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/fli6«otfsf nflu /fli6«o bnn] s] s:tf gLlt cjnDag ug'{knf{ <

:jfy{nfO{ TofUg'k5{

/fli6«o bnx¿sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf km/s–km/s l;4fGt /x] tfklg b]z ljsf;sf s'/fx¿df ;a}sf] ;sf/fTds wf/0ff g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . /fli6«o bnx¿ /fli6«otfsf nflu eGbf klg cfˆgf] / bnsf] :jfy{df dfq a9L ;dflxt ePsfn] cfh /fli6«otfsf nflu vf;} s]xL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oL ;a} /fli6«o bnx¿sf sdhf]/Lsf kl/0ffd x'g\ . oyfy{df eGg] xf] eg] /fli6«o bnx¿ aLr cfk;L ;xdlt g} 5}g . /fli6«o :t/sf sfd–s'/fx¿df ;a} /fli6«o bnx¿ ;xdlt / ;dembf/Ldf k'Ug'k5{ . o;y{ /fli6«otfsf nflu bnx¿n] cfˆg} sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ x6fO{ ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lsf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{k5{ .

– cltt n]sfnL -cWoIf_, ldqtf ;dfh g]kfn (FAN), kf]=a=g+= ##!^, sf7df8f}+

/fli6«o ;xdlt

/fli6«o bn hgtfsf ljZjf; k|fKt kf6L{x¿ x'g\ . /fli6«o kf6L{x¿sf] /fhgLlt ca kf6L{ut¿kdf g} km'6sf] /fhgLlt k|:t't ePsf] s'/f ;a}nfO{ 1ft 5 . h] h;f] eP klg lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ;"rgf, ;'/Iff cflb h:tf s'/fdf hgtfx¿nfO{ zflGtk"j{s afFRg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug'{kb{5 . afbljjfb, aGb / cg;gsf] /fhgLltaf6 6f9f /xL k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ k|hftGqsf] cg'e"lt lbg ;Dk"0f{ /fli6«o kf6L{x¿n] Pp6f /fli6«o ;xdltdf k'Ug' h?/L 5 . ;a} bnsf g]tfx¿n] xft]dfnf] ub}{ cfhsf] cj:yfsf hgtfx¿nfO{ pTkfbgzLn sfo{df nfUg pT;flxt ug'{kb{5 .

– sf]dnk|;fb km'ofn, eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk;, eQmk'/–!&, b"wkf6L

sfo{k4ltdf bIftf

/fli6«otfsflglDt /fli6«o bnn] ckgfpg'kg]{ gLltdWo] ;Ldf k|zf;g / eG;f/sf] sfo{ k4ltdf s]xL yk ;'wf/ Nofpg' cfjZos 5 . ha;Dd ;Ldf k|zf;g / eG;f/n] cfˆgf] bfloTj k"0f{¿kn] lgefpg ;Sb}gg ta;Dd aflx/L bafjsf] ;fy;fy} ljleGg cj}w xftxltof/ ;/;fdfgsf ;fy} r]lna]6L a]rljvg ;d]t eO/fV5g\ . h;n] ubf{ /fli6«otf ;'/lIft /xg ;Sb}g . csf]{tkm{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf kIfdf klg ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;/sf/df /xg] bn / cGo k|ltkIf bnx¿aLr cfk;L ;dembf/Laf6 5nkmn u/L P]Soa4tf hfx]/ ug'{k5{ . o;f] gu/]df /fli6«otf aflx/L d'n'sx¿af6 ;'/lIft x'g ;Sb}g .

– x/sl;+x ;fx', d'Nnfd}vf]nL, bfr'nf{

bnx¿sf] e"ldsfdf ;'wf/

cfhsf] /fhgLlts l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg bnx¿sf] e"ldsf ;a}eGbf a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . kf6L{df u'6 lgdf{0f, km'6 / h'6sf] gf6sLo v]n s;}sf nflu uj{sf] ljifo xf]Og .

csf]{tkm{ cfh, hlt e|i6frf/sf] lj/f]w cleofg rn]sf] 5, Tolt g} e|i6frf/ klg a9\b}5 . b'u{d If]qaf6 r'gfj lht]/ zx/df g} 3/hd ug]{ g]tfx¿ cfˆgf] lhNnfnfO{ kms]{/ klg x]g{ rfxFb}gg\ . of] k|j[lQ lgd"{n u/L ;a} bn ldn]/ lhNnfdf g} cfhLjg al;/xg] kl/l:ylt agfpg'k5{ . To:t} cfˆgf] rn–crn ;DklQ ;d]t aflx/ /fVg gkfpg] gLlt agfPdf e|i6frf/ cfkm}+df sd x'g] lyof] / b'u{d 7fpFsf] ljsf; klg l56f] x'g] lyof] . o;f] u/]df dfq /fli6«otf ;'/lIft x'G5 . t;y{ /fli6«o bnx¿sf] e"ldsfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' cfjZos 5 .

– gjLg vgfn, gf/fo0f–%, cf]vn9'+uf, xfnM z+s/b]j SofDk;, sf7df8f}+

;:tf] nf]slk|otf x'g'x'Fb}g

clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf] nflu /fli6«o bnx¿n] /fli6«otfnfO{ r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkqsf] Ph]08fsf]¿kdf dfq /fv]sf 5g\ . t/ Jojxf/df tL bnx¿ ;+j]bgzLn b]lv+b}gg\ . ;a} /fli6«o bnx¿aLr /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf /fli6«o ;xdlt vf]lhg'kb{5 . ;Qfdf /xFbf /fli6«otfk|lt nlrnf] gLlt lng] / ;Qfaf6 aflxl/+bf s8f gLlt ckgfOg' /fd|f] x'Fb}g . /fli6«otf geP xfdL /xFb}gf}+ eGg] s'/f a'em]/ /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf s;};Fu klg ;Demf}tf gug]{ gLlt ;a} bnx¿n] lng'k5{ . a]kmfObf x'g] u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;fwgx¿sf] afF8kmfF8sf ljifodf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ul/g'x'Gg . k|To]s bnn] cfˆgf gLltnfO{ ;do;fk]If k'glj{rf/ ug'{k5{ / /fli6«o uxg ljifodf ;a}n] Pstf hfx]/ ug}{k5{ .

– gj/fhs'df/ sf]O/fnf, dw]zf–&, ;'g;/L

hgtfnfO{ uf]naGb agfpg'k5{

dfGotf k|fKt /fli6«o bnx¿n] /fi6« / /fli6«otfk|lt rf;f] g/fVg] xf] eg] g t b]z g t hgtfsf] eljio pHHjn 5, g t pgLx¿s} . To;}n] /fli6«o bnx¿n] /fli6«otfk|lt uDeL/ ag]/ ;f]Rg}k5{ . ;a} /fli6«o bnx¿n] c¿ s'g} /fi6«sf] xfpefpdf grn]/ hgtfsf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfj Pj+ kl/l:ylt cg';f/ rNg] gLlt agfpg'k5{ . b]z / hgtfnfO{ ultzLn agfpg'k5{ . hgtfnfO{ cfˆg} v'§fdf pleg] / /fli6«otfnfO{ dfof ug]{ lsl;dsf] u'0ffTds lzIff lbg'k5{ . /fli6«o bnx¿n] b]z / hgtf;Fu gª / df;'sf] eGbf cem k|uf9 ;DaGw / ljZjf; /fVg] gLlt cjnDag ug'{k5{ / hgtfx¿nfO{ uf]naGb ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu /fli6«o bnx¿ Ps cfk;df b]z / hgtfsf] lxt s;/L x'G5 eGg] ljrf/n] cf]tk|f]t x'g' h?/L 5 .

– z]/axfb'/ a:g]t, x+zk'/–*, c3f{vfFrL

x:tIf]kd'Qm gLlt ckgfOg'k5{

cfhsf] kl/l:yltdf xfd|f] /fli6«otfnfO{ bLuf] / pRr /fVg] ljz]if lhDd]jf/L oxfFsf /fli6«o bnx¿sf] sfFwdf 5 . To;}n] oL bnx¿n] gLlh :jfy{eGbf /fli6«otfnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ 7fgL cd"No ;DklQ / ;Dkbfx?sf] a9\bf] t:s/LnfO{ /f]sL ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] 7f]; gLlt to ug'{k5{ . xfd|f] wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fdfly al9/x]sf] ljb]zL x:tIf]k /f]Sg'k5{ . b]zdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tx¿ ;w}+ /fi6«s} lxtdf pkef]u ug'{k5{ . xfd|f] b]z :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ePsf] x}l;otn] cfˆgf] /fli6«otfnfO{ arfO/fVg /fli6«o bnx¿n] ;'/Iffb]lv lnP/ x/]s If]qdf ljb]zL x:tIf]kd'Qm :jtGq gLlt cjnDag ug'{k5{ .

– b]j]Gb| kf]v/]n, O/f6f/–(, Onfd

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg

d'n'ssf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] hggL g} ;+ljwfg xf] . t;y{ 3';vf]/L, e|i6frf/L, gftfjfb, s[kfjfb h:tf ljBdfgk|lqmof /f]Sg / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+ljwfg d} ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ . lsgsL oL lj?4df cbfntdf d'2f nufpg ;+ljwfgn] Tolt k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5}g . oL s'/f d'n'saf6 g/f]lsPdf /fli6«otf aRg ;Sb}g . o;df bnx¿aLr ;xdlt x'g'k5{ . /fhg}lts bnx¿n] ;fFRrL g} b]zsf] uf}/j /fVg] gLlt agfpg rfxG5 eg] cfd u/La g]kfnL hgtfsf] ef]sf] k]6 / gfËf] lhp eg]{tkm{ ;xdltsf cfwf/df Ps dt hfx]/ ug}{k5{ .

– d'uf;]/ /fO{, a;fxf–!, pbok'/

kf/bzL{ gLlt x'g'k5{

/fi6«leq cfˆg} snfsf}zn, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;+:s[lt, efiff–e]ife"iff x'G5g\ . oL ;a} s'/f ;Dj4{g ug{ bnx¿ Psa4 eO{ nfUg'k5{ . bnsf g]tfx¿n] k|nf]eg Pj+ :jfy{ 5f8]/ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf lglDt h'6\g'k5{ . /fli6«o bnn] /fd|f] cfr/0faf6, c;n–kf/bzL{ gLlt ckgfO{ k|hftGq, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ;+;bLo k4ltsf cltl/Qm cGt/fli6«o sfg'gnfO{ a'em]/ Psh'6 eO{ ljsf;df h'6\g'k5{ .

– s]jn/fd k/fh'nL, d'lt{9'Ëf–^, b]p/fnL, wgs'6f, xfnM cf/=cf/=SofDk;, sf7df8f}+

cxdtfnfO{ TofUg' cfjZos

/fli6«o bnx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] bn bnut :jfy{df nflu/x]sf 5g\ . Jojxfl/s¿kdf /fd|f] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sbf /fli6«o bnx¿dfly ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfx¿n] ljZjf; ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . o; cljZjf;nfO{ x6fpg /fli6«o bnx¿n] cfkm"df ePsf ljs[ltnfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ lbzfdf lqmofzLn x'g'kb{5 . /fli6«otfsf ;Gbe{df bnut :jfy{nfO{ kG5fP/ Pss[t 9+un] sfd ug{ ;s]sf] v08df /fli6«o bnx¿ /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf ljZj;gLo aGg ;S5g\ . ;du|df /fhgLlts cxdtfnfO{ Tofu]/ ;Dk"0f{ /fli6«o bnx¿ /fli6«otfsf] laGb'df Psh'6 aGg ;Sg'k5{, ta dfq /fli6«otf ;a}sf] nflu jf:tljs cy{df uDeL/ aGg;S5 / ;'/lIft klg x'G5 .

– Pd= bfxfn, :gfts, sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+

cfˆgf] bfloTj a'em\g'k5{

/fli6«otfsf nflu /fli6«o bnn] t]/f] d]/f]sf] efjgf g/fvL xfdL–xfd|f] eGg] efjgfdf /xg'k5{ . /fli6«o bnsf] l;4fGt km/s–km/s eP klg /fi6« lgdf{0fdf Psh'6 eO{ nfUg'k¥of] . s'g} klg bnn] b]z ljsf;sf nflu ufpFsf u/La ljkGg hgtfsf] emf]k8Laf6} cl3 a9\g'k¥of] . ljsf; sfo{df ufpFnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' agfOg'k¥of] . lzIff /f]huf/d'vL agfOg' k¥of] . k|fljlws lzIffdf hf]8 lbOg'k¥of] . x/]s uf=lj=;= d} Ps k|fljlws lzIffno vf]lng'k¥of] . hn;|f]tsf] pkof]u / ljB'tsf] ljsNk vf]lhg'k¥of] . kf6L{–kf6L{df Pstfsf] efjgf x'g'k¥of] . ;a}n] d'n'sk|ltsf] cf–cfˆgf] bfloTj a'emL c;n sfof{Gjogdf Wofg lbg'k¥of] .

– x]d/fh kGt, aL=P8=, lhhf]8fdf08f}–*, h}gf]nL, 8f]6L, xfnM :o"rf6f/–@, sn+sL, sf7df8f}+

hgr]tgf a9fpg'k5{

/fli6«otf ;DaGwL lzIff, efiff, e]ife"iff, ;+:s[lt / wd{ cflbsf af/]df hgtf;fd' r]tgf k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ;a} bnx¿n] ldn]/ ljleGg hft–hfltsf] e]befj pGd'ng u/L Pp6} /fli6«o Pstfsf] /]vfd'lg a;fpg b[9;+sNksf ;fy nfUg'k5{ . ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;a} bn Ps h'6 eO{ hgtfnfO{ To;sf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] vfnsf gLlt clVtof/ ug'{k5{ .

– ys{dfg sfsL{, dx]Gb| /fqL df=lj=, lj/f6gu/–!@