cfo'j]{b g]kfndf dfq geO{ Pl;of dxfåLkdf g} k/fk"j{sfnb]lvs} k|efjsf/L Pj+ pkof]uL k/Dk/fut z}nLsf] lrlsT;f k4ltsf]¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfo'j]{bdf cfˆg} df}lns bz{g, lrGtg, ljrf/wf/f Pj+ /f]u lgbfg ug]{ k4lt 5 . cfo'j]{b hLjg lj1fgsf] k|d'v zf:q klg xf] . of] k4ltn] hLjgsf] gLlt dflgPsf] wfld{s, bfz{lgs, j}1flgs nufotsf cGo;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . cfo'j]{b ;+;f/s} k|frLg zf:q dflgPsf] j]bs} cË dflgPsf] s'/f j}lbs zf:qdf pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

dfgj ;dfhsf] ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, wd{sf ;fy} b}lgs hLjg ofkgdf ;d]t ;xefuL /xL :j:y /xg k]|l/t ug]{ cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f k4lt k|s[lt k|bQ cg'kd h8La"6L tyf vlghx¿nfO{ ;d'lrt ;b'kof]u u/L :j:y hLjgsf] dfu{bz{g ug]{ k/Dk/fut pkrf/ k4ltsf] k|d'v / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ /xFb} cfPsf] klg 5 . cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f k4lt xfd|f] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ d'n'ssf] k|fs[lts cj:yf cg's"nsf] lrlsT;f k4lt /x]sfn] k|frLgsfnb]lv g} o;nfO{ :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] :t/Lo k4lt dflgG5 . /, cfhsf] cfw'lgs o'udf ;d]t u'0f:t/o'Qm cfo'j]{lbs pTkfbg Joj:yf, lzIff / cg';Gwfgsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfng x'g;s] ;'ljwfljxLg u|fdL0f If]qdf klg pkrf/sf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/ cem} klg aGg ;Sg] :ki6 5 .

;Eotfsf] ;[li6sfnb]lv g} dfgj / jg:kltaLr hLjg k4ltdf ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . hLjsf nflu kf]if0f, /f]u lgjf/0f tyf zlQm k|bfg ug]{ ax'd"No jgf}iflwx¿ t/fOsf] ;dy/ efub]lv pRr kxf8sf] !( xhf/ lkm6 prfO{;Dd d"Nojfg h8La"6Lx¿ kfOG5g\ . g]kfnh:tf] cg'kd k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] e/k"/ d'n'sdf s/La !) xhf/ yl/sf h8La"6Lx¿ kfOP klg s/La &)) yl/sf h8La"6L cf}iflw pTkfbgsf nflu pkof]uL /x]sf] tYo kQf nfu]sf] ;DalGwt If]qdf ;+nUg ;+:yfsf clwsf/Lx¿ atfpF5g\ .

l;+xb/af/ j}Bvfgf

xfn ax'd"No h8La"6Lsf] pTkfbg Pj+ k|zf]wgsf lglDt pkof]udf Nofpg l;+xb/af/ j}Bvfgf ljsf; ;ldlt, h8La"6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL / g/b]jL cfo'j]{b c:ktfn ;+nUg 5g\ . o;df uf]/vf cfo'j]{b sDkgLn] klg plQs} ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf jgf}iflwsf] sl/a #)) yl/ h8La"6Lsf] l;+xb/af/ j}Bvfgfn] cf}iflw pTkfbgdf pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h8La"6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgLn] s/La !)) yl/sf h8La"6Lsf] pkof]u u/L k|zf]wgsf ;fwgx¿ pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

:jb]zdf g} ;/n tl/sfaf6 sRrf kbfy{sf]¿kdf pknAw x'g;Sg] s/La #)) yl/sf h8La"6Laf6 !!) yl/sf …xa{nÚ cf}iflw pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] l;+xb/af/ j}Bvfgf ljsf; ;ldltsf k|aGw lgb]{zg 8f= rGb|/fh ;fksf]6f atfpg'x'G5 . lgb]{zs 8f= ;fksf]6f eGg'x'G5 – …cfo'j]{bsf] df}lns dfGotfnfO{ oyfjt /fv]/ cfw'lgs lsl;dn] pTkfbg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .… pxfF cfo'j]{bsf k|jt{s wGjGt/L ePsfn] wGjGt/L lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/]/ -sflQs ( ut]_ j}Bvfgf ljsf; ;ldltsf] jflif{s pT;j dgfpg] ul/Psf] atfpg'x'G5 .

xfn g]kfndf cfo'j]{b ;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] cefj ePsfn] hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn cfo'j]{b lrlsT;s ;ª\3n] cfo'j]{b cWoog ;+:yfgsf] :yfgkgf ug{sf nflu k|d+ ;dIf dfu /fv]sf] / ;f] s'/fnfO{ :jf:Yo dGqfnon] lqlj;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ hfg] df}lvs ¿kdf :jLs[lt lbPklg sfof{Gjog eg] x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

h8La"6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL

d'n'sdf kfOg] dxTjk"0f{ k|fs[lts h8La"6Lx¿sf] kl/rfng Pj+ ;+/If0f u/L cfly{s nfe p7fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg h8La"6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgLn] eg] sl/a !)) yl/sf h8La"6L pkof]udf NofO{ ;'ulGwt t]n, /f]hLg, tflk{g t]n, xa{n s]o/ k|8S6 ;Grf] tyf d;fh cfon tyf k/ˆo"d h:tf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] sDkgLsf] dxfk|aGws w'|jk|;fb e§/fO{ atfpg'x'G5 . pxfF xfdLsxfF k|fKt h8La"6Lsf] pkof]u u/L sltko k|;fwgsf j:t'x¿ 7"nf]¿kdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{x'G5 .

xfn xfd|f] d'n'snfO{ cfjZos kg]{ x]o/ cfon, dR58 w"k, skfn pdfg]{ cf}iflw, rfFofsf] cf}iflw nufotsf ljleGg j:t'x¿ ;/n¿kdf :jb]zdf g} pTkfbg u/L s/f]8f}+ ?lkofF ljb]zLgaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . To;sf nflu xfd|f] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]¿kdf 7"nf] kl/df0fdf :jb]zdf /x]sf] ePklg o;sf] pNn]vgLo pkof]u x'g g;Sbf xfdL kl5 kl//fv]sf 5f}+ . ;fy} xfdLsxfF kfOg] d"Nojfg h8La"6L nf]k x'g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;d]t k'u]sf 5g\ .

g/b]jL cfo'j]{b c:ktfn

k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} rNb} cfPsf] cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f k4lt clxn] klg TolQs} nf]slk|o / pkof]uL l;4 ePsf] 5 . xfn cfo'j]{b k4ltåf/f zNo zfnfSo, sfolrlsT;f -zf/Ll/s lrlsT;f_ e"tljBf -dl:tis ljs[ltsf] sf/0fn] pTkGg /f]u_ sf}df/ e[To -afnssf] kfng kf]if0f Pj+ pgsf /f]usf] j0f{g_, cubtGq -ljif lj1fg_, /;fog -k|lt/f]ws zlQm_ tyf jfhLs/0f -k|hgg tyf d}y'g zlQm a9fpg] ;DaGwdf j0f{g_ h:tf lrlsT;f k4ltdf ljeQm u/L pkrf/ ul/G5 . / clxn] ;f] sfd g/b]jL cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfnon] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;}leq /x]/ o; g/b]jL c:ktfnn] ut cfly{s jif{df ^# xhf/ &)( hgfsf] cf]kL8L k/LIf0f tyf pkrf/ u/]sf] lyof] . sdnlkQ, jfy, kIff3ft -Kof/fnfOl;;_ nufotsf $^^ hgf /f]uLx¿n] c:ktfndf egf{ eP/ :jf:Yo nfe u/]sf] g/b]jL c:ktfnsf ;'kl/6]08]06 8f= z]if/fh cfrfo{ atfpg'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5 –…xfn Ps;o z}ofsf] k|:tfljt c:ktfn ePklg %) z}of dfq ;~rfngdf 5g\ / Pshgf la/fdLn] em08} rf/÷kfFr dlxgf;Dd nufP/ pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] z}ofsf] cefjdf w]/}n] pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f k4ltsf] k|rng k|frLgsfnb]lv g} x'Fb} cfPsf] ePklg o;sf] ;+:yfut¿kaf6 k|rngdf eg] /fhf k|tfk dNnsf kfnfb]lv xg'dfg9f]sfdf :yfkgf u/L z'? ul/Psf] Oltxf;sf/x¿sf] egfO{ 5 . /fhfk|tfk dNnsL >LdtL / 5f]/fsf] cNkfo'd} d[To' ePsf] sf/0f cf}ifwfnosf] cfjZos 5 egL cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f pkrf/ k4ltsf] k|f/De ul/Psf] xf] eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfno vf]Ng] k|lqmofsf] z'? eg] lj=;+= !*&# b]lv ePsf] xf] .

lj=;+= !(&$ ;fndf rf/ z}ofaf6 z'? ePsf] g/b]jL cfo'j]{b c:ktfndf clxn] !)) z}ofsf] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . xfn clw/fHoel/df Ps s]Gb|Lo c:ktfn, Ps If]qLo c:ktfn, c~rn:t/sf !$, lhNnf:t/sf %) / ;fwf/0f:t/sf @!! u/L s"n @&% cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfno /x]sf] kfOG5 .

b]zdf cf}krfl/s¿kdf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] pTkfbgsf nflu lj=;+= – !(*% df g]kfn /fhsLo cfo'j]{b lzIffnosf] :yfkgf u/L bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf gofF lzIff P]g nfu" ePkl5 cfo'j]{b lrlsT;fno, :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu cGtu{t / cfo'j]{b ljBfnonfO{ lq=lj= lrlsT;f zf:q cWoog ;+:yfg cGtu{t ;dflxt ul/Pkl5 cfo'j]{b hgzlQm pTkfbg aGb ul/Psf] cfo'j]{b SofDk;sf k|fWofks 8f= g/]Gb|gfy ltjf/Ln] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

;f] kf7\oqmd k'gM lj=;+= @)$$ ;fnb]lv k|df0fkq :t/Lo tyf aLP=Pd=P;= sf] sfo{qmd k'g ;~rfng ul/of] . /, ;f] sfo{qmd tLg jif{ dfq ;~rfng ubf{ s/La #% hgf hgzlQm pTkfbg u/]sf] lyof] . xfn, ;f] sfo{qmd ljut tLg jif{ cl3b]lv cfo'j]{b SofDk; g/b]jLdf ;~rfng u/L klxnf] Jofrsf] hgzlQm lg:sg} afFsL /x]sf] ;f] SofDk;af6 yfxf ePsf] 5 . xfn cfo'j]{b SofDk; clw/fHod} Ps dfq /x]sf] 5 . ;xfos cfo'j]{b sfo{stf{:t/Lo sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng lghL If]qaf6 ;L6LeL6L cGtu{t ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

uf]/vf cfo'j]{b sDkgL

k|mfG;sf] l;cfOl8cf/ gfds ;+:yf / g]kfnL z]o/ ;b:ox¿sf] ;lqmotfdf ljut !^ jif{ cufl8 -;g\ !(*$_ df :yflkt uf]/vf cfo'j]{b sDkgLn] xfn u'6\rL lrof ;lxt #^ lsl;dsf] cfo'j]{bLo cf}iflwsf] pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf pTkflbt d"Nojfg sl/a @)) lsl;dsf] h8La"6Lsf] pkof]u u/]/ cf}iflwsf] pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

lqkmnf, cleklQs/, sf;fl/g, PdeL nLe, cdftL, Rofjgk|f; h:tf cf}iflwx¿ g} k|d'v pTkfbg /x]sf] o; sDkgLn] cfˆgf pTkfbgx¿ hd{gL, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, O6fnL, k|mfG;, :jL8]g h:tf d'n'sx¿df lgof{t ul/+b} cfPsf] dxfk|aGws k|]d/fh ltjf/L atfpg'x'G5 . uf]/vfsf] x/dtf8Ldf d'Vo sfof{no tyf sf/vfgf /x]sf] o; sDkgLn] g]kfndf gkfOg] h8La"6L cZjuGwf, czf]s, cdnf, ;tfjbL, dl/r, Njfª h:tf sRrf kbfy{x¿ ef/taf6 Nofpg] u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfndf kfOg] h8La"6Lx¿ :yfgLo jfl;GbfnfO{ ;+sng ug{ nufpg'sf ;fy} To;sf] ;+/If0f / pTkfbgdf tfnLd lb+b} cfPsf] sDkgLn] hgfPsf] 5 .

cfo'j]{bLo cf}iflwn] /f]uLnfO{ la:tf/} sfd ug]{ ePklg cfo'j]{bLs cf}iflwn] …;fO8 OˆofS6Ú gug]{ ePsfn] klZrdL d'n'ssf gful/sn] klg o;nfO{ lgs} ?rfpg yfn]sf] dxfk|aGws ltjf/L atfpg'x'G5 .

xfn uf]/vf cfo'j]{b sDkgLsf] k|mfG;df Pp6f laqmL sfpG6/ /x]sf] 5 . k|mfG; nufotsf cGo d'n'saf6 ;d]t dfu eO{ cfPsf cf}iflw ;f]xL sfp06/ dfkm{t g]kfndf efu eO{ cfpg] ub{5 . /, o:tf cfo'j]{bLs cf}iflwx¿sf] g]kfndf klg lgs} dfu a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf] dfu clwsf+z d'n'ssf] kxf8L e"–efudf a9L /xg] / zx/L If]qsf pRr :t/sf kl/jf/df /x]sf] klg hgfOPsf] 5 .

cfo'j]{lbs cf}iflwsf] pTkfbg / vkt

– l;+xb/af/ – Psdfq ;/sf/L cfo'j]{b cf}iflw pTkfbg ;+:yf÷ clekQLs/, cdnkQL, l;nfhLs, Rofjgk|f;, t'n;L h8La"6L lrof, czf]s uGwf, zlQma4{s, jfhLs/ zlQm ;a}eGbf a9L laqmL x'g] cfo'j]{b cf}ifwLx¿ /x]sf] .

– xfn :jb]zdf dfq} laqmL ljt/0fsf nflu ahf/Ls/0f ub}{ cfPsf] ePklg ljb]zLx¿n] cf}iflw k;naf6 ljb]zLx¿n] 7"nf] dfqfdf JolQmut¿kaf6 lsg]/ nfg] u/]sf] .

– sltko cfo'j]{bLs Rofjgk|f;, t'n;L h8La"6L lrof pTkfbg u/]/ Kofs]lhË ug{ g} gkfO{ laqmL eO;Sg] u/]sf] .

– sl/a @)) lsl;dsf h8La"6Lsf] k|of]u .

– !!) lsl;dsf] cfo'j]{bLs cf}iflwsf] pTkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] .

– lghL:t/af6 ;~rflnt h8La"6LM v]tL tyf Pj+ k|zf]wg M

-s_ alb{of – ^@ x]S6/ 

-v_ df]/ª – $( ,, 

-u_ af/f – #@ ,, 

-3_ l6sfk'/ – #) ,, 

-ª_ ;'g;/L – !$ ,, 

-r_ s~rgk'/ – # ,, 

hdLgdf h8La"6L v]tL tyf k|zf]wg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

h8La"6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8

jflif{s pTkfbg M -cf=j= @)%^.)%&_

-!_ ;'ulGwt t]n – !&=@* 6g .

-@_ /f]hLg – !(( 6g .

-#_ tflk{g t]n – $%=& lsnf]ln6/

-$_ xj{n s]o/ M

;Grf] – !) nfv %% xhf/ % ;o uf]6f .

– laqmL ul/g] b]zx¿ M

d'n'sleq – @$# 6g .

ef/t – @$@ 6g .

cGo d'n's – ^ 6g -ef/t, kfls:tfg, cd]l/sf, k|mfG;, hd{gL, O6fnL, a]nfot, ci6]«lnof, :k]g x'g\_ .

-;'ulGwt t]n, /f]hLg tyf tflk{g t]n_

– sl/a !)) lsl;dsf h8La"6L k|of]udf NofPsf] .

– sl/a cf7 lhNnfdf h8La"6L pTkfbg kmf/d .

– Jofkfl/s :t/df v]tL x'g] h8La"6Lx¿ M

– kfdf/f]hf, l;6«f]g]nf, n]dgu|f;, d]Gyf, 6fh]l6«; d]6]«s]l/of OGb|fo0ff, k|mGr j]l;n .