k|yd g]kfnL dlxnfx¿

gf/Lsf] pkl:yltljgf ;dfh ckfË x'G5 . hxfF gf/Lsf] ;Ddfg ul/G5, ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy gf/Lx¿ ljleGg If]qdf xft xfN5g\ ToxfF ;a} s'/f km"N5 k'mN5 . ;kmntfn] k'?ifnfO{ dfq xf]Og gf/LnfO{ klg r'D5 . o; c°df ljleGg ljwfdf klxnf] :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmn g]kfnL gf/Lx¿sf] k|fKt eP;Dd ;+lIfKt lrgf/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 5'6 ePsf To:tf gf/Lsf] hfgsf/L / ;sf/fTds k|ltlqmof xfd|f lj1 kf7sx¿af6 ck]Iff ub{5f}+ . ;Dkfbs

åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgLM– k|yd dlxnf pkdGqL, ;f+;b Pjd\ g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] cWoIf . @))& ;fnsf] ljwfg cg';f/ @)!^ ;fn h]7 !# ut] aLkL sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf ul7t dlGqd08ndf 7s'/fgLnfO{ :jf:Yo / :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL pkdGqLdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 @)!% sf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ aLkLsf] g]t[Tjdf k'gu{l7t dlGqd08n -@)!^ c;f/ !^ ut]_ df pxfFnfO{ ;f]xL dGqfnosf] ;xfosdGqLdf lgo'Qm ul/of] . lj=;+= !(&) dª\l;/ !$ ut] hgf}nL, bfgsf]6, 8f]6Ldf hGd]sL 7s'/fgL @)!% ;fndf k|ltlglw;ef ;b:odf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ^^ 88]Nw'/f, tNnf] :j/f8, s];/k'/af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tk{maf6 lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF hLljt x'g'x'G5 .

sdn /f0ffM– dxf;efsf] k|yd lgjf{lrt pkfWoIf . @)!% sf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ pxfF >L % dx]Gb|af6 dxf;ef ;b:odf dgf]gLt x'g'ePsf] lyof] . ;f] kbsf nflu pxfF / 8L=s]= zfxL k|TofzL x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] hGd lj=;+= !(*% df tfg;]g, kfNkfdf ePsf] xf] . pxfF hGd]sf] 3/df xfn lqe'jg ax'd'vL SofDk; /x]sf] 5 .

;fwgfb]jLM– klxnf] lgjf{lrt dlxnf gu/ ;b:o . pxfF @))* df sf7df8f}+ gu/sf] r'gfjdf j8f g+= * sf] j8f ;b:odf lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(*# ;fpgdf, c;g, sf7df8f}+df hlGdPsL pxfF :j= dgdf]xg clwsf/LsL kTgL x'g'x'G5 . pxfF klxnf] dlxnf ;Dkfbs -dlxnf klqsf, @))*_ klg x'g'x'G5 .

z}nhf cfrfo{M– k|yd dlxnf pkk|wfgdGqL . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] g]t[ cfrfof{ @)%% a}zfv # ut] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] dlGqd08ndf pkk|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFnfO{ hn;|f]tdGqLsf] lhDd]jf/L klg lbOPsf] lyof] .

/df l;+xM– /fli6«o g]kfnL dlxnf k'm6an l6dsf] klxnf] dlxnf sKtfg . ;g\ !(*^df xªsªdf cfof]lht 5}7f}+ Pl;ofnL dlxnf k'm6an k|ltof]lutfdf pxfFn] g]kfnL dlxnf k'm6an l6dsf] k|yd sKtfg aGg] cj;/ kfpg'ePsf] xf] . pxfF g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|yd dlxnf ;dfrf/jfrs klg x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] hGd @)@@ h]7 !% ut] rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] .

lzn' l;+xM– k|yd dlxnf clwjQmf . ;g\ !($) cS6'j/df afË]d'9f, sf7df8f}+df hlGdPsL l;+x @)@) kmfu'gdf clwjQmf x'g' ePsf] xf] .

zlzsnf dfgGw/M– g]jf/L efiffdf pkGof; n]Vg] k|yd dlxnf pkGof;sf/ dfgGw/sf] hGd ;g\ !(^) ;]K6]Dj/df a;Gtk'/, sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] klxnf] pkGof; {z}nLÚ @)$$ ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] xf] .

pld{nf pkfWofo uu{M– k|yd dlxnf snfsf/ . hGd ;g\ !(#(, jlbof, jgrf}/L, hgsk'/ . pxfFnfO{ ;d;fdlos lrqsnfdf k|yd dlxnfsf] >]o k|fKt 5 . sltkon] of] >]o afns[i0f ;dsL 5f]/L Hjfnf zfxnfO{ klg lbPsf 5g\ .

piff ltjf/LM– k|yd dlxnf kmf]6f] kqsf/ . hGd @)@( dªl;/ # ut], 6S;f/6f]n, tfg;]g, kfNkf .

/Iff /f0ffM– k|yd dlxnf ljdfg rfns . /f0ffn] ;g\ !(** df ljdfg rfnssf] nfO;]G; lng'ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] hGd lj=;+= @)@$ df d}tLb]jL, sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] .

8f= ef/tL ofSy'DafM– g]kfn k|x/L -k|fljlws_ df klxnf] dlxnf P;P;kL -jl/i7 k|x/L pk/LIfs_ x'g] >]o k|fKt ofSy'Dafsf] hGd ;g\ !(%#, ;]K6]Dj/df tfKn]h'ªdf ePsf] xf] .

d5/Lb]jL lrqsf/M– uf8L rfnssf] nfO;]G; k|fKt k|yd dlxnf . pxfFn] @))( ;fn h]7df nfO;]G; k|fKt u/L uf8L xfFSg' ePsf] lyof] .

8f= sfbDa/L cfrfo{M– k|yd dlxnf cfo'j]{bfrfo{ . lj=;+= @)@* df pxfFn] of] l8u|L xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] hGd @))^ a}zfv !% ut] rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] .

cf]d'6]Dkf nfdfM– @)!( sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ k|yd dlxnf lhNnf ;efklt . lj=;+= @)#( ;fndf lhNnf k~rfotsf] ;efklt -dsjfgk'/_ ePsL nfdfsf] hGd !) clk|n, !($& df ef/tdf ePsf] xf] .

;fg'gfgL /fhsl0f{sf/M– k|yd dlxnf k|wfgfWoflksf . pxfF @)!^ ;fndf dbg d]df]l/on uN;{ xfO:s'n, nlntk'/df k|wfgfWoflksf x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] hGd l8;]Da/, !(#& 6ª\un6f]n, nlntk'/df ePsf] xf] .

sNkgf zdf{M– klxnf] g]kfnL dlxnf /]k|mL . pxfF !(((df ljZj k'm6an dxf;+3 -lkmkmf_ sf] /]k|mLdf lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnaf6 dfq geO{ blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 g} klxnf] dlxnf /]k|mL x'g] pxfF k|yd dlxnf xf] . pxfFsf] hGd @)@* k'; !$ ut] e}/j/f]8, x]6f}+8f, dsjfgk'/df ePsf] xf] .

;fg'gfgL s+;fsf/M– clen]v lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ ug]{ k|yd dlxnf . ;g\ !($% hgj/L !^ df s]n6f]n, sf7df8f}+df hGdg'ePsL s+;fsf/n] ;f] l8u|L !(&* -;g\_ df ef/taf6 xfl;n ug'{ePsf] xf] .

;'zLnf yfkfM– k|yd dlxnfdGqL . pxfF @)$$ ;fndf :jf:YodGqLdf lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] hGd lj=;+= !(*% ebf}+, jfn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] .

piff g]kfnM– k|yd dlxnf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L . ;g\ !($) df dxf]Q/Ldf hGdg'ePsL g]kfn @)$& kmfu'gdf eQmk'/ lhNnfdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] lyof] .

e'jg rGbM–g]kfnL rnlrqsL k|yd gflosf . pxfFn] @)@! ;fndf lgld{t …cfdfÚ rnlrqdf gflosfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] hGd @))^ df wf]jLrf}/, sf7df8f}+ ePsf] xf] .

dª\unfb]jL l;+xM– g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sf] klxnf] ;efklt . g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))^ df ePsf] lyof] . >L l;+xsf] xfn d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ sltko n]vsx¿n] of]udfofb]jLnfO{ dlxnf ;+3sf] k|yd ;efklt eg]sf 5g\ . of]udfofb]jL lj=;+= !(&$ ;fndf :yflkt dlxnf ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'g'x'GYof] . o; cfwf/df pxfFnfO{ sltkon] dlxnf ;+3sf] k|yd cWoIf -;efklt_ eg]sf x'g\ . oxL ;ldltsf] ljsl;t ¿k g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 xf] .

sfdfIffb]jLM– clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sf] klxnf] cWoIf . clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 lj=;+= @))* df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

;fljqL l;+xM– lqljaf6 ul0ft ljifo -l8u|L_ df dx]Gb| ljBf e"if0f k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] dlxnf . pxfFn] ;g\ !(^# df of] kbs k|fKt ug'{ePsf] xf] . xfn pxfF tYof° ljefudf pkdxflgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 .

rGb|snf ls/0fM– k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf ;lrj . !) cS6'a/ !(@( df sflnDkf]ª, ef/tdf hlGdPsL ls/0f ;g\ !(*! df :jf:Yo dGqfonsf] ;lrj x'g'ePsf] lyof] .

nLnf >]i7 ;'AafM– k|yd dlxnf pk;efd'v . @)$& sf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ @)%$ a}zfv @# ut] pxfF klxnf] dlxnf pk;efd'v kbdf lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF @)%! sf] lgjf{rgdf ;'g;/L If]q g+ ! af6 Pdfn]sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglw ;ef;b:odf lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] hGd @))% ;fndf l;s]rf, tfKn]h'ªdf ePsf] xf] .

;'ldqf b+ufnM– k|yd g]kfnL 6]Dkf] rfns . @)#) kmfu'g !$ ut] dl0fk'/ ef/tdf hlGdPsL b+ufnn] @)%$ c;f]hb]lv 6]Dkf] rnfpFb} cfpg' ePsf] xf] t/ o;eGbf cl3 @)$! ;fndf 6]Dkf] rnfPsf]n] k|yd g]kfnL 6]Dkf] rfns cfkm" ePsf] bfjL nIdL zdf{n] ug'{ePsf] 5 .

pdfb]jL bf; If]qLM– gl;{ª ljifodf kLPr8L ug]{ k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf / ;g\ !(## dfr{df l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}+df hlGdPsL bf; If]qLn] !(*$ df cd]l/sfaf6 of] l8u|L xfl;n ug'{ePsf] xf] .

zflGt dNnM– k|yd dlxnf OlGhlgo/ . @@ cui6 !($$ df vf}df6f]n, eQmk'/df hlGdPsL dNnn] lj=;+= @)@# df ef/tsf] snsQfsf] hfbjk'/ ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;f] l8u|L xfl;n ug'{ePsf] xf] .

cgf]hf -leIf'0fL zf/bf_ dfgGw/M– leIf'0fLx¿df k|yd kLPr8L ug]{ dlxnf . @)!^ c;f/df ag]kf, sfe|]df hlGdPsL leIf'0fL cgf]hfn] ef/tsf] ;Dk"0ff{gGb ljZjljBfnoaf6 clewDd cjtf/ cleGgjl6sf k'/fgl6s ljifodf ;f] l8u|L xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] xf] .

ls/0fs'df/L /f0ffM– k|yd dlxnf On]S6«f]lgs OlGhlgo/ .

;'lgtf dn]s' -;fg'd}of_M– g]kfnsf] klxnf] l;nfOs6fO k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sL k|yd dlxnf k|lzlIfsf dn]s'sf] hGd lj=;++ !(() df nlntk'/sf] d+unahf/df ePsf] xf] .

nIdL zdf{M– pBdL k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ k|yd dlxnf . of] k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf @)$@ ;fndf ePsf] xf] . zdf{n] cfkm" k|yd 6]Dkf]rfns dlxnf ;d]t ePsf] bfjL ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

;fxgf k|wfgM– /fhgLlts bnsf] klxnf] dlxnf cWoIf . @)%$ kmfu'g @! ut] g]skf dfn]sf] k|yd sfo{stf{ e]nfaf6 pxfF kf6L{sf] cWoIfdf r'lgg' ePsf] lyof] . o;cl3 g]skf Pdfn];Fu ;Da4 k|wfgsf] hGd lj=;+= !(*( df c;g, sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] .

nIdL /f0ffM– l;tf/jfbgtkm{ -zf:qLo_ klxnf] dlxnf . o;tkm{ pdf /fosf] gfd klg lng] ul/Psf] 5 .

sdnf >]i7M– tjnfjfbgdf klxnf] dlxnf . pxfF :juL{o eO;Sg' ePsf] 5 .

tf]of u'?ËM– k|f1f kl/ifb\df dgf]gLt x'g] klxnf] dlxnf . pxfFsf] hGd @))$ ;fn r}qdf l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] tftf]kfgLdf ePsf] xf] . @)%^ ebf} !) ut] pxfF k|f1 kl/ifb\ ;b:odf dgf]gLt x'g] ePsf] xf] .

lai0f's'df/L jfOjf kfl/hftM– dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] k|yd dlxnf . lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf pxfFsf] æzL/Lifsf] km"nÆ gfds pkGof;nfO{ dbg k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

lhgf lnªb]gM– lnDa' dlxnfx¿df k|yd ljdfgrflnsf .

¿jL /f0ffM– k|yd ld; g]kfn . @)%! df ePsf] ld; g]kfn k|ltof]lutfdf /f0ff k|yd x'g' ePsL . ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf !( o'jtLn] efu lnPsf lyP .

lag' nf]xgLM– lqe'jg ljZjljBfno -lqlj_ af6 kLPr8L ug]{ k|yd dlxnf . pxfF xfn cd]l/sfdf x'g'x'G5 .=

aflg/f lu/LM– lqljaf6 g]kfnL ;flxTodf kLPr8L ug]{ k|yd dlxnf . pxfFn] uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf sljtfdf :jR5Gbtfjfb / cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf ljifodf pQm l8u|L xfl;n ug'{ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !($^ clk|ndf v:of{ªdf ePsf] xf] .

d]njf b]jLM– uLt /]s8{ u/fpg] klxnf] dlxnf -zf:qLotkm{_

ljGb]Zj/L zfxM– k|yd dlxnf /fhb"t -ef/t_ pxfF ;g\ !(*& b]lv !(() ;Dd ef/tsf nflu g]kfnsf] /fhb"t x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !(#% km]a|'c/L !# df v:of{ªdf ePsf] xf] .

kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{M– ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf . lj=;+= @)%) a}zfv !) ut] rf}yf] k|of;df pxfFn] of] ;kmntf xfl;n ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fkl5 kms{g] qmddf pxfFsf] d'To' ePsf] lyof] .

;'j0f{ Hjfx/rgM– ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'ga{xfnL kZrft\ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] pk;efklt x'g] klxnf] dlxnf . pxfF @)$( ;fndf u'NdL lhNnf lhlj;sf] pk;efklt x'g'ePsL xf] .

zf/bf >]i7M– k|yd dlxnf GofofwLz . ;g\ !($# df nlntk'/df hGdg' ePsL >L >]i7 @)@# ;fndf e"ld;'wf/ ljz]if cbfntsf] -sf:sL / ndh'Ë_ GofowLz x'g'ePsf] lyof] eg] @)@& ;fndf lhNnf GofofwLz eO{ xfn k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6fdf d'Vo GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 .

nLnfb]jL s]=;L=M– lzIff zf:qdf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ klxnf] dlxnf .

k|ldnf lu/LM– pxfFnfO{ ;d;fdlos d"lt{snfdf klxnf] dlxnfsf] >]o k|fKt 5 .

n'gf e§M– P;Pn;L k/LIffdf klxnf] x'g] k|yd dlxnf . pxfFn] @)#* ;fnsf] k/LIffdf of] :yfg xfl;n ug'{ePsf] xf] .

;/:jtL /fO{–M–/fh;ef ;b:o x'g] k|yd dlxnf .

pdf /fhe08f/LM– nfOkm uf8{ -kf}8Ltkm{_ lj=;+= @)#% k'; ( ut] afnfh', sf7df8f}+df hGd]sL /fhe08f/Ln] k|yd dlxnf nfOkm uf8{ x'g] >]o k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 .

k]Daf 8f]df z]kf{M– pQ/L df]x8faf6 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf . ;g\ !(&) df gfDr], ;f]n'df hGd]sL z]kf{n] d] !(, @))) df pQm ;kmntf xfl;n ug'{ePsf] xf] .

;gL /f}lgof/M– cGt/f{li6«o ;'Gb/L k|ltof]lutfdf k'/:s[t x'g] k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf ;g\ !((@ df d:sf]df cfof]lht !% cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o ;'Gb/L k|ltof]lutfdf pxfFn] bf];|f] :yfg xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf ljleGg /fi6«sf @$ ;'Gb/Lx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP .

;'k|ef l3ld/]M– g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3sf] klxnf] dlxnf ;efklt . ;g\ !((! b]lv (# ;Dd -@)$&–@)$(_ pxfFn] of] kbdf /xL lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !($! sf] cS6'j/ & df sf7df8f}sf] 6Ëfndf ePsf] xf] .

sflGt /fHonIdL b]jL zfxM– lqljsf] klxnf] dlxnf s'nklt . pxfF @)!^ ;fndf lqljsf] s'nklt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF >L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsL lhh'd'df xf]OalS;G5 .

k|ef a:g]tM– g]kfnL dlxnfx¿df ljBfjfl/lw l8u|L xfl;n ug]{ k|yd dlxnf . pxfFn] ;g\ !(&@ sf] h'g dlxgfdf cd]l/sfsf] Southern Illinois University Carbondell af6 Education ljifodf pQm l8u|L xfl;n ug'{ePsf] xf] . k"j{ ;lrj ;d]t /xg'ePsL a:g]tsf] hGd lj=;+= !((& d+;L/ @* ut] uf]/vf lhNnfdf ePsf] xf] .

uLtfd}+of >]i7M– kqsfl/tfdf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf . pxfFn] ¿;af6 pQm l8u|L xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] xf] . xfn pxfF ljb]zdf /xg'x'G5 .

cf/h' /f0ff b]phfM– dgf]lj1fg ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ klxnf] dlxnf . pxfFn] Organizational Psychology df ;g\ !(() df k~hfj ljZjljBfno, r08Lu9 ef/taf6 pQm pkflw xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !(^@ hgj/L @^ df ePsf] xf] .

;Ltf /fO{M– PlzofnL v]ns"bdf kbs kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL dlxnf . !(($ df hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;dfdf ePsf] !@ cf}+ PlzofnL v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfdf pxfFn] sf:o kbs -s/fFt] ^) s]hL tf}n ;d"xeGbf dfly_ k|fKt ug'{ePsf] xf] .

gf/fo0fLb]jL k|wfgM– OGb«/fHonIdL k|1f k'/:sf/ kfpg] k|yd dlxnf . g]kfnL g[TonfO{ snfTds cleJolQmåf/f gofF df]8 lbP afkt lj=;+= @)#@ df pxfFn] of] k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] xf] .

lji0f'dfof cfrfo{M– klxnf] :dfl/sf u|Gy ;Dkfbg . pxfFn] lj=;+= !(#* df bflh{lnªaf6 k|sflzt æefg'eQm dl0fdfnf :dfl/sfÆ u|Gysf] ;Dkfbg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfF efg'eQmsf 5f]/f /dgfysL 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .

;°ng tyf k|:t'tstf{M eLd/fh cof{n
;|f]tM ljleGg k':ts / kqklqsfx¿

cfj/0f kl/ro || k|ltqmLof || :jf:Yo || hfgsf/L || ;DkfbsLo || k|]/s k|;Ë|| k|ltef || l/kf]l6{Ë || ;fx; :fflxTo || ljljw || /fli6«o ultljlw .. lrGtg .. kqsfl/tf .. dgf]/~hg ..e]63f6 .. lzIff || snf || k|]/0ff /Ëd~r || v]ns'b || ljrf/ || d'Qms÷n3'syf || hLjg bz{g