ljljw If]qsf o'jf k|ltefx¿b]znfO{ gofF ult lbg], ljZj;dIf lrgfpg] ;fxl;s Pjd\ k|ltefjfg\ o'jf ju{sf] of]ubfg / cg's/0fLo sfo{ ;w}F :t'To /xG5 . o;} tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL …o'jfd~r… sf] k|sfzg cf/De ePsf] c;f/ dlxgfsf] of] c°df xfdLn] s]xL ;fxl;s / k|ltefzfnL o'jf h;n] ;dfhnfO{ s]xL gofF s'/f k|bfg u/]sf] af/]df ;fdfGo kl/ro k|:t't ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5f}F . xfd|f] of] k|of;n] ;dosf] xbaGbL / cGo ljljw sf/0fn] k"0f{tf eg] kfpg;s]sf] 5}g . oxfF ;Dks{df cfPsf To:tf o'jf k|ltefx¿sf] l;h{gf;DaGwdf ;ª\If]kdf lrgf/L k|:t't ul/G5 . uNtLx¿ cf}FNofpFb} n's]/ /x]sf o:t} cGo o'jf k|ltefsf] af/]df cfjZos hfgsf/Lsf] ck]Iff xfdLn] lj1 kf7sx¿af6 /fv]sf 5f}F .

– ;Dkfbs t]Dafl5l/ z]kf{M–

sIff * df cWoog/t !% jifL{o t]Dafl5l/ z]kf{ slnnf] pd]/d} ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]/ ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod ug{ vf]Hg] ;fx;sf] sb/ ug'{k5{ g} . @)%& r}t @! ut] pgL ltAattkm{af6 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug{] cleofgcGtu{t sf7df8f}+af6 To;tkm{ nfu]sf lyP . …OG6/g];gn PS;lkl8;gÚ bndf ;xefuL eP/ ;f] cleofgdf h'6]sf t]Dafl5/L cfkm"n] o;k6s ;kmn x'g] ljZjf; JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o;eGbf cl3 -;g\ !(((_ klg pgn] ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] cfˆgf] cleofgnfO{ cl3 a9fPsf lyP . t/ pgsf] ;f] cleofg ;kmn x'g ;s]g . ;g\ !((( sf] d] dlxgfdf pgn] ljljw sf/0fn] aLraf6} cfˆgf] cf/f]x0f cleofgnfO{ kl/Tofu u/]sf lyP . klxnf] k|of;df pgL ;u/dfyfsf] cf7 xhf/ *@^ ld6/ prfO;Dd k'u]/ cfˆgf] cf/f]x0f kl/Tofu ug{ ljjz ePsf lyP . ;f] qmddf pgn] b'a} xftsf u/L kfFrj6f cf}+nf u'dfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . pgsf] ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/L ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod ug]{ bf];|f] k|of; ;kmn /xf];\– ;fx;L z]kf{nfO{ oxL z'esfdgf . cfh;Dd sd pd]/df ;u/dfyf r9\g] cf/f]xLsf] >]0fLdf zDe' tfdfª /x]sf 5g\ . tfdfªn] ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/]sf lyP .

/d]z rf}w/LM–

xfn Ol~hlgol/Ë s]Gb|Lo SofDk;, k'nrf]sdf :gfts -aL=O=_ tx k|yd jif{ -d]sflgsn Ol~hlgo/_ df cWoog/t /d]z rf}w/Ln] @)%@ ;fndf df]gf] xjfOhxfh -Mono–Plane_ sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] ;kmn k/LIf0f;d]t ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

kf]v/fl:yt klZrdf~rn Ol~hlgol/Ë SofDk;df l8Knf]df bf];|f] jif{df cWoog ubf{ pxfFn] df]gf]–xjfOhxfhsf] gd'gf lgdf{0f u/L SofDk;sf] k|of]uzfnf sIffleq To;nfO{ em08} tLg ldg]6 p8fP/ k/LIf0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

>L rf}w/Lsf cg';f/ …df]gf] Kn]gÚ eGgfn] xfnsf xjfOhxfhx¿sf] Ps k'/fgf] gd'gf xf] . df]gf] Kn]gsf] gd'gf agfP/ To;sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ gGbaxfb'/ lu/Ln] klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ePsf] >L rf}w/Ln] atfpg'eof] . To;a]nf b'a} d]sflgsn ljifosf] ljBfyL{ x'g'x'GYof] .

8]9 ld6/ rf}+8fO, () ;]=ld= nDafO / k'ugk'u b'O{ s]=hL= tf}nsf] ;f] gd'gf Kn]g Ps kª\v] -Single Propeller_ lyof] . SofDk;sf] k|of]uzfnf sIffleq ljB't\ / Aof6«Lsf] zlQmaf6 pQm hxfh p8fOPsf] ljBfyL{ rf}w/Ln] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

df]gf] Kn]g agfpFbf pQm SofDk;sf tTsfnLg jl/i7 k|lzIfs ljZjgfy /fhafxsn] cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u / k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{ePsf] :d/0f ljBfyL{ rf}w/L ;'gfpg'x'G5 .

;f] Kn]g agfpFbf SofDk;af6 k|fKt ;fdu|L / dfgjLo >dnfO{ 5f]8]/ ?= !) xhf/ nfut nfu]sf] lyof] . Kn]gdf clwsf+z ;fdu|L SofDk;s} k|of]u ul/Psf] / gk'u aflx/af6 vl/b ul/Psf] pxfF atfpg'x'G5 .

df]gf] Kn]gsf] gd'gf lgdf{0fsf] cltl/Qm ljBfyL{ rf}w/Ln] On]S6«f]d]sflgsn oGqdfgj -/f]af]6_ lj08 kfj/ Knf06 / km]g d]sflgHdsf] lgdf{0f / k|bz{gL;d]t cfkm"n] u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] .

jL/u~hdf cfO=P;=;L= k9\bf @)$* ;fnlt/ On]S6«f]d]sflgsn /f]af]6 cfkm"n] agfPsf] >L rf}w/L atfpg'x'G5 .

lj08 kfj/ Knf06sf] lgdf{0f u/L To;af6 kfgL tfGg] / ljB't\ pTkfbg -k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf_ ul/Psf] pxfF atfpg'x'G5 . lj08 kfj/ Knf06 cGtu{t xfjfsf] jxfj zlQm -sfOg]l6s zlQm_ nfO{ d]sflgsn zlQmdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L Tof] zlQmnfO{ ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 – >L rf}w/L eGg''x'G5 .

kf]v/fdf klxnf]k6s ;g\ !((^ df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] kf]v/f k|bz{gLdf cfkm"n] agfPsf] /f]af]6, lj08 kfj/ Knf06 / km]g d]sflgHdsf] k|bz{gL;d]t u/]sf] pxfF atfpg'x'G5 . af/f lhNnfdf hlGdPsf @^ jifL{o rf}w/Ln] klxnf]k6s cfkm"n] km]g d]sflgHd agfPsf] / To;kl5 qmdzM /f]af]6, df]gf] Kn]g / lj08 kfj/ Knf06 agfPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

tkfO{+sf sfo{k|lt ;dfh / ;Da4 lgsfoaf6 s:tf] k|ltlqmof cfof] eGbf pxfF eGg'x'G5 – cS;/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf k|f]T;fxg / k|]/0ffsf] v8]/L k/]sf] 5 . t/ klg cfufdL lbgdf l;h{gf / k|ljlw lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿df cfkm" nflu/xg] pxfF atfpg'x'G5 .

;'/h kf08] ÷ bLk]z yfkfM–

Ol~hlgol/Ë cWoog ;+:yfg, s]Gb|Lo SofDk;, k'nrf]sdf :gfts tx -aL=O=_ df cWoog/t ljBfyL{åo ;'/h kf08] / bLk]z yfkfn] ljBfyL{:t/af6 klxnf]k6s g]kfndf /f]af]6 -oGqdfgj_ sf] lgdf{0f u/]/ b]vfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] oGqdfgj cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] /f]af]6 k|ltof]lutfdf;d]t ;xefuL eO;s]sf] 5 . ;DejtM cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] /f]af]6 k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;xefuL u/fOPsf] of] g} klxnf] oGqdfgj xf] .

em08} tLg dlxgfsf] cjlw nufP/ @)%& ;fn kmfu'gdf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] of] oGqdfgj ;g\ @))! sf] dfr{ $ df hfkfgdf ePsf] …OG6/g];gn o'lgel;{6L /f]af]6L; sDkL6L;gÚ -PgPrs] /f]af]sg–@))!_ df efu lng] p2]Zon] agfOPsf] lyof] . hfkfgdf ;DkGg pQm k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 of] oGqdfgjnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] / ToxfF o;n] ;kmntfk"j{s cfˆgf] sfd u/]sf] pkk|fWofks /fh]z sfo:y atfpg'x'G5 .

Ol~hlgol/Ë SofDk;sf pk k|fWofksåo /fh]z sfo:y -d]sflgsn ljifo_ / /fdgfy /]UdL -sDKo'6/ On]S6«f]lgS; ljifo_ sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u / k/fdz{df ljBfyL{ ;'/h kf08] -sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/, bf];|f] jif{_ / bLk]z yfkf -d]sflgsn Ol~hlgo/, bf];|f] jif{_ n] of] oGqdfgjsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . k|ltof]lutfdf dfq ;xefuL u/fpg] p2]Zon] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]n] clxn];Dd of] oGqdfgjnfO{ s'g} ;ª\1f glbOPsf] s]jn oGqdfgj dfq elgPsf] 5–pk–k|fWofks sfo:yn] atfpg'eof] .

s'n tf}n #* s]=hL= / nfut ?= ^* xhf/ -kf6k"hf{sf] dfq_ /x]sf] of] oGqdfgjsf] ultsf] lbzfsf] ;ª\Vof -gDa/ ckm 8fO/]S;g km/ df];g_ gf} lsl;dsf] /x]sf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L >L sfo:yn] u/fpg' eof] . df]6/, kfª\u|f / Aof6«L afx]s o;df k|of]u ul/Psf kf6k"hf{x¿ :yfgLo ahf/df pknAw ;fdu|Laf6 SofDk;df g} agfP/ k|of]u ul/Psf] atfOPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg aS; lsl;dsf] jf l;ln08/ lsl;dsf ;fdfgnfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg -ljleGg tl/sfn]_ of] oGqdfgjsf] k|of]u ug{;lsg] atfOG5 .

of] oGqdfgjsf] ;~rfng k|ltof]lutfx¿df l;w} sG6«f]n af]8{af6 sDKo'6/ OlGhlgol/Ë tkm{sf k|fWofks–ljBfyL{n] o;sf] ;~rfng kIf / d]sflgsn Ol~hlgol/Ë tkm{sf k|fWofks–ljBfyL{n] o;sf] k|fljlws :j¿k k|bfg ug]{ / ultsf] lbzfsf] ;ª\Vof -k|sf/_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ kIf;DaGwdf sfd u/]sf lyP .

sf7df8f}+ l;kmn lgjf;L @! jifL{o ljBfyL{ kf08] eGg'x'G5–xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; ;kmn ePsf] 5 / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] k|ltof]lutfdf klg xfd|f] pTkfbgnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO;s]sf 5f}F . o;af6 xfdLdf yk cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ e}/xjfdf hlGdPsf csf{ ;xof]uL ljBfyL{ yfkf @# jif{sf x'g'x'G5 / af/Daf/ Ps} lsl;dsf] sfd ug{–u/fpg' sDKo'6/af6 ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pk–k|fWofks sfo:y atfpg'x'G5 .

of] oGqdfgjsf] lgdf{0fsf] qmddf sDKo'6/ OlGhlgol/Ë tkm{sf k|fWofks–ljBfyL{n] o;sf] ;~rfng kIf / d]sflgsn Ol~hlgol/Ë tkm{sf k|fWofks–ljBfyL{n] o;sf] k|fljlws :j¿k k|bfg ug]{ / ultsf] lbzfsf] ;ª\Vof -k|sf/_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ kIf;DaGwdf sfd u/]sf lyP .

sf7df8f}+ l;kmn lgjf;L @! jifL{o ljBfyL{ kf08] eGg'x'G5–xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; ;kmn ePsf] 5 / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] k|ltof]lutfdf klg xfd|f] pTkfbgnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO;s]sf 5f}F . o;af6 xfdLdf yk cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ e}/xjfdf hlGdPsf csf{ ;xof]uL ljBfyL{ yfkf @# jif{sf x'g'x'G5 .

o'js s]=;L=M–

o'jf k|ltef o'js s]=;L=n] @)%) ;fndf OGwglagf kfgL tfGg] k|ljlw …lk:tf]g kDk P;Ú sf] cfljisf/ u/]sf lyP . o;/L cfljisf/ u/]sf] kDkaf6 @)%! ;fndf ;kmntfk"j{s rf]ef/sf] u0f]z:yfg k5fl8sf] vf]N;f]af6 !!# lkm6 prfOdf kfgL tfg]/ k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] .

b'O{ c3'ngzLn t/n kbfy{ -h:tf] t]n / kfgL_ sf] lemNnLaf6 k}bf x'g] zlQm l;4fGt cGtu{t o'js s]=;L= n] of] k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/ kl/sNkgf tof/ ug'{ePsf] / ;f]xL kl/sNkgf -l;4fGt_ cg';f/ kDk lgdf{0f u/L of] k|ljlwsf] k/LIf0f ul/Psf] s'/f kDk lgdf{0fdf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{ePsf d]sflgS;åo k/d]Zj/s'df/ s'Fj/ / r}taxfb'/ gsdL{ atfpg'x'G5 .

o'js s]=;L=n] kQfnufPsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf] cfwf/df cyf{t\ pgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgnfO{ sfo{ut ¿kdf ptfg{sf nflu agfOPsf] d]l;gnfO{ …lk:6f]g kDk P;Ú gfd lbOPsf]n] o;nfO{ lk:6f]g kDk P; k|ljlw klg eGg] ul/Psf] atfOG5 .

@)@^ ;fndf hlGdPsf gjnk/f;L, /hx/ lgjf;L o'jf k|ltef s]=;L=n] kQf nufPsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] of] kDkn] @)%! ;fndf Ps O~r Ifdtfsf] kfOkaf6 k|ltldg]6 @)–@% ln6/ kfgL !!# lkm6sf] prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .

of] k|ljlw cGtu{t kDk cyf{t\ d]l;g lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg d]sflgS;åo s'Fj/ / gsdL{sf cg';f/, xfn;Dd o:tf tLgj6f kDk lgdf{0f u/L dgf]x/f, rf]ef/, lji0f'dtL, lqz"nL, afx«la;], ;'gsf]zL, gf/fo0f3f6 If]qdf ;kmntfk"j{s k/LIf0f u/L kfgL tflgPsf] 5 . tLgj6fdWo] Pp6f kDk sfe|]sf] es'08]a];Ldf ;~rfngsf nflu k'¥ofOPsf] 5 .

lgdf{0f ul/Psf lk:6f]g kDk–P; Pp6fsf] tf}n em08} &% b]lv *) lsnf] /x]sf] / Ps O~r Ifdtfsf] kfOkaf6 k|ltldg]6 em08} @% ln6/ kfgL tfGg] Ifdtf /x]sf] d]sflgS;åo gsdL{ / s'Fj/ atfpg'x'G5 . lgdf{0f ul/Psf oL kDkx¿sf] k|lt nfut vr{ @*÷#) xhf/ ?lkofF /x]sf] s'/f klg pxfFx¿n] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

OGwgljgf ;~rfngdf Nofpg ;lsg] lk:6f]g kDk P;nfO{ ;'?df ;~rfng ug{ vfg] t]n / dl§t]nsf] cfjZos kg]{ / To;kl5 s]xL klg grflxg] >L s'Fj/ atfpg'x'G5 .

o'js s]=;L= n] kQfnufPsf] l;4fGt cGtu{t lgdf{0f ul/Psf] of] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df /f]gfi6n] rf;f] glbPsf] t/ pxfFnfO{ of] sfo{ u/]afkt ljz]if ;Ddfg eg] ;g\ !((& sf] ;]K6]Da/df k|bfg u/]sf] ;Ddfgkq b]vfpFb} >L s'Fj/n] ;j{;fwf/0fn] u/]sf] cfljisf/nfO{ /f]gfi6n] j}1flgs l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t gePsf] eGb} a]jf:tf ug]{ u/]sf] cf/f]k nufpg' eof] .

oL tLg k|ltefnufot cGo b'O{hgfsf] ;+nUgtfdf xfn ;fOsn kDk lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . o'js s]=;L=sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;fOsn kDk lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] hfgsf/L >L gsdL{n] lbg'ePsf] 5 .

gjLg ljZjsdf{M–

b'u{d lhNnf ¿s'ddf hlGdPsf, k|fylds lzIff klg xfl;n ul/g;s]sf / ;fgf] pd]/d} x]lnsf]K6/ agfpg] dxTjfsfª\Iff af]s]sf gjLg ljZjsdf{n] cGttM !! jif{sf] pd]/d} @)%^ df3 @) ut] sf7sf] gd'gf x]lnsf]K6/ agfP/ ;a}sf ;fd' b]vfOlbP . ^–& jif{b]lv of] sfddf nfUb} cfPsf] atfpg] ljZjsdf{n] eg]–d}n] agfPsf] sf7sf] kfFrf}+ gd'gf x]lnsf]K6/ ;j{k|yd ;a}sf nflu ¿s'dsf] vnËfdf k|bz{g u/]sf] lyPF= h;sf] kª\vf Aof6««Laf6 3'DYof] .

clxn] !# jif{df lxF8\b} u/]sf u'Xj]Zj/L dflj -sf7df8f}+_ df sIff # df cWoog/t ljZjsdf{n] @)%& df klg csf]{ sf7sf] gd'gf x]lnsf]K6/ agfPsf 5g\ . h;nfO{ clxn] pgn] cfkm";Fu} s0ff{nL Po/j]hsf] OlGhlgol/Ë ljefudf /fv]sf 5g\ . ToxfF pgsf] kf}/v x]g{ hfg] ;a}nfO{ cfˆgf] l;h{gf b]vfpFb} pgL eG5g\–cfsfzdf p8]sf] x]lnsf]K6/ b]v]kl5 ddf x]lnsf]K6/ agfpg] OR5f hfUof] . kmn:j¿k of] sfo{ x'g;Sof] . pgn] agfPsf] of] kl5Nnf] x]lnsf]K6/sf] kª\vf lah'nLsf] ;xfotfn] 3'D5 .

eljiodf p8\g] x]lnsf]K6/ agfP/ b]vfpg ;S5f} t eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf pgL eG5g\ – eljiosf] s'/f 5f]8\gf];\ b'O{ nfv ?lkofF ePdf clxn] g} cfsfzdf p8\g] x]lnsf]K6/ agfP/ b]vfpg;S5' eGg] cfTdljZjf; dnfO{ 5 . x]lnsf]K6/sf] af/]df dnfO{ w]/} 1fg 5}g s]jn xfjfsf] bafjdf of] p8\5 eGg] 1fg dfq 5 – pgn] csf]{ k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf atfP .

plrt ;xof]u / lzIff kfPdf cfsfzdf p8\g] hxfh, x]lnsf]K6/ agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] cfTdljZjf; lnPsf ljZjsdf{nfO{ k|]/0ffsf] vfFrf] 5 . k9]n]v]sfaf6 cfˆgf] sfdk|lt a]jf:tf bzf{pFbf pgsf] lrQ b'V5 . sltkon] t pgnfO{ k|]/0ff lbg'sf] abnf t}Fn] of] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g;\ eg]sf] :d/0f pgsf] 5 . t/ s0ff{nL Po/j]hsf clgn a:g]t / lg/~hg vgfnn] eg] pgnfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpg'k5{ eGb} k|]/0ff lbg] sfd u/]sf 5g\–ljZjsdf{sf] egfOdf .

kl5Nnf] x]lnsf]K6/ agfpg pgnfO{ 8]9 dlxgf hlt nfu]sf] lyof] . cfˆgf] >dafx]s To;sf nflu ?= ;ftxhf/ kfFr;o krf; nfu]sf] atfpFb} ljZjsdf{n] eg]–ætkfO{+ olt s'/f klg n]lvlbgf];\, clxn] d]/f] OR5f ;/sf/df /x]sf k|wfgdGqL / dGqLnfO{ e]6L cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu cfu|x ug]{ / hlt;Sof] l56f] p8\g] x]lnsf]K6/ agfP/ ;a}nfO{ b]vfpg] /x]sf] 5 .Æ

/fd|f] lzIff cfh{g ug]{ / p8\g] x]lnsf]K6/ agfP/} 5f8\g] b[9 ;ª\sNk af]s]sf ljZjsdf{ @)%^ df3 @% b]lv sf7df8f}+df ;f+;b gf/fo0f l;+x k'gsf] ;xof]udf cWoog ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

æsf7sf] x]lnsf]K6/ agfPsf] 5', kª\vf klg Aof6«L of lah'nLaf6 3'Dg] agfPsf] 5' . t/ hldgaf6 cfsfzdf p8\g] agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . k};f eP Tof] klg u/]/ b]vfOlbg] lyPF . k};f 5}g . b'O{ nfv eP of] sfd u/]/ b]vfpg] lyPFÆ –b[9 cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy pgL eG5g\ . x]/.}F pgsf] cfTdljZjf;nfO{ sfo{If]qdf ptfg{ sf]–sf] ;xof]uL ag]/ cfpF5g\ .

nf]s]Zj/ df:s]M–

sf7df8f}+ lgjf;L #@ jifL{o nf]s]Zj/ df:s]n] g]kfndf ;j{k|yd /f]af]6 -oGqdfgj_ sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] s'/f xfn;Dd k|fKt tYox¿af6 k|:6 ePsf] 5 . o; cy{df g]kfndf /f]af]6 agfpg] pgL g} klxnf] o'jf k|ltef x'g\ . lj1fgsf ljBfyL{ df:s]n] xfn;Dd b'O{j6f /f]af]6 -oGqdfgj_ agfO ;kmn k/LIf0f;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] lj=;+= @)$) sf] bzsdf klxnf] /f]af]6 agfPsf lyP eg] @)%) sf] bzs -@)%&_ df bf];|f] /f]af]6 agfPsf lyP . pgn] agfPsf] klxnf] /f]af]6 oGqdfgj lah'nLsf] tf/ a]g]{ sfo{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] / To;sf] gfd af?OrL–! /flvPsf] lyof] .

To;}u/L, o'jf k|ltef df:s]n] @)%& ;fndf bf];|f] oGqdfgjsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . pgsf] klxnf] oGqdfgjeGbf bf];|f] s]xL kl/is[t /x]sf] t/ b'j}sf] k|lqmofut / sfo{ut ljz]iftf eg] Ps} lsl;dsf] /x]sf] atfOG5 . o;/L bf];|f]k6s lgdf{0f ul/Psf] oGqdfgjnfO{ pgn] af?OrL–@ sf] ;ª\1f lbPsf 5g\ . af?OrL–@ sDKo'6/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul/g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ sDKo'6/ oGqdfgj;d]t eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . af}4l:yt h]ldgL ;'k/dfs]{6df sDKo'6/ oGqdfgjsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] atfOG5 . sDKo'6/ oGqdfgj agfpg] klxnf] g]kfnLsf] >]o klg >L df:s]nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

emdss'df/L l3ld/]M–

ckfË eOsg klg g]kfnL ;flxlTos kmfF6df l;h{gzLn o'jf k|ltefsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt emdss'df/Lsf] hGd lj=;+= @)#& df wgs'6f lhNnfsf] slr8]df ePsf] lyof] . emdss'df/L ckfË l5g\ t/ klg pgnfO{ eujfg\n] ;flxTo l;h{gf ug{;Sg] Ifdtf k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . cfkm"leq cGt/lglxt k|ltefnfO{ emdss'df/Ln] b]a|] v'§fsf] cf}+nfsf] ;xfotfn] n]v]/ JoQm ub}{ cfPsL l5g\ . b'a} xft grNg], /fd|f];Fu af]Ng, n]Vg / pleg;d]t c;dy{ emdss'df/Ln] ckfËx¿df klg cGt/lglxt k|ltef /x]sf] x'G5, cfkm"df lglxt k|ltefnfO{ phfu/ u/]/ ckfËx¿n] h:t} cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s / ;dfhsf nflu cg's/0fLo t'Nofpg ;S5g\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ ;a}sf ;fd' k'l:6 ul/lbPsL 5g\ .

ckfË eP/ klg ;flxTo ;fwgdf tNnLg emdss'df/Ln] clxn];Dd v'§fsf] cf}+nfsf] ;xof]udf y'k|} km'6s/ sljtfx¿ n]v]/ k|sflzt ub}{ cfPsL l5g\ . olt dfq xf]Og pgsf …dfG5]leqsf of]4fx¿Ú, …cfˆg} lrtf clUglzv/lt/Ú, …cj;fgkl5sf] cfudgÚ, …;°NkÚ h:tf em08} cfwfbh{g s[ltx¿ k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm emdss'df/Lsf] dfgl;s Ifdtf eg] ;zQm 5 .

– eLd/fh cof{n

x'g] la?jfsf] ;fg}b]lv lrNnf] kft

elgG5 x'g] la?jfsf] ;fg}b]lv lrNnf]kft x'G5 . xf]gxf/ la?jf xd]zf pWj{d'vL eP/ cfpF5 . h:tf];'s} xfjfx'/L atf;n] klg p;nfO{ xNnfpg ;Sb}g . r§fg} kmf]g{ k/] klg pm kl5 kb}{g . dlxnf Jof; ;'>L tf/f l3ld/]nfO{ klg o:t} xf]gxf/ la?jfsf] ¿kdf lng;lsG5 . lj=;+= @)@( ;fndf hGd]sL tf/f l3ld/]n] 5f]6} pd]/df cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnsf] xf]gxf/ dlxnf k|ltefsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/;s]sL l5g\ . efujt\sf] 7]nL;Fu ulx/f] ldt]/L nufO{ ;dfh;]jfsf] km"naf/L uf]8d]n ug{ xft]dfnf] ub}{ cfPsL tf/f l3ld/] y'k|} ;ª\3 ;+:yfaf6 k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf Jof;sf] ¿kdf cleglGbt;d]t eO;s]sL l5g\ . k'Vof}{nL ynf] tfKn]h'Ësf] xfªkfª atfpg] tf/f xfn emfkf lhNnfsf] u/FdgLdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsL l5g\ .

dftf OGb|dfof l3ld/] / lktf s[i0fbf; l3ld/]sL ;'k'qL tf/f l3ld/]nfO{ g]kfnL cfWoflTds hut\df ;fFlRrs} pbLodfg tf/fsf] ¿kdf lng;lsG5 . ljut b'O{ jif{ cl3b]lv Jof;gdf a;]/ efujt\sf] ;ËLtdo JofVofg lbFb} cfPsL tf/fn] xfn;Dd sf7df8f}+, lj/f6gu/, w/fg, emfkf, a'6jn, kf]v/f, lrtjg, x]6f}+8f, s}nfnL, wflbª / g'jfsf]6 cflb :yfgdf u/L ^# k6s efujt\ JofVofg ul/;s]sL l5g\ . JofVofg ug]{ snf / unfsL wgL tf/fdf Pp6} cf;gdf a;L efujt\sf] ;ËLtdo JofVofg lbP/ aL;f}+ xhf/ ;|f]tfx¿nfO{ efjljef]/ agfpg] Ifdtf dfq xf]Og Pp6} sfo{qmdaf6 b;f}+ nfv cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fO{ ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] snf ;d]t /x]sf] s'/f] tf/fsf ;|f]tfx¿ atfpF5g\ . o; af/]df lh1f;f /fVbf tf/f eGbl5g\ – cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿df clwstd @) xhf/;Dd ;|F]tf;xeflutf h'6]sf] / !) nfv ?lkofF;Dd cfly{s ;xof]u p7]sf] atfpFl5g\ .

ef/tsf] dl0fk'/af6 xfO:s'n kf; u/L sflnDkf]ª / j[Gbfjgdf u/L % jif{;Dd j]b / k'/f0fsf] cWoog u/]/ cf}krfl/s ¿kn] Jof;sf] cf;gdf a;]/ k'/f0f jfrg ug]{ cleofgdf nfu]sf] atfpg] tf/f l3ld/] o;} ;fn j[Gbfjgaf6 pQ/dWodf k/LIff;d]t lbFb}l5g\ . Ps]8]lds lzIffsf] b[li6n] pRr lzIffsf] w/ftn 6]Sg tf/fn] cem} s]xL ;do s'g'{kg]{ b]lvP klg af}l4s w/ftnsf] pRr lzv/ eg] o;eGbf cl3 g} 6]ls;s]sL l5g\ . pgn] xfn;Dd cfWoflTds IF]qdf k|bz{g u/]sf] af}l4s Ifdtf / lbPsf] of]ubfg o; If]qdf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{sf] nflu;d]t lzIffk|b x'g] vfnsf b]lvPsf 5g\ .

Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/df tf/f elG5g\ – ælktf k'vf{x¿ ;a} cfWoflTds If]qdf ?lr /fVg] ePsfn] xf] ls d]/f] afNosfnb]lv g} cfWoflTds IF]qdf ljz]if ?lr lyof] . !) jif{sf] pd]/b]lv g} kmf§km'§¿kdf wfld{s k|jrg ub}{ cfPsL lyPF . ;+:yfut¿kdf efujtÆ k|jrg u/L ;dfh;]jf ug]{ cleofgsf] ;'?cft eg] b'O{jif{ cl3 w/fgsf] /fwfs[i0f k|0ffdL cf>daf6 ;'? u/]sL x'F . dlxnf Jof; ag]/ klxnf] k6s Jof;f;gdf a:bf nfu]sf] v'';Lsf] j0f{g ug{ d]/f zAbk'~h c;dy{ 5g\ . ;'?;'?df afwf Jojwfgsf kvf{n klg d]/f dfu{df gt]l;{Psf xf]Ogg\ . bf];|f] k6s w/fgsf] uLtf ejgdf k'/f0f eGg nfUbf kl08t / k'/f]lxg afh]x¿n] dlxnfn] k'/f0f eGg x'Fb}g eg]/ v'n]/ layf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf lyP . gf/f efif0f / krf{jfhLdf pq]sf ;d]t lyP . t}klg cfˆgf] b[9 c7f]6sf] sf/0f pgLx¿n] t]:of{Psf tuf/f]nfO{ k/f:t ug{ ;kmn ePF . cfkm"df b[9 c7f]6 eP ufx|f] cK7\of/f] x6fpg uf/f] kbf]{/x]g5 . lj:tf/} lj:tf/} dnfO{ k/f:t ug{ vf]Hg]x¿ cfkm}F k/f:t eP/ uP . ca cfˆgf] k"/f hLjg o;} IF]qdf Joltt ug]{ c7f]6 u/]sL 5' .Æ

k|:6jQmf, d[b'efifL / ;/n :jefjsL wgL tf/f l3ld/]sfcg';f/ sf7df8f}+df utjif{ >L s[i0f Hof]lt ;~hLjgL t'n;L ;]jf ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf ;f] >Ls[i0f Hof]lt ;~hLjgL t'n;L ;]jf ;ldltn] / lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] pknIodf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjgnufot !& j6f ;fdflhs / wfld{s ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿n] lrtjgdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmd tyf g'jfsf]6 / wflbª cflbdf ePsf] sfo{qmdx¿df cfof]hsx¿n] pgnfO{ k|yd dlxnf Jof;sf] pkflwn] clegGbg u/]sf 5g\ . tkfO{+g} g]kfnsf] k|yd dlxnf Jof; x'g'x'G5 t < eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgL eGbl5g\ – æv} dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . cfˆgf] af/]df cfkm}n] s] eg'F . o;sf] pQ/ ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿;Fu} vf]Hg' a9L pkof]uL xf]nf .Æ o;af/]df lh1f;f /fVbf >Ls[i0f Hof]lt ;~hLjgL t'n;L ;]jf ;ldltsf cWoIf ltns/fh kf}8]n eGb5g\ – æxfdLn] ;DdfggLo 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{nufot 7"nf–7"nf ljåfg\x¿nfO{ /fv]/ lgs} 5nkmn u¥of}+ . sf]7];t;Ët ug]{ dlxnfx¿ g]kfndf c¿ klg eP klg lkmN8df pq]/ efujt\sf] Znf]sx¿nfO{ ;ËLtdo JofVofg u/L d]rL / dxfsfnLsf] p8fg ug{;Sg] ;fx;L dlxnf eg] tf/fhL g} b]lvg' ePsf]n] pxfFnfO{ xfdLn] k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf Jof;sf] ¿kdf clegGbg u/]sf xf}F .Æ

cfWoflTds sfo{qmdx¿dfkm{t wfld{s k'ghf{u/0f NofO{ ;dfhsf] lxt / pGglt ub}{ hfg] cfˆgf efjL of]hgf /x]sf] atfpg] tf/f l3ld/] ljZjlxGb' dxf;ª\3 gf/L hfu/0f ;ldlt / >Ls[i0f Hof]lt ;~hLjgL t'n;L ;]jf ;ldltsf] cfhLjg ;b:o klg l5g\ . pgn] w/fgsf] /fwfs[i0f dlGb/ / cgfy cf>ddf ljz]if ;xof]u h'6fpFb} cfPsf] klg a'lemPsf] 5 . efujt\ ;'g]sf] e/df s;}sf] klg d'lQm x'Fb}g . d'lQmsf] nflu efujt\ ;'g]/ To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;Sg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] tf/f l3ld/] lxGb' ;dfhdf b]lvPsf] anLk|yfnfO{ c1fgtfsf] k|ltkmn dfGbl5g\ . pgL alnbfgsf] cy{ sfd–qmf]w nf]e / df]xsf] alnbfg xf] eGbl5g\ .

— s] kL= l/hfn

uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf] axfb'/L / Oltxf;

uf]/vfnL hjfgx¿ g Oltxf;df kl5 k/]sf lyP, g jt{dfgdf g} kl5 k/]sf 5g\ . ljZjd} jL/, k/fqmdL, st{Jok/fo0f tyf OdfGbf/df Voflt sdfPsf uf]/vfnLx¿ eljiodf klg st} kl5 kg]{ 5}gg\ . hok|sfz dNnsf] ;xof]udf cfPsf cª\u|]h kmf}hnfO{ kf}jf u9Ldf cl/Ëfnsf] uf]nf / 9'Ëfn] lxsf{P/ nv]6\g] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf hjfg x'g\ jf l;lSsd–cfndf]8fdf v's'/L rDsfpFb} /fi6«sf nflu hLjg alnbfg ug{ tof/ x'g] /fh]Gb|nIdL / axfb'/ zfxsf kmf}h x'g\ ;a}n] Oltxf;df jL/ uf]/vfnLsf] cdL6 5fk 5f8]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L, /fi6«sf lglDt clj:d/0fLo jL/tf k|bz{g ug]{ cd/l;+x, aneb|, elQm yfkf cflbsf jL/ ufyfn] ;'zf]let 5 uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf] Oltxf; .

oxL jL/tfs} kmn:j¿k clxn] klg s/La %) xhf/ uf]/vfnLx¿ ef/t / s/La tLgxhf/ kfFr;o a]nfotdf sfo{/t /x]sf] s'/f uf]/vf e"tk"j{ ;}lgs ;ª\3sf ;lrj dx]Gb|nfn /fO{n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . !*# jif{sf] ;]jf cjlwdf uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] y'k|} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddfgsf ;fy} ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr kbs;d]t k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 .

uf]/vfnLsf] k|yd egf{ M

uf]vf{ /fHosf] lznfGof; b|Jo zfxn] lj=;+= !^)) df u/]sf x'g\ . oyfy{df pgn] cfˆgf] /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu lgo'Qm u/]sf] ;]gf g} uf]/vfnL ;]gf xf] . t/ tTsfnLg uf]/vf /fHosf !) xhf/ ;]gfnfO{ ;fx;L, cf1fsf/L / st{Jok/fo0f agfpg] sfo{ >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 ePsf] s'/f lqe'jg ljZjljBfno Oltxf; ljefusf k|d'v k|f= 8f= /fdk|;fb pkfWofo atfpg' x'G5 . ;zQm uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] k|bz{g u/]sf] cbDo jL/tfsf] sb/ ub}{ k~hfjsf /fhf /0flht l;+xn] lj=;+= !*^^ df tTsfnLg k~hfjsf] /fhwfgL nfxf]/af6 k|ydk6s ljb]zL ;]gfdf uf]/vfnLnfO{ egf{ lng yfn]sf] s'/f pxfF atfpg' x'G5 . uf]/vfnL;Fusf] o'4df s}of}Fk6s y'k|} vtL Joxf]g'{ k/] klg o'4/t a[l6z ef/tsf hg/nx¿n] lj=;+= !*&! df aËfn / ljxf/df uf]/vfnLx¿n] b]vfPsf] cbDo axfb'/Lsf] x[bob]lv g} ;Ddfg ub}{ o'4aGbL agfOPsf] / euf}8f uf]/vfnLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] kN6gdf lng yfn]sf] s'/f lqe'jg ljZjljBfno Oltxf; ljefusf ;x–k|fWofks 8f= ;'/]Gb| s]=;L= atfpg' x'G5 . lj=;+= !*&@ df Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] jL/ uf]/vfnLnfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf etL{ lng …/]lhd]06 ckm uf]vf{Ú sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . oBlk v'nf ¿kn] uf]vf{nL etL{ ug]{ kl/kf6L lj=;+= !($@ kl5 jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf ePsf] xf] . 8f= s]= ;L= sf cg';f/ of] g} uf]vf{nLx¿ lgoldt etL{ ug]{ klxnf] /]lhd]06 xf] / lj=;+= !(%* b]lv !(^# cjlwdf uf]vf{nLsf] dfu cTolws a9]kl5 …uf]vf{ /fOkmN;… g} :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

uf]vf{nL gfdfs/0f M

ndh'ªsf /fhf ozf]a|Xd zfxsf b'O{ efO 5f]/fdWo] b|Jo zfxn] uf]vf{ /fHosf] lznfGof; u/]sf] x'gfn] kl5 lj:tfl/t uf]/vf /fHosf k/fqmdL hjfgx¿nfO{ cGo /fHosfn] …uf]vf{nL ;]gfÚ eGg] u/]sf] s'/f Oltxf;ljb\x¿ atfpF5g\ . jL/ uf]/vfnLsf] Vofltaf6 k|efljt eP/ cfˆgf] ;]gfdf etL{ lng yfn]sfn] ;'?b]lv g} pgLx¿nfO{ ef/tLon] …uf]vf{Ú, a]nfotLn] …u'vf{Ú / g]kfnLx¿n] rflxF z'?df nfxf]/df etL{ ePsfn] ljb]zL ;]gfdf etL{ x'g] ;a}nfO{ …nfx'/]… eGg] u/]sf x'g\ .

ljZjo'4df uf]/vfnLsf] ;xeflutf M

uf]/vfnLx¿sf] jL/tf / OdfGbf/Lsf sf/0f uf]/vfnL etL{ lbgfg'lbg a9\g yfNof] . !*&@ df :yfkgf ePsf] …/]lhd]06 ckm uf]vf{Ú sf] ;ª\Vof lj=;+= !($& df adf{ OGkm]06«L;lxt !) k'u]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(&@ df cli6«ofsf cfs{8\o"s k|mf~h kml8{gf08sf] ;lj{ofnL /fi6«jfbLx¿åf/f ;f/fo]ef]df ul/Psf] xTofsf sf/0f cli6«of–xË]/Ln] ;lj{oflj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sfn] k|yd ljZj o'4sf] lahf/f]k0f u/]sf] lyof] . To:t} a]nfotn] hd{gLdfly cfqmd0f u/]sfn] uf]vf{nL etL{df cTolws j[l4 ePsf] s'/f k|f=8f= pkfWofo atfpg' x'G5 . lj=;+= !($& b]lv !(^! sf] cjlwdf !& xhf/ $@* /x]sf] uf]vf{nL ;}lgssf] ;ª\Vof lj=;+= !(^! b]lv !(&@ sf] cjlwdf a9]/ Psnfv @* xhf/ &&) k'u]sf] s'/f 8f= s]=;L= atfpg' x'G5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ lj=;+= !(&@+–&# df dfq} !* xhf/ @(& hgf uf]vf{nL etL{ ePsf lyP . t/ k|yd ljZj o'4sf] cjlwdf b'O{ nfv uf]/vfnLx¿ ;]gfdf etL{ ePsf] s'/f ;}lgs cfjfh klqsfsf ;Dkfbs ljZj/fh ls/fFt atfpg' x'G5 .

8f=s]=;L= sf cg';f/ cª\u|]hx¿sf k|v/ ;dy{s tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/n] cfˆg} ;]gfsf !^ xhf/ hjfgx¿nfO{ ef/tsf] ljleGg o'4 e"lddf k7fP/ cfˆgf] cª\u|]hk|ltsf] elQmefj k|bz{g u/]sf lyP . plNnlvt ;ª\Vofdf etL{ ePsf uf]/vfnLx¿ k|mfG;, OlhK6, Kofn]:6fOg, ;fOk|;, :jo"h, d];f]kf]6fldof, kl;{of / pHa]ls:tfgnufot ljleGg o'4 e"lddf n8] / s}of}+n] cfˆgf] cd"No hLjg a[l6z ;/sf/sf nflu ck{0f u/] . ltgLx¿dWo] s'njL/ yfkfnfO{ lj=;+= !(&@ df k|mfG;df b]vfPsf] ct'ngLo axfb'/Lsf nflu k|yd uf]/vfnLsf ¿kdf / s0f{axfb'/ /f0ffnfO{ lj=;+= !(&% df OlhK6df k|bz{g u/]sf] clj:d/0fLo jL/tfsf nflu a]nfots} ;jf]{Rr ;}lgs kbs leS6f]l/of qm;åf/f ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] lyof] .

eL= ;L= kfpg] uf]vf{nLx¿ M

!= s'naL/ yfkf du/ – ;g\ !(!% k|mfG;

@= s0f{axfb'/ /fgfdu/ – ;g\ !(!* Kofn]:6fOg

#= nfnaxfb'/ yfkfdu/ – ;g\ !($# 6\o"lgl;of

$= uh] 3n] – ;g\ !($# adf{

%= u~h' nfdf – ;g\ !($$ adf{

^= t'naxfb'/ k'g – ;g\ !($$ adf{

&= g]qaxfb'/ yfkfdu/ – ;g\ !($$ adf{

*= cudl;+x /fO{ – ;g\ !($$ adf{

(= z]/axfb'/ yfkf – ;g\ !($$ O6fnL

!)= ydg u'?ª – ;g\ !($$ O6fnL

!!= efg'eQm u'?ª – ;g\ !($% adf{

!@= nl5dg u'?ª – ;g\ !($% adf{

!#= /fdaxfb'/ lnDa" – ;g\ !(^% af]lg{of]

k/daL/ rqm kfpg] M

!= wgl;+x yfkf du/ – ;g\ !(^@ n2fv

k|yd ljZj o'4sf] ;dflKtlt/ cfOk'Ubf s/La $) xhf/ uf]vf{nLx¿ dfq a[l6z ef/tdf sfo{/t /x]sf] s'/f ;Dkfbs ls/fFt atfpg' x'G5 . hd{gL–cª\u|]h–k|m]~r–kf]ln; u7aGwgsf aLrsf] tgfpsf sf/0f lj=;+= !((^ df z'? ePsf] bf];|f] ljZj o'4 dfgj Oltxf;s} ;aeGbf ljgfzsf/L o'4 dflgG5 . rf/–kfFr s/f]8 dflg;sf] Hofg hfg'sf ;fy} yk s/f]8f}+ dflg;nfO{ eofjx / xtfxtsf] l:yltdf k'¥ofpgsf] sf/0f To;a]nf ev{/ ljsl;t ePsf] cf0fljs ad ljikmf]6n] dfq u/]sf] lyPg eGg'x'G5 k|f=8f= pkfWofo . a[l6z ;]gfsf uxgf dflgg] uf]vf{nL ;]gfn] dRrfPsf] ;g;gLn] klg a]nfotL pklgj]z df}nfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ePsf] pxfFsf] wf/0ff 5 .

bf];|f] ljZjo'4df uf]vf{nLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf cem pRr /Xof] . @) j6f ljBdfg a6flnogsf ;fy} yk !) a6flnog / b'O{j6f Kof/f6'K; u/L cGttM $% j6f a6flnog;Dd la:tf/ ul/of] . nfvf}+ uf]vf{nLx¿n] O6fnL, u|L;, 6\o"lgl;of, ;fOk|;, O/fs, kl;{of, DofGdf/ / O08f]g]l;ofnufotsf] o'4df ct'ngLo jL/tf k|bz{g u/] . uf]vf{nLx¿n] b]vfPsf] pTs[i6 axfb'/Lsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ a[l6z ;/sf/n] gf}hgf uf]vf{nLnfO{ a]nfotsf] ;jf]{Rr ;}lgs tSdf leS6f]l/of qm;åf/f lje"lift u¥of] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4df b'O{ nfv %) xhf/eGbf a9L uf]vf{nLn] efu lnPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

uf]vf{nLx¿sf] ljefhg M

bf];|f] ljZjo'4 ;dflKtsf] b'O{ jif{ kl5 lj=;+= @))$ ;fndf a]nfot ef/t 5f]8\g afWo eof] . ef/t :jtGq x'g' ;ft lbgcl3 ef/t, g]kfn / a]nfotaLr ePsf] lqkIfLo ;+emf}tfcg'¿k k|yd, t[tLo, rt'y{, kfFrfF}, cf7f}F / gjf}+ uf]vf{ /]lhd]06 ef/tLo uf]vf{ /fOkmN;sf] ¿kdf / låtLo, 5}7f}F, ;ftf}F / bzf}F rflxF a[l6z lj|u]8sf ¿kdf /xg] Joj:yf ePsf] s'/f 8f= s]=;L= atfpg' x'G5 .

:jtGqtfkZrft\ ef/tsf hjfx/nfn g]x?nufotsf g]tfx¿n] ljb]zL dfgj zlQmnfO{ a]nfotn] em}F k|of]u gunf{g\ eGg] w]/}sf] cg'dfg lyof], Tolta]n} :jtGqtfsf nflu h'd'{/fO/x]sf sDo'lgi6 lj?4 dnfofdf uf]vf{nLx¿n] a]nfotsf tkm{af6 axfb'/L k|bz{g ul//x]sf lyP . 7Ls ToxLa]nf ef/tnfO{ kfls:tfgsf tkm{af6 ePsf] vt/flj?4 uf]vf{nLx¿n] s8f k|ltpQ/ lbP . uf]vf{nLsf] o; k/fqmdsf] ;Dk"0f{ ef/tLon] d'Qms07n] k|z+;f u/] . To;kl5 klg ef/t / kfls:tfgaLr rf/k6s / rLg;Fu Psk6s ePsf] o'4df uf]vf{nLx¿n] cfˆgf] pTs[i6 axfb'/Lsf] k|bz{g u/] . ;]gfnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ef/tsf tTsfnLg /fi6«klt 8f= /fh]Gb|k|;fbn] @))^ ;fndf a]nfots} ;dsIfdf …k/djL/ rqmÚ tSdfsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . xfn;Dd of] tSdf hDdf !& hgf z"/jL/ ;}lgsnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . Ps dfq uf]vf{nLn] s0f]{n wgl;+x yfkf du/nfO{ lj=;+= @)@% df b'Zdgsf] cufl8 clåtLo k/fqmd k|bz{g ubf{ub}{ lrlgofF kmf}håf/f dfl/Psf] egL wgl;+xnfO{ d/0ff]k/fGt …k/djL/ rqm… k|bfg ul/of] . t/ pgL d/]sf lyPgg\ . pgnfO{ rLgn] o'4aGbL agfPsf] lyof] . o'4aGbL agfOPsf yfkfdu/n] o;}sf/0f kl5 cfˆg} >LdtL;Fu k'gM ljjfx ug'{k/]sf] lyof] .

uf]vf{nL ;]gfdf ultzLntf M

lj=;+= @)!( b]lv @)@# ;Dd a;]{lg s/La !% xhf/ uf]vf{nL hjfgn] dnfof / O08f]g]l;ofsf ljleGg :yfgdf o'4 u/] . o;} qmddf @)@@ ;fndf nfG; skf]{/n /fdaxfb'/ lnDa"nfO{ af]lg{ofdf b]vfPsf] jL/tfsf nflu kl5Nnf] leS6f]l/of qm;åf/f ;Ddflgt ul/of] . @)@$ ;fnkl5 a[l6z ;/sf/n] uf]vf{nL ;]gfnfO{ ultzLn agfpg dnfofsf uf]vfnLnfO{ xªsª / a|'gfO{ :yfgfGt/0f u¥of] . @)#! kl5 uf]vf{nLx¿n] ;fOk|; / c¿ vf8L b]zx¿sf] o'4df s}of}+n] cfkm}+nfO{ anL r9fP/ klg o'4 eg] lhlt5f8] . kmsNof08 o'4df uf]vf{nL ;]gfsf] jL/tfsf] avfgn] ch]{lG6gL ;]gf aLrd} o'4e"ld a[l6z ;/sf/nfO{ ;'Dkg ljjz eof] .

lj=;+= @))% b]lv @)@# ;Dd cyf{t\ !& jif{ uf]vf{nLx¿ O08f]–rLg / a|'gfOsf ljleGg o'4e"lddf n8] . w]/} 7fpFdf o'4 ;kmn x'Fb} uPsfn] a[l6z uf]vf{ ;]gfdf uf]vf{nLsf] ;ª\Vof qmdzM 36\b} uP/ !) xhf/df ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] s'/f eL=;L= cudl;+x /fO{ atfpg' x'G5 . kl5Nnf]k6s ;g\ !((( sf] z'?lt/ o'uf]:nfleof cGtu{tsf] sf];f]df rn]sf] ;a} ;]gf / cNa]lgofnL d';ndfgaLrsf] o'4df g]6f]sf] ;b:o a]nfotn] klg ^^) hgf uf]vf{nL / hjfg;lxt cfˆgf] ;]gf k7fof] . To;} qmddf g]u|f]E;f ufpFsf] Pp6f :s'ndf lj5\ofOPsf] ad x6fpg nfUbf @)%^ ;fn h]7df uf]vf{nL hjfg ;fh{06 an/fd /fO{sf] lgwg eof] . To:t}, @))$ ;fndf ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 ef/tn] kfls:tfg;Fu lj=;+= @))%, @)@@, @)@* / @)%^ df n8]sf rf/j6f o'4df uf]/vfnLaf6 cg'kd / clj:d/0fLo ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] o'4df !% hgf g]kfnLn] Hofg u'dfPsf] tYof° k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . t/ clGtd tYof° k|sfzdf cfpFbf;Dd ;of}+ uf]/vfnLn] Hofg u'dfPsf] tYo aflx/ cfpg ;Sg] ljrf/ k|f=8f= pkfWofosf] 5 .

uf]/vfnL ;]gfdf ePsf] Iflt M

a[l6z ef/tsf a]nf uf]/vfnL hjfgx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s / afx\o o'4df k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . z'?b]lv clxn];Dd s] slt uf]vf{nLn] s] s:tf] / slt Iflt Joxf]g'{ k¥of] eGg] olsg tYof° pknAw 5}g . 8f= s]= ;L= sf cg';f/ pknAw tyf°sf cfwf/df k|yd ljZjo'4df efu lnPsf s/La b'O{ nfv uf]vf{nLdWo] %% xhf/n] …Ol08of cfdL{u'vf{ la|u]8… / afFsLn] cGo ljefudf ;]jf u/]sf lyP . tLdWo] @) xhf/ xtfxt ePsf lyP . To:t}, bf];|f] ljZjo'4df efu lnPsf b'O{ nfv krf; xhf/eGbf a9L uf]/vfnLn] efu lnPsf]df !) xhf/ o'4d} dfl/Psf lyP eg] Psxhf/ $$! hgf a]kQf eP . @% xhf/ ^%% hgf;Vt 3fOt] eP eg] s/La ;ft ;oeGbf a9L uf]/vfnL hfkfgdf o'4aGbL agfOP . To;}u/L a]nfot ;/sf/åf/f pknAw u/fOPsf] tYof° cg';f/ dnfof / af]lg{ofsf] o'4df ^ ;o uf]vf{nLn] Hofg u'dfP . bf];|f] ljZj o'4kl5 cf7xhf/ / dnfofsf sDo'lgi6 bdgkl5 !) xhf/ uf]vf{nL ;]gfnfO{ ljgf k]G;g vfnL xft lkmtf{ k7fOPsf] Oltxf;ljb\x¿ atfpF5g\ .

uf]vf{nLx¿dfly e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ M

dn]l;ofdf o'4/t /xFbf klg uf]/vfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;dsIfL a]nfotLsf] bfFhf]df w]/} sd ;'ljwf lbOGYof] . a]nfotL ;}lgsn] dfl;s $%) dn]lzog 8n/ kfpFy] eg] uf]/vfnL ;}lgsn] eg] $@ dn]l;og 8n/ dfq kfpFy] . To;}u/L, a]nfotd} sfo{/t /xFbf klg lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfsf] gfddf a]nfotLsf] bfFhf]df @) u'0ff sd tna lbOGYof] .

o'uf]:nfleof o'4df ;fh]{06 an/fd /fO{sf] lgwgkl5 ul/Psf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/lj?4 e"tk"j{ uf]/vf ;}lgs ;ª\3 / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;åf/f xfn} a]nfotn] ;fh]{06 /fO{sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;dsIfL a/fa/sf] pkbfg /sd lbPsf] 5 . t}klg #% xhf/eGbf a9L e"tk"j{ uf]vf{nL ;}lgsx¿ ;dsIfL a]nfotLsf] bfFhf]df #) u'0ff sd cyf{t\ !% :6ln{Ë kfp08 k]G;g kfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . s]xL dlxgf klxn] a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL 6f]gL An]o/n] oxL clk|nb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L vfO{ kfO{ vfPsf] k]G;g -lgj[lQe/0f_ df zt k|ltzt j[l4 ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ ePsf] 5 . o;/L Oltxf;b]lv g} ljZj ;d'bfo;dIf axfb'/, OdfGbf/, st{Jolgi6sf k|tLssf ¿kdf kl/lrt uf]vf{nL -g]kfnL_ hjfgx¿ clxn] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] cfXjfgdf ljleGg d'n'sdf zflGt ;]gfsf ¿kdf zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df ;+nUg 5g\ . ljutdf ef/tLo tyf a]nfotL ;]gfsf uf]vf{ hjfgsf ¿kdf ljZj k|l;4 axfb'/ g]kfnLx¿ clxn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfs} gfpFaf6 zflGt sfod ug]{ sfo{df vl6Psf 5g\ . Oltxf;df g]kfnL eP/ klg a]nfotL of ef/tLo ;}lgssf] gfpFaf6 axfb'/L b]vfPsf g]kfnLx¿ clxn] g]kfns} gfpFaf6 zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df 5g\ / clxn] klg g]kfnL hjfgs} axfb'/L, OdfGbf/L / st{Jolgi7tfsf] Vofltdf slQ sdL cfPsf] 5}g a? j[l4 g} ePsf] 5 .

– ch'{g l3ld/] …c~hfg

g]kfnsf hghfltaf/] ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L

g]kfn Ps ax'wfld{s, ax'hftLo Pjd\ ax'eflifs b]z xf] . >L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] P]ltxfl;s b]gn] 6'qmf–6'qmfdf vl08t ePsf] g]kfn ef}uf]lns¿kdf dfq geO{ hftLo, wfld{s / eflifs¿kdf ;d]t PsLs/0f x'g] ;f}efUo k|fKt u¥of] . To;}n] g]kfn rf/ j0f{, 5QL; hftsf] ;femf km"naf/L /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; km"naf/Lleq g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ hghflt klg kb5{g\, h;sf] cfˆgf] 5'§} klxrfg / dxTj 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf g} ;femf k"mnaf/L elgP tfklg oL ljljw hghfltsf] km"nnfO{ pg]/ Pp6f cfsif{s dfnf a'Gg] sfd eg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] ljleGg hflt, wd{, efiff, j0f{aLr /lxcfPsf] ;a} k|sf/sf c;dfgtf x6fO{ Gofo Pjd\ g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf u/L ;a} hfthfltsf] efiff, ;flxTo snf, lnlk, wd{, ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;åf/f cflbaf;L hghfltsf] pTyfg ug]{ kl/sNkgf cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotM hghflt eGgfn] cfˆg} k/Dk/fut efiff, wd{, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:s[lt / ef}uf]lns If]q ePsf] ;d'bfonfO{ a'´fpF5 .

>L % sf] ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] hghflt ljsf; ;ldltsf cg';f/, hghflt eGgfn] – æcfˆgf] dft[efiff / k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh ePsf] t/ rf/ j0f{sf] lxGb" j0f{sf] lxGb" j0ff{>d Joj:yfleq gkg]{x¿ hghfltcGtu{t kb5{g\ .Æ o;afx]s g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ cflbaf;L hf] cfkm"nfO{ hghflt eGb5g\, pgLx¿ klg hghflt g} x'g\ . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)$* sf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] #%=^ k|ltzt cyf{t\ ^% nfv &@ xhf/ @^% hghfltx¿ 5g\ . t/ hgu0fgfdf @)%^ j}zfvdf >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f /fhkqdf k|sflzt ^! hghfltdWo] hDdf @^ hghfltx¿sf] dfq ljj/0f 5 . afFsL #% hghfltx¿sf] klg ;ª\Vof hf]8\g] xf] eg] hghfltx¿n] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] $# k|ltzteGbf a9L cf]u6]sf 5g\ . s"n ^! hghfltdWo] @! hghflt lxdfnL e]udf, @# hghflt kxf8L e]udf, !) hghflt t/fO{df / ;ft hghfltx¿ leqL dw]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . cNk;ª\Vos ¿kdf hghfltx¿ ;a} lhNnfdf kfOP klg #% lhNnfdf dfq pgLx¿sf] ax'n ;ª\Vof 5 . To:t}, hghfltx¿ @! lhNnfdf bf];|f] ax'n ;ª\Vofdf 5g\ / t];|f] ax'n ;ª\Vofdf !( lhNnfdf pgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt 5 . g]kfnsf hghfltdWo] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d'bfo du/ xf] . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)$* cg';f/, hg;ª\Vofsf] &=@$ k|ltzt du/ 5g\ . To;kl5 yf¿ ^=%, g]jf/ %=^, tfdfª %=%, /fO{ @=*, u'?ª @=$, lnDa" !=^ / cGo hghflt Ps k|ltzteGbf sd 5g\ . ;f]xL hgu0fgfcg';f/ ;aeGbf ;fgf] ;d'bfo /fp6] xf] . pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof b'O{ xhf/ *&* dfq 5 . To;}u/L, hghfltdWo] tfdfª ;ft, /fO{ 5, yf¿ 5, du/ kfFr, u'?ª rf/, lnDa" tLg, g]jf/ tLg / ef]6] Ps lhNnfdf u/L #% lhNnfdf ax'n ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} yf¿ ;ft, du/ kfFr, tfdfª b'O{, u'?ª b'O{, z]kf{ b'O{, ef]6] b'O{, /fO{ Ps lhNnfdf u/L @! lhNnfdf bf];|f] ax'n ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf klg hgu0fgf @)$* n] hgfPsf] 5 .

/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)$* df plNnlvt hghfltsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/roM

/fp6] M– vfdrL efiff af]Ng] /fp6]x¿ k|s[ltsf] k"hf u5{g\ . v]tL ug{ ghfGg] /fp6]x¿ b}n]v, ;'v]{t, ;Nofg, c5fd, h'Dnf, bfr'{nf, a}t8L / hfh/sf]6sf 3gfhËndf 3'dL–3'dL cfˆgf] hLljsf rnfpF5g\ . Ps} 7fpFdf w]/} ;do ga:g] x'gfn] logLx¿ lkm/Gtf hflt x'g\ . xfn logLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof s/La gf} ;o dfq 5 .

yf? M– g]kfnsf cflbaf;L dflgg] yf¿x¿ g]kfnsf] k"j{b]lv klZrd;Ddsf] t/fO{ k|b]zsf ;fy} bfË, ;'v]{t, pbok'/ / lrtjg -leqL dw]z_ df;d]t a;f]af; u5{g\ . dª\uf]n g[j+zsf dflgg] yf¿ hfltsf] cfˆg} efiff 5 . t/, :yfg ljz]ifsf sf/0f logLx¿ cnu gfd, y/, efiff / ;Eotf cFufNb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo k]zf v]tL /x]sf] of] hfltsf] rfnrng sf7df8f}+sf] Hofk";Fu ldN5 .

ysfnL M– s/La cf7 xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf] ysfnLx¿sf] d'Vo ynf] d':tfª lhNnfsf] yfsvf]nf xf] . u'?ª / tfdfª efiff;Fu d]nvfg] logLx¿sf] 5'§} efiff 5 . jf]g wd{ / a'4 wd{ b'a} dfGg] ysfnLsf rf/ y/x¿ – uf}rg, t'nfrg, z]/rg, / e§rg x'g\ .

dfemL M– gbLdf gfp rnfpg] / afn'jfdf ;'g vf]Hg] sfd ug]{ dfemLx¿ /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, wgs'6f, cf]vn9'Ëf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s / sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . gbLnfO{ Oi6b]jtf dfGg] dfemLx¿ klg k|s[ltk"hs x'g\ .

s'dfn M– df6f]sf efF8f agfpg] k]zf cFufn]sf sdfnx¿ d'Vo¿kdf bf]nvf, wflbª, kfNkf, ;+v'jf;ef, kj{t lhNnfdf 5g\ . ltAatL–ad]{nL kl/jf/sf] efiff k|of]u ug]{ s'dfnx¿sf] a;f]af; udL{If]q / vf]nf lsgf/df x'G5 . logLx¿ wfdL emfFqmL dfG5g\ .

yfdL M– wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] tfdfª;Fu glhs /x]sf] yfdLsf] d"n ynf] bf]nvfsf] ;'Kkf, IfdfjtL{, vf]kfrfu', cfnfDk", lju', sfln~rf]s, nflknfª, nfFs'/L8fF8f cflb uf=lj=;= x'g\ . af}4 wd{ dfGg] logLx¿sf] k]zf v]tL / dhb'/L xf] . logLx¿sf] vª\Vof s/La #) xhf/ 5 .

bg'jf/ M– wfld{s / eflifs lx;fan] yf¿ / lwdfn;Fu d]nvfg] bg'jf/x¿ afFs] / alb{ofdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . dª\uf]n d"nsf bg'jf/sf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif xf] . s5f8 nufpg], 8f]/f] nufpg], /fO{ / clwsf/L u/L rf/ yl/sf b'g'jf/ 5g\ .

b/fO{ M– cfˆgf] 5'§} efiff b/fO{ efiff af]Ng] b/fO{ hfltsf] k|d'v a;f]af; tgx"Fsf] bdf}nL / dfbL gbLsf] lsgf/ 5]p /x]sf] 5 . af}4wdf{jnDaL b/fO{x¿ df5f dfg]{ / 8'Ëf lvofpg] sfd u5{g\ .

r]kfª M– cfˆgf] 5'§} efiff ePsf] r]kfª hflt dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, uf]/vf / wflbª lhNnfsf] ljs6 vf]+r / kfvf kv]/fdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . lzsf/df bIf r]kfªx¿ v]tL ub}{gg\ .

lwdfn M– …dw]zsf lnDa"Ú eg]/ lrlgg] lwdfn hflt df]/ª / emfkfsf] ;Ldf 5]p5fp a:5g\ . ;ª\uLtsf zf}lvg lwdfnx¿sf] d'Vo k]zf eg] s[lif g} xf] . dª\uf]n cg'j+zsf lwdfnx¿sf] cg'xf/, wd{, / efiff lnDa";Fu ldN5 .

du/ M– kfNkf, u'NdL, tgx"F, DofUbL, ?s'd, ;Nofg, /f]Nkf / Ko"7fg d'Voynf] /x]sf du/x¿ kj{t, afun'ª, :ofª\hf, c3f{vfFrL, 8f]Nkf, ;'v]{t, l;Gw'nL / pbok'/df klg 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . af}4wdf{jnDaL du/x¿ ef]6–ad]{nL kl/jf/sf] du/ efiff af]N5g\ . g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] &=@$ k|ltzt /x]sf] du/x¿sf] ;+:s[lt nf]kf]Gd'v 5 .

g]jf/M– sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf cflbaf;Lx¿ g]jf/ x'g\ . t/ logLx¿ pkTosf aflx/sf kxf8 / t/fO{df;d]t 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif, Jofkf/ / sfnLu9L logLx¿sf] k]zf xf] . cfˆgf] 5'§} efiff ePsf g]jf/x¿ af}4wd{ dfG5g\ . t/ cr]n g]jf/x¿ lxGb" wd{ klg dfG5g\ .

z]kf {M– ;f]nv'Da' lhNnfsf] pQ/L efudf a:g] z]kf{x¿ kj{tf/f]x0fsf lglDt k|Voft 5g\ . af]4 wd{ dfg] z]kf{x¿ ltAatL kl/jf/sf] efiff af]N5g\ . z]kf{ eGgfn] k"j{sf] afl;Gbf eGg] a'lemG5 .

;'g'jf/ M– ls/fFt wdf{jnDaL ;'g'jf/x¿ cf]vn9'Ëf, bf]nvf / /fd]5fk lhNnfdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . cfˆg} efiff / ;+:s[lt /x]sf] ;'g'jf/x¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif xf] .

/fhj+zL M– k"j{sf] emfkf / df]/ªdf / ef/tsf ;Ldf hf]l8Psf lhNnfx¿df k|d'v a;f]af; ePsf /fhj+zLx¿ klZrd aËfn / cf;fdsf] ;Ldfdf a:g] sf]rx¿s} a+zh x'g\ eGg] cg'dfg 5 . k|s[ltk"hs /fhj+zLx¿ wfdL emfFqmL dfG5g\ . logLx¿sf] k]zf v]tL ls;fgL xf] . logLx¿ kj{ / pT;jdf lxnf] / kfgL v]N5g\ .

/fhL M– /fhL hfltsf] k|d'v af;:yn bfª / ;'v]{t xf] . lu7\7f, Eofs'/ vfg] / df5f df/]/ vfg] of] hfltn] ev{/ dfq s[lif k]zf ckgfPsf] 5 . dª\uf]n d"nsf of] hghflt ltAat– ad]{nL kl/jf/sf] efiff af]Nb5 .

n]Krf M– s~rghª\3f lxdfnsf] km]bLdf cflbsfnb]lv a;f]af; ug]{ n]Krf hflt Onfd, l;lSsd / cltl/Qm ef/tsf] sflnDkf]ª / bfhL{lnª If]qdf a;f]af; ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . cfkm"nfO{ …/fhvns… eGg] of] hflt s~rghª\3fnfO{ b]jtf dfG5g\ . logLx¿sf] k]zf s[lif / Jofkf/ xf] . cfˆg} k|fs[lts wd{ ePsf n]Krfx¿ cr]n af}4 tyf lqmlZrog wd{ dfGg yfn]sf 5g\ .

/fO{ M– ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'Ëf, vf]6fª, ef]hk'/ / pbok'/ d'Vo a;f]af; If]q /x]sf] /fO{ hflt cfˆg} /fO{ efiff af]N5g\ . g]kfn PsLs/0fkl5 cfˆgf] dfem ls/fFt If]q lsk6sf] clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf /fO{x¿ ls/fFt wd{ g} dfG5g\ . of] hflt sk8f a'Gg / v]tL ug{ k|Voft dflgG5 .

af]6] M– bg'jf/, dfemL, b/};Fu eflifs / ;fF:s[lts ;dfgtf /x]sf] af]6] hflt tgx"F / sf:sLsf dfbL / ;]tL gbLsf lsgf/ ;fy}+ sfnL–u08sLsf] lsgf/lt/ a:5g\ . dª\uf]lnog d"nsf af]6]x¿ k|s[ltk"hs x'g\ . af]6]x¿sf] Joj;fo dfemL;Fu ldN5 .

ugufO{ M– ugufO{x¿nfO{ u0f]z jf d08n klg elgG5, h;sf] d"n ynf] emfkf / df]/ª xf] . zf/Ll/s agf]6 n]Krf;Fu ldNg] ugufO{x¿ emfkfdf cnu / df]/ªdf cnu efiff af]N5g\ . k|s[ltk"hs, dª\uf]nd"nsf ugufO{x¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif Joj;fo g} xf] .

u'?ªM– hftLo gfd td' ePsf] u'?ª hfltsf] d'Voynf] sf:sL, ndh'ª, uf]/vf, :ofª\hf, tgx"F, dgfª / kj{t xf] . o;afx]s u'?ªx¿ cf]vn9'Ëf, ;+v'jf;ef, tfKn]h'ªdf;d]t 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . ltAat–ad]{nL kl/jf/sf] efiff af]Ng] of] hfltsf] d'Vo Joj;fo kz'kfng xf] . af}4 wd{ dfGg] u'?ªx¿sf] Oltxf; k|frLg sfnb]lv 5 .

wfg's M– wfg'sx¿ ;Kt/Lb]lv wg'iffsf] ;Ldf;Dd r'/] kxfl8sf] blIf0fL efudf 5l/P/ a;]sf 5g\ . v]tLkftLsf cnfjf csf{sf] 3/df sfd ug]{ logLx¿sf] Joj;fo xf] . wfg'sx¿ d08nwfg's, ;'/ wfg's / /fhj+zL wfg's u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

lnDa" M– ls/fFt ;d'bfocGtu{t kg]{ lnDa"x¿sf] cflb ynf] c?0f gbLb]lv k"j{ l;lSsd;Dd xf] . o; cnfjf wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, Onfd, ;+v'jf;ef logLx¿sf] d'Vo ynf] xf] . l;l/hËf lnlksf] efiff af]Ng] lnDa"x¿ ls/fFt wd{ dfG5g\ . lnDa" eGgfn] wg'w{/ eGg] a'lemG5 .

tfdfª M– s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] %=% k|ltzt cf]u6]sf tfdfªx¿sf] cflb ynf] /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sfe|]knf~rf]s, dsjfgk'/, bf]nvf / l;Gw'nL xf] . y'k|} y/ ePsf tfdfªx¿sf] gfrufgsf] ;+:s[lt ;d[4 5 . logLx¿ ef]6–ad]{nL efiff af]N5g\ / af}4 wd{ dfG5g\ .

lh/]n M– d'Voynf] bf]nvfsf] lh/L / h'u' ufpF ePsf] lh/]n hflt l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf klg a;f]af; u5{g\ . cfkm"nfO{ lh/Lkf eGg] of] hflt af}4 wd{sf ;fy;fy} emfFqmL wd{ klg dfGb5 . s[lif d'Vo k]zf /x]sf] of] hfltsf] cfˆg} lh/]n efiff 5 .

ef]6] M– klZrd dxfsfnLb]lv k"j{ s~rghª\3f;Dd km}lnPsf ef]6]x¿sf] xhf/f}+ jif{sf] ;Eotf / uf}/jdo ;+:s[lt 5 . Jofkf/ / kz'kfng ef]6]x¿sf] k|d'v Joj;fo xf] . logLx¿sf] wd{, efiff, e]ife"iff / ;+:s[lt ltAatL;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . s"n ^! hghflt dWo] /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf s]jn @^ hghfltx¿sf] dfq} ljj/0f 5 . afFsL #% hghfltx¿sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .

—kjg cfrfo{{k|lzIffyL{ kqsf/

| cfj/0f kl/ro || ljz]if || cfj/0f || hfgsf/L || ;DkfbsLo || k|ljlw || b'3{6gf || :fflxTo || of]u |
| /fli6«o ultljlw || of]hgf || k|ltef .. dgf]/~hg .. /ª\ud~r .. lj1fg .. v]ns'b .
| ljljw || ljrf/ || d'Qms÷n3'syf || hLjg bz{g |