfpF5 . o; k|lqmofaf6 n]pn] xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg ug]{ ldN;sf] wf/0ff 5 . pgsf cg';f/ oxL j}slNks afFRg] hLjgz}nLaf6 n]p nfvf}+ jif{b]lv clS;hg / ;Nkm/ljgf g} afFRb} cfPsf] 5 h'g cj:yfdf cGo jg:klt afRg] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g .

o; k/LIf0fsf a]nf n]psf sf]zx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] eg] n]pnfO{ k|sfz, kf}li6stTj / kfgL lbOPsf] lyof] . o:tf] lsl;dsf] jftfj/0fdf bzf}+ nfv ;+Vofdf gofF sf]z tof/ ePsf lyP . To;kl5 xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg ug]{ hLjgz}nL ckgfpg afWo ug{ cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] PNuL cyf{t n]pnfO{ ;Nkm/ / clS;hg lbg aGb u/]sf lyP . @) 306fleqsf] cjlwleq n]pn] cfˆgf] hLjgz}nL kl/jt{g u¥of] / clS;hgsf] abnf xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg z'? ug{ yfNof] . jftfj/0fsf] b[li6sf]0fdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; cGo OGwgsf] t'ngfdf z'4 tyf k|b"if0fd'Qm dflgG5 . Ps ln6/ PNuL -n]p_ af6 tLg ldlnln6/ xfO8«f]hg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] >L ldN;sf] wf/0ff 5 .

– ;+uLtf >]i7

lj1fg k|ljlwsf s]xL gofF pkxf/

ljgf 8«fOe/ uf8L rNg] M hfkfgL s]xL sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/x¿n] ljgf 8«fOe/ sf/ rnfpg] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] cfljisf/ u/]sf 5g\ . :df6{ 8«fOe/ gfds o; ;ˆ6j]o/nfO{ s'g} sf/sf] 8]sdf lkm6 ul/Psf] sDKo'6/df xfn]/ rfn' ugf{;fy s'zn rfnsn] h:t} uf8L rnfpg yfNg]5 . o;n] oftfoftsf] k"/f lgod kfng ub}{ sf/sf] ultnfO{ 36fpg] / a9fpg] klg ub{5 .

cGwfn] b]Vg] rZdf M– hd{gLsf OlG:6Ro'6 ckm OGkmfl6{S;sf 8f= :j]g p6s]n] Ps o:tf] sDKo'6/Ls[t rZdf agfPsf 5g\, h;n] ;–;fgf b'O{ Sofd]/fsf] ;xfotfn] cGwfsf] cfFvfsf] /]l6gfdf Wjlg ;+s]tsf] dfWodaf6 ;dfgsf] k|:6 t:jL/ agfpg ;S5 . h;sf] sf/0f cGwfx¿ cf+lzs¿kdf s'g} klg rLh b]Vg ;Sb5g\ .

d'6'sf] xfn atfpg] sldh M– Sofgf8fsf s]xL OlGhlgo/x¿n] lrlsT;snfO{ /f]uLsf] d'6'sf] xfn atfpg] jfof];]G;/o'Qm sldh ljsl;t u/]sf 5g\ . o; d]lzg sldhsf] cu|efudf nufOPsf] hLj ;Dj]bL ;]G;/n] dflg;sf] z/L/sf] /Qmrfk, k'/fgf] la/fdLsf] Oltxf;, ;s{/fsf] dfqf, tgfj, tfkdfg, kIff3ft cflbsf] hfgsf/L cfkm"df nufOPsf] dlg6l/ªsf] ;xof]uaf6 lrlsT;snfO{ lbg ;Sb5 .

:d/0fzlQm a9fpg] ;fa'gM– lkmgNof08sf 6'hf] dfO08 k/j/ l/;r{ ;]06/sf cWoIf k|f]= ;fOg]h dfs{n] :kfO{ jg gfds :d/0f zlQm a9fpg] ;fa'g agfPsf 5g\ . ;fs]h cDn clws x'g] o; ;fa'gn] g'xfPkl5 dg zfGt / Psfu| x'G5 . kmn:j¿k dflg;nfO{ k9\g n]Vg clws dg nfUb5 / p;sf] :d/0fzlQmnfO{ klg a9fpF5 .

cfsfzdf p8\g] s';L{ M– rLgsf] of+u ;L Sofg OlG:6Ro'6 ckm On]S6«f]lgS;sf j}1flgs lkmnjStn] s';L{sf] cfs[ltsf] ;ft km'6 nfdf] / tLg km'6 rf}8f v'nf x]nLsf]K6/ agfPsf 5g\ . #÷$ hgf ofqL a;]/ !)) lsnf] ld6/;Dd dfly cfsfzdf p8\g ;Sg] o; x]nLsf]K6/df clS;hgsf] l;ln08/ h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ ofqLx¿n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

dfgl;s t/ªaf6 lah'nLM– lah'nLsf] sdL xn ug{sf] nflu ci6]«lnofsf j}1flgsx¿n] dfgl;s t/ªaf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] k|ljlw ljsl;t u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] dflg;sf] dl:tisdf b'O{ On]S6f]8 nufO{ Ps PlKnkmfo/ / 6«fG;ld6/ hf]8]/ ljB't oGqnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s rnfPsf 5g\ . j}1flgs 8f= n]G; js{kn] ln8 vf]/h gfds pks/0fsf] ;xof]uaf6 dfgl;s t/ªnfO{ lah'nLdf abn]/ df]6/ h:tf] ef/L oGq rnfpg] sfdsf] ;fj{hlgs k|bz{g l;8gLsf] nG; Plnhfj]y ;efegdf ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

/]nsf] 8«fOe/nfO{ p7fpg] rZdf M– /flt rNg] /]nsf] 8«fOe/x¿sf] cfFvf emklsP/ obfsbf eo+s/ /]n b'3{6gf x'g] u/]sf] ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . To;}n] To:tf /]n b'3{6gf /f]Sgsf] nflu hd{gLsf s]xL j}1flgsx¿n] /]n rfnsx¿n] /flt /]n rnfpFbf nufpg] Ps lsl;dsf] k|sfz /f]ws rZdf agfPsf 5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿sf] cyf{t\ /ftL uf8L rnfpg] rfnsx¿sf] cfFvf emklsP klg !) ;]s]08leq} s8f zAbdf ;fO/g ahfP/ p7fpg] ub{5 . olb ;fO/g aHbf klg 8«fOe/x¿sf] lgb|f v'n]g eg] cyf{t\ pgLx¿ p7]gg\ eg] uf8Ldf nufOPsf] :jrflnt k|0ffnL :jtM aGb x'g k'Ub5 . To;}n] ca hd{gLsf /flq rNg] /]n rfnsnfO{ k6s k6s ljz]if k|sf/sf] k}bn bafP/ cfˆgf] lgb|f eufpg] ug{ gkg]{ ePsf] 5 .

;+uLtdo afy?dM– Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfnosf j}1flgsx¿n] ;+uLtn] dflg;sf] z/L/ :j:y /fVb5 / slAhot eufpF5 eGg] hfgsf/L k|sfzdf NofPkl5 ToxfF ;+uLtdo afy?dx¿ aGg yfn]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd cd]l/sf, k|mfG;, Sofg8f, :jL6\/Nof8 / lgb/Nof08df u/L Ps xhf/eGbf a9L ;+uLtdo afy?d alg;s]sf 5g\ .

d+unu|xdf clS;hg aGg] M– csf]{ u|xdf dfgj a:tL a;fpg clS;hgsf] d'Vo ;d:of /x]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft ePkl5 gf;fsf j}1flgs Xo'6g s] hf]G;g :k]; ;]06/sf] Ps r]Da/df clS;hg agfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . ;f] r]Da/sf] jftfj/0f d+unu|xsf] afXo jftfj/0f cg's"n ePsf]n] o;af6 d+unu|xdf clS;hg agfpg ;lsg] ljZjf; a9]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] jftfj/0feGbf %) u'0ff sd 3gf r]Da/df (% k|ltzt sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 UofF; / tfkdfg ;"IdeGbf ^) l8u|L sd ePsf] :yfgdf clS;hg agfpg] gf;fsf csf{ j}1flgs 8]la8 SofKng eGb5g\ –æ;g\ @)!# ;Dddf d+unu|xdf clS;hg agfpg ;lsg] cg'dfg 5 . o;af6 cGtl/Ifdf dfgj a:tL a;fpg] of]hgfn] l5§}g} d"t{¿k kfpg] ljZjf; a9\g yfn]sf] 5 .Æ

k|:t'lt M uf]laGb ;fksf]6f

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf @! ;f}+ ztfAbL slxn] s'g <

@! ;f}+ ztfAbLdf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf k|z:t ljsf; x'g] j}1flgsx¿n] k"jf{g'dfg nufPsf 5g\ . oxfF o;} af/] s]xL hfgsf/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;g\ @))) M h]g]l6s OlGhlgol/+usf] cg';Gwfgdf xfl;n x'g] ;kmntfaf6 …hLg y]/fkLÚ / …ODo'gf]y]/fkLÚ sf] ;+o'Qm k|of]u eO{ SofG;/ h:tf] c;fWo /f]usf] ;d]t ;/n / k|efjzfnL pkrf/ c;Dej x'g]5 .

;g\ @))! M 3/leq /x]sf] leQfsf] s'g} klg efudf ;lhn};Fu 6f+Ug ldNg] s/La ! dL6/ nfdf] l:sg ePsf] 6]lnlehgsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . o; lsl;dsf] 6]lnlehgsf] l:sg jf kbf{ aGb /xFbf jf k|of]hg gePsf] cj:yfdf klg o;nfO{ Pp6f cfsif{s snfs[ltsf]¿kdf b]lvg] 5 .

;g\ @))# M ljZjdf xfn Jofks¿kdf k|rng a9\b} uO/x]sf] df]afOn kmf]gdf klg kbf{ jf l:qmg ;lxtsf] lel8of] Sofd]/f h8fg ul/g]5 . h;sf] k|of]uaf6 dflg;x¿ 3/ jf cGoq /xFbf ;d]t ;lrq s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

;g\ @))% M ;lqmo jf …PS6Le sG6]S6 n]G;Ú OG6/g]6;Fu} hf]l8P/ /xg] ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] k|of]ustf{n] cfˆgf] cfFvf gvf]lnsg} Od]n k9\g / ljZjJofkL j]j–;fO6df ;Dk]|lift 1fg–lj1fgsf ;"rgfx¿ ;lhn};Fu k9\g / b]Vg ;Sg]5g\ .

;g\ @))^ M dflg;n] nufpg] Pp6f o:tf] jftfg's'lnt ;6{ jf sdLhsf] lgdf{0f x'g]5, h;nfO{ nufpgfn] udL{df :jtM 708f / 708Ldf Gofgf] dx;'; ug]{5g\ . :d/0f /xf];\ o; lsl;dsf] ;6{ jf sldh nufpg] JolQm tgfju|:t ePsf] cj:yfdf o;n] r]tfjgL ;"rs ;+s]t ;d]t lbg]5 .

;g\ @))& M Pp6f o:tf] sf/ jf df]6/sf] lgdf{0f x'g]5 h'g …PlG6 sf]lnhg /f8f/Ú cyf{t\ 7Ss/ k|lt/f]ws /f8f/åf/f ;';lHht x'g]5 . ;fy} sf/df Ps o:tf] sDKo'6/ klg h8fg ul/Psf] x'g]5 h;sf] ;xfotfaf6 rfns b"3{6gf/lxt lsl;daf6 sf/ rnfpg k"0f{tof ;Ifd x'g]5 . o;sf] sf/0fdf sDKo'6/n] uf8L rnfpg] qmddf ePsf] ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] uNtLx¿ klg ;xh} kQf nufpg]nfO{ dflgPsf] 5 .

;g\ @)!) M Pp6f o:tf] /f]af]6sf] lgdf{0f x'g]5 h;sf] :jefj jf k|s[lt kfNt' hgfj/sf] h:tf] x'g]5 . cyf{t\ of] /f]af]6 cfˆgf] dflnssf] cg'xf/ / :j/ yfxf kfpg k"0f{tof ;Ifd x'g]5 . ;fy} gf]s/n] h:t} o; /f]af]6n] klg cfˆgf] dflnssf] ;a} sfd ;DkGg ug]{5 .

;g\ @)!% M dflg;df nfUg] k|foM ;a}h;f] /f]ux¿sf] lgbfg …hLg y]/fkLÚ dfkm{t ul/g]5 .

;g\ @)!& M j}1flgsx¿ d+un u|xdf kfOnf 6]Sg ;kmn x'g]5g\ . ;g\ @)$$ ;Dddf t ;DejtM ToxfF Pp6f :yfoL snf]gLsf] lgdf{0f ug{ klg j}1flgsx¿ ;kmn x'g]5g\ .

;g\ @)@) M ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf Ps o:tf] jfo'ofgsf] lgdf{0f x'g]5, h'g !))) ofq'x¿nfO{ af]s]/ % xhf/ lsnf]dL6/sf] b"/L;Dd ( ;o lsnf]dL6/ k|lt306fsf] ultn] s'b\g ;Ifd x'g]5 .

;g\ @)@@ M k|of]uzfnfdf dfgj e'|0f ljsl;t ug]{ k|lqmof z'? x'g yfNg]5 .

;g\ @)@% M dfgj dl:tis;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /xg] u/L sDKo'6/sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . h'g sDKo'6/n] dflg;sf] ;f]r–ljrf/ Pj+ lrGtg cg'¿k cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof lbg]5 . cyf{t\ dflg;n] rfx] cg';f/sf] hfgsf/L sDKo'6/n] :jtM pknAw u/fpg]5 .

;g\ @)#) M j}1flgsx¿ s[lqd¿kn] kmf]S;f], d[uf}nf, sn]hf] h:tf c+ux¿ agfpg ;kmn x'g]5g\ . s[lqd lgdf{0f ug]{ s]xL xb;Dd ;kmn eO;s]sf j}1flgsx¿ ca s[lqd cfFvf lgdf{0f ug{ klg ;kmn x'g]5g\ .

;g\ @)$) M ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df k|fs[lts j:t'x¿af6 ljB't pTkfbg ug{sf nflu …Go'lSno/ ˆo'hg k|ljlwÚ sf] k|of]hg ul/g]5 .

;g\ @)$$ M j}1flgsx¿n] Ps o:tf] dfOqmf]:sf]lks /f]af]6sf] lgdf{0f ug]{5g\ h;n] cfˆg} ;"Id cfs[lt ;d]t k'gM pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

;g\ @)%) M :jf:Yo lj1fgdf x'g] rdTsfl/t pknlAwsf sf/0f dflg;sf] cf}ift cfo'df pNn]vgLo j[l4 x'g k'uL !$) b]lv !%) jif{;Dd hLljt /xg ;Sg]5 .

– /fh]3dfg s]=;L=

ANofs xf]n M s] xf] s;/L aG5 / s] u5{ <

lj1fg / k|ljlwn] km8\sf] dfg]{ qmddf la;f}+ ztfAbL xfd|f nflu hlt pTkfbgzLn, sf}t'xndo / ljgfzsf/L /Xof] TolQg} k|lt:klb{ klg . oxL ztfAbLd} cfOG:6fOg h:tf o'u k'?ifx¿sf sfo{ sf}zntf b]Vg kfOof] eg] cGtl/If If]qdf ePsf vf]hn] ;+;f/nfO{ g} rlst t'Nofof] . oxL vf]hsf] ;]t'sf]¿kdf ;g\ !(^( sf] jif{ /Xof], h;n] xfdLnfO{ …ANofs xf]nÚ lrgfof] . zflAbs cy{ …sfnf] KjfnÚ x'g] Black Hole cflv/df s] xf] t < of] aG5 s;/L < st} ;"o{ klg ANofs xf]n aGg]t x}g < cfpgf];\ oxfF oL / o:t} cGo lh1f;f d]6fpg] sf]lz; u/f}+ .

cfsfzdf km}lnPsf cgluGtL tf/fx¿ pmhf{sf e08f/ x'g\ . To;df klg ;"o{nfO{ t pmhf{sf] dxfg\ ;|f]t g} dfGg ;lsG5 . ;"o{sf] s]Gb|df ;ft xhf/ 6g xfO8«f]hg k|lt ;]s]08 x]lnoddf ¿kfGt/0f eO/x]sf] x'G5, h;nfO{ gflesLo clelqmof (Nuclear Fusion) elgG5 / o;}sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k lgl:sPsf] tfk zlQm g} ;"o{ nufot cGo tf/fx¿sf pmhf{sf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] .

s'g} klg tf/fsf] cl:tTj Tof] a]nf;Dd /xG5 ha;Dd leqL rfk (Internal Pressure) / aflx/L u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] k|efj a/fa/ / ljk/Lt lbzfdf /xG5g\ . t/ gflesLo clelqmof rln/xFbf x]lnodsf k/df0f'x¿ qmdzM sfa{g / clS;hg h:tf ef/L tTjdf ablngfsf sf/0f xNsf tTjx¿df ck]Ifs[t 9+uaf6 pmhf{ pTkGg x'g g;Sg] l:ylt pTkGg x'Fbf tf/fx¿sf] gflesLo zlQm ;dfKt x'g hfG5 / logLx¿sf] pHofnf] ;d]t x/fpg] l:ylt aGb5 . kmn:j¿k leqL bafjdf hlt sdL cfpg yfN5 . Tolq g} aflx/L u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] k|efj xflj x'g yfNb5 / tf/fx¿sf] cfsf/ ;+s'lrt x'Fb} hfG5 .

o;/L tf/fx¿sf] cfsf/df ;+s'rg 36fpg On]S6«f]gn] d'Vo e"ldsf v]Nb5 . tyflk b"/aLgaf6 b]lvg] tL lk08x¿sf 3gTj cTolws a9L x'G5 . of] s'/fsf] cg'dfg of] tYoaf6 nufpg ;lsG5 ls tf/fsf] Ps rDrf efusf] ef/ nueu Ps xhf/ 6g hlt x'g hfG5 . o:tf] lk08nfO{ XjfO6 8\jfkm{ (White Dwarf) elgG5 .

csf]{ l:yltdf olb ;+s'lrt eO/x]sf] tf/fsf] b|Jodfg ;"o{sf] ef/;Fu @=& b]lv # u'0ff;Dd eof] eg] tf/fdf On]S6«f]gsf] bafjn] qmlds¿kaf6 v'Drb} hfg] k|lqmof /f]Sg ;Sb}g . o;/L nuftf/ v'Drb} hfg] tf/fsf] 3gTj c¿ a9L x'G5 / cem On]S6«f]g / gflessf] 7Ss/n] ubf{ Go"6«f]gsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 eO{ cGttf]uTjf !%–@) dfOn;Dd Jof; ePsf Go"6«f]g tf/f (Newtron Star) sf] hGd x'G5 .

t];|f] l:yltdf olb ;+s'rgzLn tf/fsf] b|Jodfg ;"o{sf] ef/;Fu #–% u'0ff x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ v'Drgaf6 /f]Sg ;Dej x'Fb}g . kmn:j¿k tf/f cToGt} 3lge"t x'Fb} hfG5 . cToGt} Go'g leqL rfk / eLif0f u'?Tjfsif{0f ansf] ;fdf~h:otf gldNbf b[io hut\af6 qmdzM tf/fx¿ cf]em]n x'g'kg]{ l:ylt ;[hgf x'G5 . o;/L tf/fx¿sf] k"j{ :yfgdf h] hlt 7fpF afFsL /xG5, To;}nfO{ Black Hole elgG5 . clg, uf]nf] cfs[lt ePsf] Black Hole sf] kl/lwnfO{ 36gf lIflth (Event Horizon) elgG5 .

gflesLo clelqmof ;dfKt eP/ ;"o{ v'Drbf v'Drb} k[YjLsf] hqf] cfsf/df cfPkl5 klg On]S6«f]gx¿ To;sf] leqL rfknfO{ sfod /fvL …ANofs xf]nÚ aGgaf6 arfpg ;kmn x'G5g\ . gofF cWoogaf6 s] s'/f hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 eg], Tof] lk08 dfq} …ANofs xf]nÚ aGg ;S5 h'g ;f}o{ lk08sf] #–% u'0ff x'G5 . o;/L ;"o{ slxNo} klg …Black HoleÚ aGg ;Qm}g .

ANofs xf]n cfsfzsf] To:tf] kl/;/df x'G5 h;df kbfy{ k|j]z ug{ t ;S5 t/ lg:sg eg] ;Qm}g . ;fdfGo ef}lts zf:qsf] lgodfg';f/ s'g} klg j:t' b]Vgsf] nflu To; j:t'af6 k|sfz k/fjt{g x'g kb{5 . t/ …Black HoleÚ n] t lk08x¿ dfq} x}g, k|sfznfO{ ;d]t pDsg lb+b}g eg] o;nfO{ b]Vg ;Sg] t s'/} ePg . To;}n] of] sfnf] b]lvG5 . h;/L kL/f] s'g} :jfb x}g, To;/L g} sfnf] klg s'g} /+u xf]Og . To;}n] Black Hole sf] jf:tjdf s'g} /+u g} x'Fb}g .

…ANofs xf]nÚ af6 s'g} klg j:t' lg:sgfsf nflu To;sf] ult k|sfzsf] eGbf a9L x'g'k5{, h'g ;fdfGo cj:yfdf k6Ss} ;Dej 5}g . To;sf/0f Black Hole af6 lk08 hGdfpg c;fdfGo em} nfU5 . sNkgf u/f}+ ls s'g} Black Hole df lg/Gt/ kbfy{ eb}{ uof] eg] s] xf]nf < :jefljs oxL nfU5 ls o;sf] 36gf lIflthsf] kl/lw ha el/G5 ta of] Pp6f ljzfn cfsfzLo lk08 aGb5 . t/ /dfOnf] s'/f s] eg] o;df ;f/f a|Xdf08 g} xflnlbof] eg] klg 36gf lIflthsf] l;dfgf s]xL cjZo 36\g ;S5 t/ klg of] Pp6f …ANofs xf]nÚ g} /lx/xG5 .

– bLks /]UdL, s6'~h]–*, wflbª