qmf]df]hf]d @! klg kQf nfUof] Û

;fdfGo 9+uaf6 hGd]sf] dfgjdf @# j6f leGg hf]8L qmf]df]hf]dx¿ x'G5g\, h'g qmf]df]hf]dx¿ hLgx¿af6 lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . o;dWo] xfndfq j}1flgsx¿n] 5f/]/f]u, 8fpg l;08«f]d / PNhxfO{e/ la/fdL;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dfgj …qmf]df]hf]d @!Ú kQf nufOPsf] 5 .

o;eGbf cl3sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 qmf]df]hf]d @@ sf] /x:o vf]lnPsf] ePklg @! sf] /x:o kQf nfu]sf] lyPg . t/ xfn @! sf] /x:o klg vf]lnPsf] 5 . xfn;fn kQf nufOPsf] of] qmf]df]hf]d @! sf] cg';Gwfgn] l8PgPnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsPsf] 5 . /;folgs 9+uaf6 dfgjsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfg'j+lzs gfkgS;f a'‰g] Ps cGt/f{li6«o k|of;df ;+rflnt dfgj lhgf]d kl/of]hgfdf sfd ug]{ hd{g tyf hfkfgLx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] Ps 6f]nLn] qmf]df]hf]d – @! sf] gfkgS;f kQf nufPsf] xf] . k|f]h]S6n] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ ca dfgj hLgx¿nfO{ ;"lrs[t ug]{ sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 . qmf]df]hf]d @@ sf] t'ngfdf qmf]df]hf]d @! df ck]Iffs[t sd hLgx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf] x'G5 t/ ltgLx¿ hl6n¿kdf ufFlhPsf] x'G5 .

hg{n g]r/ klqsfdf, s]; j]:6g{ l/he{ ljZjljBfnodf h]g]l6S;sf cWoIf Xo'l6ª6g eGg'x'G5 –@@% hLgx¿sf] u'hlN6Psf] of] ;fwf/0f ;d"x xf]Og, of] c:tJo:t cyf{t\ af?nfsf] u'F8 h:tf] 5 . bf];|f] ;fgf] qmf]df]hf]d @@ df e]l6Psf] %$% hLgx¿sf] bfFhf]df vf]hstf{x¿n] qmf]df]hf]d @! df yf]/} hLg cyf{t\ @@% hLg dfq e]6fOPsf 5g\ . o;/L qmf]df]hf]d– @! df km}lnPsf hLgx¿ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL hd{gLsf] h]gfl:yt ef]lnSo"n/ jfof]6]Sgf]nhL k|lti7fgsf P08L bf];]Jon eGg'x'G5 –æca dfgj l8PgPdf s"n lhgx¿sf] ;+Vof klxnf ;f]lrPeGbf a9L ePsf] cg'dfg x'G5 .Æ

qmf]df]hf]d @! sf] gfkgS;f sfo{ nueu k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 . o;eGbf cl3 k|fljlws Go"gtfn] k"0f{ gfkgS;fdf s]xL cj/f]w k/]sf] lyof] . 8]le8 Kof6/;]g -kl/of]hgfdf ;+nUg Ps cd]l/sL j}1flgs_ sf cg';f/ qmf]df]hf]d @! sf] gfkgS;faf6 ca zf]wstf{x¿nfO{ 8fpg l;08«f]ddf e"ldsf v]Ng] qmf]df]hf]dsf] ljz]if hLgsf ljifodf cem a'‰g ;lhnf] x'g]5 / o;sf la/fdLx¿sf pkrf/sf nflu ;DejtM cf}ifwLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

cfg'j+lzs sf/0fn] x'g] dl:tis ult/f]w 8fpg l;08«f]d &)) hLljt hGd]sfdf s/La PshgfnfO{ dfq x'g] u5{ / 8fpg l;08«f]dsf sf/0f hGdhft x[bo/f]u jf $) jif{kl5 PNhxfO{e/ x'g ;S5 . qmf]df]hf]d @! sf] cltl/Qm k|ltlnlk cyf{t yk x'g uPdf 6\o'd/ x'g] ;+efjg ePaf6 SofG;/ pkrf/df ;d]t gofF vf]h x'g ;Sg] cfzf ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

– ;+uLtf >]i7

ljB'tLo If]qdf sfd ug]{n] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f

cfhsf] ljZjsf] ljsf;df lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfddf ljB'tLo If]qn] lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . PsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf ljgf ljB't s'g} klg sfd k"/f x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;ls+b}g . h;/L cGwf JolQmn] ;+;f/nfO{ b]Vg ;Sb}g To;} u/L ljB't ljgfsf] ;+;f/nfO{ cg'dfg;Dd klg ug{ ;lsGg . ;+rf/sf] If]qb]lv cf}Bf]lus If]q / cfd JolQmsf] k|To]s s[ofsnfknfO{ ;d]t ;fg} ¿kdf ePklg ljB'tsf] cfjZos kb{5  . b'O{ jif{ cl3 dfq ljsf; ePsf] cfw'lgs ;+rf/ k|ljlw df]jfO{n 6]lnkmf]g, OG6/g]6, Od]n h:tf pRrtd k|ljlwn] k|To]s JolQm ;+rf/ ;Dks{df lgs}g} ;/n t'NofO{ lbPsf] 5 . t/ ljB'tLo If]q :jo+df vt/f/lxt eg] 5}g . To;}n] o; If]qdf sfd ug]{n] ;dod} Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

ljB'tLo t/+un] ck|ToIf¿kdf To;df sfd ug] JolQmnfO{ c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . Ps gofF cWoog cg';f/ s'g} klg JolQm cfTdxTof ug{ cu|;/ x'g'sf] sf/0fdWo] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f ljB'tLo If]qdf lg/Gt/ sfo{ ug'{ klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . h'g JolQm ljB'tLo If]qdf lg/Gt/ sfo{ ub{5 To:tf JolQmx¿df On]S6«f]DofUg]l6s lkmN8sf] k|efjsf] sf/0f pbf;L / g}/f:o cfpg] ub{5 / cfTdxToftkm{ cu|;/ x'g] ;+efjgf a9L x'g] ub{5 . gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf ljZjljBfnosf j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO{ cg';f/ r'DasLo If]qn] z/L/sf] ;'Tg] / Ao'Femg] sf]ifnfO{ ;d]t vNaNofpg ;S5 .

cd]l/sL zf]wstf{x¿n] ljB'tLo If]qdf sfo{ u/L cfTdxTof ug]{ %#^ hgf JolQmx¿sf JolQmut ljifodf cWoog u/]sf lyP . Ps xhf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] o; cWoogaf6 On]lS6«l;og, nfOgDofg / kfj/KnfG6sf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljB'tLo r'DasLo If]qaf6 a9L vt/f /x]sf] zf]wstf{x¿n] kQf nufPsf 5g\ . To;}n] On]lS6«l;og / nfOgDofgn] cfTdxTof ug]{ vt/f a9L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ kfj/KnfG6df sfd ug]{x¿nfO{ eg] vt/f s]xL sd ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . cGo sfdbf/ eGbf On]lS6«l;ogn] cfTdxTof ug]{ ;Defjgf b'O{u'0ff, nfOgDofgn] 8]9 u'0ff / kfj/KnfG6sf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;Defjgf cGosf] bfFhf]df cfwf dfq} x'g] s'/f cWoogn] lbPsf] 5 . ljB't\ r'DjsLo If]qsf] c;/ laB't\ cfk"lt{ Ifdtfdf lge{/ x'g] s'/f klg cg';Gwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljutsf cWoogn] ljB'tLo r'DasLo If]qsf sf/0f SofG;/ /f]u x'g] ;Defjgf JoQm ul/P klg cg';Gwfgstf{ uf8]{g o; ljifonfO{ ljjfbf:kb dfGg' x'G5 .

cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ePsf ;b:o 8]lj8 ;fljThsf cg';f/ …pbf;L / d]nf6f]lggÚ sf] :t/aLr Ps cfk;df ;DaGw b]lvPsf] 5 . d]nf6f]lgg Ps xdf]{g xf] / dl:tissf] aLrdf kfOlgcn u|GyLn] o;sf] pTkfbg u/]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg JolQmdf ;'Tg] / AoF'emg] rqmdf o; lsl;dsf] xdf]{gn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

– cf/=8L= >]i7

oL k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ <

;+sng M bLkf ltlD;gf

;d'b|sf] ue{df /x]sf] gofF OGwg

ljZjdf clxn];Dd pknAw ;|f]tsf cfwf/df k|fKt ljleGg lsl;dsf pmhf{ Pj+ OGwg ;g\ @)$) ;Dd dfq k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjsf] hg;+Vof lbg k|ltlbg a9]/ OGwg nufot ;a} cfjZostfsf s'/f j[l4 ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL ljZj;fd' b]vf k/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf j}slNks ;|f]t vf]Hg'kg]{ l:ylt Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng Pj+ k|b"if0fsf b[li6n] pmhf{ Pj+ OGwgsf] If]qdf j}slNks pkfo vf]Hg' kg]{ afWotf klg 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf j}1flgsx¿ j}slNks ;|f]t vf]Hg cWoog cg';Gwfgdf h'6\g' :jfefljs} klg 5 . / ljleGg j}slNks ;|f]tx¿ e]l6Psf klg 5g\ . o; qmddf j}1flgsx¿n] Ps To:tf] gofF OGwgsf] ;|f]t kQf nufPsf 5g\, h'g o; gofF ;x;|flAbsf] k|d'v OGwg dflgg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF o;} ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lncf}+ .

xfn}sf lbgdf j}1flgsx¿n] Ps To:tf] OGwg kQf nufPsf 5g\ h'g OGwgn] df]6/, sf/ cflb klg rnfpg ldNg] 5 / lah'nL klg agfpg ;lsg] 5 . o;sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo of] 5 ls of] OGwg k|ofKt dfqfd} xfd|f] k[YjLsf] ;d'b|t6df /x]sf] / To;sf] gfd …Sn}y/]6Ú /x]sf] 5 . j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ xfd|f] ;d'lb|t6df cTolws dfqfdf of] OGwg hDdf eP/ /x]sf] 5, h;sf] pkof]uaf6 xfdL;Fu pknAw OGwgnfO{ ;+lrt ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] 5 . csf]{tkm{ xfdLsxfF pknAw OGwg h:t} k|fs[lts UofF;, t]n, sf]Onf, k]6«f]n, l8h]n cflb sd x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yfdf k|ofKt dfqfd} To;/L OGwg k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] s'/fn] k[YjLjf;LnfO{ lgs} v'zL t'NofPsf] 5 .

of] OGwg lgs} kf/bzL{ Pj+ a/km h:t} :j¿k ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . d"n¿kdf of] OGwg kfgLsf] c0f'x¿df km;]sf] ldy]g UofF; xf], h'g cToGt HjngzLn kbfy{sf]¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . To;}n] of] OGwg lgs} /fd|f] OGwg ePsf] j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO{ 5 . ha kfgLsf] ulx/fO{df bafj a9\5 / tfkdfg klg pko'Qm x'G5 eg] Ps cfotg kfgLn] @&) cfotg;Dd ldy]gnfO{ hs8\g] cgf}7f] k|lqmof o;df /x]sf] j}1flgsx¿ atfpF5g\ . o:tf] ldy]g xfO8«f]hg afF8]sf sf/0f ;lhn} d'Qm x'g klg ;Sb}g . j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ #% l8u|L tfkdfgdf klg of] …Sn}y/]6Ú kUn++b}g . ;d'b|df !) dL6/ ulx/fO{df g} o:tf] OGwgsf] e08f/ /x]sf] j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO{ 5 .

;d'b|d'lg To;sf] tfkdfg o;eGbf clws x'G5 eg] o:tf] Sn}y/]6 klUnG5 / ToxfF cTolws dfqfd} ldy]gsf] e08f/ aGg z'? x'G5 . Pp6f cg'dfg of] ul/Psf] 5 ls ;d'b|df o; lsl;dsf] sNkg} ug{ g;lsg] c1ft ldy]gsf] ljzfn e08f/ ;d]t x'g ;S5 . j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ cfheGbf ;}s8f}+ jif{ klxn] afof]h}ljs k|lqmofaf6 Sn}y/]6sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . h}jkbfy{ hLjj}1fjlgs k|lqmofåf/f ldy]g lgdf{0f ug]{ ub{5 . o; qmddf pko'Qm tfkqmd tyf bafjdf of] kfgLsf] c0f'x¿;Fu ;+o'Qm x'g k'Ub5 .

j}1flgsx¿ clxn];Dd of] s'/fnfO{ dfGb} cfPsf 5g\ ls ;d'b| Pj+ dxf;fu/x¿sf] dflyNnf] ;txsf] s]xL dL6/;Ddsf] ulx/fOdf g} ;"o{sf] k|sfz k'Ug] ub{5 . o;/L hxfF;Dd of] k|sfz k'Ub5, ToxfF;Dd k|sfz ;+Zn]if0fsf] k|lqmofåf/f x'g] s'/f klg ;+ej 5 . o; ulx/fO{eGbf tn ;d'b|sf] kfgLdf of] k|lqmof x'Fb}g . To;}n] ToxfF cGo s'g} jg:klt x'Fb}gg\ / ToxfF dfq To:tf] hLj /xg ;Sb5g\, h'g dflyNnf] ;txaf6 emg]{ jfnf h}ljs kbfy{x¿sf] k|lqmofåf/f cfˆgf] ef]hg tof/ ug{ ;lsof];\ .

ca k|Zg p7\g ;Snf ls cTolws dfqsf] OGwg eGgfn] slt < j}1flgsx?sf cg';f/ ;d'b|d'lg blaP/ /x]sf] Sn}y/]6 gfds OGwgsf] dfqf clxn];Dd 1ft ePsf ;Dk"0f{ hLjf/d -k|mf+l;n_ OGwgeGbf b'O{ u'gf a9L /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . h] xf];\ ;d'b|d'lg k|ofKt dfqfdf b]laP/ /x]sf] o:tf] OGwgsf] pTvgf Pj+ k|zf]wg cflbsf] nflu cd]l/sfl:yt gf};}lg cg';Gwfg k|of]uzfnf / ef/tLo UofF; k|flws/0f ;+o'Qm¿kdf nfUb}5g\ . cfzf u/f}+ o; lsl;dsf] OGwgsf] z'?jftn] ljZjs} OGwg d"Nodf klg sdL Nofpg ;sf];\ .

– afa'/fd cfrfo{

s] tkfO{+nfO{ yfxf 5 <

– ax'nf s's'/n] 6f]s]/ klg j}1flgs rdTsf/sf] sf/0f /]lah geP/ afFRg] JolQm ( jifL{o afns hf];]km ld:6/ x'g\ . ;g\ !**% sf] h'nfO{ dlxgfdf dxfg\ j}1flgs n'O{ kfZr/n] pgnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ ub}{ arfP/ /]lah lj?4sf] vf]ksf] cfljisf/ u/]sf lyP .

– ;fdfGotM sfg'g ljz]if1x¿ ul0ftsf] ulx/f] cWo]tf x'Fb}gg\ . oL b'O{ ljifox¿nfO{ Psbd} k[ys dflgG5 t/ ;g\ !^)! df k|mfG;df hlGdPsf lko/L b kmdf{ Ps s'zn jlsndfq x}g pRr sf]6Lsf ul0ft1 klg lyP / pgnfO{ …cfw'lgs ;+Vof l;4fGtsf hgsÚ elgG5 .

– jt{dfg ljZjdf vfgLx¿af6 k|lt ldg]6 cf};tdf #^)) 6g t]n Pj+ $))) 6g sf]Onf pTkfbg x'G5 .

– ;"o{sf] cf};t rfn -kl/qmdf kydf_ gf} nfv ls=dL= k|lt306f cfFlsPsf] 5 .

– nfvf}+ ls=dL= sf] b"/L to ubf{ klg Psbd} sd km}ng n];/ ls/0fsf] km}nfj6 rGb|dfsf] ;tx;Dd k'Ubf ;d]t hDdf tLg ls=dL= Jof;sf] x'G5 .

– ut !)) jif{df ljZjsf] cf}ift tfk nueu )=$° ;]lN;o; a9]sf] 5 t/ jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf ^() efu k|lt bz nfv ePdf ljZjsf] cf}ift tfk nueu #° ;]= a9\g ;S5 / o;n] s}of}+ ;d:ofx¿ cfOk5{g\ .

– ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] Ps ;j]{If0f cg';f/ xfn Plzofsf] hg;+Vof k|lt ;]s]08 ;ft JolQmsf] b/n] a9\b}5 / o; dxfb]zsf] jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4 b/ / k|mfG;sf] jt{dfg hg;+Vof a/fa/ 5 .

– ;g\ !&^*, ;]K6]Da/ @% OGb|hfqfsf] lbg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] laxfg # ah] sf7df8f}+df cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP / ;fOt Hof]ltif s'nfgGb 9sfnn] lgsfn]sf lyP .

– n]vgfy u}/]

;fs{ ;+3 M s'g slxn] <

;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ & / * 9fsfdf ;DkGg blIf0f Pl;ofsf ;ft /fi6«x¿df /fi6« k|d'v tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿sf] lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ljlwjt ¿kdf blIf0f PlzofnL If]lqo ;xof]u ;+u7g (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) ;fs{sf] :yfkgf u/fPsf] xf] . ;fs{sf] :yfoL ;lrjfno sf7df8f}+df /fVg] lg0f{o ;g\ !(*^ gf]e]Da/ !^ / !& df ef/tsf] a]+unf]/ zx/df ePsf] bf];|f] lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] xf] . ;f]xL cg';f/ ;fs{ ;lrjfnosf] ljlwjt pb\3f6g @)$# ;fn df3 @ ut] tb\g';f/ ;g\ !(*& hgj/L !^ df >L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jn] ul/aS;]sf] xf] .

blIf0f Plzofdf ;fdflhs cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; k|j4{g ug]{ b[li6sf]0faf6 ;fs{n] s]xL u}/–;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf sfo{ z'ef/De u/]sf] 5 . oxfF ;f]xL ;+3–;+:yfaf/] hfgsf/L u/f}+ .

b= PlzofnL v]ns'b ;+3 (SAF–GAMES) M @^ gf]e]Da/ !(*! d} gofF lbNnLdf o; ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . kl5 o;nfO{ ;fs{ cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . zflGt / d}qL efjgfsf] cfwf/df v]ns'bsf] ljsf; ug'{ g} o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;+:yfks /fi6«x¿df a+unfb]z, ef/t, g]kfn, kfls:tfg / >Ln+sf x'g\ eg] e"6fg tyf dflNbE;n] ;g\ !(*# b]lv o;sf] ;b:otf lnPsf 5g\ . ev{/} dfq -cflZjg *–!&, )%^_ cf7f}+ b= PlzofnL v]ns'b sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

;fs{ ;efd'v ;f+;b ;+3 M sf]nDaf]df ;DkGg ;fs{ ;efd'vx¿sf] k|yd ;Dd]ngn] of] ;+3 vf]Ng] lg0f{o u/] cg'¿k ;g\ !((@ gf]e]Da/ !^ df sf7df8f}+df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;fs{ /fi6«x¿df kf/:kl/s ;dembf/L ljZjf; / d}qL k|j4{g ug'{sf ;fy} ;f+;bx¿sf] cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;efd'v kl/ifb, ;fwf/0f ;ef / ;lrjfno u/L # c+u /x]sf 5g\ .

;fs{ pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 M 9fsfdf ;DkGg ;fs{sf] ;ftf}+ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] lg0f{o u/] cg'¿k o;sf] & hgj/L !(($ df :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no kfls:tfgsf] s/fFrLdf /x]sf] 5 . pBf]u / jfl0fHo If]qdf cfk;L ;xof]u / ;'ljwf clej[l4 ug'{ g} o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

;fs{ km'6an dxf;+3 M km'6an v]nnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !((% l8;]Da/ @% df o;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .

;fs{ cfly{s ;+3 M ;fs{ If]qsf cy{zf:qLx¿ aLr ;DaGw :yfkgf u/fpg] cfly{s ;xof]u;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿df ;femf cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug]{ o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !((% l8;]Da/ @^ df sf7df8f}+df ul/Psf] xf] .

b= PlzofnL ;f+:s[lts dxf;+3 M ;fs{sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿df ;f+:s[lts 1fg, k/Dk/f / ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbg] p2]Zon] o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(() hgj/L !) df sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] .

– ;fs{ nfu" cf}ifwL b'?kof]u dxf;+3 M ;fs{ If]qdf nfu" cf}ifwsf] lj?4 k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] @$ d] !((^ df ;fs{ nfu" cf}ifw b'?kof]u dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

;fs{ sfg'g ;+3 M ;fs{ If]qdf sfg'g;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿aLr cfk;L ;DaGw a9fO{ sfg'gL ljifodf Ps¿ktf Nofpg ;g\ !((! df o;sf] :yfkgf sf]nDaf]df ePsf] xf] tfklg o;nfO{ ;g\ !(($ df dfq ;fs{n] dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] xf] .

;fs{ ko{6g ;+3 M lj=;+= @)%# kf}if !# ut] ;fs{ p= jfl0fHo ;+3åf/f ;fs{sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cGo If]qdf h:t} ko{6g If]qdf ;d]t ;xof]u clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] o;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .

;fs{ xf]6n ;+3 M ;b:o /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] sf7df8f}+df ePsf] e]nfn] ko{6g pBf]usf] If]qLo ljsf;nfO{ ;+:yfut¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] p2]Zon] @)%% df3 @* ut] o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;b:o /fi6«af6 @÷@ hgf xf]6n Joj;foLsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L !$ ;b:oLo sld6L u7g u/]sf] xf] .

o;afx]s ;fs{ s]Gb|x¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

– ;fs{ 8s'd]06]zg ;]G6/sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(($ d]df gofF lbNnLdf ePsf] xf] .

– ;fs{ s[lif ;"rgf s]Gb| ;g\ !(** l8;]Da/df 9fsfdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

– ;fs{ Ifo/f]u s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !((@ df g]kfnsf] eQmk'/df ePsf] xf] .

– ;fs{ hnjfo' cWoog s]Gb| ;g\ !((% df 9fsfdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

– ;fs{ dfgjLo ;+zf]wg ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf kfls:tfgdf ePsf] xf] .

– dL/f ;'j]bL

efG;fdf sfd nfUg] s'/f

– bfn ksfpFbf pDn]sf] kfgLdf bfn /fVg' cufj} xftdf ;/:o"Fsf] t]n nufP/ ;a} bfgfdf nfUg] u/L bfnnfO{ dn]/ pDn]sf] kfgLdf xfn]df bfn l56f] kfS5 / :jflbi6 klg x'G5 .

– uf]ne]8f w]/} lbg tfhf /fVgsf] nflu To;nfO{ ;'Vvf sk8fn] k'5]/ lk|mhdf /fVg'k5{ .

– slxn]sfxL+ sf7sf] b/fh / cGo ;fdfgx¿ km'n]/ vf]Ng / nufpg ;f¥x} uf¥xf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Tof] km'n]sf] 7fpFdf ;]G8 k]k]/ /u8\g';\ / s]xL a]/kl5 d}g blnlbg'xf];\ of] emGem6af6 d'lQm kfpg'x'G5 .

– 6]a'nd]rdf /x]sf] ;gdfOsfdf nfu]sf] bfu x6fpg 6]Nsd kfp8/ cyjf a'6 kfp8/ c;/bfoL x'G5 .

– 6df6/sf] af]qmf tf5\gnfO{ uf]ne]8fnfO{ s]xL a]/ dgtftf] kfgLdf ttfpFbf cyjf Ps Ps u/]/ rDrfn] vf];|]/ dGb cfFrdf ;]Sgfn] af]qmf tf5\g ;lhnf] x'G5 .

– olb ksfpFbfv]/L s]xL u/L bfn 89]/ efF8f]df nflu dflysf] dfq} lgsfNbf klg 89]sf] uGw /lx/xof] eg] To;df s8f ;'uGw ePsf] rLh h:t} lx+u, n;'g, u/d d;nf cflbsf] k|of]u u/] Tof] uGw /xFb}g .

– e06fnfO{ :jflbnf] agfpg ksfpg'eGbf cfwf 306f cufj} To;nfO{ a];f/ g'g / n;'gsf] k]:6df /fVg ;lsG5 .

– clDasf yfkf

yfxf kfO/fvf}+

– ;ft dxfb]z dWo]sf] PG6fs{l6sf dxfb]z dfgjljlxg dxfb]z xf] .

– hd{gL / hfkfg;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw qmdzM ;g\ !(^) / !(^% df ePsf] lyof] .

– krnL e}/jsf] hfqf k|To]s afx«jif{df dgfpg] ul/G5 .

– ljZjsksf] k|f/lDes 5gf}6 k|ltof]lutfdf nuftf/ 5gf}6 e} cfpg] Ps dfq b]z a|flhn xf] .

– g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf cfof]usf cWoIf Clifs]if zfx x'g\ .

– ljZjs} ;a}eGbf ;kmf Pj+ dL7f] kfgL ePsf] tfn ;"k]l/o/ tfn xf] .

– cGt/f{li6«o ck/fw k|x/L ;+u7g -OG6/kf]n_ sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(%^ df ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no lnof]gdf /x]sf] 5 .

– t/fO{sf] h+unnfO{ emf]/f eGg] ul/G5 eg] n]ssf] h+unnfO{ kftfn elgG5 .

– lrlsT;fzf:qsf lktf eGgfn] lxKkf]qm]6L;nfO{ a'emfpF5 .

– ;+uLtk]|dL df5f eGgfn] 8lNkmgnfO{ hgfpF5 . To:t} uf]xLsf] cf};t cfo' #)) jif{sf] dflgPsf] 5 .

– gfl/jflb n]lvsf tlxndf g;l/g a+unfb]zsL gful/s x'g\ .

– ljZjk|l;4 ;flxTosf/ z]S;lko/sL 5f]/L lg/If/ lyOg\ .

– v'Da' lxd>[+vnfdf cjl:yt &#%! dL6/ cUnf] hf;Daf lxdfnnfO{ kf;fª Nxfd' r'nL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

– cd]l/sfsf Psdfq cljjflxt /fi6«klt h]D; a'ofgg x'g\ .

– xg'dfgåf/f :yflkt lzjlnªnfO{ cg'e"lt elgG5 eg] /fdåf/f :yflkt lzjlnªnfO{ /fd]Zj/ elgG5 ,

– o"/f]ksL xh'/cfdf eg]/ dxf/fgL leS6f]l/ofnfO{ lrlgG5 .

– sDKo'6/ Pj+ 6fOk/fO6/nfO{ g]kfnLdf qmdzM ;";f+Vo / 6°0f oGq elgG5 .

– ljZjdf clt b'n{e dflgPsf] r/f sfF5]Eofs'/ g]kfnsf] nlntk'/ lhNnfdf ;'/lIft /x]sf] 5 .

k|:t'lt M pdf yfkf,

oL k]|; zAbfjnL

clu|d ;dfrf/ M ;+slnt ;dfrf/dWo] ;a}eGbf tfhf / dxTjk"0f{ ;dfrf/nfO{ clu|d ;dfrf/ elgG5 .

d'Vo ;dfrf/ M k|yd k[i7sf dxTjk"0f{ ;dfrf/ h;nfO{ k|foM af]N8 km];df lbOG5 . To:tf dxTjk"0f{ ;dfrf/x¿ dWo] cem ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ ;dfrf/nfO{ k|yd ln8 / To;kl5sfnfO{ låtLo ln8 elgG5 .

:tDesf/ M kqklqsfsf] s'g} vf; :tDedf lgoldt n]Vg] JolQmnfO{ :tDesf/ elgG5 .

;Djfbbftf M ;dfrf/kq, ;dfrf/ ;ldlt of ;+rf/ dfWodsf lgldQ ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug]{ / k7fpg] JolQmnfO{ ;Djfbbftf elgG5 .

ljz]if ;Djfbbftf M ;Djfbbftf gePsf] zx/ jf 7fpF h'g 7fpF klqsf lg:sg] :yfgeGbf 6f9f x'G5 / To:tf :yfgdf s'g} 36gf 36\of] jf s'g} dxTjk"0f{ JolQmsf] e|d0f eof] eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf klqsf sfof{non] cfˆgf] ;Djfbbftf k7fpF5 . To:tf ;DjfbbftfnfO{ ljz]if ;Djfbbftf elgG5 .

a]n'g M Joª\Uo lrqdf Joª\Uo lrqsf kfqx¿n] af]n]sf] s'/fnfO{ a]n'gfsf/df /flvG5 . ;f]xL cfs[ltnfO{ a]n'g elgG5 .

sf]7] ;dfrf/ M rt'e'{hleq lbOg] /f]rs, 5f]6f / :jo+df k"0f{ ;dfrf/ . o:tf] ;dfrf/ ;f/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

;]G;/ M k|sfZo jf k|sflzt ;fdu|L k|sfzg of]Uo 5 5}g elg clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo jf JolQmåf/f hfFr ul/g] sfo{nfO{ ;]G;/ elgG5 .

cfj/0f k[i7 M jfOl08ª x'g] kqklqsf jf k':tssf] cufl8 / k5fl8sf] k[i7, h;n] aLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|LnfO{ 9fs]sf] x'G5 .

cfj/0f syf M ljz]iftM ;fKtflxs, dfl;s cflb kqklqsfsf cfj/0f k[i7df lbOPsf ;fdlos hNbfaNbf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt zLif{s jf lrqsf af/]df leq lbOPsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f .

kqsf/ M ;dfrf/ ;+sng, n]vg, ;Dkfbg ug]{ tyf klqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflbsf nflu cGo ;fdu|L tof/ kfg]{, kqklqsfdf sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kqsf/ elgG5 .

:jtGq kqsf/ M s'g} klg ;dfrf/, kqklqsf ;dfrf/ ;+:yf cflbl;t ;Da4 geOsg :jtGq¿kn] n]Vg], l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ kqsf/nfO{ :jtGq kqsf/ elgG5 . o:tf kqsf/n] ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt ljefuaf6 nfO;]G; klg kfPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf kqsf/sf] dxTj / dof{bf klg c¿sf] eGbf ljlzi6 x'G5 .

;dfrf/ ;ldlt M ;dfrf/ ;"rgf cflb ;+sng u/L kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflbnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;dfrf/ ;+:yf jf ;ldltnfO{ ;dfrf/ ;ldlt elgG5 .

k]h k|'km M clGtd k6s x]g{ elg tof/ kfl/Psf] k'/} k[i7sf] k|'kmnfO{ k]h k|'km elgG5 . k]h k|'km x]bf{ ;fgfltgf cz'l4tkm{ Wofg lbOGg . ;fx}« 7"nf cz'l4 jf q'l6 e]l6P dfq ;+zf]wg ug]{ lgb]{zg lbOG5 .

d'b|0f /]vf M k|To]s kqklqsfdf clgjfo{¿kn] ;fdfGo tyf clGtd k[i7sf] k'R5f/df 5flkg] ;Dkfbs, k|sfzs / d'b|0fsf] ljj/0f cflb ePsf] x/km jf kª\lQm .

kLt kqsfl/tf M cdof{lbt / u}/ lhDd]jf/ k"0f{ kqsfl/tfnfO{ g} kLt kqsfl/tf elgG5 . ;dfrf/df 5nsk6 ug'{, pQ]hgfTds zLif{s lbg', kmf]6f] kqsfl/tfdf 5nsk6s ug'{, em'7f] ;dfrf/ lbg' / clt/l~ht ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ug'{ kLt kqsfl/tf xf] .

– k|e'/fd cof{n …k|ltIffÚ

afnaflnsfsf nflu SoflN;od slt pkof]uL

k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf; tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu pgLx¿sf] k|To]s s'/fdf ;r]ttf ckgfpg' cfjZos 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof lbOg'k5{, h'g tkfO{+ xfdL ;a}n] dx;'; u/]sf klg 5f}+ xf]nf . t/ pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu dfof dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu pgLx¿sf] ;/;kmfO{, vfgkfg, kf}li6stTj nufotsf s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf / cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ef]hgsf] Joj:yfn] dfq pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf k'Ub5 eg] csf]{tkm{ log} s'/fx?af6 p;sf] dfgl;s ljsf; klg x'g k'Ub5 . To;}n] oxfF afnaflnsfsf] nflu clt cfjZos 7flgg] SoflN;od kbfy{ / o;sf] plrt kf]if0fsf] k|efjaf6 x'g] kmfObfaf/] rrf{ ul/G5 .

k|To]s dflg;x¿sf] nflu SoflN;od tTj xfdLx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg kf]if0ftTjx¿dWo] k|d'v dflgG5 . of] tTj ;fdfGotofM ;a} hLjx¿sf] sf]lzsfsf] aflx/L lemlNndf kof{Kt dfqfdf kfOG5 . SoflN;odsf] cefjdf dflg;sf] x[bo plrt¿kdf :kGbg g} x'g ;Sb}g . To:t} o;sf] cefjdf df+;k]zL of x8\8L cflb 7Ls k|sf/n] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . xfd|f] bfFt Pj+ z/L/sf] ljleGg x8\8Lx¿ clwstd¿kdf SoflN;odo'Qm nj0fx¿åf/f ag]sf] x'G5 . jo:s dflg;x¿sf] t'ngfdf afnaflnsfsf] lgldQ SoflN;od tTjsf] cfjZos cTolws dfqfdf x'g] ub{5 . olb o; tTjsf] clnslt dfq klg cefj /x]df afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf; ;d'lrt¿kdf x'g ;Sb}g, h'g s'/fdf afnaflnsfsf k|To]s cfdfafa'n] ljz]if¿kd} Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

SoflN;od tTjsf] cefjdf z/L/sf] cl:yk~h/ dha'6 x'g ;Sb}g eg] csf]{tkm{ clgolGqt¿kdf x[bo :kGbg x'G5 . To:t} df+zk]zLx¿df o;sf] cefjsf sf/0f ult Pj+ cltl/Qm ;|fj x'g z'? ub{5 . o;sf] cefjsf sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿df ;'s] /f]u / jo:s dflg;x¿df cf]/G:6f]d]n]lzof gfds /f]usf] lzsf/ x'g k'Ub5 . o;}sf] sf/0fg} bfFt efFlrg], lu+hfn] klg ;lx¿kdf sfd gug]{ / hf]gL{x¿df b'Vg] tyf z'hg x'g] ub{5 . To:t} d'6'sf] w8sgsf] ult a9\g] / k"0f{ ¿kdf lgb|f klg gnfUg] kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . ue{sfndf ue{:ylzz'sf ljsf; klg /f]lsG5 . To;}n] uef{j:yfdf dlxnfx¿n] SoflN;odsf] dfqf el/k"0f{ x'g] u/L lng' cfjZos 5 . To; cj:yfdf SoflN;odsf] cefj ePdf lzz'sf] zf/Ll/s 9fFrf s'¿k tyf /f]uu|:y x'g k'Ub5 .

uef{j:yfdf ule{0fLsf] nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf SoflN;od tTj gkfpFbf ue{kftsf] vt/f klg plQs} dfqfdf /xG5 . csf]{tkm{ o;sf] cefjdf k|zj klg :jefljs¿kdf gx'g ;S5 . dlxnfsf] uef{j:yfdf e"|0fsf] x8\8L tyf bfFtsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu cfdfsf] cfxf/–ljxf/df cltl/Qm SoflN;od x'g' cfjZos 5 . ha e|"0f @@$ lbgsf] x'G5 ta;Dd To;n] cf7b]lv gf} u|fd SoflN;od k|o'Qm ug]{ ub{5 . t/ uef{j:yfsf] lzz'sf] x8\8Lx¿sf] ljsf; clGtd @* lbgkl5 ltj| ultdf x'g] ub{5 . s]xL ;dod} pQm e"|0fn] cfˆgf] cfdfaf6 !*–@) u|fd SoflN;od u|x0f ug]{ ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo¿kdf lnPsf] cfdfsf] SoflN;odaf6 To; e"|0fdf plrt / lgoldt¿kdf SoflN;od k"lt{ x'g ;Sb}g . o;f] ePdf lzz'nfO{ ;'s] /f]un] u|:t kfg{ ;S5 eg] cfdfsf] nflu klg cTolws ysfg x'g] 6f+udf P]+7g / x8\8Lx¿ kftnf] x'g] cflbsf] lzsf/ x'g'kb{5 .

o; tTjsf] cfjZostf aRrfx¿df o;sf/0f a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 ls aRrfx¿sf] bfFt lg:sg] tyf x8\8L ;'b[9 agfpg] sfo{df o; SoflN;odsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g] ub{5 . aRrfx¿sf] bfFt l9nf] u/L lg:sg] cyjf l9nf] u/L rNg] x'g', tkfO{+ xfdLn] of] s'/f a'‰g'k5{sL cfxf/df kof{Kt dfqfdf SoflN;od tTj pknAw ePsf] 5}g . /ut hDg] s[ofdf SoflN;od k|f]yf]ljdnfO{ y|f]ljgdf abNb5 . To;}n] o;sf] pkof]u xf]df]lkmlnof /f]udf klg x'g] ub{5 . /utdfl:yt SoflN;od k|f]l6g;Fu ldn]/ jf ljeflht eP/ z/L/sf] ljleGg lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . l66]lg; kfhdf tyf s]fl/of h:tf sDk/f]udf klg SoflN;odsf] k|of]u Hofb} u'0fsf/L dflgG5 .

SoflN;odsf] cTolws k|of]u klg xflgsf/s x'g ;Sb5 . s]xL vfB kbfy{x¿ SoflN;od tTj k|flKtsf] nflu k|d'v ;|f]t dflgG5 . o; qmddf o;sf] ;aeGbf /fd|f] ;|f]t b"wnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tdWo]df km"nuf]eL, leG8L, abfd, xl/of] ;AhL, lg+a', O{ldln, l;dL cflb x'g\ . o; cltl/Qm c08f, klg/, bxL cflb x'g\ . oL lrhx¿sf] b}lgs ;]jgn] cfkm" / cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] nflu SoflN;od tTjsf] k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . SoflN;od Ps k|d'v 5f/ tTjxsf] h'g xfd|f] z/L/df hDdfhDdL !%)) u|fd;Dd x'g] ub{5 . To;sf] ((Ü efu ljleGg x8\8L / bfFtx¿df x'g] ub{5 .

Ps jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf] lzz'sf] nflu $)) b]lv %)) ldlnu|fd;Dd, rf/jif{;Ddsf] lzz'sf] nflu &))–*)) ldnLu|fd SoflN;od tTjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . gf} jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsf / ule{0fL dlxnfx¿sf nflu k|ltlbg ! lsnf]u|fd SoflN;odsf] dfqf cfjZos kb{5 . SoflN;odsf] pkof]u clt;f/ cTolws dfl;s >fjsf] sf/0f pTkGg sdhf]/Lsf] cj:yfdf / Hj/f], lztlkQ, bd, k/fu cflb /f]ux?df u'0fsf/L x'G5 . SoflN;od tTjn] j[l4 ePsf] ;+j]bglzntfnfO{ sd ug]{ / l;;fhGo ljiffQmtf klg o;sf] pkof]u hLjgbfos cf}ifwLsf]¿kdf x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}n] cfkm" / cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu SoflN;od kof{Kt dfqfdf lng]tkm{ ;dod} ;r]t x'g] u/f}+ .

– lzIff zdf{

hf;";Lsf] Oltxf; klg hfgL /fvf}+

hf;";L klg Pp6f snf xf] . of] lkmNddf v]Ng' h:tf] dgf]/~hg / s]6fs]6Ln] k]|d ug'{ h:tf] ;lhnf] 5}g . of] Pp6f ltI0f lbdfuL sfd xf], h;df w}o{ / rft'o{tfsf] sfd kb{5 .

hf;";Lsf] z'?jft ;j{k|yd s;/L / sxfF eof] eGg] s'/f clxn];Dd lglZrt t 5}g t/ yfxf eP cg';f/ o;sf] Oltxf; O{=k'= @))) ;Ddsf] k'/fgf] dfGg ;lsG5 . Tolta]nf d?e"lddf u:tL ul//x]sf j}Gt'd gfds sdf08/n] d}/Ll:yt cfˆgf] xflsdnfO{ u'Kt ;Gb]z k7fPsf lyP . h;df n]lvPsf] lyof] –æzx/sf] kvf{n alnof] agfpg' k5{ lsg ls xdnfsf] vt/f 5 .Æ of] g} hf;";Lsf] klxnf] z'?jft xf] .

k|frLg sfndf b'lgofFsf] nueu ;a} ;]gfklt;Fu cfˆgf] ljz]if hf;"; ePsf] k|df0f kfOG5 . Tolta]nf o'4sf] k|foM ;a} /0fgLlt hf;";sf va/sf cfwf/df g} ul/GYof] . ldly|8]6\;, h'lno; l;h/, dfn{af]/f], j]ln+u6g, dxf/fgL Plnhfj]y, af]nLj/ qmfdj]n, kmf]l8s dxfg\, g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{ / lj:dfs{ h:tf hg/n tyf /fhg]tfx¿sf cfˆg} ljz]if hf;"; x'Gy] . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] hf;";dfly k"0f{ ljZjf; uy]{ . pgLx¿n] hf;";nfO{ kmf}hL sfd dfq geO{ cGo /fhgLlts sfddf klg k|of]u uy]{, h'g ;kmn x'GYof] .

ef/tLo zf;s tyf ;]gfkltx¿sf] dt klg klxn]b]lv g} hf;";x¿sf] h?/t x'G5 eGg] kIfdf b]lvG5 . cfrfo{ rf0fSon] cfˆgf] u|Gy cy{zf:qdf ljif sGof / u'Ktr/sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . kl5 ;d|f6 csj/n] Pp6f ;'b[9 hf;";L ;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . o'/f]kLo e|d0f stf{ ;/ hf]g xlsG;n] o;af/] csj/sf] k|z+;f u/]sf lyP . cf}/+uh]jsf] hdfgfdf of] hf;";L ;+u7g l5Gg leGg eof] . To;}n] ;g\ !&)& df p;sf] d[To'kl5 d'un ;fd|fHo 6'lqmof] . r+u]h vfg, xnfs' vfg / gflb/ zfx h:tf dxfg\ ljh]tfx?sf] kSsf ljZjf; lyof] ls ljgf :sfp6 / hf;"; s'g} o'4 lhTg ;ls++b}g .

cfw'lgs hf;";Lsf] Oltxf;df lj:dfs{sf hf;"; k|d'v sfn{ l:6j/sf] dxfg\ ;kmntfaf6 z'? x'G5 . pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ pgn] o'/f]ksf /fhg]tfx¿nfO{ hf;";Lsf] dfWodaf6 lgs} cft+lst u/]sf lyP . k|yd ljZjo'4df z'?b]lv g} la|6]gn] cfˆgf] hf;";L ;+:yf ldln6«L ck/]zg gfds ;+:yf agfPsf] lyof] . o;sf] OGrfh{ SofK6]g j]/gf]g s]n lyP . pgn] cfˆg} d]xgtdf la|6]gdf km}lnPsf] hd{g hf;";x¿nfO{ ;dfTg yfn]sf lyP . x'g t la|6]gdf klxn] klg hf;";L ;+:yf vf]lnPsf] lyof] t/ tL;+:yfx¿ c:yfoL lyP . ;a} o'4kl5 aGb x'Gy] . ptf hd{gsf zf;s s};/n] sg{n jfN6/ lgsf]nfO{ cfˆgf] hf;";L ;+:yfsf] afu8f]/ lbPsf lyP . jfN6/ lgsf]nfO{ / j]/gf]g s]nsf] bfpk]rn] k|yd ljZj o'4df cGt/f{li6«o hf;";Lsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ hGd lbPsf] xf] . o;/L g} cd]l/sfn] ;g\ !*(* df SofK6]g /fns Prjfg 8]dgsf] g]t[Tjdf cd]l/sg kmf}hL v'lkmof ljefusf] hu /fv]sf] lyof] . ;+;f/df cfh ef]ln x'g] hf;";Lsf] tfgfjfgf låtLo ljZjo'4sf] z'?jfteGbf 7Ls klxnf k|mflG;;L k'ln; / la|l6; v'lkmof ljefu ldn]/ a'g]sf] lyof] .

hd{gn] lx6n/sf] kfnfdf cfˆgf] kmf}hL cfb]z k|;f/0fsf] nflu PlUgdf sf]8 d]lzg agfof] . ;g\ !(#( sf] udL{df of] ldq /fi6«sf] xftdf k¥of] . of] d]lzgsf] sf]8 tf]8\g 6\o'l/ª d]lzg agfof] . o; a]nf;Dd cb[Zo d]lzg / ;fgf]tLgf] sf]8n] rNg] hf;";L låtLo ljZjo'4df cfP/ j}1flgs cfljisf/sf] ;fxf/fåf/f rNg yfNof] . sf]8 d]lzg, ldlgPr/ Sofd/f dfOqmf]86\;af6 v'lkmof ;Gb]z cfpg hfg yfNof] .

låtLo ljZjo'4tfsf ;f/f b'lgofFdf x/]s b]zn] cf–cfˆgf] v'lkmof Ph]G;Lx¿ agfpg yfNof] . ;f]leot ;+3n] nfj/]GtL j]l/ofsf] g]t[Tjdf, cd]l/sfn] h]= P8u/ x'j/sf] g]t[Tjdf / la|6]gn] :6Ljf8{ d]lh;sf] g]t[Tjdf cf–cfˆgf] ;Ls]6 ;le{; ug{ yfNof] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4 ;dfKt eof] / zLt o'4 z'? eof] . of] ;dodf h'g cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLlt z'? eof] To;df hf;";x¿n] v'n]/ cfˆgf] k|ltef b]vfpg] df}sf kfP . cd]l/sfn] On]S6«f]lgS; hf;";Lsf] nflu k};f kfgL h:t} aufof] . cd]ls/fsf] ;L=cfO=P= n] o'4 lj/f]wL 5fq ;+u7gsf] lj?4 hf;";Lb]lv lnP/ leotgfd o'4sf] a]nf leotsf+u u'l/Nnfsf] xTof ug{ u|Lg j]/]6 gfds xTof/f sdf08f]sf] j6flnog v8f u/]sf] lyof] . ptf tTsflng ;f]leot ;+3n] s]=hL=aL= nfO{ xNnf km}nfpg] d]lzgsf]¿kdf ljsl;t u¥of] . s]=hL=aL=n] x/]s 7fpFdf e|fds ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug{ yfNof] . h;n] ubf{ b"Zdgx¿ e|ddf kg{ hfGy] . s]=hL=aL= n] cfjfh abn]/, hfnL 6]k agfP/ ANofSd]n klg ug{ yfNof] . ptf la|l6; v'lkmof ljefusf] d'Vo sfd g} ;f]leot hf;";x¿ vf]h]/ lgsfNg] / ;dfNg] sfd lyof] . cfh ;+;f/df cGt/f{li6«o :t/df hf;";L Ps lsl;daf6 cj}w eP klg x/]s b]zn] cf–cfˆgf] :jfy{sf] nflu u'Ktr/ ;+:yf vf]n]sf] 5 . rfx] Tof] ;L=cfO{=P=, s]=hL=aL=, Pd=cfO= jf pRr s'g} ;+:yf g} lsg gxf];\ .

k|:t'ltM P;=Pd= sfoi7

b"waf6 lgld{t kbfy{ / ltgsf] dxTj

b"w xfd|f] cfxf/sf] Ps dxTjk"0f+{ tTj xf] . leGbfleGb} JolQmutk|s[lt cg'¿k olb b"wnfO{ ljleGg cj:yfdf k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] of] ;f¥x} nfebfoL x'G5 .

b"waf6 ag]sf tTjx¿ klg Tolt g} nfebfoL x'G5g\ . b"w / b"waf6 ag]sf tTjx¿df d'Vo tTjx¿ pxL eP tfklg ltgLx¿sf] u'0f b"weGbf s]xL km/s x'G5 . b"waf6 ag]sf tTjx¿ dWo cu|:yfgdf bxL cfpF5 . bxL tLg k|sf/sf kfOG5g\ u'lnof], cldnf] / w]/} cldnf] . cldnf] bxLn] z/L/df ljzfQm k}bf u5{ . To:t} w]/} cldnf] bxLn] /ut kmf]xf]/ kfb{5 . To;}n] u'lnof] bxL k|of]udf Nofpg' pQd x'G5 .

bxLsf] lbgx'F k|of]un] z/L/df dGbtf Nofpg'df ;fy} df]6f]kg Nofpg] x'gfn] bxLsf] lbgx'F ;]jg plrt x'Fb}g . t/ slxn] sfxL+ bxLsf] ;]jgn] eg] an / ef]s j[l4 x'G5 . lkgf; -;fOg;_, Hj/f] clt;f/ :jfb gx'g] h:tf cj:yfdf j}Bs ljlw cg';f/ bxLsf] ;]jgn] kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 ufO{sf] b"wsf] bxL pQd dflgPsf] 5 eg] e}+;Lsf] b"wsf] bxL z/L/n] krfpg uf¥xf] x'G5 .

bxLaf6} ag]sf] t/ bxLsf] eGbf leGb} u'0f ePsf] df]xL -5fb_ sf] pkof]u cToGt} nfebfoL ePsfn] o;nfO{ zf:qdf cd[t h:t} eGg] ;+1f lbOPsf] 5 . of] krfpg ;lhnf], ef]s a9fpg] / d'6'sf] nflu klg pQd dflgPsf] 5 . lk;fa sd x'g], clt;f/ u|x0fL /f]u, /utsf] sdL, :jfb lxgtf, Hj/f], Kof;, pN6L, b'vfO{, df]6f]kg tyf ljifafws h:tf cj:yfdf df]xL pkof]uL / nfebfoL dflgPsf] 5 .

To:t} tfhf dSvg kRgdf xn'sf z/L/nfO{ ;'s'df/ agfpg], a'l4 a9fpg], ef]s a9fpg] tyf d'6'sf] nflu pkof]uL x'G5 . Ifo/f]u, vf]sL cflbdf pkof]uL l;4 ePsf] dVvg k'/fgf] ePkl5 eg] z/L/sf] nflu s]xL ef/L l;4 ePsf] 5 .

b"waf6 l;w} lgsflnPsf] dVvg cfFvfsf] nflu >]i7 x'g'sf] ;fy ;'s'df/tf k|bfg ug]{ x'G5 . To:t} £o" klg kf}li6stfn] el/k"0f{ b"waf6} lgsflng] Ps kbfy{ xf] . £o" 708f, kfrg zlQm a9fpg], t]h, :d[lt, sflGt, a'l4 / :j/ nfj0ojw{s x'g'sf] ;fy} g]qsf] nflu lxtsf/, ljifafwf, pGdfb, -kfunkg_ b'vfO{, Hj/f] cflbdf lxts/ x'G5 . k'/fgf] £o" afns Pj+ j[4sf] nflu clws nfebfoL x'G5 .

b"w / b"waf6 ag]sf tTjx¿ nfebfoL t x'G5g\ t/ logLx¿sf] ;]jg ;Lldt dfqfdf dfq} ug'{ :jf:Yosf] nflu /fd|f] x'G5 .

– d'vleq 5fnf lgSn]sf] 5 eg] £o" yf]/} a];f/sf] r"0f{ xfn]/ Tof] :yfgdf nufpg'k5{ .

– ;'Vvf / t]hlxg cg'xf/df dVvg / dx ld;fP/ xn'sf dfln; ugf{n] cg'xf/ sflGtdo aG5 .

– a];gdf df]xL /fv]/ agfPsf] n]k -rfFofsf]_ kf]tf]sf] nflu nfebfoL x'G5 .

– bxLsf] kfgL g'xfpg' s]xL ;do cufl8 skfndf nufP/ skfn ;'sfP/ g'xfPdf skfn d'nfod x'G5 . ?vf] skfnsf] nflu klg of] ljlw pkof]uL x'G5 .

– ¿kf kGt

tkfO{+nfO{ g} kmfObf k'¥ofpg] s'/f

dflg; r]tgzLn k|f0fL ePsfn] g} p;n] k|To]s sfd s'/f jf hLjgofkgsf Jojxf/df hfgsf/L /fVg] ub{5 / /fVg' klg kb{5 . To;}n] rfx] tL h'g;'s} If]qsf dflg; lsg gx'g kqklqsf, k':ts cflb k9]/ xf];\ jf s'g} klg ;+rf/ dfWodn] cf}+NofPsf s'/fåf/f xf];\ ;a} k9]/ ;'g]/ / b]v]/ ;a}n] hfgsf/L /fVg' kb{5 . k|To]s gljg s'/fsf] hfgsf/L /fVg] afgLn] cfkm}nfO{ kmfObf k'U5 / To;af6 cfˆg} hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;lsG5 . cfpg';\ oxfF log} lhjgf]kof]uL gljg s'/fx¿ af/] hfgsf/L lncf}+ .

sf]lsgsf] ;]jgn] k'¥ofpg] of] xfgLM– sf]lsg cS;/ u/]/ o'jfx¿ df]h–d:tL ug{ Pj+ To;sf] ;]jgaf6 dhf lng] ub{5g\ . t/ ha To;sf] nt a:b5, To;nfO{ rfx]/ klg 5f8\g ;ls+b}g / cGtt To;n] k};fsf] ;fy;fy} Hofgs} ;d]t ;j{gfz ub{5, h'g s'/f ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . t/ o;n] g} slt xflg k'¥ofpF5 eGg] s'/fx¿af/] ;a}nfO{ yfxf gx'g ;S5 . xfnsf] o; ;DaGwL Pp6f gljg cWoogsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ h;n] sf]lsgsf] ;]jg ub{5 pm lbdfu ;DaGwL /f]usf] lzsf/ x'g ;Sb5 .

Ps Go" ;fOlG6:6 gfds zf]w klqsfsf] l/kf]6{ cg';f/ cd]l/sL c:ktfnx¿df 5ftL ;DaGwL pkrf/ u/fpg cfpg] w]/}h;f] o'jfx¿ sf]lsg ;]jg ug]{ ub{5g\ . pgLx¿dfly lrlsT;sx¿n] u/]sf] cWoogaf6 Ifl0fs¿kdf dfgl;s cfgGbsf] dx;'; u/fpg] o; gzfn' kbfy{sf] ;]jgn] x[bodf cToGt ;+s'rg k}bf ug]{ s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kQf nfUof] . ldlzug ljZjljBfnodf ul/Psf] pQm cWoog cg';f/ sf]lsgsf] ;]jgaf6 z/L/sf] /f]u k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLsf] s'g} efudf pQ]hgf k}bf u/fpF5 . ;"Id hLjf0f'x¿sf] cfqmd0faf6 pQ]lht x'g]jfnf /f]u k|lt/If0f k|0ffnL x[bo Pj+ To;df /ut k'¥ofpg]jfnf wdgLx¿sf] sf]lzsfx¿df k|f]l6g hDdf x'G5, h;n] ubf{ df+;k]zLx¿ gi6 x'g yfNb5g\ .

jf:gf ;'+3]/ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsg]M– tkfO{+nfO{ slt yfxf 5 ls P/f]dfy]/f;Laf/] < h] xf];\ of] k|lqmofaf6 ljz]if j[Ifx¿sf] uGwåf/f ljleGg lsl;dsf la/fdLx¿df pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . olb tkfO{+n] cTolws sfd u/L jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] cTolws ysfgsf] dx;'; ug{' ePsf] 5 eg] To;a]nf k'bLgfsf] lrof vfg';\ cf/fd x'G5 . h:t} p/fl7nf]kgsf] cg'ej ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg] u'nfasf] jf:gf lng';\ . s]xL If0fdf cf/fdsf] dx;'; x'g]5 .

h}t'gsf] t]n slt lxtsf/LM– h}t'gsf] t]n ;]jgn] w]/} s'/fx¿df kmfObf k'¥ofpg] s'/f k|foM ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . t/ o;sf] ;]jgn] 7"n} ;d:of xn x'g] s'/fdf eg] zfob s;}sf] hfgsf/Ldf lyPg xf]nf . xf] h}t'gsf] t]nn] dflg;sf] 7"nf] ;d:of aGg] u/]sf] SofG;/ /f]u klg lgsf] x'g] xfn}sf] Ps cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

:k]gsf j}1flgsx¿n] kQf nufPsf] of] gljgtd hfgsf/Ln] w]/}n] o;sf] pkof]usf af/]df rfv b]vfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . csf]{tkm{ j}1flgsx¿sf nflu ca of] s'/fn] h}t'g t]ndf cGo dxTjk"0f{ pkof]uL tYox¿ /xg ;Sg] cfz+sf klg pAhfPsf] 5 . d';fdf ul/Psf] k/LIf0faf6 j}1flgsx¿n] of] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ ls h}t'gsf] t]nn] sf]n/ SofG;/af6 arfpg lgs} ;xfos x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . Ps ;o j6f d';fx¿nfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg u/]/ j}1flgsx¿n] Ps efu d';fx¿nfO{ h}t'go'Qm cfxf/, bf];|f] efusf d';fnfO{ df5fsf] t]no'Qm cfxf/ lbOPsf] lyof] . o;sf cltl/Qm oL d';fx¿nfO{ pkju{df afF8]/ r'lgPsf d';fnfO{ sf]ng SofG;/ k}bf ug]{jfnf kbfy{ v'jfOof] . o;sf] !## lbgkl5 hfFr ubf{ h}t'g t]no'Qm cfxf/ ;]jg ug]{ d';fx¿df cGo d';fx¿sf] t'ngfdf lgs} sd dfqfdf SofG;/ hGo sf]lzsfx¿ tyf 6\o'd/ ePsf] kfOof] . o;/L j}1flgsx¿ of] t]n sf]ng SofG;/ /f]usf] arfj6df lgs} lxtsf/L ePsf] kfP .

dlxnfsf] nflu g/fd|f] of] va/ M– gcfltg';\ x} . g/fd|f] va/ eGgfn] of] Tolt la£g g/fd|f] va/ eg] xf]Og . t/ dlxnf ePs} sf/0f of] ;d:of pgLx¿df dfq b]lvg] ePsfn] To;f] elgPsf] xf] . l;/f]6f]lgg eGg] tTjn] dl:tissf s}of}+ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿df e"ldsf lgefpg] ub{5 . h;df kfrg lqmof tyf dl:tissf] l:yltsf] lgwf{/0f x'G5 . xf] dlxnfx¿sf] dl:tis k'?ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf sd l;/f]6f]lgg gfds /f;folgs kbfy{ agfpg] s'/f Ps cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .

SofG8fl:yt j}1flgsx¿sf] Ps bnn] xfn} u/]sf] cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 pQm s'/f kQf nfu]sf] xf] . pgLx¿n] vf; u/L dlxnfx¿df x'g] cTolws l8k]|zgsf] ladf/L tyf k]6 ;DaGwL ;d:of cflb kQf nufpg ul/Psf] cWoogaf6 pQm s'/f kQf nfUg k'u]sf] xf] .

– k|lj0f kGyL

lkl/ol8s tflnsf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

cfh k[YjLdf !)$ eGbf a9L tTjx¿ km]nf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . /;fog zf:qdf oL ;Dk"0f{ tTjx¿sf] a]Unfa]Un} cWoog u/]/ oLaf6 aGg] of}lusx¿sf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{ eg]sf] /;fogzf:qLx¿sf] nflu kmnfdsf] Ro"/f rkfpg' h:t} lyof] . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ Pp6} tflnsfdf qmda4 tl/sfn] ;a} tTjx¿nfO{ /fvL cWoog ug{ ;/n x'g] ePsf]n] j}1flgsx¿sf] k|of;af6 lkl/ol8s tflnsfsf] hGd eof] .

!( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?jft;Fu} ;dfg u'0f ePsf tTjx¿sf] qmdnfO{ ;d"x ldnfP/ lkl/ol8s tflnsf agfpg vf]lhPsf] lyof] . o; sfo{df nfu]sf j}1flgsx¿ dWo] d'Vo >]o n]ef]l;o/, bf]a/]g/, Go"Nof08 / d]o/nfO{ hfG5 . t/ cfˆgf] cys kl/>dn] klxnf] ;kmntf /l;og j}1flgs l8ldlq d]G8lnen] kfP . pgL ;g\ !*^( df lkl/ol8s lgodsf] k|ltkfbg u/]/ ljZjk|l;4 ePsf lyP . pgn] agfPsf] lkl/ol8s tflnsfdf tTjx¿sf] kf/df0fljs ef/ cg'¿k qmlds¿kn] 58\s]¿kdf /flvPsf] lyof] . cfljisf/ gePsf tTjx¿sf] nflu tflnsfdf vfln :yfg 5fl8Psf] lyof] . l8ldlqn] cfˆgf] lkl/ol8s tflnsfdf ePsf gf}j6f 7f8f] :tDex¿nfO{ u'|k / ;ftj6f 58\s] :tDenfO{ lkl/o8 eg]/ gfdfsf/0f u/] .

nueu $# jif{kl5 ;g\ !(!@ df df];ln eGg] j}1flgsn] l8ldlqsf] tYonfO{ cfwf/lxg dfg]/ df]8{g lkl/ol8s lgodsf] k|ltkfbg u/], h;cg';f/ tTjx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] kf/df0fljs ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df /fVbf tTjx¿sf] ef}lts tyf /f;folgs u'0fsf] cWoog ug{ ;/n x'G5 . To;kl5 ljleGg j}1flgsx¿n] a]nfa]nfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ cGtdf ;j{dfGo, ;/n / cfw'lgs lkl/ol8s tflnsf agfP, h;nfO{ lkl/ol8s tflnsfsf] nfdf]¿k eg]/ lrlgG5 . o;df tTjx¿nfO{ On]S6«f]lgs sglkmu/];gsf] cfwf/df /flvG5 . lkl/ol8s tflnsfsf] nfdf]¿kdf ;ft j6f lkl/o8 / c7f/ j6f u'|k ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . o;n] /;fogzf:qsf] Oltxf;df gofF cfofd yk]sf] 5 . lxhf]cfh ;a} z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df lkl/ol8s tflnsfsf] gofF¿ksf] k|of]u ul/G5 / o;n] ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{ nfeflGjt u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

;+sns M ;gt cof{n

s'zn jQmf aGg] snf

cfTdljZjf; M cfkm}df cfˆgf] ljZjf; gx'g] dfG5]n] hLjgdf s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g . cem hgdfg; cufl8 t To:tf] dfG5]n] af]Ng ;Sg] s'/} p7\b}g . To;}n] jQmfn] ;j{k|yd cfkm"df af]Ng ;Sg] Ifdtf 5 eGg] cfTdljZjf; /fVg'k5{ .

lg8/tf M jQmfn] dgdf pTkGg x'g] nHhfn'kg, z+sf, 8/ cflb ;a}nfO{ k/ 5f]8]/ dgdf lg8/tf :jefj pdfg'{k5{ . jQmfnfO{ ljZjf; x'g'k5{ ls pm s'g} h+undf af3 efn' aLrdf af]ln/x]sf] 5}g . pm cfkm" h:t} dfG5]x¿ aLr af]ln/x]5 . jQmfsf] dgaf6 ha;Dd eo x6\b}g, ta;Dd dgsf ;a} s'/fx¿ kf]Vg ;Sb}g .

ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg M s'g} klg jQmfn] af]Ng'k"j{ af]Ng] ljifoj:t' dfly ulx/f] cWoog ug'{ h?/L 5 . lsgsL hlt;'s} s'zn jQmfn] klg ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgsf] cefjdf af]Ng ;Sb}g . af]nLxfn] klg Tof] k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g, x'G5 t s]jn xr'jf efif0f . s'g} klg ljifosf] 7f]; s'/fx¿ / ;xL b[li6sf]0fx¿n] dfq bz{slb3f{sf] dg lhTg ;lsG5 .

k"j{ tof/L M o; ;Lk cGtu{t :6]hdf pleg' k"j{ jQmfn] ug'{ kg]{ ljifox¿ kb{5g\ . h:t} jQmfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'xfpg] ;kmf kf]zfs nufpg'k5{ . /fd|f];Fu kfgL lkP/ :6]hdf uP nfdf] ;do;Dd af]Ng ;lhnf] k5{ . To;/L g} uLt ufP/ uPdf af]nLdf dL7f;kg cfpg ;xof]u k'U5 cflb .

k|:t'lt M jQmfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Ifdtf g} k|:t'ltdf c8]sf] x'G5 . k|:t'ltsnf jQmJosf] d'6' xf] . o; cGtu{t b'O{ efu kb{5g\ .

af]nL M bz{s ;fd' k'Ug] jQmfsf] dfWod g} af]nL xf] . bz{snfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t u/]/ slxn] efj's agfpg], slxn] pQ]lht t'Nofpg] ;a} s'/f jQmfsf] af]nLd} e/ kb{5 . jQmfn] ;Sbf] af]nLdf ld7f; eg'{k5{ zAbx¿df ult, olt ldnfP/ af]Ng'k5{ . s'g zAbdf emf]Ssf k'¥ofpg], s'g zAbdf /f]lsg] ;a} 1fg jQmfdf x'g'k5{ .

clego M clegosf] ;DaGw af]nL;Fu gª / df;' em} cGof]Gof>lt x'G5 . ;fFRrL eGg'kb{ clegonfO{ k|:t'ltdf x6fOlbg] xf] eg] af]nL ckfª x'G5 . jQmfn] af]ln/x]sf s'/fx¿ cg'¿k clego ub}{ uPdf jQmJo a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . jQmfn] clegodf xft / cg'xf/nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'k5{ / 3l/3l/ z/L/nfO{ klg .

bz{sk|lt ;r]ttf M bz{snfO{ jf:tf gu/L cfˆgf] s'/fx¿ dfq Psf]xf]/f] /fVg] JolQm slxNo} s'zn jQmf x'g ;Sb}g . jQmfn] bz{snfO{ Wofg Toltsf] lbg'k5{ hlt Pp6f 8fS6/n] la/fdLsf] /f]udf Vofn /fV5 . bz{ssf] Wofg / cj:yfnfO{ a'‰g jQmfn] ;w}+ cfFvf bz{sx¿ aLrdf cf]5\ofO/xg'k5{ . bz{sx¿ cN5L dfGg yfn] eg] /dfOnf] s'/f u/]/ cfsif{0f ug'{k5{ .

– hut gjf]lbt

of] klg hfgL /fvf}+

– g]kfndf afa', 5f]/f / gflt dGqL x'g] JolQmx¿ u'Ghdfg l;+x -@)!@_, e'jgdfg l;+x -@)#)_ / ljdndfg l;+x -@)$%_ x'g\ .

– dflg; h:t} xfF:g ;Sg] hgfj/ xfOgf xf] .

– rGb| u'Kt df}o{nfO{ x/fpg] u|Ls zf;s Seleucus x'g\ .

– g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] emf]n'ª] k'n sf]lz gbLdfly lgld{t vf]6fª / ef]hk'/ aLrsf] k'n xf] . o;sf] nDafO #$( dL= 5 .

– a|Xdf, lji0f' / dx]Zj/ u/L tLg}¿k wf/0f u/]sf] Clif eg]/ …bQfq]oÚ nfO{ lrlgG5 .

– ef/t :jtGq x'Fbf a]nfotsf k|wfgdGqL Sn]d]G6 l/rf8{ P6\nL lyP .

– j}slNks gf]a]n k'/:sf/ eGgfn] :jL8]gsf] …/fO6 n]lˆ6x'6Ú k'/:sf/nfO{ a'emfpF5 .

– k"jL{o ;flxTo /fdfo0f / dxfef/t ePh:t} klZrdL ;flxTo eGgfn] Olno8 / cf]8];LnfO{ a'lemG5 .

– >Ln+sfsf] ljb|f]xL ;d"x tldn 6fOu/df Tamil Scholar x'g] /fhvfgbfgsf JolQm Elango x'g\ .

– @)%^ ;fnsf] k[YjL k|1f k'/:sf/ / dx]Gb| k|1f k'/:sf/ kfpg] JolQmx¿ qmdzM n}gl;+x jfª\b]n / b]js'df/L yfkf x'g\ .

– lbg]z a:g]t

– g]kfndf ;a}eGbf sd !% jif{sf] pd]/df c+u]|hL efiffdf dxfsfJo /rgf ug]{ aflnsf lje"if0ff kf}8]n x'g\ . pgn] @@ lbgdf /rgf u/]sf] o;sf] gfd 'That Twelve Hour' xf] .

– @)%^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] dgfOPsf] lzIff lbj;sf] gf/f …k|hftflGqs lzIffsf] dfGotf ljsf; /f]huf/ / dfgjtfÚ /x]sf] lyof] .

– >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn clw/fHoe/ nfu" x'g] u/L s[lif >ldsx¿sf] nflu b}lgs ?= ^).– / k|lt306f ?= &.%) sf b/n] Go"gtd Hofnf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . >d dGqfnosf cg';f/ b}lgs sfo{ ;do tflnsf * 306f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

– kljq ;+:yf /]8qm;sf ;+:yfks hfg x]g/L 8\o"gf x'g\ . ljZj zflGtsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ pg}nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

– g]kfndf ;"of]{bosf] klxnf] ls/0f kg]{ Onfd lhNnfsf] >L cGt'8fF8fnfO{ lj=;+= @)$# ;fndf …bLk]Gb| lzv/Ú gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] .

– ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sf/ …uf]N8]g a'uf6LÚ xf] . of] P6f]/ a'uf6Låf/f k|mfG;df tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . @@ lkm6 nDafO{ ePsf] o; sf/sf] af]g6sf] nDafO g} & lkm6 5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f ;g\ !(@& df ePsf] lyof] .

– cGtl/Ifdf a;fOg] k|:tfljt zx/sf] gfd …cf]NufÚ xf] / To;sf] l8hfOg/ 8]lgon albgL x'g\ .

– ljZj k|lz4 snfsf/ lnof]gfbf]{ bf leGrLnfO{ oGq o'usf lktf elgG5 .

– dfl6{g n'y/ ls+un] jfOjnnfO{ ;j{k|yd hd{g efiffdf cg'jfb u/]sf lyP .

– ljZj k|lz4 snfsf/ kfOnf] lksf;f]sf] k"/f gfd …kfAnf] l8Puf] hf];], k|mflG;:sf] b] kf}nf h'jfg g]kfd';]gf] lqml:kg lqml:kggf] 8]nf zflGt;Ldf l6«lg8fp ?Oh jfO lksf;f]Ú xf] .

– xfn;Dd ;a}eGbf a9L gf]a]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] b]z cd]l/sf xf] eg] ;flxTodf ;a}eGbf w]/} gf]a]/ k'/:sf/ kfpg] b]z k|mfG; xf] .

– cGtl/Ifdf k|j]z ug{] /fi6«x¿ klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf], kfFrf} / 5}7f}+ qmdzM /l;of, cd]l/sf, k|mfG;, hfkfg, rLg / Ol08of x'g\ .

– O/fsn] s'j]tdfly klxnf] adjiff{ ;lxtsf] cfqmd0f !(() cui6 @ df u/]sf] lyof] eg] clGtd cfqmd0f !((! k|m]a'c/L @% df u/]sf] lyof] . pQm cfqmd0fdf @ xhf/ dflg;sf] d[To' tyf s}of}+ dflg; 3fOt] aGg k'u]sf lyP .

– lj=;+= @)%^ ;fn ;fpg @& ut] nfu]sf] ;"o{ u|x0f @) cf}+ ztflAbs} clGtd ;"o{ u|x0f ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do;Dd ?dflgofaf6 b]lvPsf] lyof] .

– /fi6« ;+3Lo cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ Osf];sdf Plzofaf6 !! /fi6«n] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ .

– sf]tkj{df ;a}eGbf klxn] dfl/g] JolQm cledfg l;+x /fgf / e08f/vfn kj{df ;a}eGbf klxnf dfl/g] jL/Wjh lyP .

– >L % x¿nfO{ lxh xfOg]; elgb} cfPsf]df rGb| zDz]/sf] kfnfb]lv …lxh d]h]i6LÚ eGg yflnof] .

– s]zj g]kfn …k|jfzLÚ

cf]hg tx ;+/If0f ug]{ k|of;

Pp6f clS;hgsf] c0f' b'O{j6f o;sf k/df0f'x¿ ldnL ag]sf] x'G5 To;/L g} Pp6f cf]hf]gsf] c0f' tLgj6f clS;hgsf] k/df0f'x¿ ldln ag]sf] x'G5 . of] lgnf] /+usf] jfo'd08ndf kfOg] UofF; xf] . of] UofF; k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 s/La %) ls=dL= dflysf] jfo'd08nLo tx
-:6]«6f]:km]o/_ df kfOG5 . o; UofF;n] ;"o{af6 cfpg] k/fj}hgL ls/0f -cN6«efof]n]6 ls/0f_ x¿nfO{ ;f];L k[YjLlt/ l5g{ lb+b}g . oL ls/0fx¿ dfgj tyf jg:kltx¿sf] nflu Hofb} xflgsf/s 5g . o;n] xfdLnfO{ 5fnfsf] SofG;/ h:tf eofgs /f]ux¿ NofpFb5 .

:6]«6f]:km]o/df /x]sf] cf]hf]g txnfO{ Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6gaf6 k}bf x'g] clS;hg / xfO8«f]clS; lk|m /]l8snn] /f;folgs k|ltlqmof u/L 6'qmfOlbG5g\ . To;/L g} Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{gn] klg cf]hf]gnfO{ ljgfz ub{5 . ha oL UofF;x¿ jfo'd08ndf hfG5g\ ta k|sfzsf] ;xfotfn] ljR5]bg eO{ Snf]l/gsf k/df0f'x¿ aG5g\ . oL Snf]l/gsf k/df0f'x¿ cf]hf]gsf] c0f'x¿;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlqmof u/L logLx¿nfO{ clS;hgdf kl/0ft ub{5g\ . o;/L g} cf]hf]g tx qmdzM ljgfz x'g yfNb5 . Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{g lk|mh, Po/ slG8;g, Po/ s'n/ cflb rnfpg pkof]uL UofF; xf] .

j}1flgsx¿n] of] UofF;sf] c;/sf] af/]df ;g\ !(&) b]lv cWoog u/]sf x'g\ . tfklg jf:tljs cf]hf]gsf] Kjfn h'g cG6fs{l6sfdf b]lvPsf] lyof], To;sf] hfgsf/L j}1flgsx¿nfO{ ;g\ !(*% sf] ;]K6]Da/ gf]e]Da/lt/ ePsf] xf] To;kl5 j}1flgsx¿sf] Wofg o:tf UofF;x¿ 36fpg' kb{5 eGg]lt/ uof] . kmn:j¿k !(*& df ljZjsf] cWoflws Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{g k|of]u ug]{ /fi6«x¿n] ;g\ !((( ;Dd o; UofF;sf] k|of]u #%Ü n] sd ug]{ b:tfj]hdf x:tfIf/ u/] . To;kl5 lk|mh, Po/ s'n/ cflbsf] k|of]u sd ug{ j}slNks ;fwgx¿sf] af/]df cWoog ul/of] . h;af6 j}1flgsx¿n] Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{gsf] ;§f xfO8«f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{g, xfO8«f]Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{g, ldyfon ;fOSnf]x]jh]g h:tf UofF;x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] eof] . o; cg'¿k ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿ a]nfa]nfdf eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;}n] ;g\ @))! ;Dddf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{gsf] k|of]unfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ gLlt lnPsf 5g\ . olb o:tf cleofgx¿ ;kmn ePdf xfdL :j:y;Fu :j:y k[YjLdf afFRg ;Sg]5f}+ .

– afa'/fd ;]8fO{+

yfxf 5 d'06Lsf] k|of]u slt 3fts x'G5

af]tnsf] b"w aRrfnfO{ r';fpg k|of]u ul/g] /Aa8sf] b"wsf] d'06Lh:tf] lasf]{nfO{ d'06L elgG5 . oxfF oxL d'06Lsf] k|of]u ug'{ slt 3fts x'G5 eGg] s]xL hfgsf/L k|:t't 5 .

km'6kfyb]lv eJo k;nx¿df /ªL lj/ªL a§fx¿df cfsif{s tj/n] Knfli6s, /a/ cflbsf d'06Lx¿ a]r]sf] b]lvG5 . cfhsn ljZjsf ;fgf Pj+ 7"nf ;a} /fi6«df /f]O/x]sf] aRrfnfO{ d'06L r';fP/ r'k nufpg] k|yf k|z:t b]lvG5 . o;af6 aRrf t r'k nfU5 t/ o;sf] k5fl8 s] slt 8/nfUbf l:yltx¿ x'G5g\ eg] s'/f eg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g .

d'G6LnfO{ vf; cfsf/df lgdf{0f ug{ …gfO6«f];f]dLgÚ gfds Ps /f;folgs tTj ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . of] tTj SofG;/ h:tf] /f]u lgDTofpg ;kmn x'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; ul/G5 . Ps lsnf] a/fa/sf] d'06Ldf s/La bz dfOqmf]u|fd gfO6«f];f]ldg x'G5 . To;}n] cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, hd{gL h:tf ljsl;t /fi6«n] d'06Lsf] cfoft laqmL tyf lj1fkg ;d]t ug{ dgfxL u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 o;sf] vt/gfs kl/l:yltsf] ljrf/ ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 .

aRrfnfO{ d'G6L r';fpFbf wfuf]n] 3fF6Ldf afFw]/ em'08\ofOlbgfn] 3fF6L Gof+lSsg], d'G6L r':bf d'G6L g} 3fF6Ldf c8\sg] h:tf ljleGg 8/nfUbf 36gfx¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ . oL afx]s d'G6LnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg s'g} u'lnof] kbfy{df 8'afO{ aRrfnfO{ r';fpg] ul/G5 . u'lnof] kbfy{df JofS6]l/of rfF8} a9\g] x'Fbf cGo ljleGg /f]ux¿ klg nfUg ;Sb5g\ . d'06L r':bfr':b} e'O{df v:g], v'n} /fv]sf] d'06Ldf lem+uf dfvf h:tf sL6f0f'o'Qm sL/fn] kmf]xf]/ kfl/lbg] x'Fbf klg d'06L vt/gfs dx;'; ul/G5 .

d'06L r';fpFgfn] aRrfsf] b"w] bfFt Pj+ slnnf] d'vfs[ltsf] ;fy;fy} kmf]S;f]df ;d]t c;/ kg{ ;Sg] s'/fdf 8fS6/x¿n] ljZjf; u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ aRrfx¿sf] bfFt cfpg] a]nfdf v'a lrnlrnfpg] x'Fbf hxfF kfof] ToxL 6f]Sg vf]H5g\ . To:tf] a]nfdf d'G6Lsf] ;§f la:s'6, sfFqmf], ufh/ h:tf vfBkbfy{ xftdf ydfpg ;lsG5 . t/ d'06Lsf] k|of]u ug'{ g} 5 eg] klg ahf/af6 Nofpgf;fy ^–& k6s kfgLdf pdfNg'k5{ . ;fy} b}lgs @–# k6s pdfNg], e'O{df v:g glbg], kmf]xf]/ x'g glbg] / Kjfn k/]df rNtL gug]{ ug'{k5{ . t/ o;f] ul//xg ;+ej xf]nf / < To;}n] d'06Lsf] k|of]u gug'{ a]; b]lvG5 .

– k|]dnfn u}/] …O{i6Ú

P]ltxfl;s tYo
k'/ftTj / clen]vfno M yfxf 5}g eg] k9f}+

k|frLg ;dodf lgdf{0f ePsf jf pkof]u ul/Psf P]ltxfl;s tyf dxTjk"0f{ j:t'sf] cWoog ug]{ ljBfnfO{ k'/ftTj elgG5 . To; cGtu{t k'/fgf snf tyf ;+:s[ltsf] cg';Gwfg tyf cWoog ub{5 . To;} cWoognfO{ cfw'lgs 9fFrfaf6 cWoog ul/g] ljBfnfO{ k'/ftTjlj1fg elgG5 . k'/ftTjdf hDdf b'O{ zAb h'6]sf 5g\ M k'/f±tTj . k'/fsf] cy{ k'/fgf] hdfgfsf] / tTjsf] cy{ dtna jf j:t' . k'/ftTjnfO{ c+u]|hLdf Archaeology elgG5 . o"gfgL zAb Archaios / Logos eGg] zAbsf] cy{ k'/fgf] / 1fg x'G5 . To;} Archaios Logos zAbsf] ;+of]uaf6 Archaeology elgPsf] xf] . c+u]|hL efiffdf . k'/ftTjlj1fg eGgfn] k|frLg sfuhkq, l6kf]6, ;|f]tsf] k|s[lt / lsl;dsf] cWoognfO{ j}1flgs kIfaf6 cWoog ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 .

xfd|f] k[YjL k'/ftTjsf] ;|f]t xf] . xfdLn] Tof] k[YjL k'/ftTjsf af/]df hfGg ;f¥x} si6 ug'{k5{ . To;}n] xfdL k"j{o'usf dflg;n] u/L 5f]8]sf cul0ft ;fdu|L pknAw ePsf cfwf/df k'/ftTjsf] cWoog ub{5f}+ . To;af6 xfdL k|frLg o'uaf6 dflg;n] ef]Ub} cfPsf s'/fx¿sf] s[ofsnfksf] / ljsf;sf] ljifodf kof{Kt hfgsf/L lng ;Ifd x'G5f}+ .

dflg;sf] hftn] z'?af6} cToGt} uf]tf tyf x08/ vfFb} a'l4n] sfd ln+b} o; jt{dfg cj:yfdf k'Ug ;s]sf] / ljsf; u/]sf] xf] . Ps}l5g ;+embf dflg; h+unL eP/ nfvf}+ jif{ jgdf ef}+tfl/of] . clg 9'ªfsf xltof/ / cf]8f/sf] af; k|of]u ug{ yfNof] . nfvf}+ jif{kl5 p;n] kz'kIfL kfNg yfNof] . p;n] cfuf] kQf] nufof] / hdLg hf]t]/ v]tL ug{ yfNof] . To; cj:yfdf cfpg dflg;n] nfvf}+ k':tf u'hf¥of] .

k'/ftTj eGgfn] ;d'Rrdf lalt;s]sf] dfgj ;Eotf, Ps ;Eotfkl5 csf]{ ;Eotf clg x/fpFb} u/]sf] k|frLg ;Eotf tyf Ps ;Eotf gi6 ePkl5 csf]{ ;Eotf pbfPsf] s'/fsf] cWoog eGg] a'emfpF5 . To:tf ;Eotfdf dflg;n] k|of]u u/]sf xltof/, n'uf, efF8f, uxgf, u'kmf / cl:y h:tf s'/fsf] j}1flgs tl/sfaf6 cWoog ul/Pkl5 oyfy{ s'/f kQf] nfUb5 . t/ k'/ftTj eGgfn] s'g} n]lvPsf cIf/ / j0f{sf cfwf/af6 eGbf lrq, j:t', pks/0f cfkm} af]Ng] ;|f]tx¿sf cfwf/af6 cWoog ul/g] ljifo a'‰g'k5{ . k'/ftTjsf] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 clen]vfnosf af/]df klg hfGg' k5{ .

clen]vfno eGgfn] ;'g, tfdf, rfFbL, sfFz, lznf, tf8kq, ef]hkq, sf7, afF;, sfuh, efF8f, 306, v]nf}+gf, uxgf, df6f], sk8f cflbdf n]v]/ /flvPsf], slkPsf], sf]q]sf], vf]k]sf], 3;]6]sf], n]vg u/]sf] k|frLg n]v /flvg] u|Gyx¿ ;+/If0f ug]{ sf]7f jf 3/nfO{ a'emfpF5 . k'/ftTjsf] If]q cGtu{t kg]{ clen]vfnonfO{ k'/fTjsf] dflxnf] efO elgG5 . k'/ftTjsf] ljsf; ubf{ clen]vfno kl5 kl5 nfUg] x'Fbf To;sf lsl;d klg hfGg' dxTjsf] x'g]5 .

JolQmut clen]v M r]tgzLn JolQmn] ;+sng u/]/ /fv]sf lnlvt j:t'nfO{ a'emfpg] zAb o; cGtu{t s]z/ k':tsfno, dbg k':tsfno, l;+x k':tsfno, x]d/fh k':tsfno cflb kb{5g\ .

Joj;flos clen]v M– r]tgzLn Jofkf/L / RofDa/ ckm sdz{n] ;+lrt u/]sf clen]vx¿nfO{ dflgG5 .

wfld{s clen]v M klxn] d7, dlGb/, u'Daf, :t"k £ofª, s'l6, cf>d, k6fxf, ;Qn, wd{zfnf, ljxf/ cflbdf w]/} 5fq5fqfnfO{ 5fkfvfgf gePsf]n] lnlvt j:t' k7fpg] k/Dk/f lyof] . To;/L n]v]/ y'kfl/Psf jfªdo / u|Gyx¿ To:tf wfld{s s]Gb|x¿df clen]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

:yfgLo clen]v M hGd d[To'sf] l6kf]6, 36gfsf] l6kf]6, ufpF, gu/kflnsf, jlx /flvPsf] n]vf]6nfO{ Tof] elgG5 .

P]ltxfl;s clen]v M Oltxf;sf 36gfsf ljifodf klg pNn]v ePsf bfgkq / ljtf{kq, k|ltlnlk, kmf]6f], lrq, gS;f, gS;fsf] aofg, k':tssf] cGTo, ;dfkg jfSo, cGTo jrg, k'liksf jfSonfO{ To;f] elgG5 .

:yfgfGtl/t clen]v M d"n ynf]af6 cs}{ 7fpFdf nluPsf j:t'nfO{ a'emfpg] of] zAbn] w]/} s'/fsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . k|frLg o"gfgn] ld>sf j:t' Nofof], /f]dn] o"gfgL j:t' nUof], /f]dn] a]nfotL j:t' Nofof], cn]Sh]08/ b u]|6n] ufGwf/ n'6]/ ;j{k|yd n]vgsnf leTofpg] Oltxf; tof/ kf/] . g]kf]lnog jf]gfkf6{n] ¿;af6 nfvf}+ P]ltxfl;s j:t' n'6L k]l/; nu] eg] ¿;n] !& d'n'ssf] lglw nu]/ ;]06lk6;{ju{nfO{ emlsemsfp kf/] . cfhsfn klg ljleGg b]zx¿ P]ltxfl;s j:t' cf–cfˆgf d'n'sdf hDdf kf/L cfˆgf] d'n'snfO{ k|frLg dfgj ;Eotfsf] s]Gb| k'li6 ug]{ k|oTgdf nfu]sf 5g\ .

gS;f clen]v M o'4sf] a]nfdf ;]gfnfO{ /fVg], vfg], hfg], n'Sg], cfqmd0f ug]{ Dofkl/l8ª, xft xltof/sf] aofg, l;dfgfsf] gS;f, af6f], kxf8, vf]nf], ag, vt/f 7fpF b]vfpg] gS;f /fVg] 7fpFnfO{ gS;f clen]vfno elgG5 .

;"Id clen]v M– dfOqmf]lkmi6 dfOqmf]lkmNd / dfOqmf]sf8{ h:tf j:t'x¿df k|frLg clen]vsf] 5ljs/0f ul/G5 .

/fli6«o clen]vM– lj=;+= @)!# sf] clen]v P]gn] c8\8fvfgfaf6 w'Nofpg' kg]{ sfuhkqnfO{ clen]v1 ;dIf k|:t't u/L cfjZos k/]df ;+lrt ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lsf] kmfOn / l6Kk0fL cfb]zsf kmfOnsf] cfo' % jif{sf] x'G5 . To;sf nflu tTsfn} rflxg] s]xL jif{kl5 rflxg] w]/} jif{kl5 rflxg], ljefuLo l6kf]6, lglZrt a]nfavtdf rflxg], ;d:of / r'gf}ltsf a]nfdf rflxg] b'O{ d'n'ssf] Jofkf/, l;dfgf, ;'k'b{uL, hn;|f]t / of]hgfsf] kl/rfngsf a]nfdf rflxg] lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .

ljefuLo l6kf]6M k|To]s dGqfnodf /]s8{ ljefuLo v08 x'G5 . ToxL /]s8{ ljefudf cfjZos / cgfjZos kmfOnsf] juL{s/0f ug{ c¿ d'n'sdf k'/ftTjlj1fg / clen]vfnosf tflnd] clwsf/L /xG5g\ t/ xfdL sxfF Tof] g} 5}g .

– 8f= /fhf/fd ;'j]bL

| cfj/0f kl/ro || k|ltqmLof || :jf:Yo || vf]h÷ljz]if || hfgsf/L || ;DkfbsLo || wd{ |
| ;+:s[lt || Pltxfl;s JolQmTj || d'Qms÷n3'syf || e"uf]n || ljrf/ || JolQm÷JolQmTj || :yfg kl/ro |
| jftfj/0f || cg';Gwfg || k|]/s k|;ª\u || v]n÷v]nf8L || hLjg bz{g || lj1fg k|ljlw || clGtd kft]f |