Khoj (Yuwamanch Monthly)

cGtl/If cg';Gwfgdf km]d b"/aLgn] hufPsf] cfzf

xfd|f] cfsfzd08ndf slt u|x 5g\ eGg] af/] clxn];Dd vuf]n j}1flgsx¿ Plsgsf ;fy eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . s'/f olt dfq xf]Og, tf/f Pj+ u|xsf] af/]df gofF cl:yTjsf u|x kQf nufpg] qmd klg hf/L 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf tf/f Pj+ u|xx¿sf af/]df cGo /x:o kQf nufpg] tyf To;sf] jf:tljs t:jL/ Pj+ r]x/fsf] ulx/fO{ yfxf kfpg] s'/f clxn];Dd j}1flgsx¿sf nflu cfˆgf] sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt g} x'g] eof] . t/ ca eg] o; s'/fnfO{ oyfjtM lng ;ls+b}g . lsgsL xfn}sf lbgx¿df qmdzM gofF u|xx¿ kQf nufpg] tyf tL ;a} u|xx¿sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ltgLx¿sf af/] gofF /x:o kQf nufpg] qmd z'? ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf xfn}sf lbgdf ;f}o{d08nsf] dfglrq agfpg ;lsg] u/L Ps To:tf] …km]dÚ gfds cGtl/If b"/aLgsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5, h;n] Tof] cfzfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF o;}af/] rrf{ u/f}+ .

vuf]n ;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 xfd|f] cfsfzLo ;f}o{d08ndf s/f]8f}+ tf/fd08n /x]sf] clxn];Dd cg'dfg lyof] . t/ xfnsf] l:yltdf ;f}o{d08nsf] tf/fx¿sf] ;+Vof s/La rf/ s/f]8;Dd x'g ;Sg] cf+sng klg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . ca z'? ug{ yflnPsf] o; vf]h cleofgaf6 tL ;a} tf/fx¿sf] ljBdfg l:ylt / ltgLx¿aLrsf] cfk;L :j¿ksf ;fy} b"/L klg kQf nufOg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . o; vf]hsf] qmddf k'/} ;f}o{d08nsf] /flq cfsfzsf] #–8L t:jL/ klg tof/ ug{ ;lsg] atfOPsf] 5 .

…km]dÚ cyf{t\ …km"nÚ :sfO{ P:6«f]d]l6«s d]lkª PS;k]l/d]06 gfds o; b"/aLgåf/f ;fgfeGbf ;fgf tf/fx¿sf] af/]df klg cWoog ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ;–;fgf tf/fx¿ kQf nufpg / ltgLx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ klg o; km]ddf Ifdtf /x]sf] vuf]n j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO{ 5 . o; km]dåf/f /ftsf] ;foddf cfsfzsf] ljleGg u|x Pj+ To;sf] :ki6 b[Zo cWoog u/L k'/} ;f}o{d08nsf] lrq0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o; …km]dÚ nfO{ ;g\ @))$ df dfq 5f]8\g] k|:tfj klg ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ o; …km]dÚ n] s/La kfFr jif{;Dd cfsfzd} /xL tf/fx¿sf] cWoogdf h'l6/xg] 5 .

o; clåtLo km]ddf @$ j6f ;L=;L=8L= lrk /x]sf 5g\, h;sf] ;xof]un] k|sfznfO{ xfdL ljB't l;+ugndf abNg ;S5f}+ . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f of] 5 ls of] of]hgf cyf{t\ …km]dÚ sf] cWoog …ldzgÚ k"/f ePkl5 o'/f]lko cGtl/If Ph]G;L …u]ofÚ gfds ldzg klg z'? ul/g] j}1flgsx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . …km]dÚ n] ug{ afFsL /fv]sf sfd o;n] k"/f ug]{ 5 . tf/fx¿sf] /x:o aflx/ Nofpg z'? u/]sf] …km]dÚ sf] sfo{nfO{ o;n] cl3 a9fpg] 5 / ;f}o{d08nsf] k"/} lrq0f tkfO{+ xfdL ;fd' Nofpg] 5 .

k"/} tf/fx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ o; km]d ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfdf …gf;fÚ n] s/La !) ca{ $) s/f]8 ?lkofFeGbf a9L vr{ ug]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] cWoogaf6 xfd|f] ;f}o{d08n ;DaGwL 1fg klg w]/} u'0ffn] a9\g] 5 . o;af6 tf/fd08nsf] l:ylt, ltgLx¿aLrsf] cfk;L b"/L, tf/fx¿sf] /+u Pj+ cfsf/ / ltgLx¿sf] rds cflbsf af/]df klg yfxf kfOg] 5 . o; cltl/Qm bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf o:tf tf/fx¿sf] pmhf{ Ifdtf Pj+ To;sf] l:ylt / tLåf/f k[YjLsf] hnjfo'df x'g] ljljw kl/jt{gsf ljleGg /x:oaf/] klg o;sf] cWoogkl5 hfgsf/L xft nfUg]5 .

k|If]k0fkl5 o;n] cf7 c+ssf] cfs[ltjfnf cGtl/If sIfdf Go" cln{o; dfly @@ xhf/ dLnsf] prfOaf6 rSs/ nufpg] atfOPsf] 5 . To:t} o;n] $) dLg6df cfˆgf] sIfdf Ps rSs/ nufpg] 5, h;af6 cGtl/If lk08 s'g ultdf s'g lbzftkm{ 6f9f hfG5g\ eGg] s'/f klg yfxf kfOg] 5 . $% l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf em's]sf] o; …km]dÚ k|yd k6s pku|xsf] lgwf{l/t lbzf lbgsf] nflu o;df ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . xfj{8{ l:dy;f]lgog ;]G6/ km/ P:6«f]lkmlhS; -d];fRo";]6;_ sf j}1flgs /fa6{/L hgju{sf] g]t[Tjdf z'? ug{ nfluPsf] of] of]hgf k"/f x'Fbf ;f}o{d08nsf gofF gofF /x:o af/] tkfO{+ xfdL ;a}n] cfzf gul/Psf] 1fg kfpg ;Sg] 5f}+ .

– afa'/fd cfrfo{

ljZjs} u/La If]q blIf0f Pl;of

blIf0f Plzofdf ljZjsf] s/La Ps rf}yfO{ hgtfn] a;f]af; u/] klg of] If]q ljsf;sf] b[li6n] ljZjs} lgw{gtd If]q dflgG5 . ;g\ !((( h'nfO{ !@ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP) åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg – !((( cg';f/ ljZjsf !&$ cf}+ /fi6«x¿ dWo] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf blIf0f Plzofdf cjl:yt g]kfn !$$ cf}+ :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 . :d/0fLo 5 ;g\ !((* df of] !%@ cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] lyof] . o;} qmddf Sofgf8f, gj]{, cd]l/sf, hfkfg tyf a]lNhod qmdzM k|yd, bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;];lnof]g !&$ cf}+ tyf clGtd /fi6« /x]sf] 5 .

blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g ;fs{sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿dWo] >Ln+sf ;a}eGbf pRr :yfg () cf}+ df /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L qmdzM dflNbE;, ef/t, kfls:tfg, g]kfn, e"6fg / a+unfb]z (# cf}+ !#@ cf}+ !#* cf}+ !$$ cf}+, !$% cf}+ / !%) cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !((* df cy{zf:qtkm{ gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ ef/tLo cy{zf:qL cdTo{ ;]gåf/f lbOPsf] cy{zf:qLo ;'emfjcg';f/ hl6n ul0ftLo lx;faaf6 o; k6ssf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] .

o;}u/L kfls:tfgl:yt dxa"a – pn–xs Xo"dg 8]end]06 ;]06/n] tof/ kf/]sf] b= Pl;of dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg !((( g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+df @)%^ ;fn d+l;/ !^ ut] ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bg cg';f/ klg ljZjs} ;a}eGbf a9L ;'zf;gsf] ;+s6af6 u'lh|Psf] If]qsf] ¿kdf b= PlzofnfO{ g} rog u/]sf] ;f] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ u/La / wgL aLrsf] c;dfg b"/L, a9\bf] e|i6frf/, csfl;Psf] dx+uL, hgtfsf] ;d:ofk|lt pbfl;g ag]sf] ;/sf/, clzIff, u/LaL, dlxnf dflysf] plTk8g, zf]if0f / e]befj, hftLo e]befj tyf Go"g k|efjsf/L Gofon] of] If]qsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k|0ffnLnfO{ ulDe/ t'NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltj]bgn] b= Pl;ofsf] dfgj ljsf; l:ylt cToGt} bogLo aGb} uPsf] pNn]v ub}{ of] If]qdf k'gM u/LaL a9\g yfn]sf] ;+s]t lbPsf] 5 .

?l9u|:t lxGb" tyf d'l:nd ;dfhsf] afx'No /x]sf] o; If]qdf ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ kIf ;fIf/tfnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . #*Ü b]lv s/La (#Ü sf] aLrdf /x]sf] oxfFsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt dWo] g]kfnsf] #(=^Ü dfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf (#Ü dflNbE;df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L k|ltJolQm cf};t cfon] klg o; If]qnfO{ lgw{gtd /fi6«s} >]0fLdf /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . b= Pl;ofdf ;jf{lws k|ltJolQm cfo ePsf] d'n's dflNbE;sf] k|ltJolQm cfo cd]l/sg 8n/ !!%) /x]sf] 5 eg] >Ln+sf, kfls:tfg, e"6fg, ef/t, a+unfb]z / g]kfnsf] qmdzM *)),$(), $)), %(), @&) / @!) /x]sf] 5 . To:t} a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] ef/ klg of] IF]qdf ;xh} b]Vg ;lsG5 . nueu @–#=$Ü sf] aLrdf /x]sf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/n] klg o; IF]qnfO{ ufFh]sf] b]lvG5 . o;afx]s o; If]qdf /x]sf] cToflws u/LaL, a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of, k"Flh ;+rodf sdL, pBf]u Joj;fo tyf k|ljlwdf sdL cflbn] klg o; If]qnfO{ plQs} ufFh]sf] b]lvG5 .

;g\ !((( sf] ;]K6]Da/df ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Ddn]gdf hf/L ul/Psf] Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; k|ltj]bg !((( cg';f/ o; If]qsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ klg Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; afx]s o; If]qsf dlxnfx¿ k'?ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf cfly{s ultljlwdf Hofb} Go"g b]lvPsf] 5 . klZrdL b]zsf dlxnfx¿ ToxfFsf cfly{s ultljlwdf ;t k|ltzt ;xefuL ag]sf 5g\ eg] b= Pl;ofnL dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof hDdf $)Ü eGbf klg sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if u/]/ u|fld0f hg;+Vof / u|fld0f If]qsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] o; IF]qdf dflyNnf] :t/sf] zx/L cy{tGqåf/f u|fld0f cy{tGqsf] zf]if0f ul/g' /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf gul/g', ljsf;sf] sfo{df zx/L If]qn] k|fyldstf k|fKt ug'{ tyf If]qLo c;Gt'ng x'g'nfO{ klg bl/b|tfsf] k|d'v sf/s dfGg ;lsG5 . o"=Pg= cf]=åf/f tof/ kfl/g] dfgj ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfwf/ klg u|fld0f cy{tGq g} x'g] ePsf]n] xfdLn] klg b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; ug'{ 5 eg] ;j{k|yd u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ g} dfly psf:g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

– ;+hLj sf]O/fnf …c+hfgÚ

cfFvf b]Vg] klg cGwf] x'g;S5 Û

cfFvf b]Vg] dflg; klg cGwf] x'G5 eg]sf] ;'Gbf cfZro{ nfUg ;Sb5 t/ s'/f] ;To xf] . cfFvf /fd|/L b]v] klg s]xL dflg;sf] cfFvfn] /+ux¿nfO{ b]Vg ;Sb}g . o; lsl;dsf] cGwf]kgnfO{ j}1flgsx¿n] /+uk|ltsf] cGwf]kg gfdfs/0f u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF o;} af/] hfgf}+ .

xfd|f] cfFvfsf] /]l6gfdf Ps ljz]if lsl;dsf] sf]if x'G5 . h;nfO{ sf]g elgG5 . of] sf]if # j6f k|fylds /+ux¿ k|lt ;Dj]bglzn x'G5 . tL tLgj6f /+ux¿s} ;+of]hgdf cfFvfn] s'g} klg j:t'sf] 7Ls /+u lrGg / b]Vg ;S5 . t/ of] ;d:ofn] u|:t JolQmsf] cfFvfsf] /]l6gfsf] /ftf] jf xl/of] /+uk|ltsf] ;Dj]bglzn efudf /ftf] jf xl/of] /+u k/]df p;n] cfˆgf] vf; /+u b]Vb}g . o:tf JolQmx¿n] /ftf] / xl/of] /+unfO{ ;w}+ dx]+nf] v/fgL /+usf] ljleGg ;]8x¿sf] ¿kdf b]V5g\ . o:tf JolQmx¿n] /ftf] jf xl/of] afx]s cGo /+ux¿ eg] b]Vb5g\ . t/ slxn]sfxL+ o:tf] ;d:ofn] u|:t JolQmn] lgnf] / kx]+nf] /+unfO{ klg 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}gg\ .

t/ s;}n] s'g} klg /+unfO{ glrGg ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf /+uk|ltsf] cGwf]kg elgG5 . o:tf] ;d:ofn] u|:t JolQmn] ;Dk"0f{ /+unfO{ v/fgL /+u dfq b]Vb5 . t/ o:tf] ;d:of eg] la/n} b]lvG5 . of] ;d:ofsf] vf; sf/0f /]l6gfdf jf cfFvfsf cGo :gfo' efux¿df k}bf ePsf] bf]ifsf] sf/0f xf] . ;a}eGbf klxn] o:tf] ;d:of af/] pNn]v ug]{ JolQm j[l6; s]ld:6 …hf]g 8fN6gÚ x'g\ hf] cfkm} klg of] ;d:ofn] u|:t lyP .

– s'df/ a:g]t±gj/fh s]=;L=

p8g t:t/Ln] cGtl/If ofqfdf qmflGt Nofpg] Û

cGtl/If dfgjx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ egL sNkgf ul/Psf] ofgsf] af/]df xfdL ;a}n] ;'Gb} cfPsf 5f}+ . xfn;Dd o;sf] s'g} 7f]; k|df0f ge]l6Psf]n] o;nfO{ o"=Pkm=cf]- (Unidentified flying Object) elgPsf] xf] . o;} sfNklgs ofgnfO{ ;g\ !($& df s]g]{y cfgf]{N8 gfds n]vsn] p8g t:t/L (flying Saucer) eGg] gfd lbPsf x'g\ . log} cjwf/0ffx¿ cg'¿k ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsb]lvg} lj1fg sNkgfdf cfwfl/t rnlrqx¿df p8\g] l/sfkL h:t} ofgx¿ b]vfOb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . of] sNkgfnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg] k|of;df nfu]sf gf;f -cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«o jfo' ;]jf Pj+ cGtl/If ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;+:yf_ sf j}1flgsx¿ xfn;fn} o:tf] p8g t:t/Lsf] gd"gf tof/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

l/sfkL cfsf/sf] ofgnfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf jfo'gflesLo (Aerodynamic) kmfObf k'Ug] ePsf]n] gf;fn] o:tf] gd"gf k|of]u ul/Psf] hgfPsf] 5 . k|of]usf] qmddf gf;fn] @% u|fd tf}nsf] Pp6f ;fgf] cfsf/sf] p8g t:t/Lsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . of] ;fgf] gd"gfnfO{ !)) lkm6;Dd dfly p8fP/ cjt/0f ug]{ ;kmntf pgLx¿n] kfPsf 5g\ . xfn o;} :j¿ksf] 7"nf] cfsf/sf] gd"gfofgnfO{ jfoaLo ult/f]w lj?4 p8fpg] k/LIf0f (Wind Tunnel Test) eO/x]sf] 5 . of] nlIot k/LIf0f ;f]¥x lkm6 Jof; ePsf] / rf/ hjfg af]Sg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ofgdf ul/+b}5 .

o:tf] ofgnfO{ k[YjLsf] jfo'd08n Pj+ cGtl/Ifsf] :6]zgaf6 jfoaLo rfk Pj+ u'?Tjfsif{0f lj?4 p8fpg afXo an k|of]u ug'{kg]{ cjwf/0ff lnP/ oL k/LIf0fx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . hdLgaf6} o:tf ofgx¿df zlQm k|;f/ ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlwsf] vf]hLdf oL j}1flgsx¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . o;f] ePdf ofgnfO{ p8fpg OGwg 6\of°Lx¿ af]s]sf] /s]6sf] k|of]u ug{ gk/L ofgsf] tf}n lgs} sd x'g]5 . csf]{lt/ n]h/ ljdsf] k|of]u u/L o:tf ofgnfO{ cGtl/Ifdf k7fpg ;lsg] x'G5 eGg] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(&) lt/} Go"of]s{sf] /]G;]nfP/ k|fljlws cWoog ;+:yfg (Rensselaer Polytechic Institute) sf k|fWofks n]Os ld/faf]n] cl3 ;f/]sf lyP . e"–pku|x k|If]k0f ug{ of] k|ljlw ;xfos x'G5 eGg] kl/sNkgf pgn] u/]sf lyP . pgn] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf 5g\ / xfn pgL gf;f / cd]l/sL jfo';]gfsf] nflu o:tf] ofg agfpg h'6]sf 5g\ .

k|of]ufTds ¿kdf o:tf] ofg zlQmzfnL n]h/åf/f k[YjLaf6} lgb]{lzt x'g]5 . of] ofg jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] txdf k'u]kl5 n]h/åf/f ofgnfO{ dfly p8fpg] sfo{ aGb u/L ofgdf /flvg] xfO8«f]hg OGwg k|of]u u/L ofgnfO{ c¿ p8fpg] k|lqmof ldnfOg] atfOPsf] 5 . o; ;dodf ofgd} /x]sf] OGwg -xfO8«f]hg_ afNg] :jLrsf] ¿kdf n]h/ ls/0fsf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 . pQm cg'dfg cg';f/ jfo'd08n dfly k'u]kl5 o:tf] ofg Wjlgsf] j]ueGbf kfFr u'0ff a9L j]udf p8\g] 5 . of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ vf]Hg'sf] d"n p2]Zo ofgnfO{ sd;]sd ef/ o'Qm agfpg' g} xf] . of] k|ljlw ;kmn agfpg ;s] u'?Tjfsif{0f zlQm kf/ ug{ cfjZos cTolws OGwgsf] nflu t/n clS;hgsf 7"nf 6\of°Lx¿ ofgn] af]Sg' kg]{ 5}g / cGtl/Ifdf p8\g dfq rflxg] hlt OGwg dfq af]s] k'Ug] x'G5 .

o:tf] ofgsf] tNnf] efudf ljz]if k|sf/sf] cfj/0f /flvPsf] x'G5, h;n] n]hf/ k|sfznfO{ ofg leqsf] ;+sng laGb'df s]lGb|t u/fpF5 . of] s]lGb|t k|sfzn] ToxfF ePsf] xfO8«f]hgnfO{ cTolws ttfpF5 / h]6 OlGhgn] h:t} sfd ub{5 / kmn:j¿k ofg p8\5 . ld/fjf]sf] cg';f/ xfn;Ddsf] k|of]u pT;fxhgs g} 5 . o; cl3sf] ;fgf] gd"gf ofgnfO{ n]h/s} ;xfotfn] !)) lkm6 dfly;Dd p8fpg ;lsPsf] atfpFb} 7"nf] ofgsf] nflu zlQmzfnL n]h/ k|ljlw agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 egL ld/fjf]n] atfP . pgsf] cg';f/ o:tf] k"0f{ cfsf/sf] ofgnfO{ cGtl/Ifdf k'¥ofpg Ps lhufjf6 a/fa/sf] n]h/ zlQm cfjZos kb{5 . of] !^ lkm6] gd"gf ofgdf n]h/df cfwfl/t k/LIf0f p8fgx¿ o;} jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf ul/g] 5g\ . k"0f{ tof/ ofg agfpg rfxL+ cem} s]xL jif{ kv{g' kg]{ 5 . cGo jfo'ofg ;DaGwL OlGhlgo/x¿;Fusf] a}7s kl5 ld/fjf] cem ljsl;t ofgsf] gd"gf tof/ ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgf b]lvPsf] atfpF5g\ . o:tf] ljsl;t ofgdf dfOqmf]j]e l/l;e/ h8fg ul/g] 5 / of] k|ljlwn] cGtl/Ifdf ofg k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 klg ToxfF :yfkgf ul/Psf e"–pku|x dfkm{t o:tf ofgdf zlQm k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . of] dxTjfsf+IfL sfo{qmdsf] nflu Pp6f o:tf] e"–pku|x cfjZos k5{ h;n] ;f}/ pmhf{nfO{ dfOqmf]j]e aLd -ls/0f_ df abnL ofgsf] cfj/0fdf agfOPsf] n]h/ ls/0f ;+u|x ug]{ laGb'df s]lGb|t u/fpg ;sf];\ . hdLgaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] n]h/ k|0ffnLdf em} ofgdf ePsf] k/fjt{s cfj/0fn] o; tkm{ cfPsf dfOqmf]j]ex¿nfO{ ofqf ug'{kg]{ eGbf ljk/Lt lbzfsf] efudf ;+u|x u/L s]lGb|t u/fpF5g\ . o;/L of] k|ljlwaf6 ofgnfO{ k|If]k0f Pj+ cjt/0f u/fpg ;lsg] x'G5 .

ld/fjf] eG5g\ –æd]/f] k|of; cGtl/If e|d0fsf] vr{ xfnsf] t'ngfdf Ps xhf/ u'0ff;Dd 36fpg] tkm{ s]lGb|t 5 / o:tf] k|ljlw jftfj/0fnfO{ glaufg]{ vfnsf] x'g]5 . o:tf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ cToGt ljsl;t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ rflxG5 . t/ of] k|ljlw ljsf; ePkl5 xfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o xjfOofqf em} k[YjLaf6 cGtl/If ofqfdf lg:sg ;lsg] 5 .Æ

cd]l/sL jfo';]gf;Fu ;DalGwt of] kl/of]hgfn] cd]l/sL k|e'Tj hdfpg] if8oGqsf] ¿k lng ;S5 egL Psy/L ;f]rfO{ klg a9]sf] 5 . t/ of] ofg k"0f{ ¿kn] klxrfgo'Qm (Identified) x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf] z+sf lng' plrt gx'g] ts{ gf;fsf] 5 lsgsL oL p8g t:t/Lx¿ o"=Pkm=cf]= geO cfO{=Pkm= cf]= x'g]5g\ .

k|:t'tstf{ M c?0f zdf{

kmnkm"nsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ d]lzg

Oh/fon lgjf;L l;df]g xf?; gfds j}1flgsn] cl~h/ gfds kmnkm"n pTkfbg dfq u/]sf 5}gg\ . pgn] kmnkm"n 5gf}6 ug]{ d]lzg klg cfljisf/ u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF o;} af/] hfgsf/L k|:t't 5 .

xf?;n] cfljisf/ u/]sf] On]S6«f]lgs d]lzgsf] gfd xf] –d]o'lg6 &@)) . xf?;n] of] d]lzg l56f] / 5l/tf] kmn 5gf}6 ug{ cfljisf/ u/]sf x'g\ . of] On]S6«f]lgs d]lzgn] jhgsf] cfwf/df kmnkm"nsf] l56f] / 5l/tf] 5gf}6 ug'{sf] ;fy} ;fk]lIfs ¿kn] 7Ls;Fu t'ngf klg ub{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm of] d]lzgn] On]S6«f]lgs hf]vfOsf] ;xL lgwf{/0f ug]{ rqmbf]nf -Sof?h]n_ Joj:yf ug]{, pRr kl/z'4tf / sDKofS6 cfsf/ clg plrt d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd klg ub{5 . xf?; eG5g\ –æof] Pp6f ;/n ;fgf] oGq xf], h;nfO{ Ps ;fwf/0f s[ifsn] klg v/Lb ug{ ;Sb5 .Æ

o; On]S6«f]lgs oGqn] sfo{ ubf{ ;j{k|yd s[ifsn] sDKo'6/df rfx]sf] jhg >[+vnf $)–%) u|fd %)–^% u|fd / *% b]lv !)) u|fd x'G5g\ . bf];|f] ljefhs -;]k/]6/_ n] leGbfleGb} ¿kdf kmnx¿ nf]8 u5{ . To;kl5 On]S6«f]lgs 9+uaf6 x/]s kmnsf] hf]vfO x'G5 . clg tL kmnx¿nfO{ Sof?h]ndf rnfodfg u/L a]Unfa]Un} 6]«df ljt/0f ul/G5 . hxfF k"j{ lgwf{l/t jhg >[+vnf cg'¿k kmnx¿ 5flgG5g\ . of] k|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 tL kmnx¿ lgof{tsf nflu 6\of°df /flvG5 .

d]o'lg6 &@)) ;a} k|sf/sf kmn tyf t/sf/Lx¿sf] tf}n cg';f/ 5gf}6 ug{ pko'Qm 5 . of] d]lzg ca ;Dk"0f{ kmfd{x¿df cfFk, cGhL/ / cGo kmnx¿ 5gf}6 ug{df klg k|of]u ul/g yflnPsf] 5 .

k|:t't M e/tk|;fb nfld5fg]

s] xf] t xl/tu[x c;/ <

xfd|f] k[YjLn] ;"o{af6 tfk kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L kfPsf] tfksf] s]xL c+z k[YjLn] jfo'd08ndf k|;fl/t ub{5 . k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tNnf] txdf ePsf UofF;x¿ h:t} sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, afkm, ldy]g, Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{g cflbn] Pp6f xl/tu[xdf sfFrsf] h:tf] sfo{ ub{5g\ . h;af6 k|sfzsf] #)) b]lv b'O{ xhf/ %)) gfgf]ld6/;Dd t/ª nDafO{ ePsf ls/0fx¿ aflx/ l5/]/ hfg ;S5g\, t/ k|sfzsf] s]xL c+z k'gM k[YjLlt/ k|;fl/t x'G5g\ . o;/L k[YjLlt/ k'gM k|;fl/t x'g] ls/0fx¿ k|foM OGk|mf/]8 /]l8o;gx¿ x'g\, h;sf] t/ª nDafO{ #) xhf/ gfgf]ld6/eGbf w]/} x'G5 . oL ls/0fx¿ k[YjLnfO{ ttfpg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ k|sfzsf ls/0fx¿ h'g jfo'd08nLo kf/bzL{ txaf6 k|;fl/t x'g g;sL k'gM k[YjLlt/ k|;fl/t eO{ k[YjLnfO{ ttfpg] sfo{ ub{5g\ . logLx¿ k[YjLsf] tfkqmd qmdzM a9fpg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . o:tf] c;/nfO{ xl/tu[x c;/ elgG5 . k[YjL ;du|¿kdf Pp6f gd"gf xl/tu[x h:t} 5 . oxfF ToxL UofF;sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] k[YjLnfO{ Pp6f xl/tu[xdf kl/0ft u/]sf 5g\ .

sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 M of] UofF;n] k|sfzsf] !@ xhf/ b]lv !^ xhf/ gfgf]dL6/;Ddsf] t/ª nDafO{ ePsf] ls/0fx¿nfO{ k[YjLlt/ kmsf{pF5 . of] UofF; k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] Zjf;–k|Zjf; lqmof, Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6g, OGwgsf] Hjng cflb sfo{af6 jfo'd08ndf hDdf x'g hfG5 . To;/L g} ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 lg:sg] w"jfF, sf/vfgf tyf e§Lx?sf] lrDgLaf6 lg:sg] w"jfFaf6 klg jfo'd08ndf hDdf x'G5 .

jfkm M o; UofF;n] k|sfzsf] rf/ xhf/ b]lv cf7 xhf/ gfgf]dL6/;Ddsf] t/ª nDafO{ ePsf ls/0fx¿nfO{ k[YjLlt/ k'gM k|;fl/t ub{5 . of] UofF; kfgLsf] jfikLs/0faf6 jfo'd08ndf hDdf x'G5 . To;/L g} k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] z/L/af6 klg jfikLs/0f eO{ jfo'd08ndf hDdf x'g hfG5 .

ldy]g M of] UofF; sf]Onf vfgL, h}ljs kbfy{sf] gi6tf h:tf k|lqmofaf6 jfo'd08ndf hDdf x'G5 . o;n] klg k[YjLnfO{ Pp6f xl/tu[xdf kl/0ft ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{g M of] UofF; lk|mh tyf P/s'n/ cflb rnfpg pkof]uL 5 . logLx?af6 of] UofF; jfo'd08ndf ldl;G5 . To:t} Knfli6s tyf cGo kf]lnd/nfO{ hnfpFbf klg of] UofF; jfo'd08ndf hDdf x'G5 . of] UofF; cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfz ug{df klg lhDdf]jf/ 5 . of] UofF; klg k[YjLnfO{ Pp6f xl/tu[xdf kl/0ft ug{df klg ;xof]uL 5 . cfhef]nL o;sf] k|of]unfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf UofF;x¿df d'Votof sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / kfgLsf] jfikn] k[YjLnfO{ ttfpg] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ . t/ of] UofF;x¿ Psbd sd jf x'Fb} gx'g] xf] eg] k[YjLsf] tfkqmd z"Go l8u|L ;]lN;o;eGbf sd x'g] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu egf}+ z'qmu|xdf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf ePsf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO{8sf] dfqf eGbf ^) xhf/ u'0ff a9L 5, h;sf] sf/0fn] ToxfFsf] tfkqmd s/La Ps xhf/ $@% l8u|L ;]lN;o; 5 . j}1flgsx¿sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 kQfnfu] cg';f/ k[YjLdf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf ljut b'O{ ztfAbLeGbf kRrL; k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k k[YjLsf] tfkqmd k|To]s ztfAbLdf )=% l8u|L ;]lN;o;b]lv Ps l8u|L ;]lN;o; a9\g] 5 . o;/L k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\b} hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ Unf]an jfld{ª elgG5 . k[YjLdf oxL qmdn] xl/tu[x UofF;sf] dfqf a9\b} uPdf cfufdL ;o jif{df oL UofF;x¿ bf]Aa/ x'g]5g\ . kmn:j¿k k[YjLsf] tfkqmd $ b]lv % ;]lN;o;;Dd a9\g ;Sg] 5 .

/f]syfd M xfdLn] j}slNks pmhf{sf] ;|f]tx¿ h:t} ;f}o{zlQm tyf ljB'tLo pmhf{sf] k|of]u u/]df sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf sd ug{ ;lsG5 . k]6«f]n, dl§t]n, l8h]n h:tf OGwgsf] k|of]unfO{ sd ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . h+un tyf jg:kltx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kb{5 . lsgsL logLx¿n] jfo'd08nLo sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ lnP/ cfˆgf] vfgf agfpF5g\ . To:t} j[Iff/f]k0f u/L hdLgnfO{ x/fe/f kfg'{ kb{5 . To:t} Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{gsf] pkof]u 36fpg' kb{5 tyf o:tf ljgfzsf/L UofF;sf] pkof]udf aGb]h nufpg' kb{5 / tadfq xfd|f] k[YjL :j:y /xg]5 / xfdL klg :j:y¿kdf afFRg ;Sg]5f}+ .

– afa'/fd ;]8fO{+

la;f} ztfAbLsf j}1flgs pknlAw slxn] s'g <

!(()M– k|lz4 dgf] ljZn]ifs l;ud08 k|mfo8åf/f :jKgsf] j}1flgs JofVof .

!()! M– ci6]«lnofnfO{ lkmlhl;og sfn{ Nof8lG6gåf/f dfgj /QmnfO{ P=jL= / cf] tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg .

!()@ M– :s6Nof08 lgjf;L h]D; DofsGh]åf/f em'6 kQf nufpg] d]lzg kf]lnu|fkmsf] cfljisf/ .

!()# M– d]/LSo"/LnfO{ ef}ltsLsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|bfg / /fO6 bfh' efOåf/f ljdfgsf] cflji:sf/ .

!()% M– hd{g /f;fog1 jfNy/ j/g]:6åf/f p:dfultsLsf] t];|f] lgodsf] vf]h .

!()^ M– la|l6; h}j/f;fog1 k|m]8l/s xfkmlsG;åf/f le6fldgsf] vf]h / hd{g tlGqsf j}1flgs Pnf]O; clNhd/åf/f :d/0fzlQm x«f; ug{] ljsf/sf] vf]h .

!()( M– cd]l/sL /f;folg1lnof] j]sNof08åf/f Knfli6ssf] cfljisf/ .

!(!) M– hd{g hLjf0f'ljb\ jfnOxln{såf/f sLdf]y]/fkL / cd]l/sL hLj j}1flgs yf]d; x06 dfu{gåf/f cfg'j+lzs lje]b ;]S; ln+S8 kQf nufPsf .

!(!! M– cg]{:6 /b/kmf]8{, XofG; luu/ / cg]{:6 df;{8]gåf/f k/df0f' ;+/rgfsf] vf]h / cd]l/sL j}1flgs leS6/ XofG;åf/f jfXo cGtl/Ifaf6 cfpg] ljls/0f kQf nufPsf .

!(!^ M– cnj6{ cfOG:6fOgåf/f ;fk]Iftf l;4fGt k|ltkfbg .

!(!& M– cd]l/sL vuf]n j}1flgs hfh{ x]nåf/f k/fjt{s b"/bzL{sf] lgdf{0f .

!(!* M– cd]l/sL vuf]n j}1flgs xfnf]{ ;]Kn]åf/f cfsfz u+ufsf] cfsf/ Pj+ ;+/rgfsf] j0f{g .

!(!( M– la|l6; ef}ltsLljb\ cg]{:6 /b/kmf]8{åf/f s[lqd ¿kn] k/df0f'sf] ljv08g .

!(@! M– Sofg]l8og lkmlhl;og k|m]8l/s j]+l6ª / pgsf ;xof]uLx¿åf/f OG;'lngsf] vf]h .

!(@$ M– k|mflG;l; ef}ltsLljb\ n'O{ 8L a|f]unLåf/f On]S6«f]g dfOqmf]:sf]ksf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg .

!(@& M– a]lNhodsf vuf]n j}1flgs h8f]{; n]d]qf]åf/f a|Xdf08sf] lgdf{0f ljuNofªsf] l;4fGtaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] k|:tfj .

!(@* M– :s6Nof08sf j}1flgs Pn]SHof08/ ˆn]ldªåf/f Pl06jfof]l6s -k]lgl;lng_ sf] vf]h .

!(#) M– cd]l/sL vuf]nj]Qf sNufO8 6djfuåf/f gjf}+ pku|x Kn'6f] / cli6«ofO{ ef}ltsLljb\ jf]NkmUof+ukfnLåf/f Go"l6«gsf] cl:tTjsf] vf]h .

!(#$ M– hf]g nf]uL j]o8{ / lkmnf]sf+;jy{åf/f 6]lnlehgsf] cfljisf/ .

!(#% M– hd{gL / la|6]gsf j}1flgsx¿åf/f /f8f/fsf] cfljisf/ / cd]l/sL j}1flgs rfN;{ l/r/åf/f e"sDk dfkg :s]nsf] cfljisf/ .

!(#* M– O6fnLdf dfgl;s /f]usf] pkrf/ k4lt / la|l6; OlGhlgo/ hh{ Sofn]08/åf/f lu|gxfp; Okm]S6k4lt kQf nufPsf .

!(#( M– :jL; /f;fog1 kfn d'n/åf/f sL6gfzs 8L=8L=6L=sf] hfgsf/L .

!($@ M– k/df0f' ef}lts zf:qL Pgl/sf] kmdL{sf] g]t[Tjdf klxnf] Go"lSno/ eg] l/PS;g ;DkGg . h;nfO{ k/df0f' adsf] hu dflgG5 . o;}af6 hd{gL j}1flgs jg{/ jfg a|fFgsf] ;xfotfåf/f hdLgaf6 hdLgdf df/ ug]{ jL–@ ld;fOnsf] k|If]k0f .

!($# M– la|l6; ul0ft1 tyf lsK6f]u|fkm/ Pjg 6\o"l/ªåf/f On]S6«f]lgs sDKo'6/sf] lgdf{0f, 8r lrlsT;s ljn]d Snfkmåf/f d[uf}nfsf] pkrf/sf] nflu 8folnl;; d]lzgsf] cfljisf/ .

!($& M– la|6]gsf ljlnod zfSn], hf]g jfl8{g / sN6/åf/f 6«fFlh:6/sf] cfljisf/, ljnf8{ lnlJwåf/f sf7 / x8\8L cflbsf] cfo' dfkg ug]{ /]l8of] sfa{g 8]l6ª ljlw ljsl;t .

!(%@M– cd]l/sL jfo/f]nf]lh:6 hf]gf; zsåf/f kf]lnof] pGd"ng vf]k ljsl;t .

!(%# M– h]D;jf6;g tyf k|mflG;; ljsåf/f 8L=Pg=P= ;+/rgfsf] hfgsf/L, To:t} cd]l/sL tLg j}1flgs u]|u/L lk+s;, hf]g /s / ;L cf/ ul;{ofåf/f ue{ lg/f]ws uf]nL cfljisf/ .

!(%& M– /l;og j}1flgsx¿åf/f k|yd s[lqd e"pku|x :k"tlgssf] k|If]k0f .

!(%* M– ljn;g u]|6Jofyåf/f x[bo/f]uLsf] nflu k]; d]s/ cfljisf/ .

!(^$ M– cd]l/sL zNo lrlsT;såf/f klxnf] k6s w"dkfg xflgsf/s x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/L o;} jif{ csf{ cd]l/sL zNo lrlsT;s dfOsn l8j]s]åf/f sf]/f]g/L wdgLsf] klxnf] jfOjf; ck]|zg .

!(^& M– blIf0f clk|msL zNo lrlsT;s lqml:6cfgåf/f klxnf] dfgj x[bo ;kmn k|Tof/f]k0f .

!(^(M– cd]l/sL cGtl/If ofqLåf/f rGb|dfdfly ljho .

!(&!M– la|l6; OlGhlgo/ uf]8k|m] xfp;lkmN8åf/f dl:tssf] lqljdLo lrq lvRg] sDKo'6/Ls[t Sof6:Sofg/sf] vf]h .

!(&$M– Olyof]lkofsf 8f]gfN8 hf]xfG;g Pj+ pgsf ;xof]uLx¿åf/f cfw'lgs dfgjsf] k"j{hsf] #=@ ldlnog jif{ k'/fgf] cjz]if k|fKt .

!(&* M– O+uNof08df n'O{a|fpg gfds klxnf] 6]i6 6\o"j aRrfsf] hGd .

!(&( M– cf]hf]g sjrsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cd]l/sfn] Nsf]/f] ˆnf]/f] sfa{gsf] k|of]udf /f]s .

!(*% M– P8\; efO/;sf] cfg'j+lzs qmd k|sflzt .

!(() M– cGtl/Ifdf xJjn b"/jLg :yfkgf .

!((# M– hh{ jfl;+ª6g o'lgel;{6Lsf zf]wstf{x¿åf/f dfgj e'|0fsf] Snf]g lgdf{0f .

!(($ M– z"d]s/ n]jL ( gfds w"ds]t' j[x:klt;Fu 7f]lsPsf] .

!((& M– :s6Nof08sf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿åf/f e]+8fsf] Snf]g lgdf{0f u/L 8f]nL gfds e]+8f pTkfbg .

!((& M– gf;fåf/f k|If]lkt ;f]hf]{g/ :k];qmfˆ6åf/f d+unu|xsf] t:jL/ k[YjLdf k7fPsf] . o;kl5 la;f}+ ztfAbLsf] kl5Nnf] dxTjk"0f{ j}1flgs pknlAwdf O06/g]6sf] z'?jftnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

k|:t'tstf{ M k]|daxfb'/ k/fh'nL

ljZj k|l;4 dxfg syfsf/M Pr=;L= Pj8;{g

ljZj k|l;4 dxfg\ syfsf/ Pr=;L= P08;{gsf] hGd ;g\ !*)% df 8]gdfs{df ePsf] lyof] . ˆo"g 6fk'sf] cf]8]G; zx/df hGd]sf P08;{g u/La kl/jf/sf lyP . t/ afNofj:yfb]lv g} snf If]qdf rfv / ?lr ePsf P08;{g !$ jif{sf] pd]/df 3/ 5f]8L sf]kg x]ug uP – sfdsf] vf]hLdf . sfd t pgn] kfP, t/ sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]n] !*#) b]lv pgL bGTo syf n]Vg yfn] . bGTo syf n]Vg yfn]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 g} Pr=;L= P08;g{sf oL syfx¿ cToGt nf]slk|o x'g yfn] .

ljZj k|l;4 pgsf syfx¿ u/La tyf ckx]lnt ju{sf] jsfnt ug]{ kIfdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;dfhdf JofKt cGofo / cTofrf/sf lj?4 Pjd\ cGw ljZjf; / k|rlnt ;+:sf/sf lj?4 klg pgsf snd rgfvf / tLvf aGb} uPsf b]lvG5g\ .

cfhLjg ;lqmo¿kdf snd rnfpg] Pr=;L= P08;{gsf] ;g\ !(&% df d[To' ePsf] lyof] . cfh pgsf] d[To' ePsf] em08} !@% jif{eGbf a9L e};s]sf] 5 tfklg pgsf syfx¿ TolQg} x[bo:kzL{ Pjd\ ;/; / /f]rs 5g\ hlt klxn] lyP . clxn];Dd ;+;f/df !@% efiffeGbf a9L efiffdf cg'jfb ePsf] Pr=;L= P08{;gsf syfx¿ g]kfndf klg cg'jfb ul/Psf 5g\ .

– lzj /]UdL

j]j cgnfO{g :6f]/]h k|ljlw M s] / lsg <

;"rgf / ;+rf/ hut\df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] /]l8of] , 6]lnlehg kq–klqsf cflb k|ljlw ca k'/fgf] / l9nf] ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ dfWod e} ;s]sf] 5 . cfhsf dflg;x¿ l56f]–5l/tf] ;+rf/sf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf sDKo"6/nfO{ cufNb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] k|of]un] Ps dlxgfdf k'Ug] kq Ps ldg]6d} ljZjsf] h'g;'s} 7fpFdf ;lhn} k7fpg / k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] O{–d]n cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] nflu gf}nf] s'/f] xf]Og . olt dfq xf]Og sDKo'6/sf] dfWodn] g} ljZjsf] h'g;'s} 7fpFaf6 cfhsf] ;dfrf/ cfh} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;dodf x]g{ ;lsg] / cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ ;fyL, hLjg ;fyLsf] kmf]6f] ;d]tsf] 7]ufgf k|fKt u/L ldg]6e/d} kqfrf/af6 ;Rrf ldq 5fGg ;lsg] OG6/g]6 cyf{t j]j ;fO6 ;d]t cfhsf dflg;n] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .

j]j ;fO6x¿nfO{ ;/neGbf ;/n / l56f] eGbf l56f] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg lsl;dsf sDKo'6/ ;km\6j]o/sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . xfn} dfq j]j k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] cgnfO{g :6f]/]h k4tL ljsf; ePsf] 5 . of] k4tLdf k|of]ustf{n] j]jaf6 cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] s'g}klg lsl;dsf ;"rgf Pj+ tYof+sx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] sDKo'6/sf] :6f]/]h l8efO;df g/flvsg j]j cGtu{t /x]sf] k|mL xf8{ 8«fOedfg} /fvL cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] ;dodf t'/Gt lgsfNg ;Sb5 . o; k|mL xf8{ 8«fO{e k|of]u u/]jfkt k|of]ustf{x?n] s'g} klg rfh{ ltg{ kb}{g eg] k|of]u stf{n] k6s k6s u/L a9Ldf @% Pd=aL= ;Dd :6f]/ ug{ ;Sb5 . tkfO{n] o;sf] k|of]u ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{ o;sf] ;b:o eg] cj:o aGg' kb{5 . o;/L ;b:o alg;s]kl5 tkfO{n] @% Pd=aL= :6f]/ ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] ;fy} tkfO{n] :6f]/ u/]sf] kmfO{n c? s'g}klg k|of]ustf{n] x]g{ g;Sg] k|ljlw cGtu{t kf;j8{ klg kfpg' x'G5 .

k|mL xf8{ 8«fOe k|ljlw s'g}klg ljifodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿, b]z ljb]zsf] ofqfdf /x]sf ko{6s nufot cWoog cg';Gwfgdf nfu]sf] lzlIft ju{x¿ hf] l8:s]6df 8f6f :6f]/ ub{5g\ t/ 8f6f lju|]/ r]lt;s]sf 5g\ To:tf JolQmx?sf] nflu of] k|ljlw pkof]uL x'g ;Qm5 .

cfhsf] ljZj ahf/ ;d]t o;} j]j ;fO6sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]n] o;} j]j ;fO6df cf–cfkm\gf pTkfbgx?sf] lj1fkgsf] klg lj:tf/} xf]8jfhL rln/x]sf] 5 . xfnnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g nfO{gsf] dfWodaf6dfq of] sDKo'6/ ;+rf/ ;+ej ePsf]n] xfd|f] h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] nflu o;sf] k|of]u d+xuf] ;fljt ePsf] 5 . nf]sn 6]lnkmf]g nfOg dfkm{t ;+rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg] of] k4lt xfnsf] b"/ ;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] nf]sn rfh{sf] a[l4sf] lg0f{on] j]j k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ j]j k|of]uaf6 alGrt ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] csf]{ lt/ j]j k|of]u u/] jfkt k|of]ustf{n] nf]sn 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|of]u rfh{ afkt b"/ ;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ Psflt/ a'emfpg' k5{ . To:t} j]j nfO{g k|f]efO8/ cyf{t OG6/g]6 k|f]efO8/x?nfO{ k|ltldg]6sf] b/n] 5'§} ltg'{ kb{5 . cGo b]zx¿n] h:t} o;sf] k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ 5'§} Joj:yf ug]{ ;/sf/L gLlt ePdf ;fwf/0f JolQmn] klg sd d"Nodf eljiodf o;sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg]5g\ .

– cf/=8L= >]i7

k|f0fLzf:q
k|frLg dfgj / dfgjfs[ltsf s]xL cjz]if

k|f0fLzf:qL cyf{t\ g]t[Tj zf:qLx¿sf cg';f/ ljZjdf kfOPsf s]xL k|frLg dfgj / dfgjfs[ltsf jfg/x¿sf] cjz]ifnfO{ hfgf}+ .

cfw'lgs dfgj M– of] dfgj …O;fk"j{ !) xhf/ jif{Ú klxn]sf] xf], h;nfO{ …cfw'lgs dfgjÚ elgG5 .

plti7f jfg/M– of] jfg/ …9f8 s'k|f] eP/ klg cfhsf] dfgj em} @ v'§fn] 6]s]/ lx+8\Yof]Ú h'g cfheGbf æ% nfv jif{ klxn] hfjf, s]Gof, k]lsª / xfx8]n ju{df ;[li6Æ d} ! nfv @% xhf/ jif{;Dd k[YjLdf /x]sf] lyof], To;}n] of] jfg/ cfUg]o jfg/ eGbf kl5sf] / lgoG8/ yn dfgjeGbf klxn] …cflbdÚ dfgj xf] .

lslgof g/jfg/M– of] cZdLe"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf …clk|msfdf kfOPsf] dfgj h:tf] b]lvg] g/jfg/Ú xf] .

s]Gof dfgjM– of] klg cZdLe"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf …s]Gofdf kfOPsf] dfgj h:tf] b]lvg] jfg/Ú xf], h;nfO{ …kªsg/jfg/Ú klg elgG5 .

lu|dfNbL dfgjM– of] dfgj klg …k|mfG;l:yt Pp6f u'kmfleq !()! O;fdfÚ kfOPsf] lyof] .

r]lnog dfgjM– of] dfgj klg …k|mfG;l:yt r]n];dfÚ kfOPsf] lyof] .

hfjf dfgjM– of] dfgj klg …O08f]g]l;ofsf] Ps k|fGt -Plzof, o'/f]k / clk|msf_ df /x]sf] æclt k|frLg dfgj dWo]sf] Ps cl:y cjz]ifsf] ¿kdf kfOPsf] lyof] .Æ

lqgLn dfgj M– of] dfgj ælåtLo lxdo'usf aLr ;dodf hfjfl:yt lqlgndf lyof]Æ k'/ftTjljb\ tyf g[tTjljb\x¿n] æcl:y cjz]ifsf] ¿kdf kfOPsf] of] g/jfg/sf] cl:tTj xf] .Æ

blIf0fL g/jfg/M– of] klg …blIf0fL clk|msfdf kfOPsf]Ú dfgj h:tf] b]lvg] jfg/ xf] .

g/jfg/ M– of] k|f0fL klg …dfgj / jfg/ g5'l§Psf] dfgjÚ h:tf] b]lvg] jfg/ xf] .

lgoG8/ yn dfgj M– of] …hd{gLdf kfOPsf] dfgj xf]Æ h'g æd':t]/ dfgj;Fu k"0f{¿kn] ldN5Æ .

dª\sg/jfg/ M– of] clZde"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf s]Gofdf kfOPsf], dfgjh:tf] b]lvg] Ps lsl;dsf] …jfg/Ú xf] . h;nfO{ …s]GofÚ dfgj klg elgG5 .

k'/f g/jfg/ M– of] clk|msfsf] …:6s] kmfpg6]gÚ df kfOPsf] dfgj h:tf] b]lvg] …g/jfg/Ú xf] .

k]lsª dfgjM– of] hgjfbL u0ftGq rLgsf] /fhwfgL a]lhªl:yt …rf}s'ltofgÚ gfds 7fpFsf] Pp6f u'kmfleq …!(@!Ú O:jLdf kfOPsf] / hLjfZdsf] cfwf/df dfgjzf:qaf6 …dfGotfÚ kfPsf] dfgj xf] .

k"j{ cltg'tg g/jfg/M– of] cZeLe"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf …ld>dfÚ kfOPsf] g/jfg/ xf] .

k"j{b"t g/jfg/ M– of] klg cZdLe"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf …lslgofÚ k"jL{ clk|msfsf] dfgj h:tf] b]lvg] jfg/ xf] .

d]3f dfgjM– of] >Ln+sfdf /x]sf] cNk -sd_ ljsl;t dfgj xf] .

dbn]g dfgjM– of] klg k|mfG;l:yt j]h]/ gbLsf] lsgf/ -t6_ df /x]sf] 5, To;}n] o;nfO{ aN5Lsf] cfljisf/ ug]{ hfltdf u0fgf x'G5 .

d]wfjL dfgjM– of] g} k|frLg ;dosf] cyf{t\ …xfnsf] dfgjÚ xf] .

d':t]/ dfgj M– of] dfgj klg k|mfG;l:yt d':t]/ eGg] 7fpFdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;nfO{ lgoG8/yn dfgj klg elgG5 .

/fd g/jfg/M– of] g/jfg/ z'is g/jfg/sf] ;d;fdlos g/jfg/ xf], h'g cZdLe"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf kfOPsf] xf] .

z'is g/jfg/M– of] jfg/ lzjflns kj{t >[+vnfsf] dfgj h:tf] b]lvg] jfg/ xf] . ;fy} of] klg cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf kfOPsf] xf] .

lzj g/jfg/M– s]Gofdf kfOPsf] of] g/jfg/ dfgj h:tf] b]lvg] cZdLe"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf kfOPsf] jfg/ xf] .

xfO8]nju{ dfgj M– of] dfgj cfheGbf ^ nfv jif{ k"j{ cyf{t\ !()& O;fdf hd{gLdf k|yd k6s cZdLe"t cl:y cjz]ifsf ¿kdf kfOPsf] g/jfg/ xf] .

lxd dfgj M– lxdfnodf a:g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] of] dfgjnfO{ olt -;f]Skf_ klg elgG5 .

;+sng M dfwj bfxfn …df;'dÚ