Yuwamanch4(Yuwamanch Monthly)

xfd|f] jt{dfg lnlksf] k"j{¿k s] s:tf lyP <

s'g} klg efiffsf] cIf/sf] cfs[ltnfO{ lnlk elgG5 . xfd|f] g]kfnL efiffsf] lnlksf] gfd b]jgfu/L xf] . oxfF o; b]jgfu/L lnlk s;/L aGof], o;sf] k"jL{¿ksf] gfd s] lyof] . cyf{t\ b]jgfu/L lnlkn] s] s:tf] sn]j/Lo Oltxf; kf/ u/L jt{dfg :j¿k sfod u/]sf] xf], ltgLx¿sf] gfd / :j¿k s] s:tf lyP eGg] af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

ljåfgx¿n] b]jgfu/L lnlksf] k"j{¿k a|fXdL lnlk dfg]sf 5g\ . a|fXdL lnlksf] klg k"j{h vf]Hg] qmddf pgLx¿ ;}Gwj lnlk;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . cyf{t\ pgLx¿n] a|fXdL lnlknfO{ ;}Gwj lnlkdf cfwfl/t dfg]sf 5g\ . k|frLg lnlkdf lrqlnlk sLnfIf/ lnlk / l;Gw';Eotfsf] lnlksf] cl:tTj kfOG5 . l;Gw' ;Eotfsf k|d'v :ynx¿ df]xg hf]8\bf] / x8Kkf cflb :ynx¿sf] pTvggaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ k|frLg sfndf oL b'j} lnlkn] plQs} dxTj kfPsf] b]lvG5 . o:t} lnlk d];f]kf]6fldofdf klg kfOPsf]n] o;sf] ;DaGw d];f]kf]6fldof;Dd /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;}Gwj lnlk / sLnfIf/ lrq lnlkaLr s] s:tf] ;DaGw lyof] eGg] s'/fdf eg] c¿ cg';Gwfgsf] vfFrf] b]lvG5 .

l;Gw' lnlknfO{ g} ;}Gwj lnlk elgG5 . ;}Gwj lnlksf] a|fXdL lnlk / j]bdf cfPsf] k|s/0fx¿;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL a|fXdL lnlkaf6} ;+:s[t efiffsf] pTklQ ePsf] dflgG5 . l;Gw' lnlksf] cIf/ xhf/f}+ jif{sf] ofqfkl5 xfn j0ff{If/¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . oxfF lrq g+= Psdf ;}Gwj cIf/x¿af6 ag]sf] Ps cfs[ltnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;nfO{ kz'klt gfd lbOPsf] 5 . l;Gw' lnlkdf o; kz'kltsf] d's'08f]nfO{ lnlkdf k|ltsfTds¿kn] lnOPsf] 5 . l;Gw' lnlksf] cIf/ lrq g+= @ / # df klg b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;dWo] lrq g+= @ nfO{ j}lbs o'usf] o'k -cZjd]3 o1_ sf] k|tLs dflgPsf] 5 eg] lrq g+= # nfO{ l;Gw' lnlksf] ljz]if cIf/ dflgG5 .

lnlkljb 8f= /0fjL/ l;+x rf}xfgn] l;Gw' lnlkb]lv jt{dfg gu/L lnlk;Ddsf] qmdzM kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] :j¿knfO{ cfˆgf] l;Gw' ;Eotfsf] lnlk Pj+ p;sf] j0f{dfnfdf ;Dks{¿kn] b]vfpg] jf lrgfpg] k|of; ug'{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pgn] l;Gw' lnlksf] a|fXdL ;+:s[t tyf j}lbs cIf/df ;dfgtfsf] lrq0f klg u/]sf 5g\ . ;}Gwj lnlkn] cfˆgf] j0f{dfnfsf] ljsf; qmddf ;}Gwj lnlkb]lv ;+:s[t b]jgfu/L lnlk;Dd cfOk'Ubf abNb} cfPsf]¿knfO{ oxfF lrq g+= $ df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

8f= rf}xfg eG5g\ cfo{ ;+:s[ltsf ljåfgx¿n] l;Gw' lnlksf] cIf/x¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ j}lbs cfo{ ljåfgx¿n] ;}Gwj lnlksf] cIf/nfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf dfq xf]Og j]bdf l;Gw' ;Eotfsf] sYo–;TonfO{ klg :jLsfl/Psf] b]lvG5 . pgL eG5g\ –CUj]bsf] Crfx¿ l;Gw' n]vx¿d} cfwfl/t 5g\ . cfo{ hfltx¿ ;j{k|yd o;} l;Gw' If]qdf cfP/ a;]sf / j]bsf] /rgf klg o;} If]qdf ePsf] s'/fdf k|foM ;a} ljåfgsf] dt}sf kfOPsf]n] pgsf] egfO{ lgs} xb;Dd ;Totfsf] glhs /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

j0ff{If/sf]¿kdf ljBdfg ;}Gwj lnlk k9\g xfn Tolt ;Dej 5}g . t/ 8f= rf}xfgsf cg';f/ o; af/]df c¿ cg';Gwfg x'Fb} hfg] xf] / cg';Gwfgstf{n] gofF gofF Oltxf; hf]8\b} hfg] xf] eg] l;Gw' lnlksf] cIf/ cyf{t\ ;Gw}j lnlk :jo+ af]Ng yfNg] b]lvG5 . To;}n] xfnnfO{ yk cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] cfzf afx]s yk hfgsf/Lsf] cfzf ug'{ Joy{ b]lvG5 .

k|:t'tstf{ M uf]ljGb ;fksf]6f

u'nfa Ps hfgsf/L cg]s

km"n tkfO{+nfO{ slt dg k5{ < zfob km"n dg gkg]{ k|foM sf]xL x'Fb}gg\ . olt dfq km/s 5 s;}nfO{ s'g} km"n dg k5{ eg] s;}nfO{ cGo s'g} . To;}n] cfhef]ln ljleGg lsl;dsf km"nx¿sf] Jofj;flos¿kd} v]tL ug]{ / zx/ ahf/df km"nx¿sf] k;n yfKg] qmd j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 . km"n zx/–ahf/ tyf ufpF–kxf8 ;j{t v]tL ug]{ Pj+ ;+u|x ug]{ ul/G5 . lsgsL cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm km"n ;f}Gbo{ Pj+ ;hfj6sf] j:t' klg xf] . h] h;f] eP tfklg xfd|f] d'n'sdf km"nsf] Joj;foLs/0f z'? x'g yfn]sf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx¿df o;sf] Jofks k|bz{gL Pj+ /fd|f] ahf/ w]/} klxn]b]lv g} :yflkt x'Fb} cfPsfn] To;sf] l;sf] xfdLsxfF klg ul/+b}5, h'g cToGt /fd|f] sbd xf] . tkfO{+nfO{ yfxf 5 < ljZjdf kfOg] cglulGt km"ndWo] ;a}eGbf >]i7 km"n s'g xf]nf < xf], Tof] >]0fLsf] km"n xf], u'nfa, h;nfO{ …km"nx¿sf] /fhfÚ klg eGg] ul/G5 . of] km"n xfd|f] d'n'sdf klg oqtq kfOG5 / lgs} lk|o dflgG5 . ;j{q nf]slk|o ePsf] u'nfa km"n ;f}Gbo{, zflGt, ljZjf; / k]|dsf] k|tLs dflgG5 h'g cf}ifwLo u'0fx¿n] klg el/k"0f{ 5 . oxfF o;} km"nsf ;DaGwdf o;sf] pTklQ, la:tf/, k|sf/, cf}ifwLo u'0f / cGo ljljw kIfaf/] hfgsf/L lncf}+ .

ljZjsf s}of}+ d'n'sx¿df o; km"nsf af/] ljleGg lsl;dn] rrf{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . cyf{t\ ljleGg lsl;dsf km"nx¿aLr Ps dfq of] u'nfa km"nn] cfˆgf] rrf{ pRr :yfgdf /fv]sf] 5 . lsgsL o; km"nsf] cfˆg} Oltxf; 5 / of] s;}nfO{ lrgfpg k|tLs aGg klg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . To;}n] xf]nf o;nfO{ km"nx¿sf] /fhf cyf{t ;j{>]i7 km"nsf]¿kdf dfGg] ul/G5 . o;f] x'g'sf cGo sf/0fx¿ klg 5g\ – h:t} 7"nf], ;a}nfO{ dgkg]{ uf9f /ftf], sf]dn, ;'ulGwt af]6sf sfF9fx¿aLr kmqmg] cfˆg} ;'/Iffn] cf]tkf]t / cglulGt cf}ifwLo u'0fx¿n] el/k"0f{ . h]xf];\, u'nfa km"n olts} ;j{>]i7 dflgPsf] xf]Og, w]/} u'0fx¿n] kl/k"0f{ ePsfn] g} of] ljZjd} nf]slk|o aGg ;kmn ePsf] xf] . clg ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx¿sf] snf, ;+uLt / ;flxTosf If]qdf ;d]t o;sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

pTklQ Pj+ lj:tf/M– s;}nfO{ k]|dsf] k|:tfj /fVg z'?d} k|of]u ul/g] u'nfa ;fFRr} ;f}Gbo{sf cltl/Qm k]|ds} k|tLs dflgG5 . To:t} 7"n–7"nf /fgLlt1, slj, bfz{lgs cflbnfO{ lrgfpg] u/L oL aLr zflGt / ljZjf;sf] cr's k|tLssf] ¿kdf o;nfO{ lnOg] ul/G5 . tkfO{+ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5, o:tf] ;j{>]i7 km"nsf] pTklQ slxn]b]lv eof] xf]nf < cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf] lgrf]8 cg';f/ o;sf] pTklQ Plsg ;fy eGg g;lsP klg cfheGbf s/La tLg s/f]8 jif{ klxn] klg u'nfa km"n k[YjLdf kfOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] pTklQ ;DaGwdf cGo k|df0fx¿ ge]l6P;Dd o;sf] pTklQ o;} cjlwnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . O;f !^)) jif{k"j{ u|Ls dxnx¿df / ld;|sf] lk/fld8x¿df u'nfa km"nsf] t:aL/ lrlqt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;} cg'¿k o;sf] la:tf/ klg u|Ls / ld;| b]zx¿af6 qmdzM cGo d'n'sx¿df x'g k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . hflgkmsf/x¿sf egfO cg';f/ tTsflng kmf/;af6 ef/t / ToxfFaf6 g]kfndf o; km"nsf] la:tf/ ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .

ljleGg /+u Pj+ k|sf/M– ;Ll/ofsf] /fhwfgL, bldZsdf ;a}eGbf rdsbf/ Pj+ nf]enfUbf] ;'ulGwt u'nfasf] km"n kfOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] u'nfa km"nnfO{ …bldZs u'nfaÚ eGg] ul/G5 . o;} k|sf/sf] u'nfa km"naf6 ;j{>]i7 …;]G6Ú / …u'nfa hnÚ agfOg] ul/G5, h'g tkfO{+ xfdLn] ahf/df b]v]sf klg 5f}+ xf]nf . d'un afbzfx¿df u'nfa hn / ;]G6 k|of]u ug]{ k|rng lyof] .

ljZjdf s/La b'O{ xhf/ k|sf/sf u'nfa km"nx¿ kfOg] u/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] ef/t tyf g]kfndf s/La b'O{ ;o eGbf clws ljleGg /+u Pj+ k|sf/df oL km"n pknAw 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf cem} km"nx¿sf] v]tL ug]{ tyf ;+u|x ug]{ h:tf] Joj;foLs/0f x'g g;s]sfn] o;sf] k|sf/ ;DaGwdf k|i6 Plsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

u'nfa km"ndf k|d'v k|z+;sM– u|Ls / ld> b]zsf afbzfxx¿ u'nfa km"nsf ˆofg Pj+ k|z+;s lyP . To;}n] ToxfFsf 7"n–7"nf dxn Pj+ lk/fld8x¿df pgLx¿n] u'nfa km"nsf t:jL/x¿ agfpg nufPsf lyP, h'g ToxfF oBlk b]Vgdf kfOG5 . To:t} d'un afbzfxx¿ klg u'nfasf lgs} k|z+;s lyP . afbzfx hxfFuL/n] u'nfanfO{ lgs} dg k/fpFy] . pgsf] a]ud g/hxfFsf] nflu klg u'nfa km"nsf] zf]s lyof] . To;}n] u'nfaaf6 ToxfF ag]sf] ;]G6nfO{ ToxfF …Oq–hxfFlu/LÚ sf] gfkåf/f g} k'sfl/g yflnof] .

u'nfa km"nsfk|lt ef/tLo jl/i7 /fhgLlt1 k+= hjfx/nfn g]x?hLsf] klg lgs} k]|d lyof] . To;}n] pgn] otfptf lx+88'n ubf{ klg sf]6sf] cufl8sf] uf]hLdf u'nfa km"n /fv]/ lx+8\y] . pgsf] u'nfak|lt cToGt k]|d ePsf sf/0f ToxfF Ps lsl;dsf] u'nfanfO{ …k+l8t g]x?Ú gfd /flvPsf] lyof] .

u'nfa km"nsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngM– tkfO{+nfO{ cfZro{ nfUnf o; km"nsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] s'/f ubf{ . t/ ;do ;do0df o;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(&! df tTsflng Go"hLn;8df u'nfa km"n;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] / k|bz{g klg ul/Psf] lyof] . To;a]nf !! j6f d'n'sx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP . To;a]nfb]lv k|To]s b'O{÷b'O{ jif{df o; lsl;dsf] ;Dd]ng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(&% df zflGt …kL;Ú u'nfa / ;g\ !(&( df …Plnhfj]yÚ gfds u'nfanfO{ …ljZjs} ;a}eGbf lk|o u'nfaÚ sf¿kdf k'/:s[t klg ul/Psf] lyof] .

cf}ifwLo u'0fM– km"nx¿s} /fhf dflgg] u'nfa km"ndf le6fldg …;LÚ k|ofKt dfqfdf kfOG5 . tfhf u'nfa km"nsf] /;n] sfg b'v]sf] lgsf] x'G5 . b'O{ rDrf u'nfahn b"w tyf kfgLdf ldnfO{ ;'Tg] a]nfdf ;]jg u/]df k]6 ;kmf x'G5 . lkQsf] /f]uePdf rGbgsf] t]ndf u'nfa /; ldnfP/ dfln; ubf{ 7Ls x'G5 . To:t} x}hf nfu]df cfwf sk u'nfa hndf sfutLsf] /; / ld>L ldnfO{ tLg 306fsf] km/sdf ;]jg ubf{ /fdaf0fsf] sfd u5{ .

o;af6 cTolws udL{ Pj+ hng, slAhot cTolws Kof;, lkQ, aft cflb /f]ux¿df kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf] ;j{t agfO{ ;]jg u/]df dl:tis /f]u, x[bo /f]u cflb lgsf] x'g'sf ;fy} zlQm / zLtntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . dn]l/of tyf …n"Ú nfu]df klg lr;f] kfgLdf u'nfa hn ldnfP/ lgwf/df k§L /fVbf sd u5{ eg] /ut aUg] l:yltdf klg u'nfasf] k|of]un] kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . ePg t sdfn, cf}ifwLo u'0fn] ;d]t el/k"0f{ u'nfa .

– uf]df cof{n

s]xL oGqsf pkf;gfsf] kmn

oGqsf] dxTjsf] j0f{g k|foM ;a} zf:q, k'/f0f / :d[lt u|Gyx¿df kfOG5 . pkf;gfsf] If]qdf hksf] nflu dGqsf] hlt cfjZostf x'G5 Tolts} cfjZostf k"hfsf] nflu oGqsf] kb{5 . oGq Oi6b]jtfsf] k|tLsfTds d"lt{ :j¿k dflgG5 . zf:qfsf/x?sf cg';f/ dGq hksf] k"0f{tfsf] nflu oGqsf] pkf;gf lgtfGt cfjZostf kb{5 . oGq eg]sf] /]vf laGb'sf] ;dGjo¿k xf] . /]vf / laGb'af6} ;[li6sf] pTklQ / lj:tf/ ;Dej ePsf] 5 . To;}n] oGqnfO{ ;[li6sf] ;dGjo :j¿k dflgG5 . oxfF s]xL oGqsf] :j¿k / To;sf] dxTjsf] hfgsf/L k|:t't 5 .

>LoGqM– of] oGq lzj kfa{tLsf] k"0f{ lju|x dflgG5 . o; oGqsf] clwi7ft[b]jL nlntf, dxflqk'/ ;'Gb/L b]jL xf] . o; rqmsf] ljsf; ;j{ cfgGbdo gfds laGb'af6 ePsf] 5 . o;sf] aLrdf lzj / zlQmsf] lgjf; /x]sf] dflgG5 . of] oGq k"hg / wf/0f ug{sf] nflu xf] . o; oGqsf] pkf;gfaf6 >Lj[l4 / nIdLsf] s[kfk|fKt x'g] ljZjf; 5 . o;sf] bz{g dfqaf6 klg cg]s o1 u/]sf] kmn k|fKt x'g] dflgG5 .

dxfd[To'Gho oGqM– d[To'–eo, k|f0f 3fts ;+s6, cg]s lsl;dsf] ladf/L / dxfdf/L lgjf/0f ug{sf] nflu o; oGqsf] pkf;gf ul/G5 . d'2f dfldnfdf ljho kfpg / u|xjfwf lgjf/0f cflbsf] nflu klg o; oGqsf] pkf;gf kmnbfos dflgPsf] 5 .

e}/j oGqM– e}/j lj£g ljgfzs b]jtf dflgG5g\ . olb cg]s k|of; ubf{ klg lj£gk/L s'g} sfo{ l;4 x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf o; oGqsf] k"hf ugf{n] ;a} lj£g zfGt eO{ sfo{ l;4 x'g k'Ub5 .

aunfd'vL oGqM– aunfd'vL !) dxfljBfdf Ps dflglG5g\ . o; oGqnfO{ k|f0f k|lti7f u/L wf/0f ugf{n] aunfd'vL v';L eO{ ;fwssf] cWoflTds pGglt / d'2fdfldnfdf ljho k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 .

;"o{ oGqM– ;+;f/ ;"o{af6} k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;"o{sf] pkf;gfaf6 ;a} /f]u lgsf] x'g] s'/f zf:qdf atfOPsf] 5 . ;"o{sf] pkf;gfaf6 s[i0fsf 5f]/f zfDjsf] s'i6 /f]u klg lgsf] ePsf] lyof] . ljz]if u/L ;"o{ oGqsf] pkf;gf /f]u lgjf/0fs} nflu ul/G5 . o;sf] wf/0f ug]{ k|fjwfg klg 5 . ;"o{ oGqsf] pkf;gfaf6 dflg;sf] ;a} /f]u lgsf] eO{ JolQmTj klg t]h:jL / ph{:jL aGb5 .

l5Ggd:tf oGq M– ;DkGgtf, ;Gtfg k|flKt / ljBf k|flKtsf] nflu l5Ggd:tf oGq / l5Ggd:tf b]jLsf] pkf;gf cr's cf}ifwL dflgPsf] 5 . b]jL l5Ggd:tfnfO{ k|r08 rl08sf klg elgG5 . ljZj;f/ / ?b|ofdndf l5Ggd:tfsf] j0f{g lj:t[t¿kn] ePsf] 5 . l5Ggd:tf oGqsf] lgdf{0f lqsf]0f, tLgj[Q / dWojtL{ If]qdf tLg csf]{ j[Q clg aflx/L If]qdf ci6bn / cGtdf e"k'/af6 x'G5 . l5Ggd:tfsf] dGqhk ubf{ o; oGqnfO{ cufl8 /fv]/ k"hf ug'{kg]{ ljwfg 5 .

k|:t'lt M t'n;L l/dfn

g]kfnL hfltdf efjf] zAbn] s;nfO{ a'emfpF5 <

dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf cGtu{tsf nlntk'/df wfld{s ;+/If0fsf] lgldQ kfOg] Ps yl/ hghfltdf efjf] gfdsf] kl/jf/sf] cl:tTj kfOG5 . efjf] s'g hghfltdf s]lGb|t / cfl>t tyf cg'zfl;t 5 eGg] s'/f] ef/f] gfdsf] Oltxf;af6 b]lvG5 . a|fXd0f, hf]zL tyf cGo hhdfgsf] wfld{s sfo{df /xg] hghfltnfO{ b}j1, /fhf jf ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L lng]x¿nfO{ ef/f] eg] h:t} kf6L, kf}jf, Ogf/, s'jf, dlGb/ OToflbsf] ;+/If0f / ;]jf ug]{x¿nfO{ efjf] eg]sf] k|df0f sltko clen]vaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 .

efjf]sf] cy{ pkTosfsf] k|rlnt efiffaf6 k|i6 ug{ ;lhnf] 5}g . tfklg :yfg ljz]ifsf] hflt ljz]ifaf6 ef/f];Fu efjf]sf] sfd k|i6 b]lvg cfPsf]n] efjf] s]jn ls;fg ju{df dfq s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ls;fg ju{df klg 8+uf]n, dxh{g, t08'sf/ cflb hftsf dflg; 5g\ . To;}n] s'g hftnfO{ efjf] eg]sf x'g\ To;sf] k|df0f k|i6 kfOb}g . t}klg efnf] t08'sf/nfO{ eg] em}+ wfld{s sfo{df nfu]sf k|zf;lgs wd{ ;+/If0f ug]{ ju{df k/]sf ls;fg ju{nfO{ efjf] eg]sf] ts{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . sltko clen]vdf efjf] / efjsf] gfd kfOPsf 5g\ . oxfF efj / efjf]nfO{ Ps} bhf{df /flvP tfklg clen]vdf k|i6 ePsf] efj / efjf] a]Un} s"ndf k/]sf] b]lvG5 . nlntk'/ gu/ aflx/sf sltko ufpFdf wfld{s ;+/If0f / k|lti7fgdf ls;fg ju{nfO{ efjf]sf] gfd lbPsf] d]l6g;Sg' tYosf] k|df0f sLlt{k'/sf] dWosfnLg clen]vdf kfOG5 . jf:tjdf efjf]sf] gfdfs/0f hft ljz]ifdf gkl/sg wfld{s sfo{ ljz]ifdf k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

– s]=aL= pbo

g]kfndf af]lng] efiff sxfF s'g a9L <

g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx¿sf] ;+Vof *) eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . oL efiffx¿ d'VotM $ efiff kl/jf/ cGtu{t kb{5g\ h'g ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/, ef]6 ad]{nL kl/jf/, b|lj8 kl/jf/ / cfUg]o kl/jf/df kb{5g\ . ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/ cGtu{t !* eGbf a9L, ef]6 ad]{nL kl/jf/ cGtu{t %* eGbf a9L / b|lj8 tyf cfUg]o kl/jf/ cGtu{tsf !! efiff /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF o;} af/] s]xL hfgsf/L u/f}+ .

ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/ cGtu{t af]lng] d'Vo efiffx¿ M g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf?, cjwL, pb"{, lxGbL, /fhj+zL, a+ufnL, bg'jf/, df/jf8L, dfemL, duxL, b/fO{, c+u]|hL, s'dfn, af]]6], r'/f}6] cflb .

ef]6 ad]{nL kl/jf/ cGtu{t af]lng] d'Vo efiffx¿ M tfdfª, g]jf/L, /fO{, du/, lnDa', u'?ª, z]kf{, r]kfª, lwdfn, yfdL, ysfnL, lh/]n, /fhL, Jof;L, ;'g'jf/, nfKr], d]r], kx/L, xfo" cflb .

cfUg]o kl/jf/ cGtu{t af]lng] d'Vo efiff M ;Gyfn -;tf/_

b|lj8 kl/jf/ cGtu{t af]lng] d'Vo efiff M emfFu8 .

oL efiffx¿ dWo] g]kfnL efiff af]Ng]x¿sf] ;+Vof cTolws /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)$* cg';f/ ljleGg lhNnfdf hg;+Vofsf] b[li6n] af]lng] k|yd efiffsf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL efiff M of] efiff %$ lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ M tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, Onfd, emfkf, ;+v'jf;ef, t]¥xy'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, df]/ª, ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'+uf, vf]6fª, pbok'/, bf]nvf, l;Gw'nL, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /fd]5fk, sfe]|, sf7df8f}+, g'jfsf]6, wflbª, nDh'ª, uf]vf{, :ofª\hf, sf:sL, kj{t, DofUbL, tgx"F, afUn'ª, kfNkf, u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, ?s'd, /f]Nkf, Ko"7fg, ;'v]{t, ;Nofg, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, d'u', 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf, bfr'{nf, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, afh'/f, aemfª, c5fd, 8f]6L, 88]Nw'/f, bfª, gjnk/f;L, lrtjg, s~rgk'/ .

d}lynL M of] efiff * lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ M ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, dxf]Q/L, wg'iff, ;nf{xL, af/f, k;f{ .

ef]hk'/L M of] efiff @ lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ M ¿kGb]xL / /f}tx6 .

tfdfª M of] efiff @ lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ M dsjfgk'/ / /;'jf .

g]jf/L M of] efiff @ lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf a]lnG5 . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ M eQmk'/ / nlntk'/ .

cjlw M of] efiff @ lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ M afFs] / slknj:t' .

yf? M of] efiff @ lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ M alb{of / s}nfnL

u'?ª M of] efiff ! lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . of] lhNnf xf] – dgfª .

z]kf{ efiff M of] efiff klg Pp6f lhNnfdf k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 . of] lhNnf d':tfª xf] .

:yfgLo efiff M of] :yfgLo g]kfnL efiff a}t8L lhNnfdf dfq k|yd :yfgdf af]lnG5 .

o:t} !* lhNnfx¿df g]kfnL efiff af]Ng] hg;+Vof bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] :yfgdf g]kfnL efiff af]lng] lhNnfx¿df /;'jf, dgfª, d':tfª, nlntk'/, eQmk'/, dsjfgk'/, a}t8L, ;'g;/L, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, af/f, k;f{, afFs], ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t', alb{of / s}nfnL kb{5g\ . o:t} # lhNnfx¿df g]kfnL efiff af]Ng] hg;+Vof t];|f] :yfgdf 5g\ . oL lhNnfx¿ x'g\ /f}tx6, l;/fxf / ;Kt/L .

@)$* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfndf af]lng] efiffsf] qmd

efiff jQmf k|ltzt efiff kl/jf/

g]kfnL (#,)@,**) %#=@@ ef/f]k]nL

d}lynL @!,(!,()) !!=*# ef/f]k]nL

ef]hk'/L !#,&(,&!& ^=^) ef/f]k]nL

yf? *,&#,&$) $=*% ef/f]k]nL

tfdfª *,)$,$%^ $=^^ ef]6 ad]{nL

g]jf/L ^,(),))& #=$% ef]6 ad]{nL

du/ $,#),@^$ @=@$ ef]6 ad]{nL

/fO{ ls/ft #,#(,#!@ !=($ ef]6 ad]{nL

cjwL #,)(,$$) !=&@ ef/f]k]nL

lnDa" @,%$,)## !=#! ef]6 ad]{nL

u'?ª @,@&,(!* !=!$ ef]6 ad]{nL

pb"{ @,)@,@)* !=)$ ef/f]k]nL

– u]x gfy uf}td

g]kfnsf k|d'v wfld{s :yn M s'g sxfF <

kflye/f tfKn]h'ª

dfOkf]v/L Onfd

;efkf]v/L lxdbx ;+v'jf;ef

sGsfOdfO{ emfkf

sflnsf:yfg df]/ª

l5Gtfª wgs'6f

a'9f;'Aaf ;'g;/L

s[i0f dlGb/ nlntk'/

sGsfO{dfO{ af/f

ljGWojfl;gL eujtL k;f{

b]j3f6 lrtjg

s]/fk af]d bf]h]{ dgfª

ljGbjfl;gL sf:sL

5fAbLa/fx tgx"F

s]jn]Zj/ /fd]5fk

eLd]Zj/ bf]nvf

kQf/ kf]v/L l;/fxf

xn];L dxfb]j:yfg vf]6fª

sf8s8]gL dlGb/ cf]vn9'Ëf

rGb|efuf eujtL ;Kt/L

6]ªaf]5] u'Daf ;f]n'v'Da'

rfFu'gf/fo0f eQmk'/

;"o{ljgfos eQmk'/

bQfq]o dlGb/ eQmk'/

u'XoZj/L sf7df8f}+

af}4 sf7df8f}+

a'9flgns07 sf7df8f}+

kz'klt sf7df8f}+

a]nf}/L s~rgk'/

b]jnxf6 dlGb/ a}t8L

dflnsfh'{g bfr'{nf

dflnsf:yfg 8f]6L

a8fafafsf] dlGb/ s}nfnL

dflnsfb]jL afh'/f

;'df{ ;/f]j/ aemfª

:ju{åf/L Ko'7fg

v}/fjfª ;Nofg

rf}3]/f bfª

7fs'/åf/f alb{of

afu]Zj/L afFs]

nf6Lsf]OnL dlGb/ ;'v]{t

k}s hfh/sf]6

sdnfdfO{:yfg l;Gw'nL

/hjf lzjfno ;nf{xL

hfgsL dlGb/ wg'iff

uf];fO{s'08 /;'jf

hnhnfw'/L /f]Nkf

b]jL:yfg afUn'ª

un]Zj/ DofUbL

d'lQmgfy d':tfª

kfNkf e}/j:yfg kfNkf

lz/:yfg b}n]v

lqk'/f;'Gb/L 8f]Nkf

rGbggfy h'Dnf

vfk'{gfy x'Dnf

a8L dflnsf:yfg sflnsfsf]6

5fª\5fª\bL :ofª\hf

dgsfdgf uf]/vf

sflnsfb]jL ndh'ª

lqj]0fL gjnk/f;L

dfofb]jLsf] dlGb/ ¿kGb]xL

lzju9L slknj:t'

l/8L u'NdL

d}bL wflbª

b]jL3f6 g'jfsf]6

knf~rf]s eujtL sfe]|

tf}ynLdfO{ l;Gw'kfNrf]s

;+sns M ldng ltldlN;gf

5l/P/ /x]sf cGo dlGb/ tyf tLy{:yn

lhNnf dlGb/ Pj+ tLy{:yn

emfkf ;tf;Lwfd

Onfd af}4wfd, dfO{:yfg, kflye/f

kfFry/ l;+xb]jL, u'Kt]Zj/ dxfb]j

df]/ª lj/f6sfnL

t]x«y'd l;+xjflxgL

;+v'jf;ef l;4sfnL, dgsfdgf

ef]hk'/ l;+xsfnL

l;/xf ;nx]z dlGb/

;Kt/L l5Ggd:tf eujtL

pbok'/ rf}b08Lb]jL

cf]vn9'+uf rDkfb]jL

dxf]Q/L hn]Zj/ dxfb]j

;nf{xL /fHjf lzjfno

l;Gw'nL s'z]Zj/ dxfb]j

/fd]5fk s]jn]Zj/

dsjfgk'/ eLd;]g

af/f u9LdfO{

l;Gw'kfNrf]s nfs]{Xjfª

g'jfsf]6 e}/jL dlGb/

/;'jf uf];fO{+s'08

wflbª u'Kt]Zj/ dxfb]j

uf]/vf uf]/vgfy

ndh'ª sflnsf

tgx"F 8f]/a/fx

:ofª\hf cfndb]jL

dgfª 5]s u'Daf

d':tfª d'lQmgfy

kj{t u'Kt]Zj/ / df]lba]gL

afUn'ª sflndlGb/

u'NdL z[Ëf / /];'Ëfsf dlGb/x¿

kfNkf Clifs]z

slknj:t' tf}n]Zj/ dxfb]j

c3f{vfFrL eujtL

Ko'7fg :ju{åf/L

/f]Nkf afh'a/fx

?s'd sfnLsfb]jL

;Nofg ;Nofg eujtL

bfª rf}3]/f dfO{

afFs] afuLZj/L

alb{of ltdsf]l9of

;'v]{t b]pltaHo} sfFqm]laxf/

b}n]v kfFrtLy{ / Hjfnfb]jL

hfh/sf]6 d:tf dlGb/

d'u' sflnsf dflnsf u9L

x'Dnf af8kfn] xfNhL af}4 u'Daf

afh'/f a9LdfnLsf eujtL

aemfª /fd dlGb/

c5fd j/bfb]jL ufh/f

8f]6L z}n]Zj/L dlGb/

s}nfnL lzjhL dlGb/

s~rgk'/ l;l4afaf Hjfnfb]jL

88]nw'/f pu|tf/fb]jL

a}t8L huGgfy dlGb/

bfr'{nf tkf]jg

eQmk'/ Goftkf]n, tn]h' ejfgL

nlntk'/ s[i0fdlGb/, af}4ljxf/

sfnLsf]6 lqk'/f;'Gb/L b]jL

/f}txt lzjhL dlGb/

;+sns M k]|dk|;fb 9'+ufgf

hfgL /fv] a]kmfObf 5}g

– lj=;+= !(!& df g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ef/tdf zf;g ul//x]sf c+u]|h zf;s lj?4 ef/tLo hgtfn] rnfPsf] cfGbf]ng bafpg c+u]|hsf] ;xof]usf nflu g]kfnL ;]jf k7fPsf lyP . ;f] afkt c+u]|h ;/sf/ v'zL eO{ xfnsf] afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ g]kfnnfO{ lkmtf{ lbP . h;nfO{ gofF d'n's elgG5 .

– g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] If]qkmn ePsf] lhNnf 8f]Nkf xf] eg] ;fgf] lhNnf eQmk'/ xf] . To:t} 7"nf] c+rn s0ff{nL xf] eg] ;fgf] c+rn dxfsfnL xf] . o;}u/L 7"nf] ljsf; IF]q dWodf~rn / ;fgf] ljsf; If]q ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn xf] .

– ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr :yfgdf /x]sf] j}1flgs k|of]uzfnf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] nf]a'r] eGg] 7fpFdf 5 . h;sf] gfpF lk/fld8 /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf] prfO{ %)%) dL= 5 .

– g]kfnsf] sfG5f] lhNnf eGgfn] sflnsf]6nfO{ hgfpF5 . of] lhNnfnfO{ @)#@ ;fn cl3 ltlj|sf]6 lhNnf elgGYof] .

– @))& ;fn cufl8 g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw $ b]z;Fu dfq lyof] . tL b]zx¿ lyP M a]nfot, ef/t, cd]l/sf / k|mfG; .

– sf]tkj{df ;j{k|yd dfl/g] JolQm cledfg l;+x a:g]t x'g\ eg] e08f/vfn kj{df ;j{k|yd dfl/g] JolQm jL/Wjh x'g\ .

– g]kfnsf] klxnf] b}lgs klqsf cfjfh xf], h;sf ;Dkfbs l;l4r/0f >]i7 lyP .

– g]kfnsf] klxnf] ljdfg b'3{6gf @)!& ;fn sflQs @) ut] e}/xjf ljdfg:yndf ePsf] lyof] . p8fg ug{ nfUbf cfunfuL eO{ k"/} gi6 ePsf] cf/= Pg= P= ;L= sf] ;f] ljdfgdf /x]sf $ hgf JolQmx¿sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] .

– /fj0fn] ;Ltf x/0f u/]sf] :yfg k~rj6L xf] eg] e/tn] rf}w jif{;Dd a;]/ /fHo u/]sf] 7fpF gGbL u|fd xf] .

– g]kfnsf] v]ns'bsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b'MvbfoL b'3{6gf lj=;+= @)$$ ;fn kmfu'g #) ut] sf7df8f}+l:yt bz/y /+uzfnfdf 36\g k'Uof] . pQm lbg g]kfnsf] hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf / a+unfb]zsf] d'lQmof]4f l6daLr lqe'jg Rofln8zLn km'6ansf] kmfOgn v]n ;DkGg x'g nflu/x]sf] lyof] . To;}a]nf cs:dft x'/Latf; ;lxtsf] cl;gf–kfgL kgf{n] bz{sx¿ efufefu x'Fbf eL8df s'lNrP/ &) hgfsf] d[To' / !)) hgfeGbf a9L 3fOt] ePsf lyP .

– a]nfotsf ;}lgs zf;s cf]lne/ qmdj]nnfO{ d[To'kl5 klg em08\ofOPsf] lyof] .

– n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifsf] k|tLs lrGx agfpg] JolQm ljho kmsf{;] x'g\ eg] ;fs{sf] k|tLs lrGx z}n]Gb| dxh{gn] agfPsf lyP .

– ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df ;aeGbf nfdf] efiff0f lbg] JolQm So'afsf /fi6«klt lkm8]n Sof:6«f] x'g\ . pgn] $ 306f !( ldg]6;Dd efif0f lbPsf lyP .

– hLjg sf]O/fnf …/l;sÚ

ljZjsf s]xL pb]s nfUbf tYo

– ;f]¥xf}+ ztfAbLdf :k]gdf lzsf/L s's'/x¿nfO{ l:6nsf] n'uf -sjr_ nufOlbg] ul/GYof] .

– ;fg dfl/gf] gfds b]zsf] ;+:yfks Dofl/g;n] cfˆgf] v]ndf xnf] hf]Tg] uwf dfl/lbPsf] l/;df efn'nfO{ ;dft]/ uwfsf] 7fpFdf sfd ug{ afWo kf/]sf lyP .

– So"jfsf uf]tfvf]/x¿n] ;g\ !(%@ df O6flnog g];gn c08/ ;L PS;k]l8;gsf] a]nf nfn;fu/sf] ;txaf6 !)) lkm6 tn Ps em'Kkf k/]sf] emf8LnfO{ /+lug aQLx¿ afn]/ /fd|f];Fu ;hfP/ lqm;d; dgfPsf lyP .

– l6«kf]nLsf ;'Ntfg OAg cdL Od/fgn] Ps ljgd| afbzfxsf ¿kdf cfˆgf k|hfx¿sf] dg lhTgsf nflu @) jif{;Dd cfˆgf] /fHoe/L kmNg] kmnkm"n / t/sf/Lx¿ ahf/df nu]/ cfkm} a]Rg] u/]sf lyP .

– u/gf8{ gfds df5f kfgLdf h'g ultdf kf}l8g ;S5 ToxL ultdf hdLgdf lx+8\g / xfjfdf p8\g klg ;S5 .

– k|mfG;sf] Ps kl/ToSt kmf]xf]/fnfO{ sf]xL klg pkof]u ub}{gg\ lsgeg] ToxfF k|rlnt ljZjf; cg';f/ h;n] To; kmf]xf]/fsf] kfgL lkpF5 Tof] dflg; kfun x'G5 .

– clk|msfsf] h+undf @# k6s;Dd ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{ Ps l;+xnfO{ Ps lbg Pp6f JolQmn] pQm l;+xsf] d'vleq;Dd cfˆgf] Ps d'8\sL k;fP/ pQm l;+xnfO{ df/]sf] lyof] .

– cd]l/sfsf] jflzª6g l8=;L=sf cf7 dlxnfx¿n] blIf0f 8sf]6f /fHosf] :yfkgf ePsf] !)) cf}+ jif{ dgfpFbf o:tf] kf]zfs nufPsf lyP ls pgLx¿ Pp6} nfOgdf ple+bf cd]l/sfsf] em08fsf] :j¿k aGYof] .

– hd{gLsf Ps ef/Qf]ns d}S; h;sf] jhg !$& kfp08 dfq lyof] . t/ pgn] cfˆgf] jhgeGbf $) kfp08 a9L ePsf] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ Ps xftn] !^ k6s;Dd cfˆgf] 6fpsf]eGbf dfly p7fPsf lyP / pgsf] csf]{ xftdf lao/n] el/Psf] lunf; lyof] . pgn] o;/L dflg; prfNbf Ps yf]kf lao/ klg kf]v]sf lyPgg\ .

– O6nLsf] Ps k'/fgf] dlGb/sf] af/]df Pp6f o:tf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5, h'g dlGb/df h;n] Ps /ft latfpF5 p;sf] vf]sL lgsf] x'G5 .

– pQ/L yfONof08df a;f]af; ug]{ cfFsf gfds hghfltsf dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf] ljjfxsf] ;dodf Pp6f d's'6 wf/0f ub{5g\ . pQm d's'6 pgLx¿ dlxgfdf Psk6s skfn ldnfpg] a]nfdf dfq lemSg] u5{g\ . pQm d's'6 pgLx¿ d/]kl5 nf; ;Fu;Fu} ufl8g] ul/G5 .

– o'uf]:nfleofsf] UoflnSoflgs If]qdf l6sf6fnf] ePb]lv ljjfx gx'Fbf;Dd b'nxLn] cfˆgf] b'nfxfsf] cg'xf/ x]bf{ Ps lsl;dsf] ljjfx d'b|fsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ .

– ;g\ !(!% df g]e]bfsf] ˆofNof08 gfds 7fpFdf /x]sf] PnkmfNkmf gfds b/af/sf] k|f+u0fdf /fli6«o d]nfsf] nflu s[lif k|bz{gL d08k ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ %$ 6g ;'s]sf] 3fF; nfu]sf] lyof] .

– h]g]ef, :JL6\h/Nof08sf lko/] dfpof]gn] !& v08df k|sflzt k]|mGr Og;fOSnf]k]l8ofsf] ;a} Ps s/f]8 *) nfv zAbx¿ s07 u/]sf lyP .

– /f]dsf] afbzfx cfF/]lnofg;sf] b/af/sf Ps clwsf/L km}uf]g afbzfxsf] pkl:yltdf Ps k6sdf Ps Ps j6f ;'Fu'/, e+]8f, ;oj6f /f]6L / Ps £ofDkf] /S;L lkpg ;Sy] .

– dWo clk|msL b]z s+uf]sf] jfs'jf hghfltsf d'lvofn] rf8af8sf] a]nf nufpg] Ps lsl;dsf] n'ufsf] jhg em08} !)) lsnf] x'GYof] .

– pNn' afFb/ gfds hgfj/ lbge/ ;'T5 / /ftL vfgf vfg] / kfgL lkpg] ub{5 .

– k|mfG;sf] Oltxf;df /fhf n'O gjf}+ Ps dfq To:tf zf;s lyP, h;sf] hLjge/ kfng kf]if0f pgsL cfdfn] u/]sL lyOg\ .

– dgf]h rfln;], eQmk'/