Jankari (Yuwamanch Monthly)

z/L/df ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ df5f M ‰jf§ x]bf{ xfQLsf] 6fpsf] h:t} b]lvg] tyf ;d'b|df kfOg] …On]lS6«s /]Ú gfds Ps ljz]if k|sf/sf] df5f] z/L/df ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /fVb5 . o;sf] nflu p;sf] z/L/df df+zlk08åf/f lgld{t Ps hf]8L …ljB'tLo c+uÚ x'G5 . ha o;n] vt/f dx;'; ub{5 ta oflGqs 9+un] ;f] c+udf /f;folgs k|ltlqmof x'g yfNb5, kmn:j¿k 7"nf] ljB'tLo em6\sf pTkGg x'G5 . t/ z/L/df /x]sf] af];f]sf] df]6f] kqsf] sf/0f :jo+ df5f] eg] ljB'tLo em6\sfaf6 ;'/lIft /xG5 .

rZdfn] s;/L /Ë kl/jt{g u5{ <M– k|fozM ;e|fGt ju{sf cfFvfdf x]g'{eof] eg] tkfO{+ …/]jgÚ cflb gfd n]v]sf] rZdf b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 . h'g 3fddf cfkm}+ sfnf] x'G5 eg] cFWof/f]df km]l/ ;]tf] . o:tf] rZdfnfO{ kmf]6f]qmf]Eofl6s rZdf elgG5, h;sf] n]G;df l;Ne/ a|f]dfO8 tyf l;Ne/ cfof]8fO8sf ;"Id lqm:6nx¿ /flvPsf x'G5g\ . ha o:tf] n]G;df ;"o{sf] ls/0f kb{5 ta tL lqm:6nsf tTjx¿ cfk;L aGwg tf]8\5g\, kmn:j¿k a|f]dLg tyf cfof]l8g d'Vo lqmi6naf6 5'l§G5g\, h;sf] sf/0f rZdf sfnf] b]lvG5 . t/ rZdfnfO{ ;"o{sf] k|sfzaf6 x6fpg] lalQs} k'gM tL tTjx¿ cfk;df k|ltlqmof u/]/ klxn]s} lqmi6n agfpFb5g\ / rZdf ;]tf] b]lvG5 . ;"o{sf] k|sfzdf x'g] xflgsf/s k/fj}hgL ls/0fx¿af6 aRg ;lsg] o:tf rZdf j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fn] cfFvfsf] nflu pkof]uL dflgG5 .

cfsfz lsg lgnf] b]lvG5 < M– xfdLnfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] ls k|sfz ljleGg ;ft /Ëx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . cfFvfn] b]lvg] /Ëx¿ dWo] /ftf]sf] ;a}eGbf a9L / gLnf]sf] ;a}eGbf sd t/+u nDafO{ -wave Length_ x'G5 . ha k|sfz jfo'd08naf6 u'h|G5, o;qmddf jfo'd08nLo UofF;sf c0f'x¿n] sd t/+u nDafO{ ePsf] /+u -gLnf]_ nfO{ a9\tf aËofOlbG5 . kmn:j¿k k[YjLaf6 xfdLx¿n] cfsfz lgnf] b]V5f}+ .

wDsLsf] ;'O{ M ca wDsLsf /f]uLx¿ pkrf/ gkfpg] 8/af6 d'Qm ePsf 5g\ . j}1flgsx¿n] clk|msfsf] df6f]df kfOg] Ps k|sf/sf] JofS6]l/ofaf6 wDsL lj?4sf] ;'O{ lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] jf:tjdf cfZro{hgs glthf lgsfn]sf] 5 . z'?jfts} s]xL k/LIf0fx¿af6 #) k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;kmntf ldn]sf] sf/0f pgLx¿ b+u 5g\ . ljz]if1x¿sf cg';f/ tL AofS6]l/ofx¿n] z/L/df /f]uk|lt/f]wfTds k|ltlqmof (Immune Reaction) b]vfpF5g\, h'n] xfjfaf6 l5g]{ wDsLsf ls6f0f'x¿nfO{ dfg{ ;S5 .

dw'd]xsf] cf}ifwL M JofËnf]/sf Ps k|fWofksn] …/fldlknÚ eGg] cf}ifwLnfO{ dw'd]x /f]Sgsf] nflu lbOg] klxnf] bhf{sf] cf}ifwL eGg' ePsf] 5 . ;f] s'/f pxfFn] !( /fi6«x¿sf] ;j]{If0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug'{ePsf] xf] . w]/}sf] Hofg lnO;s]sf] of] /f]unfO{ of] ;dfrf/n] Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}lt klg lbPsf] 5 .

hf8f]df z/L/sf /f}+x¿ lsg 7f8f x'G5g < M hf8f] dlxgf nflu ;Sof] . xfdL b]Vg ;S5f}+ z/L/sf /f}+x¿ 7fl8g yfln;s] . t/ lsg xf]nf < o;sf] k5fl8 klg j}1flgs sf/0f 5 . o;/L /f}+x¿ 7fl8g] qmddf o;n] jfo'd08nLo xfjfnfO{ cToflws dfqfdf cfˆgf] sAhfdf km;fpgsf] nflu Pp6f hfnf]sf] lgdf{0f u5{, h;n] Pp6f s'rfnssf] h:t} sfd u5{ . kmn:j¿k z/L/sf] tftf] jflxl/g kfpFb}g . o;/L lr;f]af6 xfdLnfO{ hf]ufpg /f}+x¿ v8f x'G5g\, h;af6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf z/L/nfO{ tftf]kg ldN5 .

– bLks /]UdL

tLvf{ nfUg'sf] sf/0fM– tLvf{ nfUg] ;DaGwdf j}1flgs lxKkf]qm]l6hn]] klxnf]k6s atfPsf lyP ls ha d'v ;'Sg yfN5, ta ltvf{ nfUg] ub{5 . t/ pgn] cfkm\gf] s'/fnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf :ki6 ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . kl5 6]ga]|8 gfds Ps j}1flgsn] lxKkf]qm]l6hsf] ljrf/nfO{ a9fjf lbb}+ lha|f] ;'Sg' g} ltvf{ nfUg'sf] d"n sf/0f xf] eg] . t/ xfnsf lbgdf j}1flgsx¿n] o; ;DaGwdf a9L :ki6 kfb}{ xfd|f] dl:tisdf Ps æKof; s]Gb|Æ x'G5 . h;nfO{ xfOkf]y]n]d; elgG5 eg]/ :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ . h;sf] d'Vo sfo{ 3fF6L / d[uf}nfsf tGt'x¿sf] lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] . olb o; s]Gb|nfO{ ljB'tLo t/+u4f/f pQ]lht t'NofOof] eg] z/L/df kfgLsf] cfjZostf geP tfklg tLvf{ nfu]sf] dx;'; x'G5 . To:t} ;f] s]Gb|nfO{ gi6 ul/of] eg] ltvf{sf] cg'e"lt slxNo} x'Fb}g .

– dflg;x¿ cfkm\gf] :jf:Yo v/fa x'Fbf ljleGg xNsf cf}ifwfLx¿ ;]jg ug]{ ub{5g\ . To:t} s's'/x¿ cfkm\gf] :jf:Yo 7Ls gx'Fbf 3fF;, k/fn / kftx¿ vfg] ub{5 . z/L/df s'g} tTjsf] k|fs[lts sdL x'Fbf 3fF; vfFbf To;sf] kl/k"lt{ x'g] ub{5 .

df]6/ sxfF stf{tkm{ rnfOG5M– Plzofsf s]xL b]z, o'/f]ksf] la|6]g, cfo/Nof08, dfN6f h:tf s]xL b]zx¿df df]6/x¿ ;8ssf] afFoftkm{ rnfpg] ul/G5 . :jL8]g, cfO;Nof08, Dofgdf/, gfOh]l/of / ax/fOgdf df]6/x¿ afFofaf6 grnfO{ bfofFaf6 rnfpg] ul/G5 . t/ cf]lsgfjf / k"jL{ l6df]/df To;sf] 7Ls pN6f] 5 . hxfF klxn] sf/ bfofFtkm{ rnfOg] ul/GYof] eg] xfn afofF tkm{ rnfOg] ul/G5 .

tLg lbgdf Ps zAb l;Sg] M– k]lG;na]lgof ljZj ljBfnosf j}1flgsx¿sf] cWoog cg';f/ o; lsl;dsf] kl/0ffd lgl:sPsf] 5 ls !* dlxgfsf aRrfx¿n] x/]s tLglbgdf Ps zAb l;Sg] ub{5 . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ ;f9] ;ft dlxgfsf aRrfx¿ p:t} p:t} pRrf/0f ;'lgg] zAbx¿df km/s 5'6\ofpg ;S5g\ .

ljZjs} 7"nf] rnlrq ejgM– lulgh a'ssf] /]s8{ cg';f/ ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] l;g]df ejg Go"of]s{l:yt æ/]l8of] l;6L Go"lhs xnÆ xf] . %*$% ;L6 Ifdtf ePsf] ;f] rnlrq ejgsf] pb\3f6g @^ l8;]Da/ !(#@ df ePsf] lyof] . lkmNd k|bz{gsf nflu ;DejtM klxnf] ejg cS6f]a/ !**% df c6nf+z zf] hlh{of cd]l/sfdf l;=Pkm= h]lGsG;sf] kmf]6f]:sf]ksf] k|bz{g ugf{sf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

;a}eGbf cUnf] JolQmM– ut jif{ kfls:tfgsf df]xDdb cfnd rGgfsf] d[To' ePkl5 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf cUnf] JolQmsf] eflubf/ o'uf08fsf hf]gkf]n cf]kmjf] ePsf 5g\ . k"lj{ o'uf08fsf #) jifL{o ;f] JolQmsf] prfO{ * km'6 @ OGr 5 . cUnf] x'g'sf] kmfObf ;Fu;Fu} 3f6f klg 5 . !$^ lsnf] jhg ePsf cf]kmjf]nfO{ s'g} ;jf/L ;fwgx¿df a:g ;f¥x} cK7\of/f] kb{5 . t/ pgsf] p2]Zo eg] ljZj e|d0f ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . pgsf] prfO{ / tf}n g} To; lglDt afws ePsf] 5 .

w]/} rnlrq ejg ePsf] / x'Fb}gePsf b]z M– ljZjdf ;fpbL c/a dfq Ps o:tf] b]z xf] hxfF Pp6f klg l;g]df ejg 5}g . hfsftf{sf] tdg, ldlgkfs{l:yt lsc+s Pd; Od]S; lyo6/df :yfoL ¿kdf @*=@* x @(=$* ld6/sf] kbf{ ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kbf{ xf] . s"n cfjfbsf] cg'kftdf ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L l;g]df ejg ;fg dfl/gf]df 5 . hxfF k|lt #!() lgjf;Lx¿sf lglDt Ps l;g]df ejg 5 .

ax'd"No h'QfM– O+UNof08sf] Ps sDkgL :6fOnf] Dofrd]s;{ OG6/g]zgn] To:t} lsl;dsf] ax'd"No h'Qf agfPsf] 5 . ;f] h'Qfsf] d"No !%))) 8n/ /x]sf] 5 eg] !* Sof/]6 ;'g / hgfj/sf] e'Fjfsf] /]vfåf/f pQm h'Qf agfOPsf] 5 . To:t} To;sf sfF6Llsnf ?la dfl0fssf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . pQm h'Qf nufpgsf nflu geO{ s]jn ;hfpgsf] nflu dfq jgfOPsf] xf] .

lr;f]n] df+zk]zLx¿ v'Drg] / km}ng] ub{5 M– ha xfdLnfO{ hf8f]n] sFkfpF5 , ta xfd|f] z/L/sf df+zk]zLx¿ lgs} l56f] km}ng] / v'Drg] ub{5 . lr;f]sf] sf/0f z/L/df sDkg cfpg' df+zk]zLsf] :jrflnt ult xf] . x/]s k6s df+zk]zLx¿ v'lDrbf To; sf]lzsfx¿df clws ¿kdf vfB Pj+ pmhf{sf] Joo x'g] ub{5, h;n] tftf]kg pTkGg u/fpF5 . z/L/ sfKg' z/L/sf] Ps To:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;n] z/L/nfO{ tftf] /fVg ;xfotf k|bfg u5{ . To;}n] ha xfdL lr;f]sf] dx;'; u5f}{ ta cfkm;]cfkm sfFKg yfNb5f}+ .

– ;+uLtf >]i7

;fg} pd]/df pRrtxdf k'Ug] s]xL JolQm

l;8\gL uf]8f]lNkmg -;g\ !^!)–;g\ !^$#_M– uf]8f]lNkmg Ps c+u]|h sljloqL klg lyP . pgL !* jif{sf] cfo'df ;+;bsf] ;b:otfdf r'lgPsf lyP .

Pl08«; d'n/ -!^#)–!^($_M– Pl08«; d'n/ gfds k|fRo ;+:s[ltsf Ps hd{gL 5fqn] o'gfgL, Nofl6g / x]a|o' efiffx¿df !^ jif{sf] cfo'df sljtfx¿ n]v]sf lyP .

8]lg;nL km]a|] -!$**–!%%*_M– km]a]| !^ jif{sf] cfo'df k]l/; ljZjljBfno -k|mfG;_df o'gfgL / Knf6Lg efiffx¿sf k|f]km];/ ag]sf lyP .

lkmlnk x+l/+3dM– !^ jif{sf] cfo'df ;g\ !&$( df O+uNof08sf] k|l;4 /f]g klAns :s'nsf] x]8df:6/df lgo'lQm ePsf lyP . Joj:yflksfx¿n] lgo'lQmsf] ;do pgnfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf lyP ls pgn] :s'nsf] ;+rfng ug'{sf] ;fy} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9fpg] sfd klg ug'{k5{ .

hfFg 8«fO:sL -!%**–!^)(_ M– n]8g -xNof08_ sf hfg 8«fO:sLn] !& jif{sf] cfo'df O+UNof08sf] ls+u h}D;sf] b/af/L wdf]{kb]zs ag]sf lyP . pgn] % jif{sf] pd]/df x]a|o' / o'gfgL efiffx¿df bvn k|fKt u/]sf lyP .

dfl6{g h] :k}lN8+u -!*!)–!*&@_M– s]G6'sL -n]agfg_ sf ;]06 d]l/h sfn]hsf dfl6{g h]=:k}lN8+u eGg] ljBfyL{ :gfts x'g'eGbf @ jif{ cl3 !$ jif{sf] cfo'df ul0ft ljifosf] k|mf]km];/df lgo'lQm ePsf lyP, kl5 pgL afN6Ldf]/sf] cfs{ljzk ag]sf lyP .

df/lSj; 8L Gofglh; -!^*@–!&$@_M– 8L Gofglh;n] * jif{sf] cfo'df Ps sg{nsf] ¿kdf o'4df zfxL gf};]gf 8ˆkmfnfO{ ;+rfng u/]sf lyP . pgn] %@ jif{ k|mfG;]nL ;]gfdf gf]s/L u/] / d[To'sf] ;do pgL lkmN8 dfz{nsf] kbdf lyP .

ˆof+GsfFO; cfFu:6]8L bfpm -!^)&–!^$@_M– bfpm !) jif{sf] cfo'df k]l/;sf] /f]on nfOa]|/Lsf ;jf]{Rr clwsf/L tyf ;Dk"0f{ k|mfG;sf k|d'v k':tsfnofWoIf ag]sf lyP . @% jif{kl5 pgnfO{ /fhb|f]xsf] sf/0f kmfF;L lbPsf] lyof] .

hLg a]lK6:6 6]:6 -!&*)–!*%@_M– 6]:6] !# jif{sf] cfo'df xL u|Øf08 c;]DanLsf] nflu r'lgPsf lyP . h'g ls k|mfG;]nL ljb|f]xsf] pRrtd j}wflgs ;+:yf lyof] .

a}/fg u':tfkm 8L x]Ndkm]N6 -!^%!–!^&$_M– :jL8]gsf] x]Ndkm]N6n] !) jif{sf] pd]/df g} gf} k|d'v efiffx¿sf] ;fy} u|Ls, Nofl6g / x]a|o"df k"/f 1fg k|fKt u/]sf lyP . !( jif{sf] cfo'df pgL :jL8]gsf] pRrtd Gofofnodf GofofwLz ag]sf lyP .

sfpG6 8L 6]08 -!%)&–!%*^_M– 6]08] !# jif{sf] cfo'df k|mfG;sf /fhfsf d'Vo ;ef;b, /fhb /af/sf k|aGws k|f]j]G;sf /fHokfn, k|mfG;]nL yn ;]gfsf n]lˆ6g]G6 hg/n / k|mfG;]nL gf};]gfsf d'Vo gf};]gfWoIf ePsf lyP .

k|:t'lt M /fh]z ef/tL …/fh'Ú

df}/Lsf] n'6 / emu8f s;/L /f]Sg] <

b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L df}/Lsf uf]nf cf;kf; 5g\ eg] ToxfF Ps csf]{ uf]nfdf n'6 / emu8f x'g] ;Defjgf eOg} /xG5 . o; n'6 / emu8fdf sdhf]/ uf]nf gi6 x'g klg ;St5 . of] n8fO{ sdL{ df}/Lx¿sf] aLr x'G5 .

n8fOF lsg x'G5 <

df}/Ln] s'g} klg 7fpFdf dL7f] j:t' kfof] eg] To;nfO{ k|fKt ug{ cfˆgf] Hofgsf] afhL nufpFb5 . ha 3f/leq vfgfsf] sdL x'G5 / glhs r/g klg x'Fb}g To;a]nf df}/Lx¿ otfptL vfgfsf] vf]hdf ef}+tfl//x]sf x'G5g\, hxfF pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] nflu vfgf cyf{t\ u'lnof] j:t' e]6\t5g\ . To;nfO{+ ;+sng ug{ z'? ub{5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf df}/L kfnssf] nfk/jfxLn] df}/Lsf] 3f/sf] jl/kl/ dL7f] j:t' kf]lvPsf] 5 jf s'g} sdhf]/ uf]nf tyf /f]uL uf]nfdf bafO{ lb+bf lrgL rf:gL /flv lbPsf] 5 eg] o; s'/fnfO{ csf]{ uf]nfsf df}/Ln] yfxf kfpgf;fy emu8f / n'6 z'? x'G5 . cyf{t\ hlt a]nf r/gdf uPsf df}/Ln] u'lnof] j:t' /fv]sf] 7fpF klxNofpFb} cfpFbf s'g} 3f/leq o:tf] e]6\of] eg] pgLx¿ To; uf]nfdf cfqmd0f ub{5g\ / To; sdhf]/ uf]nfdf /fv]sf] Tof] u'lnof]sf] ;fy} hDdf ul//fv]sf] dx, s'6 ;a} n'6]/ n}hfG5g\ . o;}nfO{ df}/Ldf x'g] n'6 elgG5 . of] n'6 7"nf] uf]nfn] ;fgf] uf]nfdf ub{5 . of] n'6 ljz]if u/]/ a;Gt / z/b Ct'sf] cGTolt/ x'G5, h'ga]nf df}/Ln] aflx/ vfgf kfpFb}gg\ .

To;}u/L Ps j+zsf] df}/LnfO{ bf];|f] j+zsf] df}/Ln] ;xg ;St}g / olb e"nn] klg s'g} csf]{ j+zsf] df}/L bf];|f] j+zsf] df}/Lsf] 3f/df k:g k'Uof] eg] 3f/sf] d'vdf /x]sf] åf/kfn df}/L;Fu p;sf] n8fO{+ x'G5 . n8fO{+ x'Fbf b'j}n] Ps csf{nfO{ 8:g], cfˆgf] dfpsf] ;xfotfn] lvn Ps csf{df uf8\b}, uf]n rSsfdf 3'Db} 3f/sf] a6daf6 tn d}bfgdf emb{5g\ . olb ar]/ pm 3f/leq k:of] eg] klg afFr]/ aflx/ lgSng ;St}g . o;}nfO{ df}/Lsf] n8fO{+ elgG5 . of] t obfsbf x'g] n8fO{+ dfq xf] . t/ n'6sf] ;dodf x'g] df}/Lsf] n8fO{+ eg] s'?If]q h:t} eofgs x'G5 . aflx/sf df}/L n'6\gsf nflu 3f/df k|j]z ug{ sf]lz; ub{5g\ 3f/sf] df}/L tLgnfO{ /f]Sg sf]lz; ub{5g\ . o; n8fO{+df df}/L kfnsn] t'?Gt} o;nfO{ /f]Sg s'g} sbd p7fPg eg] sdhf]/ uf]nf x]bf{ x]b}{ gi6 x'G5 eg] dha't uf]nf klg sdhf]/ aGg k'Ub5 . 3f/d'lg k'/} uf]nf /fgL ;lxt d/]sf] y'k|f] nfUb5 .

n8fOF z'? x'Fbf s] ug]{ <

– sdhf]/ 3f/sf] df}/Lsf] k|j]z åf/ tyf cGo Kjfnx¿ ;a} aGb ul/lbg] jf ;fgf] agfO{ /fVg], h;n] ubf{ Pp6f dfq df}/L cfjt hfjt ug{ ;sf];\ / k'/} uf]nfleq k:g g;sf];\ .

– 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/ tyf 3f/ jl/kl/ k|z:t xl/of] 3fF;kft /flvlbg], h;n] ubf{ n8fs' df}/L 3f/leq k:g cndlnG5 .

– k|j]zåf/df / 3f/ jl/kl/ kfgL 5ls{lbg] ubf{ jiff{t\ z'? ePsf] efg kl/ n8fs' df}/Lx¿ cfˆgf] 3f/ kms{g z'? ub{5g\ .

– o;f] ubf{ klg n8fO{+ /f]lsPg eg] h'g 3f/sf] df}/L n8\g uPsf 5g\ To; 3f/nfO{ vf]nL ToxfF ePsf] dx 3f/leq kf]lvlbg] geP e08f/ u/L /fv]sf] dx NofP/ 3f/leq oqtq /flvlbg] o;f] ugf{n] df}/Lx¿ cfˆgf] 3f/leqsf] dx ;+sng ug{ tkm{ nfu]/ n'6\g hfg] dgf]j[lQ 5f8\b5g\ .

;fjwfgL / /f]syfd

cfk;df ePsf df}/Lsf] uf]nf aLr n'6 / emu8fsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g glbO{ /fd|f] pTkfbg lngsf nflu df}/L kfnsn] lgDg pkfo ckgfpg' kb{5 M–

– ;s];Dd sdhf]/ uf]nf ePsf df}/LnfO{ gkfNg] . To;sf] nflu b'O{ sdhf]/ uf]nfx¿nfO{ ;+of]hg u/L Ps alnof] uf]nf agfOlbg] .

– 3f/ lg/LIf0f ubf{ s'g} klg 7fpFdf rfsfdf ePsf] dx r'lxg lbg' x'Fb}g .

– dx lemSbf k|of]u ul/Psf cf}hf/ cflbdf dx nfUg lbg' x'Fb}g . nfu]sf] eP ;kmf ug'{kb{5 / kf]lvPsf] eP ;f] klg lr;f] sk8fn] ;kmf ug'{kb{5 .

– lrgL, rf:gL lb+bf 3f/ aflx/ tyf cGo v'Nnf 7fpFdf lbg' x'Fb}g . ;fFem kv 3f/leq /flvlbg] .

– dx e08f/ ubf{ df}/Ln] gb]Vg] 7fpFdf ug'{kb{5 .

– lrgL, rf:gL e/;s ;a} 3f/sf] df}/LnfO{ r/g geP;Dd lbO/xg] .

– hlt ubf{ klg n8fO{+ /f]lsPg / n8fO{+n] eofgs ¿k lng yfNof] eg] sdhf]/ j+zsf] 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/ k"/} aGb u/L cGo s'g} cWof/f] sf]7fdf nuL /fVg] / pQm 3f/ ePsf] 7fpFdf vfnL 3f/ nu]/ /flvlbg] vfnL 3f/df n8\gsf nflu zq' gx'gfn] zq' efu]sf] / cfˆgf] lht ePsf] ;DemL l/;n] r'/ ePsf df}/Lsf] l/; sd x'Fb} hfG5 / pgLx¿ cfˆgf] 3f/df kms{g]5g\ . o;kl5 sf]7fdf aGb u/L /fv]sf] df}/Lsf] 3f/nfO{ e/;s cGo :yfgdf /flvlbg] of cGo s'g} uf]nfdf ld;fO{ k'/fgf] / /f]uL /fgLnfO{ gi6 ul/lbg] .

– kz'{/fd cfrfo{

yfxf kfO/fvf}+

– hL !% eGgfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] ;+u7g eGg] a'lemG5 . hL !% sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*( df o'uf]:nfleofsf] /fhwfgL a]nu]|8df ePsf] xf] .

– ;fs{ ;]j]g l;:6;{ eGgfn] ;fs{ If]qdf /x]sf] ljBdfg u/LaL lgjf/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+rfng ul/Psf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;fs{ ;]j]g l;:6;{ elgG5 .

– ;]lj6–(& sDKo'6/sf] ;ˆ6j]o/ k|bz{gL;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

– O/fgdf ;g\ !(%)–!(^) sf] bzsdf ToxfFsf] /fHoJoj:yf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu h'g cfGbf]ng eof] To;} cfGbf]ngnfO{ Zj]t qmflGt elgG5 .

– aGw'xTof eGgfn] s'g} /fli6«o, hflto, wfld{s, ;Dk|bfo, k|hflto jf gZnsf] ;d"xnfO{ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf ljgfz ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/g] sfo{ a'lemG5 .

– P=Pn=Pr= *$))!, ;g\ !(*$ df cG6fs{l6sfsf] Png lx6;df kfOPsf] Ps rxfgsf] ;fgf] 6'qmfsf] gfd xf] .

– ;+3f/fd (Sangharam) eGgfn] af}4 ljxf/nfO{ a'lemG5 .

– OlhK6n] ;]K6]Da/ !((^ df ;+rfng u/]sf] Ps j[xt ;}lgs cEof;nfO{ j8f/–(^ elgG5 .

– :jf:YosdL{sf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf cf}ifwL ;]jg u/fO{ Ifo/f]u lgsf] kfg]{ ljlwnfO{ 86\; elgG5 .

– Kn]l6k; ;+;f/df kfOg] ;a}eGbf ljlrq k|sf/sf] hgfj/ xf] . of] ci6]«lnofdf kfOG5 .

– hL–& ljZjsf ;ft cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ hL–& elgG5 . o;sf] :yfkgf – @@ ;]K6]Da/ !(*% df ePsf] xf] .

– o'/f]kdf af]lng] k|d'v efiffsf] ldNbfh'Nbf zAbx¿nfO{ ldnfO{ tof/ ul/Psf] s[ltd efiffnfO{ O:k]¥ofGtf] elgG5 .

;+sng M /fh' uf}td …afa'Ú

s'g /+uaf6 s'g /f]usf] pkrf/

j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ ;[li6sf z'?jft ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 g} ePsf] xf] . To;}n] ;"o{sf] k|sfz lgSs} zlQmzfnL dflgG5 . ;"o{sf] ls/0fdf y'k|} /+ux¿sf] ;dfof]hg ePsf] kfOG5 . tL ljleGg k|sf/sf /+ux¿;Fu dflg;sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]Io ;DaGw /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;"o{df ePsf] /+ux¿af6 g} dflg;x¿n] ;'vb\ cg'e"lt k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] dfgjn] log} /+ux¿sf] Ifdtf cg'¿k pkof]u ug{ klg hfGg'kb{5 . /+ux¿sf] dfWodaf6 cfhsn lrlsT;f If]qdf klg lgSs} kmfObf k'Ug uPsf] 5 . ;du|df eGbf /+ux¿af6 klg /f]usf] pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

/+u lrlsT;fnfO{ qmf]df]y]/fkL, ;f]nf/y]/fkL / sn/y]/fkL klg elgG5 . o;sf] zflAbs cy{ xf] – /+uåf/f Pj+ /+usf] k|of]uåf/f pkrf/ ug'{ . /+uLg ls/0faf6 dl:tis tyf cGo /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . of] lrlsT;f k4lt lj1fgsf] o:tf] Ps efu xf] h;df la/fdLx¿sf] :jf:Yo kl/jt{g ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf /+ux¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . /+u lrlsT;fsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt s] xf] eg] /f]uLsf] z/L/df h'g /+usf] dfqfdf sdL 5, pQm /+usf] cfk"lt{ a9L ul/G5 . dfgj z/L/df ha;Dd :k]S6«dsf] /+ux¿df ;fd~h:o /xG5 ta;Dd dfgjsf] :jf:Yo 7Ls /xG5 . z/L/df /f]u nfUg'sf] tLg sf/0fx¿ 5g\ tLdWo] xl/of], /ftf] / gLnf] /+usf] sdL g} k|d'v xf] .

/+uf]krf/df /ftf] / gLnf] /+usf] clws dxTj x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;g\ !*&& df 8f= P; k}+sf]:6n] cfˆgf] k':ts …ANo" P08 /]8 nfO6Ú df pNn]v u/]sf lyP . /+u lrlsT;fsf] lktf dflgg] 8f= P]8ljg 8L= afla6n] cfˆgf] k':ts …b lk|lG;kn ckm nfO6 P08 sn/Ú df /ftf], kx]+nf] / gLnf] /+unfO{ lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ atfPsf 5g\ .

/ftf] /+usf] pkrf/ IfdtfM– /ftf] /+u tfk lbg] /+u xf] . ;a} /+ux¿df of] g} ;jf{lws u/d jf udL{ /+u xf] . h;n] :gfo' k|0ffnLnfO{ p4LKt ub{5 . To:t} /utsf] sdLaf6 x'g] ljleGg /f]ux¿nfO{ o;n] 7Ls ub{5 . wdlgdf /Qm ;+rf/nfO{ klg a9fpF5 . ysfO{, b'a{ntf, kf]lnof] cflb /f]usf] nflu /ftf] /+usf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;}n] o; pkrf/df kfgL lkpg'sf] cnfjf ufh/ cflb /ftf] kmnkm"n / ;fu;AhL vfg'kb{5 .

gLnf] /+usf] pkrf/ IfdtfM– gLnf] /+unfO{ b'lgof+sf] ;a}eGbf /f]ufg'/f]ws jf PlG6;]lK6s klg elgG5 . o;n] 3fF6L, pRr /Qmrfk, zL/bb{ h:tf /f]ux¿nfO{ lgsf] kfb{5 . o; k|sf/sf] pkrf/df gLnf] jf j}hgL /+u ePsf hfd'g h:tf kmnkm"nx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ a|f]+sfOl6; tyf bdsf /f]uLn] of] slxNo} k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g .

xl/of] /+usf] pkrf/ IfdtfM– xl/of] /+u g u/d, g 708 g} x'G5 cyf{t\ g Iff/Lo xf] g cDnLo g} . ljiffQm kbfy{x¿nfO{ aflx/ lgsfNgsf] nflu of] /+u lgs} pksf/L dflgG5 . cfFvfsf] nflu, /ut ;kmf ug{sf] nflu, df+;k]zL dha"t ug{, slAhot, dw'd]x cflb b"/ ug{ of] /+u nfesf/L x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf /f]uLx¿n] ;nfbsf ¿kdf xl/of ;fu;AhL, d6/ sf];f cflb k|of]u ug'{ a9L /fd|f] x'G5 .

kx]+nf] /+usf] pkrf/ IfdtfM– kx]+nf] /+un] d'6', dl:tis, lkQf;o, /Qmrfk h:tf /f]unfO{ sd ug{ ;Sb5 . xfdLnfO{ yfxf g} 5 ls ;"o{sf] ls/0fdf -laxfgL kvsf]_ le6fdLg …8LÚ kfOG5 . h;n] z/L/nfO{ dha"t kfg]{ sfd ub{5 . To;}n] xfdLn] kx]+nf kfs]sf ljleGg kmnkm"n / xl/of ;fu;AhL ;w}+ vfg] ug'{ kb{5 . xfd|f] z/L/df /+usf] lgSs} dxTj 5 . t;y{ /+usf] ;fy hLjgsf] cGt;{DaGw ;[li6sf] cgflb sfnb]lv g} rlncfPsf] kfOG5 .

– b]j]Gb| cof{n

yfxf kfO/fvf}+

– xfd|f] b]zsf] /fli6«o efiffsf] gfd …g]kfnLÚ egL gfdfs/0f ug]{ klxnf] JolQm aemfªsf /fhf ho k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x x'g\ .

– g]kfn efiff kl/ifb\n] ;flxTosf/ a}s'07k|;fb nf}sfnnfO{ g]kfn efiff lz/f]dl0fsf] pkflwn] lje'lift u/]sf] 5 .

– lwdfn efiffsf] klxnf] rnlrq …pgLÚ xf] .

– No Odica Nations eGgfn] lkmgNof08, gj]{, :jL8]g / 8]gdfs{nfO{ hgfpF5 .

– cGt/f{li6«o h}ljs ljljwtf lbj; l8;]Da/ @( df dgfOG5 .

– ;g\ !(#) df kQf nfu]sf] u|xsf] gfd Kn'6f] xf] .

– ljZjdf ;a}eGbf l56f] bf}8\g] ;k{ dfDjf xf] . o;sf] ult k|lt306f !! ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 .

– ljB'tLo cfd ;+rf/sf] dfWoddf ;'tL{ hGo kbfy{sf] lj1fkgnfO{ & kmfu'g @)%% b]lv /f]s nufpg yflnPsf] xf] .

– 5f]6f] b"/Ldf w]/} k'n ePsf] gbL 6's'rf xf] .

– xfjfn] afn'jfnfO{ p8fP/ agfPsf] d}bfgnfO{ nf]o; d}bfg elgG5 .

– zflGtsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf k/]jfnfO{ g} 5fGg] klxnf] JolQm kfAnf] lksf;f] x'g\ .

– d?;Qnsf] lgdf{0f g]kfn ;Dat\ &!% cyf{t\ lj=;+= !%(% df nIdLg/l;+x dNnn] u/fPsf x'g\ .

– s]zj g]kfn

g]kfnsf s]xL ljz]if vfB kbfy{

g]kfndf JolQm, kl/jf/sf] :t/, :yfg hghflt / ;do cg';f/ s]xL leGb} vfgf vfg] k|rng 5 . oxfF o:t} s]xL vfgfsf] hfgsf/L k|:t't 5 .

u'Gb'|s M kf}li6stfsf] b[li6n] clt g} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] u'Gb|'s k|foh;f] v]/ hfg] ;fukftx¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ clek|fon] agfOg] Ps kl/sf/ xf] . /fof]sf] ;fu, tf]/Lsf] ;fu, sfpnLsf] kft, d'nfsf] ;fu h:tf ;fukftx¿nfO{ ;'sfP/, s'6]/ s]xL lbg;Dd aGb efF8f] tyf vf8n vg]/ cldlnPkl5 lgsfnL ;'sfP/ tof/ kfl/G5 . ;'sfO;s]kl5 o;nfO{ w]/} lbg;Dd ;+/If0f u/]/ /fVg ;lsG5 . 5f]6f] ;dodf tyf ;lhn} tof/ ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] g} of] lgs} k|rlnt ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ crf/ tyf ;'ksf] ¿kdf vfg] ul/G5 . o;df SoflN;od, cfO/g, yfOl;g, /fOaf]ˆnfleg, gfOl;g, kmf]lns Pl;8 cflb kfOG5g\ . u'Gb|ssf] k|rng kxf8L e]ssf] ;fdfGo hg;d'bfodf a9L 5 .

;ft' M cGg / u]8fu'8LnfO{ e'6]/ lk7f] agfO{ vfhfsf] ¿kdf ;ft' k|of]u ul/G5 . of] sd vlr{nf], w]/} lbg;Dd /xg] tyf sd emGem6af6 tof/ x'g] ePsf]n] clt nf]slk|o 5 . o;df cfˆgf] OR5fg';f/ g'g jf lrgL /fvL vfg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ kfgL cyjf b"wdf xn'jf h:tf] agfP/ klg vfg ;lsG5 . of] Ps efu ds} / rfdn tyf b'O{ efu e6df;af6 tof/ ul/G5 . o;df ˆof6, k|f]l6g, Sofnl;od, cfO/g cflb a9L dfqfdf kfOG5 . g]kfndf ;ft'sf] a9L k|rng t/fOlt/ dw];L ;d'bfodf 5 .

SjfF6LM– kfgLdf lehfO{ 6';f pdf/]sf] u]8fu8LnfO{ SjfF6L elgG5 . @÷# lbg;Dd kfgL /fvL 6';f pdfbf{ o;df kf}li6s kbfy{ a9\g'sf ;fy} To;sf] kfrg lqmofdf klg j[l4 x'G5 . ljz]if u/L SjfF6L hg} k"l0f{dfsf] lbg vfOG5 . SjfF6L udL{jw{s vfB kbfy{ xf] . o;nfO{ hf8f] ofddf z/L/nfO{ k"j{ tof/L u/fpg'sf] k|tLsdf klg lnOG5 .

dxLM– bxLaf6 £o" lgsfln;s]kl5 afFsL emf]nnfO{ g} dxL elgG5 . / o;df cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgL klg /flvG5 . dxLsf] k|rng vf;u/L ufpF3/df Jofks 5 . o;nfO{ kl/sf/sf] ¿kdf g'g a];f/ cflb /fvL ttfP/ …s/LÚ agfP/ vfg] klg ul/G5 . o;df SoflN;od, km:kmf]/;, lrNnf] kbfy{x¿ k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ .

d:of}/fM– xtf/df bfn cyjf t/sf/Lsf] ¿kdf vfOg] d:of}/f klg Ps nf]slk|o vfB kbfy{ xf] . df;sf] bfnnfO{ !%–@) 306f lehfP/ To;sf] af]qmf lgsfnL o;nfO{ dl;gf] u/L lkg]/ o;}sf] dfqfdf ss{nf]sf] 8fF7 cyjf kft ld;fP/ d:of}/f tof/ ul/G5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd /lx/xg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ h'g;'s} a]nf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ljleGg kf}li6s kbfy{x¿ h:t} k|f]l6g, lrNnf], le6fldg ;L, Sofnf]/L, sfaf]{xfO8]«8, SoflN;od, kmnfd cflb kfOG5 .

o;}n] o:tf vfBkbfy{nfO{ ;fwf/0f cyjf ufpFn]x¿sf] egL a]jf:tf gu/L b}lgs ef]hgdf ;dfj]z u/L vfg] u/];a}n] kmfObf lng ;S5g\ .

– s'df/ ;Gtf]if dxQf]

;g\ !((( sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ s'g <

gf]a]n k'/:sf/ 8fOgfdfO6sf cfljisf/ cNk|m]8 gf]a]nn] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . cfkm"n] 8fOgfdfO6af6 k|z:t wg cfh{g u/]sf] / cfˆgf] sf]xL pQ/flwsf/L gePsf]n] ;g\ !*(^ df cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ
-s/La () nfv cd]l/sL 8n/_ Ps u'7Ldf /fvL of] k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . pgsf] !*(^ l8;]Da/ !) df lgwg eof] . pQm /sdsf] Jofhaf6 !()! b]lv ef}ltszf:q, lrlsT;fzf:q, /;fogzf:q, zflGt / ;flxTosf nflu of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug{ yflnof] . of] k'/:sf/ k|To]s jif{ l8;]Da/ !) sf lbg k|bfg ul/G5 . of] k'/:sf/sf] ¿kdf xfn k|To]s ljifodf ( nfv ^) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ k|bfg ul/G5 . ;g\ !(^( b]lv cy{zf:qdf klg of] k'/:sf/ lbg yflnof] . cy{zf:qdf k'/:sf/ lbg] 3f]if0ff Royal Bank of Swiden n] cfˆgf] #)) cf}+ jflif{s pT;jsf] cj;/df u/]sf] xf] . oxfF ;g\ !((( sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] JolQm / ;+:yfsf] gfd hfgf}+ .

;flxTo M ;g\ !((( sf] ;flxTo tkm{sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ hd{g pkGof;sf/ u'PG6/ u|f;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lg0ff{os d08nn] u|f;n] ;g\ !(%( df n]Vg' ePsf] bL l6g 8«d gfds aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pTs[i6 pkGof;sf] nflu pQm k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] hgfPsf] 5 .

lrlsT;fzf:q M– lrlsT;fzf:qsf] nflu ;g\ !((( sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{df /x]sf] /skm]n/ ljZjljBfnosf j}1flgs 8f= u'PG6/ Anf]a]nnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|f]l6g tTjsf] af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ j}1flgs Anf]a]nn] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] OG;'lngh:tf k|f]l6gdf cfwfl/t cf}ifwLsf k|efjsfl/tf j[l4df klg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} j+zf0f'ut /f]ux¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ JolQmsf] z/L/df /x]sf] k|f]l6g ;]nd} x:tIf]k u/]/ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsg] k4ltdf klg of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] hgfOPsf] 5 .

ef}ltszf:q M 8r j}1flgs u]/f8{; 6 x'ˆ6 / dfl6{g; h]=;L= e]N6DofgnfO{ ef}ltszf:qsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . pxfFx¿nfO{ pkcf0fljs 6'qmfx¿sf] ;+/rgf / ultsf af/]df ;}4flGts vf]hsf nflu of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . c0f'sf] ef}lts l;4fGtnfO{ k'/fgf] ul0ftLo cfwf/df :yflkt ub}{ c0f'sf ;fgf c+ux¿sf] klg pxfFx¿n] vf]h ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

/;fog zf:qM– cd]l/sfsf] Soflnkmf]lg{of OlG:6Ro"6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hLsf cxdb Pr h]jfOnnfO{ o; jif{sf] /;fogzf:qsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ /f;folgs k|ltlqmofsf] qmddf x'g] ;+qmd0f sfnLg cj:yfsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu k'/:s[t ul/Psf] xf] .

cy{zf:q M Sofg8fdf hGdg'ePsf cy{zf:qL /f]a6{ d'G8]nnfO{ ;g\ !((( sf] cy{zf:qtkm{sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . >L d'G8]nn] ug'{ePsf] df}lb|s tyf /fhsf]ifsf] gLltx¿ dfly ljleGg ;6xL b/n] kfg]{ km/ssf af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]afkt of] k'/:sf/n] ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] xf] .

zflGt M k|mfG;df s/La @* jif{ cl3 :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yf ;Ldfljlxg lrlsT;s ;+:yfnfO{ nfO{ ;g\ !((( sf] zflGt gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(&! df ePsf] xf] . o;df b'O{ xhf/ eGbf a9L cf}ifwL pkrf/ cflb sfddf ;+nUg dflg;x¿ cfktsfnLg ;]jfsf nflu ljZjsf *) eGbf a9L /fi6«df sfo{/t 5g\ . o;sf] d'Vofno a|;]N;df 5 . d]8;fF ;fF k|mf]G6«fo;{n] o; cl3 ;g\ !((^ sf] l;of]n zflGt k'/:sf/ kfPsf] lyof] .

– n]vgfy l/dfn

lr/fOtf]sf] u'0f yfxf 5 <

lr/fOtf] Ps lsl;dsf] emf/ xf] . of] g]kfnsf] pRr kxf8L If]q !^ ;o dL= b]lv # xhf/ dL6/sf] prfOdf lr;f] / cf]l;nf] 7fpFdf kfOG5 . hfGg]nfO{ >Lv08 ghfGg]nfO{ v'kf{sf] aL+8 eg] em}+ lr/fOtf]sf] u'0f ga'‰bf of] ;fdfGo emf/ dfq xf] eg] u'0f yfxf x'g]sf] nflu >Lv08 h:t} xf] . o;sf] lgoldt k|of]un] cdg ev{/ z'? ePsf] Uofli6s / lrgL /f]unfO{ r§} agfpF5 eg] lgs} k'/fgf] ePsfnfO{ ;d]t qmdzM 36fpFb} NofO{ Go'g agfpg ;S5 .

cf}ifwLsf] nflu lr/fOtf]sf] h/f, kft, 8fF7df nfu]sf] df6f], w"nf], kmf]xf]/d}nf /fd|/L kvfn]/ ;kmf / 3fdsf] k|sfzn] e]6\g] 7fpFdf ;'sfpg'k5{ . ;'s]sf] lr/fOtf]nfO{ w'nf] / w"Fjfn] ge]6\g] u/L kf]sf] kf/]/ ;'/lIft / kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ .

lr/fOtf]sf] k|of]u ug'{k/]df ;j{k|yd vfg] ;dosf] lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . laxfg vfg] ePdf ;fFem / ;fFem vfg] ePdf laxfg tof/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;do lgwf{/0f eO;s]kl5 Ps lunf; ;kmf kfgL /fd|/L pdfn]/ lunf;df /fvL ;]nfpg lbg'kb{5 . ;]nfPsf] kfgLdf lr/fOtf]sf] # j6f kft /fVg'xf];\ jf 8fF7 ePdf # OGr hlt efFr]/ 9'+uf jf s'g} ;kmf j:t'n] s'6]/ xfNg'k5{ . o;/L lr/fOtf] lehfPsf] lunf;nfO{ kmf]xf]/, w"nf] gk/f];\ egL /fd|/L 5f]k]/ 36Ldf !@ 306f;Dd /fVg'k5{ . lr/fOtf] leh]kl5 kfgLsf] /ª sfnf] eP/ cfpF5 . of] g} cf}ifwL xf] . of] emf]n kfgL c;fWo lttf] x'G5 . To;}n] cfFvf lrDn]/ lkpg'k5{ . vfnL k]6df lbgdf Ps ;do lgoldt Ps xKtf;Dd vfFbf /f]un] la:tf/} 5f]8\b} hfG5 . cfˆgf] h'g s'/f] k|ToIf cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . of] qmd 36Ldf Ps xKtf / ;s]df nfdf] ;do;Dd g} lgoldt ;]jg ug]{ u/] /fd|f] x'G5 .

lr/fOtf]sf] u'0f oltdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . s'v'/fnfO{ h'sf nfu]/ km:6fpg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] ;s];Dd l56f] lr/fOtf]nfO{ dl;gf] x'g] u/L s'6]/ vfgfdf ld;fO{ lbg' kb{5 . s'v'/fsf] h'sf gfz eP/ s'v'/f km:6fpg yfNg]5 / cfo cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

– rGb|s'df/ /fO{

kf}li6s 3fF; ;]tf] Snf]e/sf] v]tL ug]{ tl/sf

;]tf] Snf]e/ kf]lifnf], ;lhn} kRg ;Sg] /fd|f] :jfb ePsf] kz'n] lgs} dg k/fpg] sf]z] 3fF; xf] pQ/L e]u -g]kfnsf]_ df xfn of] 3fF; g} k|rlnt ePsf 5g\ To;}n] o;nfO{ n]sfnL 3fF; eGg] rng klg 5 . of] 3fF;sf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf ljz]iftf kfOG5 . lsgsL ax'jlif{o 3fF; dWo] of] pRrsf]6Lsf] 3fF; xf] h;df kf}li6s tTj k|r'/ dfqfdf x'G5 . of] 3fF; Ps k6s nufPdf !@ jif{;Dd pAhf lbO/xG5 . of] 3fF; x] jf ;fOn]h agfpg'sf] ;fy} vs{df nufP/ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] df6f]nfO{ g/d kfg'{sf ;fy} e"Ifo /f]Sg / zf]ef a9fpgsf] nflu ;d]t k|of]u ul/G5 .

o;df kfOg] kf]ifs tTjx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5 .

qm'8 k|f]l6g @@=$Ü, Pg=l8=Pkm= %)=&Ü, P=l8=Pkm= #(=$Ü, lnulgg ^=#Ü, vlgh nj0f !!=$Ü .

hft M Nofl8gf] -x'Oof_, l/un, l6nd}g, csf{l8of . x'gt xfn g]kfndf w]/} hftx¿sf] k/LIf0f eO;s]sf 5g\ t}klg oL dflysf hftx¿sf] a9L ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

xfjfkfgL M of] lr;f] xfjfkfgL x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf of] g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf r/g ljsf; ug{ a9L pko'Qm x'G5 . klxnf klxnfsf s[ifsx¿n] cfˆgf] ofs rf}/Lsf] bfgf;Fu o;sf] aLp ld;fP/ v'jfO{ rf}/L n]sdf uP/ lb;f ubf{ ToxfF klg ;]tf] Snf]e/ ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . xfn g]kfnsf] !%)) dL6/b]lv $))) xhf/ dL6/;Dd o;nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . of] Hofb} ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fd|/L km:6fpg kfpFb}g / aLpsf] klg /fd|/L ;+sng x'Fb}g .

df6f]M of] k|foM ;a} k|sf/sf df6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 t/ b'd6 df6f]df o;sf] ljsf; a9L x'G5 . sfnf] b'd6 lr:ofPg ePsf] o;sf] nflu Psbd} /fd|f] dflgG5 .

nufpg] 7fpF M of] k|foM vs{, au}+rf leq, h+unleq tyf h+un glhs v]/ uO{ /x]sf] hUuf, tfnsf] glhssf] lr:ofg hUuf Pj+ dlnnf] df6f] ePsf] s'g} klg 7fpFdf of] nufpg ;lsG5 .

hdLgsf] tof/L M h'g 7fpFdf ;]tf] Snf]e/ 5g]{ xf] ToxfF /fd|/L vghf]t u/L 5g'{k5{ . of] 3fF; km}lng] ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ Kofr Kofr agfO{ x/]s Kofrdf aLp nufpg'k5{ . vghf]t /fd|/L ePg eg] la?jfsf] /fd|/L j[l4 ljsf; x'g kfpFb}g . vghf]t u/]/ aLp 5l/;s]kl5 df6f]nfO{ la:tf/} ldnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ aLp df6f]df /fd|/L ldn]/ a;f];\ .

dnsf] dfqf M pGgt tl/sf tyf a9L pTkfbgsf] nflu dnsf] lgs} cfjZostf kb{5 . dn k|of]u ubf{ ;]tf] Snf]e/ sf]if] 3fF; afnL ePsf] x'Fbf gfO6«f]hgsf] Tolt cfjZostf kb}{g . sDkf]i6 dn k|of]u ubf{ klg /fd|f] pTkfbg lbG5 .

aLpsf] dfqfM– aLpsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] ePsf] x'Fbf k|lt x]S6/ % lsnf] aLp k|z:t x'G5 . olb ;]tf] Snf]e/sf] xfFuf ;f¥of}+ eg] Ps x]S6/df Ps nfv 6'qmf -!) ;]=dL=_ nfdf] rflxG5 .

Ogf]s"nd M klxnf] k6s v]t, af/L, vs{df, au}+rfdf ;]tf] Snf]e/ nufof}+ eg] h}ljs dn k|of]u ug'{k5{ ;f] geP klxnf ;]tf] Snf]e/ 5/]sf] hUufaf6 s]xL df6f] lnO{ aLp;Fu ld;fP/ 5g'{k5{ .

aLp 5g]{ M aLp 5g]{ dlxgf r}t / j}zfv xf] eg] xfFufsf] 6'qmf ;fg]{ ;do h]i7 c;f/ xf] . aLp 5bf{ ;a} efudf Psgfz k'Ug] u/L aLp 5g'{kb{5 . ;]tf] Snf]e/nfO{ s'n];f] agfP/ klg /f]Kg ;lsG5 . cyjf au}+rf jf vs{df 5g]{ xf] eg] dlnnf] lr:ofg ePsf] df6f] 5gf}6 u/L Kofr Kofr u/]/ aLp 5g'{kb{5 .

o; 3fF;sf] pTkfbg a9fpgsf] nflu /fOu|f;, ss;km'6;Fu ld;fP/ klg 5g{ ;lsG5 . n]sfnL e]udf o;sf] /]vb]v x'g' cfjZos 5 lsgls klxnf] jif{ o;sf] /fd|/L ljsf; ePsf] x'Fb}g . To;y{ vs{ rf/}lt/ uf8f jf/ nufP/ /fd|/L x's{g lbg'k5{ . x'sL{;s]kl5 r/0f ePdf Tolt a]kmfObf ub}{g gq eg] 3fF; vf];]|/ vfOlb+bf 3fF; dg]{ g} ;Defjgf x'G5 .

pAhgL M ;]tf] Snf]e/ ;fwf/0ftof $ d]= 6g ;'Vvf kbfy{ k|lt x]S6/ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . pTkfbg vs{ jf nufPsf] 7fpFsf] Joj:yfkgdf e/ kb{5 . pGgt tl/sfn] v]tL ubf{ a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 eg] ;fwf/0f tl/sfaf6 cln yf]/} x'g ;S5 .

aLp pTkfbgM– aLp pTkfbg ubf{ klg nufPsf] cfwf/df lge{/ x'G5 olb pGgt tl/sfn] v]tL u/]sf 5f}+ eg] k|ltx]S6/ !))–%)) lsnf];Dd aLp pTkfbg ug{ ;S5f}+ . vs{df nufPsf] Snf]e/af6 !)) s]=hL= ;Dd aLp pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . olb ldl>t v]tL u/]sf 5f}+ eg] s"n pTkfbgdf $)Ü sd x'g hfG5 .

kmfObf M 3fF; ! k6s nufPkl5 s}of}+ jif{;Dd pTkfbg lbO/xG5

– o;n] df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm a9fpF5 / df6f]nfO{ g/d dlnnf] agfpF5 .

– clt kf}li6s tyf krfpg ;lhnf] sf]if] 3fF; xf] .

– e";+/If0f jftfj/0fsf] ;'/Iff / zf]ef a9fpF5 .

– rfF8} ljsf; x'G5 .

– 8f= /fds[i0f zfx, s[lif ljz]if1

s] tkfO{+nfO{ yfxf 5 <

– d';f cfpg] Kjfndf lkmgfOnsf] uf]nL /fvL lbPdf To;sf] uGwn] d';f cfpFb}g .

– bxL eft vfgfn] clt;f/ 7Ls x'G5 .

– Kofhsf] /; ;'3fpFbf ;fdfGo a]xf]zL x6\5 .

– dfx'/Ln] 6f]s]sf] 7fpFdf Kofhsf] /; bNgfn] kmfObf x'G5 .

– d]jfsf] sfFrf]kmn sf6]/ ;'sfPkl5 To;sf] 5 df;f r"0f{ tftf]kfgL l;t vfof] eg] k'/fgf] clt;f/ klg gi6 x'G5 .

– Ps tf]nf cfFksf] af]qmf lk+w]/ kfgL ldnfO{ lkpgfn] cNsfO{ gi6 x'G5 .

– Hjfgf] kfgLdf afSnf] u/L lk+w]/ lbgdf b'O{ k6s nufpgfn] bfb, vfh, s[ld ePsf] 3fp gi6 x'G5 .

– ux'F e08f/ ubf{ l6d'/ /fv]df To;sf] uGwn] w'g k'tnL efU5 .

– lgdfsf] kft -;'s]sf]_ sk8fdf / lstfadf /fVgfn] ls/f nfUb}g .

– hn]sf] 7fpFdf cfn'nfO{ lk+w]/ n]k nufof] eg] hng zfGt x'G5 .

– 6fpsf] b'v]sf] a]nfdf Kofhsf] /; lgsfn]/ lgwf/df bNgfn] b'vfO{ sd x'g hfG5 .

k|:t'lt M /d]zs'df/ e§/fO{ …bofn'Ú

;fjwfg Aof6«Ln] hLjg lng klg ;S5 Û

Aof6«L ;fdfGotof b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . uf8Lsf] Aof6«L / 6r{nfO6sf] Aof6«L . emf]n t]hfa /flvg] ePsf]n] uf8Lsf] Aof6«LnfO{ lr;f] Aof6«L / cf]jfgf] ePsf]n] 6r{sf] Aof6«LnfO{ ;'Vvf Aof6«L elgG5 .

Aof6«L ;fgf] laGb'nL 6Lsfb]lv lnP/ s}of}+ lsnf];Ddsf x'G5g\ . Aof6«Ldf k|of]u ul/g] /;fog h] eP klg Aof6«LnfO{ d"n ¿kdf lr;f] / ;'Vvf Aof6«Lsf] ¿kdf 5'§fP/ x]l/G5 .

Aof6«Lsf] k|of]u ;+;f/ e/ g} ul/G5 . lxhf] cfh t uf8L / 6r{nfO6df dfq xf]Og 38L, /]l8of], Sofns'n]6/ nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ On]S6«f]lgs ;dfgdf Aof6«Lsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . xfd|f] h:tf] ufpF ufpFdf hxfF lah'nL aQL k'u]sf] 5}g . ToxfF w]/}h;f] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g cflb Aof6«Laf6 g} rnfpg] u5{g\ .

Aof6«Lljgf xfd|f] sfd rNg ;Sb}g t/ Aof6«Laf6 plQs} vt/f klg x'g ;S5 . Aof6«Ldf k|of]u ul/g] ;a}h;f] kbfy{ ljiffn' x'G5g\ . t]hfjn] e]§fpgf;fy 89fpg] / slxn] gf]S;fg klg ug]{ u5{ . Aof6«Laf6 x'g] vt/f t'?Gt yfxf kfOb}gg\ . Aof6«Ldf k|of]u ul/g] l;;f, sfa{g, h:tf, kf/f] tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf t]hfax¿sf] w]/} k|of]u x'g] ePsf]n] logLx¿ xfd|f] :jf:Yosf nflu lgs} xflgsf/s 5g\ . Aof6«Lsf v/faLx¿ ljleGg 7fpFx¿af6 xfd|f] z/L/df kl;/x]sf x'G5g\ . uf8Lsf] ;lsPsf] Aof6«L un]/ l;;f lgsfNg] qmddf b]zdf xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ k|ToIf c;/ t k/]sf] g} 5 To;df klg l;;f ufNg] 7fpF j/k/sf] df6f], 3fF;, ;fukft cflbdf x'g] ePsf]n] o;af6 slt hGt' klg d/]sf 5g\ . l;;fn] dfG5]sf] sn]hf] kfrg k|0ffnL / lbdfunfO{ g/fd|f] c;/ kf5{ of] c;/ a9L dfqfdf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ b]lvG5 .

xfd|f] ufpF3/df uf8Lsf] Aof6«L t sd} k|of]u x'G5 . ;a}lt/ lah'nL gePsf]n] 6r{nfO6 / /]l8of]sf] nflu ;'Vvf Aof6«L eg] lgs} g} k|of]u ul/G5 . lxhf] cfh t ufpF3/df Sof;]6 ahfpg] / kmf]6f] lvRg] rng a9]sf]n] cem w]/} Aof6«L vkt x'g yfn]sf] 5 . Aof6«L sfd nfUg] rLh xf] t/ ;lsPsf] Aof6«L eg] vt/gfs 3/]n' kmf]x/ xf] . k'/fgf] Aof6«L hyfefjL ˆofFSgfn] To;n] vfg]s'/f jf kfgLnfO{ la6'Nofpg ;S5 . Aof6«Ldf /x]sf] ljiffn' kbfy{ yf]/} dfqfdf klg kfgLaf6 z/L/df k;]df g/fd|f] c;/ k5{ . o:tf] ljifsf] ;fg} dfqfn] klg s]6fs]6LnfO{ uDeL/ xflg k'Ug ;S5 .

xfd|f] ufpF3/df ;lsPsf] Aof6«LnfO{ km'6fP/ 3/ /+ufpg k|of]u ug]{ Pp6f g/fd|f] k|s[lt b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L Aof6«L km'6fpFbf lg:sg] w"nf]df sfa{g, l;;f, h:tf tyf Pdf]lgod Snf]/fO8 -gf};fb/_ sf] dfqf x'G5 . oL kbfy{sf s0fx¿ vn, l;nf}6f] kf]tf/L cflbaf6 ;lhn};Fu vfg]s'/fdf k'U5g\ . lnkkf]tsf] sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿n] Aof6«L km'6fpFbf pgLx¿sf] xftdf s'g} 3fp eP oL ljiffn' kbfy{sf] 7"nf] dfqf 3fpleq k:5 . olb 3fp gePklg 5fnfdf ePsf ;–;fgf Kjfnaf6 z/L/leq ljif gl5/L/xg ;Sb}g . o:tf ljiffn' kbfy{af6 s]6fs]6L tyf ue{jtL / gfgLnfO{ b"w v'jfpg] dlxnfnfO{ lgs} g/fd|f] c;/ kg{ ;S5 .

elgG5, ahf/df nu]/ cGgsf] /S;L a]Rg]x¿ dWo] s;} s;}n] /S;LnfO{ s8f kfg{ eg]/ /S;L agfpFbf s'lxPsf] Aof6«L klg xfNg] u5{g\ . o;f] lsg ul/G5 eGg] s'/f s;}n] atfpFb}gg\ . t/ pgLx¿n] Aof6«Lleqsf] gf};fb/sf] nflu Aof6«L g} /S;Ldf xfn]sf x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf /;fog ldl;Psf] /S;Ln] dfG5]sf] sn]hf] d[uf}nfnfO{ sfd} gnfUg] ul/ lauf/LlbG5 .

– 9fsf/fd nfld5fg]

d]lS;sf]sf] pkxf/ – uf]ne+]8f M cglulGt u'0fn] el/k"0f{

uf]ne]+8f tkfO{+ xfdLaLr kl/lrt gfd xf] . hlt of] ljZjel/ kl/lrt Pj+ ax'pkof]uL 5 Tolt g} of] ;j{;'ne x'g'sf ;fy} ;fdfGo h:tf] klg dflgG5 . of] hft Ps eP tfklg o;sf] u'0fsf/L ljz]iftfn] ubf{ of] ;j{JofkL klg 5 . o;sf] ;xL klxrfg / u'0fsf/L pkof]udf la:tf/ x'g ;Sof] eg] tkfO{+ xfdLnfO{ yfx} gkfPsf cg]sf}+ s'/fdf klg w]/} kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . dflg;sf] ;':jf:Yob]lv lnP/ kf]if0f tTj Pj+ le6fldg cfk"lt{ ug{ / sltko /f]ux¿df ;xh} /fdaf0f s} ¿kdf sfd ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ax'pkof]uL u'0f o;df 5 . olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg xfdL o;sf] klxrfg Pj+ hfgsf/Lsf cefjdf ;xL pkof]u ug{ hf] sf]xLn] ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . cem egf}+ of] hxfF txL+ kfOg]x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;fdfGo j:t' 7fgL o;sf] pkof]u sd dfqfdf dfq u/]sf klg x'g ;S5f}+ . oxfF oL ;a} s'/fx¿sf cltl/Qm o;sf] pTklQ Pj+ la:tf/, hft, cfxf/–ljxf/, le6fldg Pj+ kf]if0f tTj / o;af6 x'g] ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .

uf]ne]+8f k|foM ;a} e"efudf kfOG5 / udL{ tyf 708f df};ddf klg o;sf] v]tL x'g] ub{5 . of] b]Vb}df nf]enfUbf], /ftf] tyf uf]nfsf/df x'g] ax'pkof]uL jg:kltsf] kmn xf] . t/sf/L, crf/, ;nfb, ;'k cflbsf cltl/Qm of] kmnsf] ¿kdf klg pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . h'g;'s} t/sf/Ldf ld;fpFbf klg :jflbi6 x'g] / tL ;a}df ldnfpFbf ldt nfu]em} 7\ofDd ldNg] o;sf] ljz]iftf g} xf] . csf]{tkm{ of] ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/df tyf kf]if0f tTjsf] ¿kdf klg ckgfpg ;lsg] u'0fsf/L kmn xf] . To;}n] g} of] ;j{q pkof]udf NofOPsf] 5 h'g xfd|f] vfgkfgsf cltl/Qm cGo sltko hLjgofkgsf s'/fx¿df cleGg c+usf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] kfOG5 .

o;sf] pTklQ sxfF eof] / o;sf] lj:tf/ sxfF eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf olsg ;fy eGg g;lsP klg vf; u/L of] uf]ne]+8fsf] pTklt d]lS;sf]df ePsf] atfOG5 . To;}n] uf]ne]+8fnfO{ ljZje/ g} d]lS;sf]n] lbPsf] pkxf/sf ¿kdf dfGg ;Sb5f}+ . uf]ne]+8f gfd xfd|f] efiffdf eGg] ul/P tfklg o;sf] d"n gfd 6df6/ xf] h;nfO{ c+u]|hLdf (Tomato) elgG5 / o;} gfdaf6 g} of] ;a} d'n'sx¿df la:tf/ x'g k'Uof] .

cfˆgf] d'n :yfgaf6} la:tfl/t x'g k'u]sfn] uf]ne]+8fsf] gfd c+u]|hLdf …6f]df6f]Ú x'g k'u]sf] kfOG5 . uf]ne]+8f ofgLls 6df6/ d]lS;sf]af6 o'/f]k x'Fb} kl5 o;sf] la?jf ef/tdf la:tfl/t x'g k'Uof] . ;g\ !)@% eGbf klxn] ef/tdf o;sf] v]tL lgs} gu0o ¿kdf x'g] ub{Yof] . Tolta]nf;Dd Pl;ofnL d'n's g]kfndf o;sf] Tolt klxrfg g} x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . o;/L x]bf{ uf]ne]+8f g]kfndf w]/} kl5 cyf{t\ s/La Ps ztfAbLb]lv dfq cnL cln klxrfgdf cfPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . z'?–z'?df o;nfO{ sxL+ st} b]Vg k'u] klg k]o kbfy{sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/GYof] . o;f] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f o;k|lt klxrfgsf] sdL ePsf] 7flgG5 . cfh of] lgs} nf]slk|o e};s] klg o;sf cglulGt nfesf/L u'0fx¿af6 w]/} dflg;x¿ cem} klg cgle1 5g\ .

clxn] o;sf w]/} hft aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . b]Vgdf h'g ;'Gb/ / ;'8f}n cfsf/df x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ /fd|} hftsf] uf]ne]+8f cyf{t\ 6df6/sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . xfdLsxfF s[lif k|ljlw Tolt gkm:6fO{ ;lsPsf]n] o;sf] hft cfofltt gfdaf6 k'sfl/g] ul/G5 . o;sf hftx¿df lkr Anf], afN6L ;f]/, af]gL a]:6, kf8«f cflb /x]sf 5g\ . kf8«f hfltsf] 6df6/ Ps kfp8;Ddsf] tf}n x'g] u/]sf klg kfOG5 .

uf]ne]+8f xfdLnfO{ cTofjZos x'g] le6fldg …PÚ, …aLÚ / ;L h:tf tTjx¿ kfOg] ljz]if1x¿sf] 7x/ 5 . o; cltl/Qm nf}x tTj -kmnfd_ klg o;df kfOG5 . o;df gkTofObf] lsl;dn] b"weGbf b'O{ u'gf / c08f ofgLls km'nsf] ;]tf] efueGbf kfFru'gf nf}x tTj x'g] u/]sf] ljz]if1x¿sf] egfO{ 5 . o; ;DaGwL ljz]if1sf cg';f/ uf]ne]+8fnfO{ 3fddf ;'sfP/ /fvL /fv]df le6fldg gi6 gx'g] / To:tf] uf]ne]+8f kl5;Dd klg vfg pko'Qm x'g] pgLx¿sf] /fo 5 . csf]{tkm{ uf]ne]+8fdf l/jf]Kn]ljg tyf lgsf]l6gLs h:tf] cDnLo; kbfy{ /xg] ub{5 . To:t} uf]ne]+8fdf !=( k|ltzt k|f]l6g, vlgh nj0f )=^, gdL (#=!, sfaf{]xfO8]«8 #=^ nufotsf tTjx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} uf]ne]+8fsf] s/La (*Ü efu k'/} nfesf/L Pj+ vfgof]Uo x'G5 .

uf]ne]+8f ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/df klg dxTjk"0f{ 7flgG5 . o;sf] b}lgs ;]jgn] dw'd]x, /QmlkQ, clt;f/, kx]+nf] /f]u, lkQsf] /f]u, x[bo b'e{ntf cflbnfO{ nfe k'¥ofpF5 . a]nfotl:yt ufO{h xl:k6n bGt/f]u :s'nsf ljz]if1x¿sf cg';f/ uf]ne]+8fsf] ;]jgn] bfFt ;DaGwL x'g] ljleGg v/faLx¿nfO{ klg /f]Sg ;lsG5 . o; cltl/Qm uf]ne]+8fn] /Qm/f]ws, kfrs, / ?lrs/ x'g'sf ;fy} z/L/sf tTjrfsf] clDnotfdf ;Gt'ng Nofpg klg d2tsf/L x'G5 . csf]{tkm{ o;n] 5fnfdf v'nf /x]sf l5b|x¿nfO{ aGb u/fO{ lbg], d}nf]kgfnfO{ lgsfNg d2t ug]{ / z/L/df nufpFbf z/L/df /x]sf bfu tyf cGo ljsf/ ;d]t x6fO lbg] ljz]iftf o;df 5 . t;y{ tkfO{+ xfdLn] klg uf]ne]+8fsf] v]tL u/f}+ / b}lgs ;]jg ug]{ afgL klg a;fnf}+ .

– uf]df cof{n

yfxf kfO/fvf}+– Oltxf;sf/x¿sf cg';f/ af:s]6 ansf] pTklQ cd]l/sfaf6 ePsf] xf] .

– ef/tsf] agf/; / Onfxfjfbsf] aLrdf kg]{ ldhf{k'/ dfu{nfO{ g]kfnsf /fhf >L % dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfx b]jsf] gfdaf6 ul/Psf] xf] .

– ;]8f (Ccda) cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

– s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ ljBfyL{ ;xfotf sf]ifsf] /flz @) nfv ?lkofFsf] /x]sf] 5 .

– k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf uf]/vf kN6g, gofF uf]/vf kN6g, sfnLaS; u0f, ;a'h u0f, ah|kf0fL kN6g, >Lgfy u0f / zfb'{nhË u0f u/L & j6f kN6g lyP .

– rGb| zDz]/sf] kfnfdf kxf8tkm{ ldnLzlo / t/fOtkm{ cldg k'ln;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

– …/fHosf] ;f/ kmf}h / hgtf xf]Ú eGg] egfO{ >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] xf] .

– Plzofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k'/:sf/ DofUo;];] k'/:sf/ xf] . lkmlnlkG;sf e"=k"= /fi6«klt /df]g Dofuf;];]sf] :d[ltdf ;g\ !(%& df :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . a;]{lg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;/sf/L ;]jf, kqsfl/tf, ;fd'lxs g]t[Tj / cGt/f{li6«o ;xeflutf u/L % If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolQmnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ of] k'/:sf/sf] /flz %) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ / :j0f{ kbs /x]sf] 5 .

– a]nfotsf] blIf0fL efudf kg]{ Unf]l;i6 ;fo/sf] Ps 3/sf] gfdaf6 Jof8ldG6g gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] .

– xfdLn] vfg] vfg]s'/fdf sfaf]{xfO8]«8af6 rf/ lsnf] Sofnf]/L, k|f]l6gaf6 rf/ lsnf] Sofnf]/L, lrNnf] kbfy{af6 ( lsnf] Sofnf]/L / /S;Laf6 & lsnf] Sofnf]/L zlQm k|fKt x'G5 .

– dfgj z/L/df Go'lSno; gePsf] sf]if /ftf] /Qm sf]if xf] .

– dfgj lbdfusf] jhg cfwf lsnf] x'G5 .

– k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf a9L tfkqmd lnljofdf x'G5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd tfkqmd cG6fl6{sfdf x'G5 .

– Kn'6f]df – @!@ l8=;]= tfkqmd x'G5 .

– ¿kf kGt

l/sL pkrf/ k4lt

;lhn} ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] l/sL pkrf/ k4lt clxn] cfP/ SofG;/h:tf] hl6n /f]u ;d]tsf] pkrf/df ckgfpg yflnPsf] 5 . of] pkrf/ k4tL gf}nf] / crDd vfnsf] ePklg ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf JolQmx¿ Pnf]k]lys -cf}iflw / lr/kmf/4f/f ul/g] pkrf/_ pkrf/sf] abnfdf o; lsl;dsf] pkrf/ k4ltdf ljZjf; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . lsgsL s]ldsno'Qm cf}iflw4f/f ul/g] s'g}klg pkrf/n] Pp6f /f]unfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf lgsf] kf/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] To;n] ck|ToIf¿kdf cGo /f]u ;d]tnfO{ lgDTofPsf] x'G5 . cd]l/sf / hfkfgdf o;n] j}wflgstf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] lj:tf/} Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿df ;d]t o;n] k|efj hdfpg yfn]sf] 5 . cfpg';\, oxfF o;} k4ltaf/] hfgf}+ .

o;sf] pkrf/ z}nLsf jf/]df a]nfjvt kqklqsf nufot Pkm=Pd= af6 ;d]t k|rf/k|;f/ ePaf6 g]kfndf klg o;sf] Jofkstf a9\g k'u]sf] 5 . of] k4ltdf g t s'g} cf}iflw, g t lr/kmf/, g t OGh]S;g g} lbG5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] pkrf/df la/fdLsf] h'g efudf /f]u nfu]sf] xf] Tof] efusf] Ps b'O{ OGr dfyL xft /fvL Ps lsl;dsf] cb[io …/]Ú k7fOG5 . log} …/]Ú sf] zlQm4f/f /f]u lgsf] kfg]{ k4lt g} /]sL pkrf/ k4lt xf] . o; gofF k4ltdf 6fO{d ;]Sj]G; ldnfO{ 6]lnkmf]gaf6} klg la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pkrf/sx¿ -lxn/x¿_ sf] egfO{ 5 .

a|Dxf08Lo /] nfO{ lxn/n] cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP/ ;f]xL /] af6 la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug]{ k4lt g} /]sL pkrf/ k4lt xf] . lqmlZrog wd{sf k|jt{s lh;; qmfOi6 / a'4 wd{sf k|jt{s uf}td a'4;Fu dfq o; k|sf/sf] zlQm lyof] . To;}n] pgLx¿n] s'g} /f]uLsf] z/L/ jf /f]u nfu]sf] :yfgdf 5f]Olb+bf pQm /f]u lgsf] x'g] ub{Yof] . o; lsl;dsf] hLjgbfoL zlQm lh;; qmfOi6 / uf}td a'4n] cfˆgf r]nfx¿nfO{ klg lbPsf lyP . cyf{t\ cfˆgf] ;dodf l;sfPsf lyP t/ ;dosf] cGt/fn;+u;+u} ePsf] k|fs[lts pyn–k'yndf o; lsl;dsf] pkrf/ k4lt k[YjLs} ue{df x/fP/ uof] .

;dosf] kl/jt{g;+u} dfG5]sf] cGj]if0f lg/Gt/ hf/L g} /x]sf]n] !( cf}+ ztfAbLdf hfkfgL gful/s ldsfcf] p;'O{n] o; zlQmaf/] 7"nf] vf]h / cg';Gwfg u/] h;af6 of] pknlAw xft nfUg k'Uof] . o;/L k|fKt of]u ;fwgf cyf{t\ hLjgbfoL zlQmnfO{ pgn] k|rf/–k|;f/ tyf c¿nfO{ l;sfpg yfn] . pgs} r]nfx¿af6 of] pkrf/ k4lt la:tf/ x'g k'Uof] . ;j{k|yd hfkfg To;kl5 cd]l/sf x'Fb} clxn] ljZjel/ o:tf w]/} pkrf/ s]Gb| nufot tfnLd s]Gb|x¿ v'Nb} uPs} sf/0f o; k|ltsf] ljZjf;df ;d]t a[l4 x'b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

/]sL k4ltaf6 pkrf/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lxn/ elgG5 . o:tf JolQm cg'zfl;t, w"dkfg / dBkfg gug]{, b}lgs 306f}+ cEof; nufot cWoflTds lrGtg ug]{ vfnsf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿s} cg';f/ x/]s dflg;df ljz]if lsl;dsf] zlQm x'G5 . pQm zlQmnfO{ cg'zf;Lt 9+un] k"0f{¿kdf k|of]udf NofpFbf pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . lxn/x¿n]] xfn;Dd pkrf/ ul/;s]sf /f]ux¿df 6fpsf] b'Vg], cfFvf b'Vg], hf]gL{ b'Vg], hl08;, x]kf6fOl6; …aLÚ, slAhot nufot SofG;/ h:tf /f]ux¿ ;d]t k/]sf 5g\ . ;jf/L b'3{6gf Pj+ cGo c+u Ift ljIft x'g] u/L ePsf] b'3{6gfdf s'g} klg c+unfO{ hf]8\g] sfd afx]s k|foM ;a} /f]usf] pkrf/ o; /]sL k4taf6 ;Dej 5 .

– cf/= 8L= >]i7