Atihasik Byaktitwa (Yuwamanch Monthly)

o; jif{ P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs kfpg]x¿

clw/fHoel/sf ljleGg ;+sfo cGtu{t :gfts tyf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq txdf cWoog ug]{dWo] 5fqftkm{ ;jf]{Ts[i6 c° NofP/ pQL0f{ ug]{ 5fqfx¿nfO{ k|To]s jif{ >L % a8fdxf/fgLsf] z'e–hGdf]T;jsf cj;/df P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs k|bfg ul/G5 . o;jif{ ljleGg ;+sfosf u/L :gfts txsf gf} / k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq txsf !! hgf u/L hDdf @) 5fqf¿n] P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] s]xL 5fqf;Fu ePsf] s'/fsfgL M–

/]vf ltdlN;gf -lrlsT;f zf:q gl;{Ë k|df0fkq tx_

of]hgf, nIo / kl/>dn] hLjgsf] ;'lglZrt af6f] sf]b{5, ;dosf] dfu cg'?k cu|hx¿;Fu ;Nnfx / ;'´fj lnP/ lglZrt p2]Zo af]s]/ kfOnfx¿ rfNbf ;kmntfsf lzv/x¿ r'Dg w]/} uf¥xf] kb}g . ;dosf] l;dfnfO{ a'´]/ d]xg]t, nugzLn / b'9 ;+Nsksf ;fy sfddf nflukbf{ c;kmntfsf] kL8f slxNo} ;xg' kb{}g, cj;/ / efUon] klg ;fy rflx+ lbg'k5{ . oL ljrf/ JoQm ug]{ 5fqf x'g\–lrlsT;f zfq gl;{Ëaf6 o; jif{ P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs k|fKt ug]{ /]vf ltdlN;gf .

kgf}tL gu/kflnsf j8f g++ !@ sfe|]df lktf O{R5fk|;fb / dftf gfgLd}of ltdlN;gfsL k'qL /]vfn] sfe|]s} >L/fd dfWolds ljBfnoaf6 @)%@ ;fndf ^(=* k|ltzt c° NofO{ k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sL x'g\ . 8fS6/ aGg] 7"nf] clenfiff af]s]/ /fhwfgLsf] lq–rGb| SofDk; l5/]sL /]vf, pgLeGbf cufl8sf 5fq5fqfx¿sf] w]/} d]xgt, s8f kl/>dsf afah'b klg Pd=aL=aL=P;= k|j]z ug]{ cj;/af6 al~rt x'g'k/]sf] Pj+ o;df :jb]zd} cWoog ug]{ cj;/sf] sdL / sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfn] wfGg uf¥xf]kg]{ oyfy{ a'´]kl5 gl;{Ë If]q /f]h]sf] atfpFl5g\ .

nlntk'/ gl;{Ë SofDk;af6 k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq txdf *^ k|ltzt c° NofO{ @)%& ;fnsf] k/LIffdf ;j{k|yd ePsL /]vf xfn kf6g c:ktfndf sfo{/t l5g\ . ;kmntfsf] >]o u'?hg cleefjsf] dfof / cfˆgf] d]xgtnfO{ lbg] /]vf o; If]qdf nfUbf /f]uL lj/fdLx¿sf] ;]jf ug{ kfpg'nfO{ uf}/j 7flG5g\ eg] a]km";{bLsf sf/0f 3/kl/jf/;Fu a:g gkfpFbf clnslt b'Mv klg nfU5 pgL elG5g\ . tLgjif{sf] gl;{Ë cg'ej kZrft\ dfq k|j]z kfOg] :gftstx gl;{Ë k"/f u/L gl;{Ës} lzlIfsf eP/ efjL 5fqfx¿nfO{ g;{sf] sd{, ;]jf / ;xof]ufTds efjgf l;sfpg] pgsf] efjL of]hgf 5 .

ldlngf tfd|fsf/ -:gfts tx dfgljsL ;+sfo aL=P=_

ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] nflu / b]zsf] Pp6f ;b:osf] x}l;otn] ;du|df /fi6«nfO{ x/]s If]qaf6 lrgfpg kl/l:ylt cg's"n ;do l;dfnfO{ dgg u/]/ cufl8 lx+8\g] af6f] /f]Hg'k5{ . h'g;'s} k]zfdf nfu]tfklg k|lta4 tyf bQlrQ / ;+3if{sf;fy sfddf nfUbf ofqfsf] qmddf cfpg] afwf Pj+ c8\rg :jtM x6]/ hfG5 / gofF eljiosf] z'¿jft x'G5 . t/ ljBfyL{n] ;dosf] ult;Fu} nlDsPdf hLjgdf slxNo} klg g}/fZo / c;kmn?kL cGwsf/sf] yk cj/f]w xfd|f] ;fd' b]vfkb{}g . oL ljrf/ x'g\ – dfgljsL ;°fo :gfts tx -aL=P=_ af6 o;jif{ P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs k|fKt ug]{ ldlngf tfd|fsf/ .

/fhwfgLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 5fqfx¿sf] Pp6} dfq ;/sf/L SofDk; kBsGofaf6 ^@=# k|ltzt c° k|fKt u/L 5fqfx¿df k|yd :yfgdf pleg ;kmn ldlngf ;+uLt ljifosL pQm SofDk; tyf cGo ;+uLt If]qsL k|lt:kwf{ ljBfyL{ x'g\ . ;]G6 d]l/h xfO{:s'n hfjnfv]naf6 @)$( ;fndf &# k|ltzt c° xfn} u/]sL pgL k|df0fkq tyf :gfts txdf cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm cfˆgf] ?lrsf] ljifo ;+uLt cWoog u/]/ ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sL x'g\ . lktf kßjL/ l;+ tfd|fsf/ / dftf s]z/tf/f tfd|fsf/sf Ps k'q / tLg k'qLdWo]sL sfG5L 5f]/L @)## ;fn efb|df hlGdPsL ldlngf clxn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf :gfts tx zf:qLo ;+uLt -l;tf/_ / c+u|]hLdf u/]sL pgn] o;sf] cltl/Qm ;+uLt k|efs/ -:gfts tx zf:qLo ;+uLt l;tf/df_ snflglw OlGb/f ;+uLt dxfljBfno k'Nrf]sdL k|ofu ;+uLt ;ldlt cnfxjfb, ef/tsf] zfvf ljBfnoaf6 @)%^ ;fndf k"/f ul/;s]sL 5g\ . pgL pQm ljBfnosL klg pTs[i6 ljBfyL{ dWo]sL 5fqf x'g\ . clxn];Dd k"0f{rGb| /]UdL k'/:sf/, s[i0frGb| /]UdL k'/:sf/ / 1fgk|;fb k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt eO;s]sL 5g\ .

:jb]z / ljb]zdf a+unfb]z, ef/t tyf cGo b]zdf ;d]t sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO;s]sL 5g\ . cfw'lgs -kk_ uLx¿n] nf]slk|otf sdfO/x]sf] ;dodf zf:qLo ;+uLt cWoog ug'{sf] cf}lrGo af/] Ps lh1f;fdf pgL elG5g\–cu|hx¿n] 5f]8]sf] wd{, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ xfd|f] bfloTj xf]. cfw'lgstfsf] gfddf xfdL abgfd x'g'x'Fb}g . ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug{ d}n] o; ljifonfO{ cWoog u/]sL x'F . d}n] d]/f u'?af6 o;df w]/} lzIff lnOsL 5' . o;nfO{ ca s]xL ;do kl5 g} oxL If]qdf nu]/ pkof]u u5'{ .

ljb]zdf uP/ ;+uLtdfg} :gftsf]Q/ cWoog kZrft\ k"0f{¿kdf oxL If]qdfg} ;dflxt x'g] nIo /fv]sf] pgL atfpFl5g\ . ;+uLtn] dflg;nfO{ dfgl;s tgfj 36fP/ cfgGb k|bfg ug]{ ;fwg ePsf]n] dfl;gsf] o;k|lt cfsif{0f /x]sf] kfOG5 .

nlntf sdf{rfo{ -:gfts tx aL=P8_

ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] cWoogdf cys d]xgt, kl/>d / nugzLntf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg æd]xgt u/, t/ kmnsf] cfzf gu/Æ eg] ´}+ ;a}nfO{ ;kmntfn] ;fy lbO/x]sf] x'Fb}g eGg] ;f]rfO /fVg] t/ pRr lzIffsf] qmddf cfh;Ddsf ;a} cWoog txdf ;jf]{Ts[i6 :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kn 5fqf x'g\–dx]Gb| /Tg SofDk; tfxfrn, sf7df8f}+af6 :gfts tx -aL=P8_ df %*=&# k|lzt c+° pTs[i6tf :yfg kfP/ P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs k|fKt u/]sL 5fqf x'g\ nlntf sdf{rfo{ .

nlntf lzIff ;+sfosf] lgoldt ljBfyL{ geP/ lrlsT;fzf:qsf] rflxF ljBfyL{ x'g\ . pgn] lj=;+= @)%@ ;fndf gl;{Ë k|df0fkq txdf *#=# k|ltzt c+° NofP/ lrlsT;f zf:q gl;{Ëaf6 P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs xft kfl/;s]sL 5g\ . To;kl5 tLgjif{sf] gl;{Ë cg'ej kl5dfq :gfts txdf cWoog ug]{ o; If]qsf] k|fjwfg /x]sf]n] ;u/dfyf 6]lSgsn OlG:6Ro"6df ^ dlxgf cgdL / ;LPdP sIffsf] cWoogdf ;+nUg eOg\ . To;kl5 lzIf0f c:ktfndf af+sL ;do sfd u/]sf] nlntf atfpFl5g\ . nlntfn] cfˆgf] km';{bsf] ;donfO{ ;b'kof]u u/]/ xfnsf] kbs xftkfg]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/]sL x'g\ .

lktf /fds'df/ sdf{rfo{ / dftf /fhdtL sdf{rfo{sf Ps 5f]/f / tLg 5f]/LdWo] lj=;+= @)#@ ;fn sfl{t{s dlxgfdf hGd]sL h]7L 5f]/L nlntf lqe'jg df=lj= gjnk'/, dsjfgk'/af6 @)$& ;fndf &)=& k|ltzt c°sf;fy P;=Pn=;L pQL0f{ ePsL l5g\ . ljBfnodf ;w} k|yd tyf låtLo x'Fb} cfPsL nlntf P;Pn;Ldf dsjfgk'/ lhNnfel/df 5fqfx¿df k|yd / ;a}df t[tLo ePsL x'g\ .

æafGtf ul//x]sf] la/fdLsf] afGtf yfKbf dnfO{ l3g nfUb}g lsgls k|To]s la/fdLsf] d'xf/df d O{Zj/ b]V5' . ædb/ 6]/];fsf] of] egfO{b]lv cfkm" k|efljt ePsf] pgL atfpFl5g\ . lrlsT;f If]q dfl;gsf] hLjg;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 / o;df a;}sf] a]jf:tf tyf nfkjf{xLn] la/fdLn] sltko cj:yfdf Hofg klg u'dfpF5g\ eGb} pgL elG5g\– cfˆgf efO alxgL tyf cfdf a'afsf pd]/sf la/fdLx¿sf] d[To'x'Fbf xfdLnfO{ cToGt b'Mv nfU5 . la/fdLsf] cfzLif kfpFbf cToGt uf}/j nfUg] / ;Gt'i6L kfOG5 .

ljut s]xL ;dob]lv lghL If]qn] lrlsT;f If]qdf u'0f:t/ 36fPsf] cf/f]k nufpFb} nlntf elG5g\–;a} sfd ;/sf/n] dfq ug}{ ;Sb]g t/ lghLs/0fsf] dWodn] o; If]qdf ljs[lt a9]sf] 5 . cof]Uo JolQmx¿ klg k};fsf] andf hj/h:tL k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;+j]bgzLn k]zfnfO{ k|ToIf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ / of]Uo JolQmn] sfd kfpFb}gg\ . of] ;d:of ;dod} ;dfwfg ePg eg] eljiodf cGof}ntf yK5 .Æ xfn pgL lzIf0f c:ktfnsf] :yfoL ;]jfdf sfo{/t l5g\ eg] 5fqj[lQdf gl;{Ë :gfts tx låtLo jif{df cWoog/t 5g\ .

nlntf eljiosf] nIodf klxn] lrlsT;f zf:qsf] cWoognfO{ k"/f ug]{ / o;df k"0f{otf ;+nUg x'g] atfpFl5g\ . To;kl5 lzIff ;+sfodf :gftsf]Q/ u/]/ lzIf0f k]zfnfO{ klg cFufNg] of]hgf /x]sf] pgL atfpFl5g\ .

aGbgf v]tfg -:tfts aL=aL=P;=_ Joj:yfkg ;+sfo

ænugzLntf ljgf s'g} ljBfyL{klg k|ltefzfnL x'Fb}g . ljBfyL{ cj:yf /fd|f] ePdf / o;nfO{ ;kfg]{n] hLjgsf] k"/} c+z g} ;kf5{ t/ ljt]sf] ;dosf] lrGtf ug'{ cToGt 7"nf] d"v{tf xf] . hf]z, hfFu/ / pT;fxn] efjL ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ w]/} d2t k'¥ofpg'sf] ;fy} plrt ;dodf ul/Psf] ;fgf] k|of;n] cfpFbf lbgdf w]/} k|ltkmn xft kg{;S5 .Æ oL ljrf/ Joj:yfkg ;+sfo :gfts tx -aL=aL=P;=_ af6 ^#=%# k|ltzt c+sn] 5fqfx¿df pTs[i6 :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmn jGbgf v]tfgsL x'g\ .

lktf ljhos'df/ v]tfg / dftf gLnd v]tfgsf rf/ 5f]/L / Ps 5f]/f dWo] @)#% ;fn j}zfvdf ltgk}gL rf]s j8f g++= @ lj/f6gu/df hlGdPsL jGbgf dfO{nL 5f]/L x'g\ . pgn] df]8L klAns :s'n /fh:yfg, ef/taf6 *$=^% k|ltzt c° NofO{ ;f] ljBfnosf] låtLo :yfgdf k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sL x'g\ . To;kl5 ;f]xL ljBfnoaf6 *% k|ltzt c° NofO{ k|dfkqkq tx pQL0f{ ul/g .

cWoogsf] ;kmntfsf] af/]df pgL elG5g\–3/ kl/jf/sf] k"0f{ ;xof]usf] ;fy} /fh:yfgdf /fd|f] cWoogsf] cfwf/ g} xf] . csf]]{tkm{ 5fqfjf;df ;fyL;Fusf] k9\g] jftfj/0f tyf lzIfsn] sIff afx]ssf] ;dodf yk ;xof]u kfP/ xf] . :gfts txdf lkk'N; SofDk;sf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 eP/ :j0f{ kbs k|fKt ul/s;]sL jGbgf clw/fHoel/d} 5fqfx¿df pTs[i6 x'g'df SofDk;sf] k9fOsf] :t/nfO{ >]o lb+b} elG5g\–æ/fhwfgLsf cGo SofDk;eGbf lkk'N; SofDk;sf] k9fO /fd|f] 5 . lgoldt klg x'G5 / ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] rfk klg s]xL sd eP/ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff xfdLn] kfpF5f}+ .

sdz{k9]kl5 æ/fd|f ljBfyL{sf] dfu k|z:t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 / qmlds¿kdf sdz{sf] If]q Aofks lj:tf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . kl/jf/df km/s ljifo cWoog ug]{ ;Nnfx / o; sf/0fn] of] If]qdf cfPsf] aGbgf atfpFl5g\ . clxn] rf68{ PsfpG6]06sf] clGtd jif{df pgL k'u]sL 5g\ . ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ plrt :yfg lbg g;s]sf]n] ljb]zdf uP/ sfd ug'{ k5{ / s]xL ;Ifd JolQmx¿ ljb]zdfg} knfog x'G5g\ To;}n] klxn] ;IfdnfO{ cj;/ lbg'k5{ pgL elG5g\ .

æ;dfg lsl;dsf ;j{;fwf/0f ;a}n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg'k5{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf lghL / ;/sf/L ljBfnodf ;dfgtf gNofPdf lzlIft ju{x¿ b'O{ efudf ljefhg x'G5 / cfufdL lbgdf /fi6«n] 7"nf] ;d:of Joxf]g'{k5{ .Æ pgL hf]8 lb+b} elG5g\ .

cg'kf a/fn -cfO{=P:;L=_

d]xgt, cj;/, plrt jftfj/0f / ;dosf] ;b'kof]usf] pkh :j?k k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmnnfO{ ;kmntfsf] s8L 7fGg] k|ltef x'g\–cfO{=P:;Ldf &(=^@ k|ltzt cËn] pTs[i6 :yfg NofP/ P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs k|fKt ug]{ 5fqf cg'kf a/fn .

l;4fy{ jg:ynL afnfh', sf7df8f}Faf6 @)%# ;fndf P;=Pn=;L= df *^=*% k|ltzt c° NofO{ af]8sf] rf}yf]:yfg tyf 5fqfx¿df k|yd :yfg xfl;n u/]sL cg'kfn] /TgljBf kbs klxn] g} xft kfl/;s]sL 5g\ .

;]06 h]leo;{ sn]h yfkfynLaf6 cfO{P:;L hLj lj1fg (Biology) cWoog u/]sL cg'kfn] ljBfno kZrft\ SofDk;df klg cfˆgf] :yfg ;'/lIft /fVb} ljutsf] ;kmntfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs kfpg]cj;/ u'dfOgg\ .

xfn cg'kf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhu~hdf Pd=aL=aL+=P;= låtLo jif{df cWoog/t 5g\ . P;=Pn=;L= df pTs[i6 ePsf clwsf+z ljBfyL{x¿sf] nIo 8fS6/ tyf OlGhlgo/ x'g] pgL atfpFl5g\ . t/, s]xL ;do otf Pd=aL=aL=P;=df w]/} k6s k/LIff lb+bf klg sltko ljBfyL{x¿ o; If]qdf 5gf}6 gePsf] u'gf;f] kq–klqsfdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/ pgL elG5g\–æhLjlj1fg k9\g] w]/} ljBfyL{sf] 8fS6/ aGg] nIo x'G5 . To;}n] k|lt:kwL{x¿ w]/} x'G5\g\ Pp6f nIo lnP/ klg ;kmn gx'g' cToGt b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] . ljifo s]xL ufXf] eP/ klg ;a}n] 5gf}6 x'g gkfpg] x'g ;S5 xfd|f] k9fOsf] :t/df sdhf]/ / ljifosf] k"0f{ bIftfsf] sdLn] klg o:tf] ePsf] x'g'k5{ .Æ

lktf 8f= s]bf/gfy a/fn / dftf pdf a/fnsL 5f]/Lsf ¿kdf @)#& ;fn c;f]hdf hlGdPsL cg'kf ;kmntfsf] >]o 3/ kl/jf/, lzIfs tyf cfˆgf] nugzLntfnfO{ lbg rfxlG5g\ .

cWoogsf] cltl/Qm xflh/L hjfkm, c+u|]hL lxHh] k|ltof]lutfdf ljhoL ePsf] pgL atfpFl5g\ . æljz]iftM d g[Todf ;f}lvg 5' . cg'kf elG5g\ . lrlsT;f k]zfdf k"0f{ k|lta4 eP/ b]zsf] ;]jf ug]{ nIo ;fg} pd]/b]lv lyof] / cGttM Tof] k"/fx'G5 xf]nf–pgL atfpFl5g\ .

k|:t'ltM cgf/l;+x a:g]t

@)%& ;fndf P]Zjo{ ljBf kbs kfpg]x¿

:gfts txdf

!= ldlngf tfd|fsf/ -dfgljsL tyf ;dfhzf:q kßsGof SofDk;_

@= jGbgf v]tfg -Joj:yfkg, lkk'N; SofDk;_

#= nlntf sdf{rfo{ -lzIff, dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;_

$= l;h{gf v8\sf -lj1fg, lqrGb| SofDk;_

%= /~hgf yfkf -sfg"g, g]kfn n SofDk;_

^= ;'lgtf vftL -lrlsT;f gl;{Ë SofDk;_

&= sljtf kf7s -OlGhlgol/Ë, k'Nrf]s SofDk;_

*= clDasf 9sfn -jg lj1fg, kf]v/f SofDk;_

(= ;'wf s0f{ -;+F:s[t, of1jNSo nIdLgf/fo0f ljBfkL7_

k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq txdf

!= gLtf 9'+u]n -Joj:yfkg, g]kfn sdz{ SofDk;_

@= kfj{tL sfsL{ -lzIff, wgs'6f SofDk;_

#= cg'kf a/fn -lj1fg, ;]06h]leo;{ sn]h_

$= gf/fo0fdfof af]xf]/f -dfgljsL, s}nfnL ;+o'Qm SofDk;_

%= /]vf ltldlN;gf -lrlsT;f, gl;{ª SofDk;, nlntk'/_

^= cxNof k|wfg -OlGhlgol/Ë, k'Nrf]s SofDk;_

&= Pl/sf pbf; -jg, lj1fg, kf]v/f SofDk;_

*= cr{gf s0f{ -s[lif, ndh'ª, s[lif SofDk;_

(= zs'Gtnf jfUn] -;+:s[t, efg' ;F:s[t ljBfkL7_

!)= /hgL /fhe08f/L -;F:s[t sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno

!!= ;'/eL cu|jfn -;+:s[t dx]Gb| sGof pRr df=lj=_

k|:t'ltM cgf/l;+x a:g]t