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e"uf]n

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Vol. 13 :: No. 03
Shrawan
August 18 - September 17,
2000

0N A TRIAL BASIS 
This page is still under construction....


ztfAbLs} ;aeGbf nfdf] vu|f; rGb|u|x0f

of] ztfAbLs} ;a}eGbf nfdf] vu|f; rGb|u|x0f oxL ;fpg ! ut] cfOtjf/sf lbg nfu]sf] lyof] . To; lbg /fhwfgLsf] cfsfz w'lDdPsfn] /fhwfgLaf;Ln] ;f] tLg 306f %% ldg]6 cyf{t s/La rf/ 306f nfdf] rGb|u|x0f x]g]{ cj;/ kfPgg\ . of] k6s ;f] u|x0fn] rGb|dfnfO{ Ps 306f $& ldg]6 cyjf em08} b'O{ 306f;Dd k"/} 9fs]sf] x'Fbf ;f] vu|f; rGb|u|x0f Ps P]ltxfl;s 36gfsf] ?kdf j}1flgsx¿n] lnPsf lyP . o; cl3 klg o:tf u|x0fx¿ gnfu]sf xf]Ogg\ t/ of] k6ssf] u|x0f eg] k[YjLsf] w]/} efuaf6 b]Vg ;lsg] / nfdf] ;do;Dd u|x0f nfUg] x'Fbf of] j}1flgs vf]hsf nflu lgs} dxTjk"0f{ lyof] .

w]/}nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] rGb|dfsf] cfˆg} k|sfz 5}g To;}n] o;n] ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ cfj{tg u/L To;sf] pHofnf] k[YjLdf k7fpF5 / of] cfˆgf] k|sfzaf6 grDsL ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] ;xfotfn] rlDsPsf] x'G5 . xfd|f] ;f}o{ kl/jf/df k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] x'G5 eg] rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] x'G5 . k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ k"/} Ps rSs/ dfg{ #^% lbg cyf{t\ Ps jif{ nfU5 t/ rGb|dfn] @(=%# cyf{t\ #) lbgdf Ps rSs/ k"/f u5{ . o;/L ;"o{nfO{ k[YjLn] / rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ qmddf ha k[YjL ;"o{ / rGb|dfsf] aLrdf k5{ ta ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ k[YjLn] 5]lslbG5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf rGb|dfdf 5fofF b]lvG5 . ToxL 5FoFfnfO{ g} u|x0f elgG5 .

u|x0f eGg] s'/f ;do–;dodf k[YjLsf ljleGg efuaf6 b]lvO/xG5g\ . o; cl3 klg ;fgfltgf u|x0fn] 9fSg] 36gfx¿ eO/x]sf lyP, t/ olt nfdf] rGb|u|x0f k[YjLaf6 cfh eGbf !$! jif{ otf nfu]sf] lyPg / cfpg] Ps xhf/ jif{ leqdf klg nfUg ;Sg] ;+efjgf g/x]sf] s'/f j}1flgsx¿n] ul0ftLo lx;faaf6 lgsfn]sfn] o; k6ssf] ;f] u|x0fnfO{ of] ztfAbL s} ;aeGbf nfdf] rGb|u|x0f elgPsf] xf]

;fpg ! ut]sf] ;f] P]ltxfl;s rGb|u|x0f ;fFem % ah]/ $# ldg]6 hfFbf z'? eO{ a]n'sf ( ah]/ #* ldg]6df ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} of] rGb|u|x0f ;"o{ c:t gx'Fb}af6 ;'? ePsf]n] o;nfO{ u|:tf]bo rGb|u|x0f elgof] / of] k"j{ pQ/ s'gfaf6 :kz{ eO{ klZrd blIf0f s'gfdf k'u]/ df]If ePsf] lyof] . of] u|x0f k"jL{ clk|msf / dWo Plzofb]lv k"jL{ Pl;of x'Fb} cd]l/sfsf] klZrdL efu;Dd / Pl;ofdf of] a]n'sL kv b]lvPsf] lyof] eg] cd]l/sfdf laxfgL kv b]lvPsf] lyof] .

u|x0fsf af/]df dflg;df cg]s e|d cGwljZjf; /x]sf 5g\ . o; ljifodf xfd|f kf}/fl0fs zf:qx¿df ljleGg lsl;dsf dtx¿ /x] klg u|x0faf/] Hof]ltifzf:qLo / ef}ltsz:qLo b[li6sf]0f km/s km/s /x]sf 5g\ . Hof]ltifzf:qLo lx;fjn] u|x0f nfUg' klxn] g} u|x0f olt a]nf o; /flzaf6 z'? eO{ o; /flzdf cGTo x'G5 eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 / ;f]xL lx;fan] xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ltly, af/, nUg, gIf]q cflbsf] lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f u|x0f nfu]sf a]nf ul/g] j}1flgs cWoogaf6 xfdLn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ltly ldltx¿ 7Ls 5g 5}gg\ hfFRg] tyf e"–dfkgsf nflu lgwf{l/t ljGb"x¿sf] hfFr h:tf s'/fx¿sf nflu lgs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . To:t} o;af6 j}1flgsx¿n] vuf]n cWoogsf w]/} s'/f hfGg ;Sg] 5g\ .

g]kfndf o;cl3 @)%^ ;fn df3 dlxgfdf rGb|u|x0f nfu]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{ rGb|u|x0f @)%& k'if @% ut] b]Vg ;lsg] 5 .

rGb|u|x0fsf] j}1flgs b[li6n] hlt dxTj 5 Tolt g} dxTj wfl{d{s b[li6n] /x]sf] / of] 36gfnfO{ k"jL{o zf:qLo k/Dk/fdf Pp6f 7"nf] kj{sf]¿kdf x]l/g] ul/G5 . rGb|u|x0fsf a]nf ;"o{ / rGb|df Pp6} /flzdf kg]{ / o; a]nfdf bfg hk cflb h:tf k'0o sfo{ u/]df o;af6 w]/} kmn ldNg] s'/f zf:qx¿df n]lvPsf] 5 . rGb|u|x0fsf a]nf cfˆgf dGqx¿ ufoqL cflbsf] hk u/]df Tof] dGq l;l4 x'g] / To;af6 cfkm"n] lrtfPsf] kmn ldNg] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . dflg;n] s'g} klg dGqsf] k|of]u jf To;sf] kmn kfpg dGq hk u/L To;sf] l;l4 kfpg' k5{ / o:tf] u|x0f nfu]sf a]nf cfkm";Fu ePsf dGqsf] Psfu| eO{ hk u/]df To;n] dGq l;l4 x'g] / To;af6 lrtfPsf] kmn ldNg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

u|x0f nfu]sf a]nf l;w} gfËf] cfFvfn] x]g{ gx'g] j}1flgsx¿ atfpF5g\ . zf:qx¿df u|x0fsf a]nf s]xL vfg]s'/f vfg gx'g] / o:tf] a]nf ;'Tg' jf ue{jtL dlxnfn] k]6 v'Nnf /fVg gx'g] / k]6df 5'g klg gx'g] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 t/ o; ljifodf ef}lts lj1fgn] s'g} k'li6 u/]sf] 5}g .

zf:qLo ljrf/df u|x0fsf af/] h] hlt s'/f u/] klg vuf]n;DaGwL cWoog tyf e"–dfkg cflb sfo{df o:tf 36gfx¿ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . ljZjsf sltko ljsl;t d'n'sn] o:tf u|x0f /fd|f];Fu b]lvg] If]qx¿df k'lu ToxfFaf6 u|x0fsf] t:jL/ lng] tyf cGo cWoog ug]{ ub{5g\, t/ g]knfdf o; ;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ ;fdfGo k"jf{wf/;d]t gePsfn] u|x0f nfUbf o;nfO{ ;fdfGo sf}t'xntf d]6\g] jf dgf]/~hg ug]{ jfx]s cGo vf;} dxTj lbOPsf] 5}g . o; k6ssf] ztfAbLs} nfdf] rGb|u|x0f klg vf;} s'g} of]hgf ljgf g} ljTof], t/ cfufdL lbgdf x'g] o:tf 36gfnfO{ eg] ulxl/P/ cWoog ug]{ k/Dk/f a;fNg tTk/tf b]vfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

/fd x'dfufO{+


vuf]nzf:qL o;/L kQf nufpF5g\ gofF u|x

s]xL jif{ otf vuf]nzf:qLx¿sf nflu gofF u|x kQf nufpg] df};d cfPsf] k|tLt x'g yfn]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd -clk|n @)))_ vuf]nzf:qLx¿n] xfd|f] ;f}/d08neGbf aflx/ #) j6f u|x kQf nufO;s]sf 5g\ . o; lsl;dn] u|xx¿ kQf nufpFb} hfg] xf] eg] Ps ;dodf dflg;eGbf a'l4dfgL k|f0fL ePsf u|xx¿ klg kQf gnfUnfg eGg ;lsGg .

ut dfr{ ;g\ @))) df vuf]nzf:qLx¿n] 6f9fsf] Pp6f tf/f -;"o{_ glhs b'O{j6f zlgh:tf u|x kQf nufPsf 5g\ . xfd|f] ;f}/d08neGbf aflx/ xfn;Dd kQf nfu]sf oL ;a}eGbf ;fgf u|x x'g\ . Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks tyf vuf]nzf:qL :6Le eU6 eG5g\ –æo; lsl;dsf] ;fgf u|xsf] vf]hn] cem ;fgf u|xx¿ kQf nfUg ;Sg] ;Defjgf k|jn ePsf] 5 .Æ

o; lsl;dsf] ;fgf u|xx¿nfO{ vf]h ug{ ;Dej t'NofPsf] 5 . j}1flgsx¿åf/f lgld{t clt zlQmzfnL …s]s–!Ú (Keck-I) gfds b"/aLgn] . of] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf clt zlQmzfnL cfnf]sLo b"/aLg xf] . o; b"/aLgåf/f k[YjLeGbf #)) k|sfz jif{ -! k|sfz jif{ ? ($ va{ %& ca{ & s/f]8 @) nfv ls=dL=_ 6f9f /x]sf Ps xhf/ !)) tf/fx¿af/] cWoog / cg';Gwfg ul/g] 5 . tL tf/fx¿dWo] w]/}sf] …;f}/d08nÚ x'g ;Sg] s'/f j}1flgsx¿ atfpF5g\ . ;fy} o; b"/aLgn] hLjsf] cl:tTjaf/] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf j}1flgsx¿ ljZj:t b]lvG5g\ .

clxn];Dd xfd|f] ;f}/d08neGbf aflx/ kQf nfu]sf #) u|xx¿ ;a}g} xfd|f] ;f}/d08nsf] j[x:klteGbf klg 7"nf /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !((% sf] cS6f]a/ dlxgfdf h]g]efsf vuf]nzf:qL dfOs]n d]o/ / l8l8o/ sj]nhn] ;f}/d08neGbf aflx/ Pp6f u|x kQf nufPsf lyP eg] To;kl5 ;g\ !((^ df rf/, !((& df b'O{, !((( df Ps u/L xfn;Dd #) u|x kQf nflu;s]sf 5g\ . ;"Id s]s–! b"/aLgsf] ;xfotfn] ca ;–;fgf u|xx¿ klg kQf nfUg] ePsf 5g\ . t/ xfn} kQf nfu]sf b'O{ ;fgf u|xdf xfO8«f]hg / lxlnodsf] 7"nf 7"nf lk08x¿ /x]sf] s'/f kQf nfu]sf] 5 . To;}n] j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ oL u|xx¿df hLj /xg] ;Defjgf Psbd} Go"g 5 .

o; gofF u|xsf] vf]hLn] u|xx¿ s;/L ;[li6 x'Fbf /x]5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L xfl;n ePsf] s'/f vuf]nzf:qLx¿ atfpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ u|xx¿ ;[hgf x'g] lk08 ;j{k|yd ;fgf] cfsf/sf] x'G5 / kl5 To;df ljleGg ;–;fgf lk08, s0f, w'nf] cflb ;dfj]z ePsfn] ;f] 7"nf] x'G5 / u|xsf] cfsf/ lnO{ cfˆgf] …;"o{Ú nfO{ kl/qmdf ug{ yfNb5 . oL b'O{ gofF u|x kQf nufpg] vuf]nzf:qL :6Le eU6sf ;xof]uL Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnosf rlr{t vuf]nzf:qL lhof]km df;L{ / kn a6\n/ /x]sf lyP . :d/0f /xf];\ ;g\ !((^ df &) eL/ aL, $& o'=Pd=P=aL= la6f lkS6f]l/;, /f] s]ª\qmL / 6fp a'l6; cflb tf/fsf u|xx¿ kQf nufpg] vuf]nzf:qLx¿ klg pgLx¿ b'O{ g} lyP .

xfn} cfljisf/ ePsf] u|xsf] tf}n zlgsf] tf}nsf] s/La *) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . of] u|x cfˆgf] ;"o{ -tf/f_ eGbf s/La ^) nfv ls=dL= 6f9f /x]sf] 5 . of] xfdLeGbf !)( k|sfz jif{ 6f9f] /x]sf] …dgf];]/;Ú gfds gIfq d08ndf /x]sf] 5 . bf];|f] u|xsf] tf}n zlgsf] eGbf s/La &) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 / of] xfdLaf6 !!& k|sfz jif{ 6f9f /x]sf] …;6;Ú gfds gIfq d08ndf l:yt 5 .

u|x kQf nufpg] vuf]nzf:qLx¿n] jf:tjdf gofF u|xx¿ b]v]sf x'Fb}gg\ . of] pgLx¿sf nflu cGwf dflg;n] s'g} j:t'sf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] h:tf] xf] . pgLx¿n] oL gofF ;fgf u|xx¿ d"n tf/fsf] ultljlwaf6 kQf nufpg] u/]sf 5g\ . xfn} cfljisf/ ePsf] zlQmzfnL b"/aLg s]s–! af6 oxfF;Dd ;kmntf xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5 . eljiodf cem zlQmzfnL b"/aLg cfljisf/ ePsf] v08df o:tf cGo y'k|} ;fgf u|xx¿nfO{ b]Vg ;lsg] s'/f vuf]nzf:qLx¿ atfpF5g\ . d"n tf/f / u|xaLr u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] k|efjn] d"n tf/fn] cfkm"nfO{ otfplt u/]sf] cfwf/df To;sf u|xx¿sf] cfsf/, tf}n / sIfky lg0f{o ul/G5 . xfn} kQf nfu]sf b'O{ u|x o; lsl;dn] kQf nfu]sf x'g\ / oL zlg u|xeGbf w]/} ;fgf 5g\ . vuf]nzf:qLx¿ lgs6 eljiodf g} xfd|f] k[YjL jf ;f] eGbf ;fgf u|xx¿ vf]hL ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf ljZj:t b]lvG5g\ .

– s]zj pkfWofo


dxfb]zsf] pTklQ cgf}7f] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5

xfn ljZjdf ;ft dxfb]z 5g\ eGg] s'/f s;}af6 n's]l5k]sf] 5}g . w]/} jif{ cl3 oL ;ft dxfb]z Pp6} lk08sf] ¿kdf lyP eGg] s'/f w]/} sdnfO{ 1fg xf]nf Û t;y{ cfpg'xf];\ o; /x:oaf/] ;fgf] rrf{ u/f}+ .

hd{gLsf ljZjk|l;4 hnjfo' tyf e"zf:qj]Qf cNk|m]8 a]ug/sf] dtfg';f/ sfaf]{lgkm]/; o'udf ;Dk"0f{ :yn efu Pp6} lk08sf] ¿kdf lyof], h;nfO{ klGhof (Pangea) elgGYof] / To;sf] jl/kl/ ljzfn kfgLsf] efu lyof], h;nfO{ k]Gyfnf;f (Panthalasa) elgGYof] .

a]ug/n] ;j{k|yd ;g !(!@ df o; s'/fnfO{ cfˆgf] dxfåLkLo lj:yfkg l;4fGtdf k|ltkfbg u/]sf lyP . t/ k|yd ljZjo'4sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ j}1flgs tyf ljåfgx¿sf] Wofg o;tkm{ uPg . kl5 pgn] k'gM ;g\ !(@$ df k|sflzt u/]/ ;a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/] . pgsf] l;4fGtg';f/ k]lGhof lxpFsf] 6'qmf kfgLdf t}l/Pem} k[YjLsf] bf];|f] tx ;Ldfdf t}l/Psf] 5 . o;/L t}l/Psf] k]lGhof sfaf]{lgkm]/; o'udf u'?Tjfsif{0f / Hjf/Lo zlQmsf] k|efjn] pQ/ / blIf0f b'O{ lbzfdf k|eflxt eof] . o;/L k|efljt ePkl5 o;sf] dWo efudf e"dWo/]vf /xg uof] . :d/0f /xf];\ ls Toltv]/ e"dWo]/]vf xfnsf] em} k[YjLsf] aLrdf geP/ w'|jLo If]qdf lyof] . ljefhg ePkl5 pQ/L efunfO{ nf}/]lzof
-p= cd]l/sf, o"/f]k tyf Pl;of_ / blIf0fL efunfO{ uf]G8jfgfn}08
-b= cd]l/sf, clk|msf, d8fuf:s/, ef/t, ci6]«lnof / PG6fs{l6sf_ sf] gfpF lbPsf 5g\ .

k]lGhofsf] aLr–aLrdf ;–;fgf kfgLsf efux¿ lyP h'g k]lGhofsf] 6'qm\ofO kl5 ljzfn 6]ly; ;fu/sf] ¿kdf ablnof] . o;/L nf}/]lzof / uf]G8jfgfn}08df lj36g ePkl5 k'gM k]lGhof ;do ;dodf 6'lqmP/ xfnsf] ;ft dxfb]zsf] ¿kdf cfOk'Uof] .

j]ug/n] cfˆgf] l;4fGt ;To ;flat ug{ lgDg k|df0fx¿ klg lbPsf 5g\ .

– ;fDo :yfkg (Jigsaw Fit) a]ug/sf] egfO{cg';f/ cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] b'j} t6df ef}uf]lns Ps¿ktf ePsf] kfOG5 . oL b'j} t6nfO{ Ps csf{;Fu ldnfpFbf To;/L g} ldNg hfG5, h;/L cfn'sf] b'O{ 6'qmfnfO{ ldnfpFbf ldN5 . To:t} pQ/L cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ t6nfO{ o"/f]ksf] klZrdL t6;Fu / b= cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ t6nfO{ clk|msfsf] klZrdL t6;Fu ldnfpg ;lsG5 .

– e"utL0flto k|df0f cg';f/ cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] b'j} t6df cjl:yt s}ln8f]lgod / x;L{lgod kj{tdf w]/} ;dfgtf kfOG5 . p= cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ t6Lo efusf] cfKn]lzog kj{t >]0fL blIf0f–klZrdb]lv pQ/–k"j{ lbzf;Dd km}lnP/ ;fu/df ldNb5 / k'gM blIf0f–klZrdL cfo/n}08, j]N; tyf dWo o"/f]ksf] kj{t >]0fLsf] ¿kdf b]vfk5{ . o; tYoaf6 s] k|dfl0ft x'G5 eg] klxnf of] kj{t >]0fL Pp6} lyof] / k]lGhofsf] ljefhg kl5 6'lqmg uof] .

– e"efuLo k|df0f cg';f/ u|Lgn}08 lg/Gt/ klZrd Sofgf8f tkm{ k|ltjif{ $=% ;]=dL= sf] b/n] ;b}{5 . o;/L u|Lgn}08 h:tf] 7"nf] :yn efu k|jflxt e}/x]sf] 5 eg] k]lGhofsf] e"–efu 6'6km'6 eP/ ljleGg lbzftkm{ k|jflxt ePsf] xf]Og eGg d'l:sn g} kb{5 .

oL k|df0fx¿sf] ;fy} cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] b'j} t6df kfOg] jg:klt / hLjfjz]ifdf cfh klg ;dfgtf kfOG5 . o;}u/L p= cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ t6Lo efu tyf o"/f]ksf] pQ/ klZrd t6Lo efu, b'j} If]qdf Pp6} ;dosf / Pp6} :t/sf sf]Onfsf vfgLx¿ e]l6Psf] 5 .

o;/L a]ug/n] dxfåLksf] pTklQ ;DaGwdf cgf}7f] lsl;dsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . x/]s s'/fsf] /fd|f], g/fd|f] kIf x'gfn] pgsf] l;4fGt klg cfnf]rgfaf6 6f9f /xg ;s]sf] 5}g . h] ePklg pgsf] l;4fGt ;j{dfGo 5 .

– ;ldg;fg' l3ld/]


| cfj/0f kl/ro || ;DkfbsLo || k|ltqmLof || :jf:Yo || /fli6«o ultljlw || hfgsf/L || e"uf]n || g]kfn ;'Gb/L || g]kfn ;'Gb/L || sfg'gL ;Nnfx || ljrf/ || d'Qms÷n3'syf || hLjg bz{g .. lj1fg k|ljlw .. clGtd kft]f .. r]lna]6L ;d:of .. s[lif .. hLj hGt' || :fflxTo || kl/>dsf] kmn || k|]/s k|;ª\u || ;+:s[lt || dgf]/+hg]] ||  || sd}of || ;+;lbo cEof; || Oltxf; || +e]63f6 || 


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