Yuwamanch 12 (Yuwamanch Monthly)

;a}eGbf a9L lxdz[ª\vnf b]Vg ;lsg] :yn

dsjfgk['/ lhNnfsf] bfdgl:yt b[Zofjnf]sg 6fj/ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf a9L lxdz[ª\vnfx¿ b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] 6fj/ xf] . lqe'jg /fhky ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;f] b[Zofjnf]sg 6fj/ s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| ag]sf] lyof] .

Toltdfq xf]Og dgf]/d lxdz[ª\vx¿nfnfO{ glhs}af6 r'Dg] OR5f af]s]sf t/ ;fwg / ;|f]t gePsf tyf eP/ klg ;Lk / ;do gePsfx¿sf] klg t[i0ff d]6\g] :yn ePsf] lyof] of] b[Zofjnf]sg 6fj/ . k[YjL /fhdfu{sf] lgdf{0fkZrft\ lqe'jg /fhky cf]em]ndf k/]kl5 b[Zofjnf]sg 6fj/df hfg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ¥xf; cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} lqe'jg /fhkysf] e}+;]–gf}lj;] v08df klg bfdgl:yt ;f] 6fj/ lqe'jg /fhkysf] b'/j:yf / k|rf/–k|;f/sf] cefjdf pk]lIft cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . o; 6fj/af6 kfFr xhf/ ^$^ ld6/ prfOb]lv cf7 xhf/ *$* ld6/sf] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf cUnf] lxdfn ;u/dfyfnufotsf lxdz[ª\vnfx¿sf] b[Zofjnf]sg u/L cfgGbfe"lt ug{ ;lsG5 .

Pe/]i6 Eo" 6fj/ gfds/0f ul/Psf] ;f] 6fj/sf] prfO s/La #^ lkm6 /x]sf] 5 . lxdz[ª\vnfx¿sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ b'Oj6f 6]ln:sf]k /flvPsf 5g\ . tL 6]ln:sf]kaf6 lxdfnx¿ dfq geP/ 6fj/ j/k/sf ;'Gb/ a:tLx¿ kfn'ª pkTosf / ah|jf/fxL If]qsf] dgdf]xs b[Zo x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;ft/f]kgL hUuf cf]u6]sf] ;f] 6fj/ If]q ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] eP klg 6fj/ / hUufsf] lhNnfl:yt s'g} klg ;/sf/L sfof{nodf clen]v 5}g . pQm hUuf;lxtsf] Eo" 6fj/ ut @)%) ;fnb]lv cf/P; OG6/g]zgn gfds ;+:yfn] @) jif{sf nflu lnhdf lnP/ bfdg dfp06]g l/;f]6{ ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 .

l/;f]6{df xfn cltlyx¿ a:gsf nflu s6]h, cf/;L;L ul/Psf] sf]7fsf ;fy} au}+rf / kfs{ pknAw 5g\ . c;f]hb]lv kmfu'g dlxgf;Dd :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf] a9L rfk b]lvg] ;f] Eo" 6fj/df pknAw u/fOg] ;]jfsf] b//]6 :jb]zL / ljb]zL ko{6ssf nflu km/s /x]sf] 5 . Eo" 6fj/df /x]sf] 6]ln:sf]kaf6 dsfn'b]lv cGgk"0f{;Ddsf uf}/Lz°/, u0f]z, dfR5fk'5|], ;u/dfyfnufotsf cf–cfˆg} dxTj / k[i7e"ld af]s]sf #* lxdz[ª\vnfx¿sf] dgf]/d b[Zosf] cfZjfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

bfdg Eo" 6fj/ cGo ko{6sLo :ynx¿ ssgL, w'lnv]n, kf]v/f / gu/sf]6sf] cg'kftdf Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ w]/} lxdz[ª\vnfx¿ b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] dxTjk"0f{ ko{6sLo :yn xf] .

bfdg If]q wfld{s Pjd\ kf}/fl0fs ;Dkbf / h}ljs ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ x'g'sf ;fy} k|b"if0f/lxt, zfGt, :jR5 / /d0fLo 5 .

x]6f}+8faf6 s/La %^ lsnf]ld6/ pQ/ / sf7df8f}+af6 s/La &) lsdL blIf0f lqe'jg /fhky;Fu} hf]l8Psf] bfdg 6fj/ ;ft xhf/ ^ ;o @) lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . bfdg IF]qdf kmfu'gb]lv h]7 dlxgf;Dd km'Ng] u/]sf] ljljw /Ësf dgdf]xs u'/fF;n] To; If]qsf] ;f}Gbo{ clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . To; IF]qdf ;do–;dodf kg]{ u/]sf] lxpFn] ubf{ klg bfdg Eo" 6fj/n] Hofbf dxTj / rrf{ kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

k|rf/–k|;f/sf] sdL, lqe'jg /fhkysf] hL0ff{j:yf Pjd\ oftfoft ;fwgsf] cfjfudgdf sdL, ;~rf/ ;'ljwfsf] cefjh:tf ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f bfdg Eo" 6fj/sf] oyf]lrt dxTj bzf{pg / ljsf; x'g;s]sf] 5}g . b]zsf ;a}h;f] lxdfnx¿sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] ;Ëd:ynsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] bfdg Eo" 6fj/ / To; If]qsf] of]hgfj4 Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg ljsf;n] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf nflu cfsif{0fsf] :yn agfpg ;lsG5 . ;fy} bfdg Eo" 6fj/ If]qsf] ljsf;n] o; lhNnfsf] pQ/df cjl:yt P]]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, kf}/fl0fs, h}ljs ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ :yn / OGb| ;/f]j/ If]qsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;df ;d]t 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

— /fddl0f bfxfn
x]6f}+8f

kz'–kIfL;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] s]xL g]kfnL pvfg

g]kfnL pvfgsf] e08f/ lgs} 7"nf] 5 . o;sf] JofkstfnfO{ x]bf{ Ps}kN6 ;Dk"0f{ pvfgx¿sf] cWoog ug'{ lgs} sl7g 5 . cGwfn] xfQL 5fd]h:tf] PskIfsf] dfq} cWoog ug{ klg g]kfnL pvfgsf cWoogstf{x¿nfO{ xDd] kg{;S5 . ljifoj:t'sf b[li6n] ;d]t g]kfnL pvfgnfO{ l5rf]Ng ufx|f] 5 . ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts, wfld{s, cfly{s cg]sf}+ ljifosf pvfgx¿ g]kfnL hgdfg;df k|z:t 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . k|:t't n]vdf g]kfnL pvfgdf ;d]l6Psf] Pp6f ;fgf] kIf kz'kIfLdfly rrf{ ul/g] 5 .

g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf kz'wgsf] Hofb} 7"nf] dxTj 5 . ufO{, uf]?, e}+;L, s's'/, la/f]nf], ;'uf, d}gf, s'v'/f cflb kz'–kIfLsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . logLx¿n] s'g} g s'g} ¿kaf6 dflg;x¿sf] ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . k|s[ltdf /dfpg] ljleGg hª\unL hLjhGt'sf] klg g]kfnL hg–dfg;df s'g} g s'g} ;fOgf] cjZo /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg hLjhGt';Fu /xg] ljlzi6tfnfO{ klg g]kfnL pvfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . vf;u/L xfQL, 3f]8f, ufO{, e}+;L, uf]? , afFb/, sfu, s's'/, ;k{, sldnf], lj/fnf], af]sf] cflbn] pvfgx¿df cTolws rrf{ kfPsf 5g\ . oxfF To:tf s]xL pvfgnfO{ x]/f}+ –

ufO{sf ljifodf s]xL pvfg M

ufO{sf] y'gdf g afR5fsf] d'vdf .
ufO{ eP uf]/;, efO eP e/f]; .
c¿sL dfO{ ufO{, ;fF9]sL t hf]O{ .
vf}nf k/]sL ufO{ / s'gf k;]sL ;'Ts]/L .
ufO{ lbg]nfO{ uf]a/ .
ufO{df/L uwf kf]:g] .
ufO{ df/L h'Qf bfg .
ufO{sf] y'gdf b"w ;fFlrb}g .
ufO{sf] df;' / efOsf] df;' Ps} xf] .
ufO{ uËf a/fa/ .
b'x'gf] ufO{sf] nfQL ;xg'k5{ .
ufO{sf cg'xf/sf] uf]?
h'g ufO{sf] k'R5/ 5}g p;}sf] gfd rf}/L .
cNnf/] ufO{sf] dNnf/] afR5f] .
pQfpnL ufO{ af3n] vfO{ .
ufO{ b'x'g' cfˆgf], 3/ 5fpg' csf{sf] .
ufO{sf] gx/ g r'F8fNg', g bfFtn] 6f]Sg' .
ufO{ b'Anf] 5 eg]/ afR5fn] b"w vfg 5f]8\b}g .
ufO{n] xfGg cfof], e}+;LnfO{ s'6\g] <

uf]?;DaGwL s]xL pvfgM

tLg uf]?sf] xn kSsf =====
tLg uf]?n] aLp vFG5g\, b'O{ :jf:gLn] hLp vfG5g\ .
rsrs] uf]?sf rfSnf 8fd
eL/af6 n8\g] uf]?nfO{ …/fd ÛÚ eGg ;lsG5, sfFw yfKg ;lsGg .
uf]? a"9f] eP eL/ vf]H5, dfG5] a"9f] eP lgx'F vf]H5 .
uf]? a]r\ t]/f], laxf u/\ d]/f] .
3/ 89]sf] 5}g, uf]? n8]sf] 5}g .
xn uf]? d/] k'k'{/f]df xft, afa'cfdf d/] £o" / eft .
x'g] a]nfdf uf]? klg laofpF5 .
lx+8\g] uf]?sf] k'R5/ lgdf]7\g\] .
xnf] / uf]?, bfFtn] sf]?F <
lagf uf]?sf] bfO{+ x'G5 <
d]/f uf]?sf] afx|} 6Ssf .
sf]gf] uf]?nfO{ cf+};L g k"0f]{ .

s's'/sf] af/]df s]xL pvfg x]/f}+ M

s's'/ s'6L j/, HjfO{+ s'6L k/ .
3/ cfof] s's'/ alnof] .
s's'/sf] sfd klg 5}g, km';{b klg 5}g .
u'gLdf s's'/ a}u'gLdf HjfOF .
e'Sg] s's'/n] 6f]Sb}g .
b'O{ et]/sf] s's'/ bu'b}{df gflzG5 .
wf]jLsf] s's'/ 3/sf] g 3f6sf] .
s's'/ e'Sb}5, xfQL nDsFb}5 .
s's'/nfO{ df;' k}+rf] .
s's'/ x/fof], 3fF8f] klg x/fof] .
r}+ geg] s's'/ klg cfpFb}g .
s's'/n] klg k]6 kfN5 .
s's'/nfO{ £o" gkr]sf] .
s's'/ s'6]/ kfx'gf t;f{pg' .
s's'/sf] k'R5/ afx|jif{ 9'ª\u|fdf /fv] klg afË} x'G5 .
cfkm"n] kfn]sf] s's'/n] cfkm}nfO{ 6f]S5 .
cu'N6f]n] xfg]sf] s's'/ lah'nL rDsFbf t;{G5 .
prfn]sf] s's'/n] d[u df5{ / <
Ps xf8df b'O{ s's'/ gh'wfpg" .
pQfpnf] s's'/ ;D;fFem} e'S5 .
cf8 gkfOP s's'/ e'Sb}g .

3f]8fsf af/]df s]xL pvfg M

3f]8fsf] bfgf s'gfp/f] .
cfsfz uP klg kftfn uP klg 3f]8fnfO{ s'gfp/f] .
rgf ls vfG5 3f]8fn] ls vfG5 5f]/fn] .
3f]8f r9\g] n8\5 .
c¿n] 3f]8f r9] eg]/ cfkm"n] w'/L r9\g' x'Gg .
3f]8f bu'/]sf] xfQL nDs]sf] .
3f]8f d¥of] lagf kfgL, uwfnfO{ cfof] hjfgL .
3f]8fnfO{ rfa's, d"v{nfO{ sf]/f{ .
d'vhf]8 3f]8f / rfs/ sfd nfUb}gg\ .
dfdfsL 3f]8L d]/L xL xL .
3f]8fnfO{ k]8f xf]Og sf]8f .
3f]8fsf] bfgf 3f]8}n] a9fpF5 .
3f]8f r9\g' 3'd cf]9\g' .

xfQLsf af/]df s]xL pvfg M

xfQLsf] d'vdf hL/f] .
xfQLsf] df]n xfQLn] vfG5 .
xfQL l5¥of] k'R5/ c8\Sof] .
xfQL lbpFnf eGg]l;t af]sf] dfuL x]g'{ .
xfQL lau|]sf] / e';'gf ;k|]sf] .
xfQLnfO{ lgx'/fpg] cª\s';] .
xfQLsf] b]vfpg] bfFt a]Un}, rkfpg] bfFt a]Un} .
xfQL k]Ng", a"em gk]Ng' .
xfQL b'AnfPsf] / d';f] df]6fPsf] .
xfQLnfO{ xfQLsf] ef/L, af]sfnfO{ af]sfsf] ef/L .
xfQLnfO{ h/f] cfpFb}g, cfP afFRb}g .
xfQLsf] bfFt / dfG5]sf] aft PskN6 aflx/ k;]kl5 leq k:b}g .
hfFbf xfQLdf kms+{bf /fltdf
xfQL cfof] Û xfQL cfof] Û km':;f Û

sfu;DaGwL s]xL pvfg M

sf}jfnfO{ a]n kfSof] xif{ g ljidft\ .
sfu s/fpFb}5, lkgf ;'Sb}5 .
sfusf] at'{gdf lrj] k'/]t .
sfueGbf sf]OnL rª\v .
sfun] cfˆgf] gfd cfkm} sf6\5 .
sfun] sfg nUof] eGb}df sfusf] kl5 gbu'g"{ .
sfunfO{ 306L em'08\ofP ;+;f/ lkmhfpF5 .
sfu / sf]OnL 5'§ofpg] af]nL .
sf}jfsf] df;' vfO{ chDa/L kfOFb}g .

afFb/;DaGwL M

afFb/sf] k'R5/ nf}/f] g xltof/ .
afFb/sf] xftdf gl/jn .
afFb/nfO{ ln:g' .
afFb/sf] 3fp yfSg kfpFb}g .
afFb/n] cfˆgf] 3/ klg agfpFb}g, csf{nfO{ klg agfpg lb+b}g .
afFb/sf] d'6' x'Fb}g .
grfpg hfg] afFb/ klg gfR5 .

la/fnf];DaGwL M

la/fnf]nfO{ hk ug{ l;b|fsf] dfnf .
b"wsf] ;fIfL la/fnf] .
la/fnf] uof], d';fsf] /fh .
la/fnf] x]/]kl5 af3 x]g'{ kb}{g .
sf7sf] la/fnf] d e}lbpFnf, ª\ofp sf] ub]{nf <

e}+;L;DaGwL M

e}+;LnfO{ l;ªsf] ef/L .
e}+;L uP 3dfpFb}, kf8f uP /dfpFb} .
e}+;LeGbf cSsn 7"nf] .
e}+;Lsf] df;' e}+;Ls} l;ªdf .
e}+;L lsGg]n] bfDnf] lsGg ;Sb}g .
ufO{ kfNg]n] e}+;L kfNb}g .
e}+;L lsGg' s}n]–s}n], bfDnf] af6\g' c}n] .

af]sf;DaGwL M

af]sfsf] d'vdf s'le08f] .
af]sfn] bfO x'g eP uf]? lsg rflxof] <
af]sfsf] cfxf/fn] xfQL c3fpFb}g .
af]sfsf] s'g h'Fuf < s'g bfx|L <
af]sfn] la/fpg], e]8fsf] sfg sf6\g] <
af]sfsL cfdfnfO{ ;w}+ ?g' .
ci6dL afFr], gjdL b]lvG5 -af]sf]nfO{_
k;]{sf] af]sf] .
xfQLnfO{ xfQLsf] ef/L, af]sfnfO{ af]sfsf] ef/L .

cGo -ljljw_ M

sldnfsf] dg]{ a]nfdf KjfFv pld|G5 .
sldnfnfO{ d'tsf] k}x|f] .
sldnfsf] gfs, lu4sf cfFvf .
l´Ëfsf af];f]n] 7]sL e5{ / <
l´Ëfsf] cl3lNt/ £o" tf}ng' .
l´Ëfsf] ;/fkn] l8Ëf db}{g .
hxfF ;k{, pxfF dl0f .
ljif gePsf] ;k{ s] sfd <
;k{sf] v'§f ;k{n] b]V5 .
;k{sf] ljif ;k{nfO{ nfUb}g .
n¶L klg gefFlrof];\, ;k{ klg gd/f];\ .
;k{nfO{ DjfOF vfg' .
Gofp/L df/L k5'tf] .
cl/Ëfnsf] uf]nf], :ofnsf] 6\ofDsf] .
cfˆgf] cfªsf] e}+;L gb]Vg] csf{sf] cfªsf] h'd|f] b]Vg] .
plkofF km8\Sof], h'd|fsf] sfn .
h'sfsf] d'vdf l6Dd'/ .
h'sf] eO{ k:g] 8fF; eO{ 8:g] .
h'gsL/Ln] x'g] eP rGb|dfsf] s] sfd <
s'v'/f af:of] sfdL gf:of] .
xfF;sf] rfn g sf}jfsf] rfn .
af3 a"9f] / :ofn tGg]/L .
af3 a"9f] ePkl5 km6\ofªu|f] l6K5 .
af3nfO{ uLtf ;'gfP/ ufO{ dfg{ 5f]8\b}g .
af3n] vfP klg lsnf] l/Q} eL/af6 v;] klg lsnf] l/Q} .
af3n] ufO{ r/fpg] .
af3sf] d'vdf l´Ëf .
af3sf] 5fnfdf :ofnsf] bfO{+ .
lxn] df5fnfO{ s'n} u08sL .
df5fsf] an kfgL;Dd .
df5fsf] s'g nf]Ug], s'g :jf:gL <
Eofu'tf] hlt pk|m] klg sfGnf d'lg .
pDs]sf] df5f] 7"nf] .
cfR5o"F vfPF, afR5\o"F vfPF, ´';] af?nf] .
cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] d[unfO{ afR5fn] klg v]b\5 .
csf{sf] afR5f] rf6L d'vel/ /f}+ .

;fRr}+ eGg] xf] eg] kz'–kIfL;DaGwL g]kfnL pvfg Pp6f 7"nf] kf]v/L xf] . oL dfly pNn]v ul/Psf pvfgx¿ Psnf]6f kfgL ´+} vf]hL ug]{ xf] eg] c;ª\Vo pvfgx¿ xfd|f] ;dfhdf kfOG5g\ . o:tfvfn] pvfgx¿sf] k|rf/ / ;+/If0f nf]s ;flxTosf] ;Daw{gsf b[li6n] / Jofjxfl/s b[li6n] ;d]t cGoGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

— k|ef e§/fO{

cf]hf]g tx arfp lbj;

cf]hf]gtxsf] lgdf{0f / ljz]iftf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ dfgj hLjgsf nflu ckl/xfo{ tTj x'g\ . logLx¿sf] ;b'kof]u / ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ljZjdf sltko k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] gfddf cnu–cnu lbj; dgfpg] ub{} cfOPsf] kfOG5 . cf]hf]g tx klg dfgj hLjgsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf xf] . t/ ljleGg dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 cf]hf]g txdf vt/f pTkGg x'g yfn]sf]n] o;sf] arfpsf] nflu x/]s jif{ !* ;]K6]Da/sf] lbgnfO{ cf]hf]g tx arfp lbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . o; jif{ of] lbj; oxL c;f]h b'O{ ut] k/]sf] 5 . o;}qmddf oxfF cf]hf]g tx;DaGwL s]xL hfgsf/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k[YjLsf] rf/}lt/ ;of}+ dfOnsf] prfOdf Uof;sf] ljzfn cfj/0f 5 h;nfO{ jfo'd08n elgG5 . jfo'd08ndf ljleGg k|sf/sf Uof; x'G5g\ . o;df hnjfik, w"ns0f / ;–;fgf hLjhGt'x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . jfo'd08ndf clS;hg @! k|ltzt, gfO6«f]hg &* k|ltzt sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 )=# k|ltzt / afFsL cfu{g lxlnod / c¿ lgl:qmo Uof; /x]sf 5g\ .

j}1flgsx¿n] jfo'd08nnfO{ cf7 efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . h;df /Iffd08n, ;dtfk d08n, cf]hf]g d08n, dWo d08n, tfkd08n, cfog d08n, alxd{08n / r'Das d08n kb{5g\ .

cf]hf]g d08n ;dtfk d08nleq} kb{5 . o; ;dtfk d08ndf ;fdfGotof #@ lsnf]ld6/ b]lv $* lsnf] dL6/;Ddsf] efunfO{ cf]hf]g d08n elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;dtfk d08nsf] dflyNnf] ;tx klg elgG5 . o;sf] tfkdfgdf ;w+} j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .

cf]hf]g d08nnfO{ k[YjLsf] /Iff sjr klg elgG5 . of] cf]hf]g d08n ePg eg] xfd|f] hLjg g} ;dfKt x'G5 . lsgls o;n] xfdL ;a} ;hLj k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ;"o{af6 cfO/x]sf] xflgsf/s k/fa}hgL gfds ls/0fx¿af6 /Iff u5{ . k/fa}hgL ls/0fn] dflg;sf] /f]u k|lt/f]ws IfdtfnfO{ gfz ub{5 . o; ls/0fn] l8=Pg=P= nfO{ klg gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . 5fnfsf] SofG;/ x'g;S5 . o;n] xfd|f] gnLsf] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ lqmofnfO{ klg k|efljt kf/L a9L gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpF5 .

cf]hf]g Pp6f gLnf] /Ësf] ljiffQm Uof; xf] . clS;hgsf] tLg c0f'x¿ ldn]/ o;sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . of] Uof; ;fdfGo tfkdfgdf /ËxLg h:tf] nfU5 . cf]hf]g k[YjLaf6 hlt 6f9f x'G5 Tolt g} /fd|f] x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf xfdL cfˆgf] ef}lts ;'v–;'ljwfdf j[l4 ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;n] ubf{ cf]hf]g txnfO{ a9L gf]S;fg ul//x]sf] 5 . h'g dfgj hfltsf] nflu vt/fhGo 5 . jfo' k|b"if0fsf] sf/0f cf]hf]gsf] Ifdtf 3l6/x]5 .

cf]hf]g Uof;nfO{ gf]S;fg ug]{ k|d'v Uof;x¿df Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f]sfa{g, x}nf]hg, gfOl6«s cS;fO8, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, d]lyn Snf]/f]sfa{g / ldy]g cflb . j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ Snf]/Lgsf] dfq} Pp6f k/df0f'n] cf]hf]gsf] Ps nfv c0f'x¿nfO{ gi6 ul/lbG5 .

s/La rf/bzs cufl8 o; vt/gfs ;d:ofaf6 j}1flgsx¿ cgle1 lyP . kl5 Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnosf b'O{ hfu?s j}1flgsx¿n] !(&# df Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{gsf] ;DaGwdf lj:t[t cWoog k|f/De u/]sf lyP . t/ ;a}eGbf klxn] !(*% df la|6]gsf kmfd{g gfdsf j}1flgsn] c06fs{l6sfsf] dfly cf]hf]g txdf Kjfn k/]sf] kQf nufP .

k[YjLsf] o; /Iffsjr cf]hf]g d08nsf] vt/fsf] ;DaGwdf j}1flgsx¿, kof{j/0f ljz]if1x¿ tyf dfgjLo ;Ë7gx¿ a9L lrlGtt x'gyfn] To;kl5 o; ;d:ofaf6 d'lQmsf] nflu qmda4¿kdf lj:tf/} k|of; k|f/De eof] .

Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f sfa{g tyf x}nf]hgn] cf]hf]g Uof;nfO{ a9L gf]S;fg ul//x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf kof{j/0fljb\x¿ aLr !(() df nG8gdf cfd ;xdlt ePkl5 b'j} Uof;sf] pTkfbgdfly k|ltaGw nufpg] lgwf] ul/Psf] lyof] . Tolta]nf o;sf] pTkfbgdf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] *% k|ltzt sdL Nofpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf lyP . Tolta]nf olt ul/Pg eg] dfgj ;dfhdf 7"nf] vt/fsf] 306L aHg] s'/fdf klg ;xdltdf ePsf] lyof] .

— cfrfo{ >Lw|'j

OGb|wg'if eg]sf] s] xf] / s;/L b]vfk5{ <

;"o{af6 cfPsf k|sfzsf ls/0fx¿ x]bf{ ;]tf b]lvG5g\ t/ o;leq ljleGg ;ft lsl;dsf /Ëx¿sf] ld>0f x'G5 . a]nfotsf j}1flgs ;/ cfOHofs Go"6gn] ;g\ !(^^ df o;af/] ;j{k|yd cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyP . Go"6gn] ;"o{sf] ;]tf] ls/0f Pp6f sfFrsf] lk|Hdleq l5/fP/ /ËLg ls/0fx¿df ¿kfGt/ u/]/ b]vfP . ;"o{sf] ls/0fnfO{ lk|Hdåf/f l5/fO{ x]bf{ kbf{df b]lvg] /ËLg ls/0fx¿sf ;d"xnfO{ bu{k6 elgG5 . oxfF lk|Hdn] ;]tf] ls/0fnfO{ ljleGg /Ësf ls/0fx¿df ljefhg u¥of] . o; ljefhg lqmofnfO{ k|sfzsf] ljR5]bg elgG5 . OGb|wg'if cfsfzdf b]lvg' klg k|sfz ljR5]bgsf] lqmof xf] . 3fdkfgL k/]sf] a]nfdf OGb|wg'if b]lvG5 . OGb|wg'ifdf /ftf], ;'Gtnf, kx+]nf], xl/of], gLnf], gL/ / a}hgL u/L ;ft /Ësf ls/0f x'G5g\ . h'g xfdL ;lhn};Fu b]Vb5f}+ . ;"o{sf] ls/0f kfgLsf] yf]kfdf cfjt{g / k"0f{ cfGtl/s k/fjt{g x'Fbf ljR5]bg eO{ ;Kt/ËL OGb|wg'if b]lvG5 . slxn]sfxLF b'O{j6f /ËLg OGb|wg'if b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ k|fylds OGb|wg'if (Primary Rainbow) / csf]{nfO{ låtLo OGb|wg'if (Secondary Rainbow) elgG5 .

k|rlnt OGb|wg'if k|fylds OGb|wg'if xf] . k|fylds OGb|wg'ifdf /ftf] /Ë aflx/kl§ / a}hgL leqkl§ x'G5 . o;sf] aLrdf afFsL c¿ kfFrj6f /Ëx¿ x'G5g\ . oL ;Kt/ËL /Ëx¿dWo] /ftf], gLnf] / kx]+nf] /Ëx¿ Hofb} rlDsnf] b]lvG5 . c¿ afFsL /Ëx¿ xn'sf b]lvG5g\ . of] OGb|wg'if kfgL kbf{ 3fd klg nfUof] eg] k|sfzsf ls/0fx¿ kfgLsf yf]kfx¿df k/L b]lvG5 . k|fylds OGb|w'if b]Vbf ;"o{sf] ls/0f kfgLsf] yf]kfdf b'O{j6f k|sfzsf] cfj{tg (Refraction of light) / Pp6f k"0f{ cfGtl/s k/fj{tg (Total Internal Reflection) eO{ cjnf]sgstf{sf] cfFvfdf kb{5 . To;}u/L, låtLo OGb|wg'if x'Fbf k|sfzsf ls/0fx¿ kfgLsf] yf]kfdf kb{5g\ / b'O{j6f k|sfzsf] cfj{tg / b'O{j6f k"0f{ cfGtl/s k/fj{tg cjnf]sgstf{sf] cfFvfdf kb{5g\ . ufFp3/df OGb|wg'ifnfO{ OGb|]0fL eGg] rng klg 5Ù o;n] vf]nfsf] kfgL cfsfzdf n}hfG5 / jiff{ x'G5 eGg] dfGotf klg 5 . /ËLlj/ËL OGb|wg'if ;"o{sf] prfO $@ eGbf sd x'Fbf dfq b]lvG5 olb ;"o{sf] prfO $@ eGbf a9L ePdf b]lv+Fb}g . k"0f{ OGb|wg'if xjfO{hxfhdf ofqf ubf{ Psbd prfOdf ePsf] a]nfdf :ki6 b]lvG5 . ;w}Fel/ b'O{ yl/sf /ËLlj/ËL OGb|wg'if b]lvFb}g . olb b]lvxfn] klg låtLo OGb|wg'if k|fylds OGb|wg'ifeGbf sd rxlsnf] / wldnf] lsl;dsf] x'G5 . k|fylds OGb|wg'ifdf aflx/kl§ /ftf] / leqkl§ a}hgL /Ë x'G5 / c¿ afFsLx¿ aLrdf x'G5g\Ù t/ låtLo OGb|wg'ifdf a}hgL aflx/kl§ / /ftf] leqkl§ x'G5 / oL b'O{ aLrdf c¿ /Ëx¿ x'G5g\ . o;/L b'O{ y/L OGb|wg'ifsf] /Ëx¿sf] j0f{k6 pN6f] lsl;dsf] nx/df /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

— /jLGb| l;+x dxt
n]vs cd[t ;fOG; SofDk;df ef}lts zf:q k|fWofkg ug'{x'G5 .

sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if s] / lsg <

nfdf] ;do ;/sf/sf] ;]jf ug]{ ;}lgsx¿n] cjsfz kfpFbf 3/ kms{g] vr{ geO{ ;/sf/;Fu dfu u/]kl5 /f0ff k|wfgdGqL >L # h'4 ;dz]/n] lj=;+= !(*! ;fndf ;}lgsx¿sf] ;]jf cjsfzkl5 hLjgnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg …;}lgs b|Josf]ifÚ sf gfdaf6 ;~ro Joj:yfsf] ;'?cft u/fPsf x'g\ . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf eg] lj=;+= @))! ;fndf lghdlt sd{rf/L k|f]le8]08 km08Ú sf] gfdaf6 ;~ro Joj:yfsf] yfngL ul/Psf] xf] . @)!& ;fnb]lv :yfoL lghfdtL sd{rf/L, k|x/L, ;}lgs ;a}sf] clgjfo{ sf]ifs§L ug]{ Joj:yf eof] . Pp6} sfd ug]{ tL 5'§f5'§} ;}lgs b|Josf]if / lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|f]le8]08 km08nfO{ ldnfP/ ;~rosf]if P]g@)!( hf/L ePkl5 sd{rf/Lsf] cfly{s ;'/Iffy{ ;~rosf]if gfds Pp6} ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

;'?df /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s tnaaf6 s§f ul/Psf] !) k|ltztdf s§f ePsf] /sdsf] !) k|ltzt dfq ylkg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+ @)@^ ;fndf k|wfgdGqL sLlt{lglw lji6n] ztk|ltzt yk ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf x'g\ . ljut #( jif{ cufl8 :yflkt ;~rosf]ifdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf lghfdtL sd{rf/L, k|x/L, lzIfs, ;}lgs, ;fj{hlgs ;ª\3÷;+:yfsf sd{rf/L, sDkgL tyf lghL If]qsf !) hgfeGbf dfly sd{rf/L ePsf ;+:yfaf6 ;~rosf]if s§L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf cg'¿k xfn s/La tLgnfv %) xhf/ ;~rostf{ /x]sf] ;~ro sf]ifsf nufgL ljefusf k|d'v zzLljqmd /f0ffn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

clw/fHoel/sf lghfdtL, ;}lgs, k|x/L, lzIfs, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg, sDkgL Pjd\ lghL ;ª\3÷;+:yf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s tnaaf6 lgoldt !) k|ltzt s§L u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;DalGwt ;+:yf :jod\n] tyf ;/sf/n] s§L ePsf] /sdhlt g} yk u/L ;~ro ug]{ / cjsfzkl5 lglZrt Aofh;lxt ;l~rt /sd ;~rostf{nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' k|d'v st{Jo ;~rosf]ifsf] xf] . ;~rosf]ifn] To:tf lgoldt ;~rostf{nfO{ lglZrt cjlw kf/ u/]kl5 ;fk6L, ljz]if ;fk6L, cfjf; C0f, b'3{6gf Ifltk"lt{ tyf sfhlsl/of vr{h:tf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ klg k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . xfn ;~rosf]ifsf] nufgL c;"nL, nufgLsf] Aofh tyf ;~rstf{sf] s§L eO{ cfPsf] /sd u/L jflif{s rf/ ca{sf] ?lkofF ah]6 /x]sf] 5 eg] sf]ifdf s'n nufgL tyf gub u/L @$ ca{ /x]sf] ;~rosf]ifn] hgfPsf] 5 .

;~rostf{sf] ;'ljwfdf ;~rosf]if M

;~rosf]ifn] ;~rostf{k|ltsf] cfˆgf] bfloTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ pgLx¿sf] /sdsf] ;'/Iff tyf cfjlws ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;~rostf{sf] cfly{s ;'/IffnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;l~rt /sdnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljleGg ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h'g lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ .

– sd{rf/L ;fk6L M ;~rosf]ifdf lgoldt¿kdf kfFr jif{b]lv sf]if s§L ub}{ cfPsf ;~rostf{nfO{ cfˆgf] ;l~rt /sdsf] ^) k|ltzt ljgfAofh ;fk6L lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;fk6L /sdnfO{ ;~rostf{n] k'gM ga'emfP klg x'G5 . o:tf] ;fk6L k|To]s b'O{ jif{df lng kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . sf]ifn] ;fk6L /sd lnPsf ;~rostf{sf] afFsL /sddf dfq Aofh lbg] ub{5 . ;l~rt /sddf sf]ifn] jflif{s cf7 k|ltzt Aofh ;~rostf{nfO{ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

– ljz]if ;fk6L M lgoldt¿kdf sf]if s§L ub}{ cfPsf ;~rostf{n] sDtLdf ;ft jif{ k'u]kl5 cfˆgf] ;l~rt /sdsf] () k|ltzt ljz]if ;fk6Lsf ¿kdf lng kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . To:tf] ;fk6Ldf sf]ifn] jflif{s (=% k|ltzt Aofh lng] u/]sf] 5 .

– cfjf; C0f ;'ljwf M sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn] ;~rostf{ ;'ljwf cGtu{t ut dª\l;/ dlxgfb]lv cfjf; lgdf{0f C0f ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lgoldt¿kdf sf]if s§L ub}{ cfPsf ;~rostf{nfO{ kfFrjif{ cjlw k'u]kl5 ;'? :s]nsf] a9Ldf ;ft jif{;Ddsf] /sd C0f :j¿k pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn sf]ifn] o; sfo{qmdnfO{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleqdf dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf, gu/kflnsf / oL;Fu} hf]l8Psf uflj;x¿df o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . sf]ifn] o:tf] C0fsf] jflif{s !)=% k|ltzt Aofh lng] u/]sf] 5 . of] C0f k|fKt ug{ ;~rostf{sf] >Ldfg jf >LdtLsf] gfddf hUuf ePsf tyf lgld{t 3/df tnf yKg o:tf] ;'ljwf lbOPsf] 5 . o;df C0f k|fKtstf{sf] 3/ hUff ;~rosf]ifsf gfddf /fVg] / v/Lb laqmL /f]Ssf ug]{ ub{5 . o:tf] /sd @) jif{leqdf ltl/;Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] sfo{qmd nfu" ePkl5 ;~rosf]ifaf6 s/La ;ft;o hgfn] em08} @$ s/f]8 ?lkofF a/fa/sf] ;'ljwf ljut gf} dlxgfsf] cjlwdf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] nufgL ljefu k|d'v /f0ffn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

cGo lqmofsnfk M

– sf]ifk|lt ;~rostf{sf] u'gf;f] M cfˆgf] >dsf] /sdaf6 dfl;s s§L u/L ;~ro ub}{ cfPsf ;~rostf{nfO{ sf]ifsf sd{rf/Laf6 /fd|f] Jojxf/ gx'g], emsf]{kmsf]{ ug]{, sfddf l9nf;':tL ug]{, sfd kG5fpg], sf]if s§L /sd sf]ifdf obfsbf bflvnf g} geO{ x/fpg], bflvnf x'Fbf klg l9nf x'g], ;l~rt /sddf Aofh sd lbg], sd{rf/Lsf] ;l~rt /sdaf6 ;~rflnt sf]ifsf sd{rf/Ln] eg] a9L ;'ljwf vfg], ;~rostf{nfO{ ;'ljwf a9fpgeGbf cgfjZos ¿kdf cfˆg} ejg lgdf{0f ug]{, ;~rostf{k|lt cj1fefj k|bz{g ug]{ h:tf u'gf;fx¿ ;'lg+b} cfPsf 5g\ . o;af/]df k|Zg ubf{ o:tf u'gf;f gcfcf];\ eg]/ sf]ifn] ;~rostf{sf] s§L /sdnfO{ sDKo''6/sf] dfWodaf6 ;/n¿kdf k|fKt ug{;Sg] u/L n]vf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf], sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/fgf] dfgl;stf x6fO{ ;~rostf{sf] ;'ljwfdf Wofg lbg pTk|]l/t ug]{tkm{ hf]8 lbPsf] hfgsf/L nufgL ljefu k|d'v /f0ffn] lbg'eof] .

pxfF eGg'x'G5 – æ;~rostf{n] ;l~rt /sd lemSg cfpFbf k|z:t b'Mv kfpg k/]sf] k|lt ljrf/ u/L sf]ifn] zfvf sfof{no :yfkgf u/L ToxL+dfkm{t cfˆgf] lx;fa lstfa a'‰g tyf lemSg;Sg] ;/n tl/sfsf] ljsf; ul/;lsPsf] 5 .Æ

xfn ;~rosf]ifn] /fhwfgLleqsf 7d]n, ;'gwf/f tyf nlntk'/afx]s If]qLo sfof{no, wgs'6f tyf zfvf sfof{no lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f / g]kfnu~haf6 ;]jf ;~rfng u/L ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{cfPsf] 5 . eljiodf cg's"n kl/l:ylt /x]df gf/fo0fu9, wgu9L / ;'v]{tdf zfvf sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ ;f]rfO /x]sf] >L /f0ffaf6 yfxf ePsf] 5 . xfn ;~rosf]ifn] ;~rostf{sf] ;l~rt /sddf lbFb} cfPsf] Aofhb/df sd u/]sf] 5 . cfjf; C0f tyf ljz]if ;fk6L a9L Aofh lnof] eGg] u'gf;f] ;~rostf{sf] /x]sf] k|lt sf]ifsf nufgL ljefu k|d'v /f0ff eGg'x'G5 – æxfn ;/sf/L ;'/IF0fkqx¿df klg $÷% k|ltzt dfq Aofh 5 . ;/sf/n] klg cˆgf] lgIf]kdf lbFb} cfPsf] Aofhb/df sdL NofPsf sf/0f Tof] 36fpg' k/]sf] xf] . gq ;+:yfn] wfGg} ;Sb}g .Æ

;~rosf]ifn] ;l~rt /sddf * k|ltzt Aofh lbG5 eg] ljz]if ;fk6Ldf (=% k|ltzt lng] u/]sf]k|lt sf]ifsf nufgL ljefu k|d'v /f0ff eGg'x'G5 – æsf]ifn] ! k|ltzt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf If]qdf 5'§ofPsf] 5 eg] )=% k|ltzt k|zf;lgs vr{ t x'G5 g} . xfn sf]ifn] cfjf; ;'ljwf C0fdf Aofhb/ !! k|ltztaf6 36fO{ !)=% k|ltztdf emf/]sf] 5 .Æ

;fdflhs ;'/Ifftkm{ ;~rosf]if M

sf]ifn] ;~rostf{x¿nfO{ ;l~rt /sddf jflif{s Aofh k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} b'3{6gf Ifltk"lt{, sfhlsl/of cg'bfg tyf sd{rf/L sNof0f of]hgf cGtu{t ladf h:tf ;'/Iff ;'ljwf;d]t k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; ;'ljwf cGtu{t ;~rostf{sf] sfo{/t cj:yfdf b'3{6gf ePdf b'3{6gf Ifltk"lt{ ladf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . lgoldt sf]ifs§L ul//x]sf] ;~rostf{sf] d[To' ePdf lghsf] xsjfnfnfO{ sfhlsl/of cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf 5 . sfhls/Lof cg'bfgsf] /sd ?= rf/xhf/ 5 .

b'3{6gf Ifltk"lt{ cGtu{t eg] ztk|ltzt cËeË x'g] jf ;~rostf{sf] xsjfnfnfO{ ?= %) xhf/;Ddsf] b'3{6gf Ifltk"lt{ lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;}u/L, sd{rf/L sNof0f of]hgfcGtu{t ;]jfsfndf d[To' x'g] lghfdtL, hËL, k|x/L tyf /fhk|f;fb ;]jfsf lkog jf ;f] ;/xsf cGo /fhkq cgl°:tt/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ?= $) xhf/, sd{rf/LnfO{ ?= %) xhf/ / /fhkqfl°t:t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ?= &% xhf/ lghsf xsjfnfnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] sf]ifn] hgfPsf] 5 .

lskmfotL tyf ;+o'Qm cfjf; of]hgf M

;~rosf]ifn] ;~rostf{sf] ;'ljwfsf lglDt Go"g cfo ePsf sd{rf/L ju{sf nflu ;:tf], cfsif{s / Jojl:yt cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t kf]v/fdf vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf;lxtsf] k|fylds ljBfno, v]n d}bfg, tyf kSsL ;8s h:tf ef}lts ;'ljwf;d]t ePsf] b'O{ cfgfb]lv kfFr cfgf;Ddsf] hUufdf lgld{t ;:tf] k|ljlwsf] sf]7f, efG;f, 6\jfOn]6, afy?d / ;fgf] au+}rf;d]tsf nflu hUuf ePsf 3/x¿ lgdf{0f u/L ljt/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . o:tf 3/df ;fgf]df b'O{ jf tLg j]8?d, efG;fnufotsf cGo ;'ljwf ;lxtsf !!@ j6f 3/x¿ sDtLdf tLgnfvb]lv ^ nfv ?lkofF;Dd d"No kg]{ /x]sf 5g\ . ToxfF lgdf{0f ePsf e/sf nflu cfjZoseGbf rf/u'0ff a9L lgj]bg k/]sf / cGo o:t} 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu k|z:t dfu cfPsf] nufgL ljefu k|d'v /f0ffn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . sf7df8f}+ / lj/f6gu/df klg o:t} lskmfotL, cfw'lgs / sd d"No kg]{ ;+o'Qm cfjf; lgdf{0f ug]{ lg0f{o eO;s]sf] / hUufsf nflu 6]08/ v/Lb laqmL v'Ngf;fy ul/g] sf]ifn] hgfPsf] 5 .

sf]ifsf] cGo If]qdf nufgL M

;~rosf]ifn] ;~rostf{sf] /sdnfO{ cGo cfh{gsf] If]qdf nufgL u/L cfo a9fpg] sfo{sf nflu pBf]u, ko{6g, xjfO{, s[lif tyf Jofkfl/s ejg lgdf{0f u/L cfo a9fpg] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{t xfn kf]v/f tyf sf7df8f}+sf] ;'gwf/fdf cfw'lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm Jofkfl/s ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ x'Fb}5 . nlntk'/sf b'O{j6f / 7d]nsf] ejgsf] s]xL efu Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu lbO;s]sf] nufgL ljefu k|d'v /f0ffn] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] – ;~rosf]if ;~rostf{sf] /sdn] rn]sf] xf], o;sf] cfo a9\g' / ;DklQ hf]l8g'n] ;~rostf{nfO{ g} ;'ljwf yk ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] . ;fy} sf]ifn] o;;Fu} xf]6n, ljleGg sDkgL tyf cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg tyf ;/sf/L ;'/If0fkqx¿df klg nufgL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

– eQmaxfb'/ yfkf

lgoldt lrof ;]jgaf6 SofG;/ nfUb}g

lrof cfw'lgs ;dfhdf Ps cToGt nf]slk|o k]o kbfy{ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . dlxnf xf];\ jf k'?if, j[4 xf];\ jf tGg]/L, u/La xf];\ jf wgL cyjf hf8f] xf];\ jf udL{ x/]sn] x/]s df};ddf plQs} ?lr lnP/ lkpg] k]o kbfy{sf] gfd xf] lrof . t/ Tolt xF'bfx'Fb} klg :jf:Yok|lt ;+j]bgzLn /xg] sltko JolQmx¿ lrof lkpg xRsG5g\ cyjf egf}+ 8/fpF5g\ . :jf:Yo ljz]if1x¿ klg a9L lrof glkpg' g} plrt x'g] ;Nnfx lxg] ub{5g\ . To;dfly Uofl:6s / cN;/ /f]uaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿n] t emg\ lrof lkpg' x'Fb}x'Fb}g eGg] klg Psy/L ljz]if1x¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . t/ j}1flgsx¿n] xfn u/]sf] Pp6f gjLg vf]h / cg';Gwfgaf6 s] s'/f kQf nfu]sf] 5 eg] lglZrt cg'kftdf / lgoldt ¿kdf olb lrof lkpg] ug]{ xf] eg] o;n] dfgj :jf:YonfO{ xflg xf]Og nfe g} k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . k|:t't 5 j}1flgsx¿n] lrofsf] pkof]lutf ;DaGwdf kQf nufPsf] s]xL gjLg tYosf] ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L M

j}1flgsx¿n] s]d]lnof l;g]gl;; -camaellia sinensis_ cyf{t\ lrofsf] kQLdf s]xL o:tf gofF jfg:klts kf]ifs tTjx¿ kQf nufPsf 5g\ h;nfO{ kmfO6f]Go"l6oG6; -phyto–nusdtrients_ elgG5 . kmfO6f]Go"l6oG6; gfds oL jfg:klts kf]ifs tTjx¿ Anti oxidant cyf{t\ z/L/df /f]u k|lt/f]w Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu cToGt pkof]uL dflgPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] bfjL cg';f/, lrofsf] kQLdf kfOg] oL kf]ifs tTjx¿n] dflg;df ;doeGbf cufj} cfpg] j[4kgnfO{ /f]Sg'sf ;fy} SofG;/, dw'd]x, x[bo/f]u / df]tLoflaGb' h:tf /f]ux¿af6 ;d]t arfpg] sfd ub{5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfl:yt U.S. Department of Agriculture and Nutrition Centre df sfo{/t /f]gfN8 lk|cf]/n] cfˆgf] nfdf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df lbg'ePsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/, lrofdf kfOg] kmfO6f]Go"l6oG6; gfds oL jfg:klts kf]ifs tTjx¿ z/L/df nfUg] ljleGg /f]ux¿lj?4 n8\g kmnkm"n / xl/of ;fu;AhLx¿df kfOg] kf]ifs tTjx¿eGbf klg s}of}+ u'0ff a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] ub{5 .

cd]l/sfs} Food Composition Laboration ;Fu ;Da4 Pshgf csf{ zf]wstf{ 8f=u}/L ljr]/sf cg';f/, Pssk tfhf lrofdf *) ldlnu|fd;Dd ˆn]af]gfO6\; -flavonoids_ kfOG5 . ˆn]af]gf]O8\;nfO{ le6fldg …;LÚ sf] ¿kdf klg lrlgG5 . To;f] t le6fldg …;LÚ ;'Gtnf, sfutL jf cGo kmnkm"nsf] /;af6 klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ Pssk lrofaf6 k|fKt x'g] ˆn]af]gf]O8\; cyf{t\ le6fldg …;LÚ Ps lunf; ;'Gtnfsf h';af6 k|fKt x'g] le6fldg …;LÚ eGbf klg a9L anti oxident cyf{t\ /f]u k|lt/f]ws x'g] s'/f cWoogaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, l5d]sL /fi6« rLgsf] a]Olhªl:yt Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine gfds Ps :jf:Yo k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t jl/i7 :jf:Yo ljz]if1 8f= h'G;L r]gn] xfn;fn} ug'{ePsf] Ps cWoogaf6 kQf nfu]cg';f/ lrofsf] lglZrt / lgoldt ;]jgn] dflg;nfO{ d'vdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] ;Defljt SofG;/af6 arfpg] ub{5 . pgsf] cWoogn] b]vfPcg';f/ lrofdf kf]lnkm]gfN; -Polyphenols_ gfds Ps o:tf] /f;folgs tTj kfOG5 d'vleq h;n] d'vleq cfpg] Ps k|sf/sf] ;km]b bfb -Oral Leukoplakia_ nfO{ lgd"{n kfb{5, h'g bfbn] kl5 uP/ d'v;DaGwL SofG;/sf] ¿k lng ;Qm5 .

;"tL{ jf tdfv'af6 x'g] SoFG;/ M

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] jflzË6gdf s]xL ;docl3 cfof]hgf ul/Psf] j}1flgsx¿sf] Ps ;Dd]ngdf klg lrofsf] pkof]lutf;DaGwL s]xL gjLg hfgsf/Lx¿ k|sfzdf NofOPsf] lyof] . pQm hfgsf/L cg';f/ lrofdf kfOg] Phytochemicals gfds Ps ljz]if k|sf/sf] /f;folgs tTjn] xfd|f] z/L/df Pp6f To:tf] 6\o"d;{ jf df;'sf] 8Nnf]nfO{ j[l4 x'gaf6 /f]Sb5, h'g k|foM ;"tL{ jf tdfv'sf] ;]jgaf6 pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . ;f]xL ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL j}1flgsx¿n] lbPsf] yk hfgsf/L cg';f/ lrofsf] kQLdf 5fnf, k|f]:6]6 / :tg SofG;/h:tf 3fts /f]ux¿af6 arfj6 ug]{ cGo s]xL dxTjk"0f{ /f;folgs tTjx¿;d]t lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 .

s'g lrof lkpg] t < M

lrofsf] pkof]lutf;DaGwL s'/f ubf{ x/]ssf] dgdf cjZo klg lh1f;f pGkGg x'g;S5 ls cflv/ s'grflxF lrofn] z/L/nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 t < sfnf] lrofn] jf xl/of] lrofn] < cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] egfO cg';f/, sfnf] xf];\ jf xl/of] b'j} k|sf/sf] lrof xfd|f] :jf:Yosf] nflu nfebfos x'g] ub{5 . oL b'j} k|sf/sf lrofkQLdf ˆn]af]gfO8\; jf le6fldg …;LÚ kfOG5, h'g xfd|f] z/L/df /f]ux¿lj?4 n8\g cToGt cfjZos x'G5 / z/L/af6 ;lhn};Fu cjzf]lift x'g] ub{5 . t/ olb lrofaf6 ;fFrf] cy{d} k"/f nfe p7fpg rfxg] xf] eg] lrofnfO{ Hofbf pdfNg] ug'{x'Gg . lsgls lrof Hofbf ;do;Dd pdfNgfn] cyjf pdfn]/ /fVgfn] o;df ln8 cyjf l;;f / 6]lggsf] dfqf a9\g hfG5, h'g :jf:Yosf] nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 . To:t}, kfgLdf lrofkQL, b"w / lrgL Ps}k6s xfn]/ a]:;/L pdfNg] / To;kl5 skdf xfn]/ 3'6'3'6' lkpg] ahfl/of tl/sf klg :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] /fd|f] dflgFb}g . o;af6 lrofdf xflgsf/s tTj pTkGg t x'G5 g} ;fy} lrofdf kfOg] kmfO6f]Go"l6oG6; gfds dxTjk"0f{ /f;folgs tTjx¿ klg gi6 x'g k'Ub5g\ . o;sf ;fy} lbgdf tLg jf rf/ skeGbf a9L lrof lkpg' klg :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] pko'Qm gx'g] 7x/ ljz]if1x¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] lrof lkpg t /fd|f] xf] t/ plrt t/Lsf ldnfP/ dfq eGg] ljz]if1x¿sf] /fo 5 .

— /fh]zdfg s]=;L=
;|f]t M x]Ny P08 Go'l6«;g, q}dfl;s

g'g :jflbnf] dfq geP/ cf}ifwL klg xf]

xfdL vfgf;Fu :jfbsf nflu cfjZos dfqfdf g'g klg vfG5f}+ . :jfbsf nflu vfOg] g'g ca :jfbsf nflu dfq geP/ cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

cfof]l8g k|To]s dflg; / hgfj/sf nflu ;fdfGo zf/Ll/s j[l4 / af}l4s ljsf;sf nflu geOgx'g] kf}li6s tTj xf] . cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 ljleGg lsl;dsf :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ b]vfkb{5g\ . o;/L cfjZos dfqfdf cfof]l8g gk'Ugfn] :jf:Yodf b]lvg] yl/yl/sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ g} cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 pTkGg x'g] ljs[lt jf cfO{=8L=8L -IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER_ elgG5 . ue{jtL dlxnfdf cfof]l8gsf] sdL ePsf] sf/0fn] k|To]s jif{ ljZjdf Psnfv @) xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ l;lh{t zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ;':tkg lnP/ hGdg] u/]sf] s'/f o"lg;]kmåf/f k|sflzt tYof°df pNn]v 5 . To:t} nfvf}+ afnaflnsfx¿ cfof]l8gsf] sdLn] ubf{ sdhf]/ :d/0f zlQm / af}l4s Ifdtf lnP/ hlGdg] u/]sf] ;f] tYof°af6 a'lemG5 . sdhf]/ dl:tissf afnaflnsfx¿n] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gaf6 kmfObf lng g;Sg] s'/f t :jtM l;4 g} 5, h;n] ubf{ hLjgdf pgLx¿nfO{ w]/} lsl;dsf ;d:of pTkGg x'g;S5g\ .

lzIfsju{n] klg k6s–k6s k9fPsf] kf7 ga'‰g] / sdhf]/ dl:tis ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ glhsaf6 x]g'{ ePsf], lrGg' ePsf] / ;f]Rg' ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . em§ x]bf{ To:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cN5L, x]kfxf jf …k9fOk|lt ?lr g/fVg]Ú eGg] 7fGg'x'G5 xf]nfÙ t/ ltgLx¿nfO{ cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 To:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] klg x'g;S5 . b'Mvsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 l;lh{t To:tf ljs[ltx¿sf] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s sdhf]/Lsf] ;fdfGotM pkrf/ x'g;Sb}g .

To;}n] To:tf ljs[ltx¿ eljiodf gbf]xf]l/o"g\ egL klxn]g} ;Gt'lnt / lgoldt ¿kdf cfof]l8gsf] dfqf ldnfOPsf] g'g -IODIZED SALT_ sf] pkef]u ug'{kb{5 .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ :jf:Yo dGqfno afn :jf:Yo dxfzfvf tyf ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gåf/f k|sflzt lj1lKt cg';f/, cfof]l8go'Qm g'g gvfFbf t/fO{sf !! j6f lhNnfx¿ emfkf, df]/ª, ;Kt/L, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, k;f{, ?kGb]xL, slknj:t', afFs], s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt /x]sf 5g\ .

zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf nflu Ps;o %) dfOqmf]u|fd cfof]l8g k|lt JolQmnfO{ k|lt lbg rflxG5 . g]kfndf Psdfq vfB kbfy{ g'gdf cfof]l8g ldnfOPsf] 5 . cfof]l8go'Qm g'g vfgfn] z/L/df xfdf]{g, yfO/]gsf] ljsf;df d2t k'Ub5 . To;sf] sdL ePdf s07/f]u, dfgl;s / af}l4s Ifdtfsf] sdL, nf6f] n7]a|f]kg, ue{ t'lxg], d[t lzz' hlGdg] tyf afnd[To' h:tf ljs[ltx¿ pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] s'/f afn :jf:Yo dxfzfvf kf]if0f ljefusf k|d'v zf/bf kf08] atfpg' x'G5 .

ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿ a|flhndf lrgLdf / rLgdf lrofdf cfof]l8g ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . g]kfndf ;a}n] k|of]u ug]{ vfB kbfy{ g'gdf dfq cfof]l8g ldnfOPsf] 5 .

ljZjsf Ps ;o #) d'n'sx¿df cfof]l8gsf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gn] kfFr k|ltzteGbf a9L ;d:of b]lvg] d'n'sdf /f]syfdsf] pkfosf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf Ps ;odf $! hgf cfof]l8gsf] sdLn] ubf{ k|efljt /x]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] t/fO{df Ps ;odf %) hgf cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 ljleGg /f]ux¿n] u|l;t x'g] u/]sf] s'/f /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uåf/f k|sflzt k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

t/fO{df ef/taf6 cfpg] v'Nnf g'g a9L k|of]u ul/G5 . ef/tdf cvfB kbfy{sf] ¿kdf kfOg] ;:tf] g'g t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿df laqmL–ljt/0f eO/x]sf]n] t/fO{ If]qdf ljleGg /f]ux¿ a9L x'g] u/]sf] s'/f ;fN6 6]«l8Ë skf]{/];g s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf k|aGws a|h]zs'df/ emf atfpg' x'G5 .

>L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfof]l8go'Qm g'gsf] Kofs]6df b'O{ afnaflnsf lrGx ePsf] nf]uf] cl°t u/]sf] 5 . tL lrGx ePsf g'g ;]jg ubf{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s ljs[lt gx'g] s'/f ;fN6 6«]l8Ë skf]{/];g s]Gb|Lo sfof{no g'g ljefusf k|aGws s'df//fh e08f/L atfpg' x'G5 .

b'O{ afnaflnsf lrGx cl°t g'gsf] Kofs]6df %) kLkLPd cfof]l8g ldnfOPsf] x'G5 ;f] g'g vfFbf cfjZos cfof]l8g To;af6 k"lt{ x'g] s'/f ;fN6 6«]l8Ë skf]{/];g s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf ;Nnfxsf/ rGb|z]v/ l;+xn] atfpg' x'G5 .

Psjif{df Ps JolQmn] ;/b/ rf/ lsnf]u|fd g'g vfg] u5{ . hg r]tgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ jif{df b'O{–rf/ ?lkofF ;:tf] kg]{ ef/tLo g'g t/fO{jf;Lx¿n] pkef]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/fO{sf ahf/x¿df kfOg] ef/tLo v'Nnf g'gdf cfof]l8g g/x] klg Kofs]6sf] g'gdf cfof]l8go'Qm n]lvPsf] x'G5Ù t/ To;df cfof]l8g g/x]sf] s'/f Ps ;j]{If0fåf/f yfxf kfOPsf] s'/f ;fN6 6«]l8Ë skf]{/];g s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 .

t/fO{sf clwsf+z JolQmx¿n] ef/taf6 cfpg] To:tf g'gg} k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fN6 6«]l8Ë skf]{/];gn] ;d]t ef/tsf] u'h/ft / /fh:yfgaf6 g'g Nofpg] u/]sf] eP klg To;df cfof]l8g ldnfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} :jf:Yo dGqfnon] ;d]t cfof]l8gsf] dfqf hfFr u/L laqmL–ljt/0f ug{ lbg] u/]sf]n] g]kfndf kfOg] b'O{ afnaflnsf lrGx cl°t g'gg} vfFbf z/L/sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] s'/f :jf:Yo dGqfno afn:jf:Yo dxfzfvf kf]if0f ljefun] hgfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fN6 6«]l8Ë skf]{/];gåf/f laqmL–ljt/0f eO/x]sf] l9Ss] g'g / dl;gf] g'gdf ;d]t pko'Qm dfqfdf cfof]l8g ldnfOPsf] s'/f skf]{/];gn] hgfPsf] 5 .

t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿dWo] cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] Ps lhNnf ;Kt/Lsf uflj; ef/bx j8f g+= $ a:g] blnt kl/jf/sf Ps lzlIft o'js dx]Gb| d'lvof lgDg juL{o kl/jf/df :jfbsf] nflu g'g vfg' kb{5 eGg] s'/f dfq yfxf /x]sf] atfpg' x'G5 . pxfF g'g cfof]l8gsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{ ;d]t kbfy{ /x]sf]n] cfof]l8go'Qm g'g dfq vfg] s'/f clwsf+z kl/jf/nfO{ yfxf g/x]sf] atfpg' x'G5 . d'lvofsf cg';f/, cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]ux¿ t/fO{sf lgDgjuL{o tyf blnt kl/jf/sf ;fy} cGo kl/jf/df klg b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ o;sf] k|rf/k|;f/ / hgr]tgf hufpg' lgtfGt cfjZos /x]sf] pxfF atfpg' x'G5 .

cfof]l8gsf] sdLaf6 x'g] ljs[tlj?4 u7g ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o kl/ifb\n] -cS6'a/_ dlxgfnfO{ ljZjel/ cfof]l8g hgr]tgf dlxgfsf] ¿kdf k|To]s jif{ dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . cfof]l8gsf] sdL b]lvPsf ljZjsf tL d'n'sx¿n] cS6'a/ dlxgfel/ hgr]tgf hufpg] ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf jif{el/g} hgr]tgf hufpg] ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ljut tLg dlxgfb]lv d'n'ssf cfof]l8gsf] sdL b]lvPsf lhNnfx¿ df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, k;f{nufotsf :yfgx¿df ljleGg ¥ofnL, h'n'; tyf k|rf/–k|;f/sf cGo sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]t >L % sf] ;/sf/ :jf:Yo dGqfno afn:jf:Yo dxfzfvf kf]if0f ljefu, ;fN6 6«]l8Ë skf]{/];g tyf o"lg;]kmn] ul//x]sf] 5 .

;w}+ :d/0f ug'{kg]{ a"Fbfx¿

— cfof]l8g dflg;sf] nflu b}lgs¿kdf geO{ gx'g] kf]ifs tTj xf] .

— o;sf] sdL ePdf afn–aflnsfb]lv j[4;DdnfO{ cg]sf}+ /f]ux¿ nfUg] u5{g\ .

— g]kfndf Psdfq vfB kbfy{ g'gdf cfof]l8g ldnfOPsf] 5 .

— >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfof]l8go'Qm g'gsf] Kofs]6df b'O{ afn–aflnsfsf] nf]uf] -lrGx_ cl°t u/]sf] 5 .

— cfof]l8g vfg k|To]s g]kfnLn] b'O{ afn–aflnsfsf] lrGx nf]uf] cl°t /x]sf] g'g dfq vfg' kb{5 .

— zDe's'df/ emf,
;Kt/L

s] tkfO{+ w"dkfg 5f]8\g rfxg'x'G5 <

w"dkfg :jf:Yosf] nflu xflgsf/s 5 eGg] yfxf eP klg o;sf] ;]jg ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lbgx'F j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . w"dkfgn] kmf]S;f]sf] SofG;/ x'G5 eg]/ ljleGg cWoog / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} w"dkfgaf6 d'6';DaGwL /f]u nfU5, 5ftL;DaGwL /f]ux¿ h:t} bd, a|f]ª\sfOl6;, k]6;DaGwL /f]ux¿ Uofl:6s / cN;/ cflb x'g] ub{5 . h'g JolQm clzlIFt / w"dkfgsf] v/faLaf/] cgle1 5g\Ù ltgLx¿n] w"dkfg ubf{ cfZro{ dfGg' kb}}{g t/ lzlIft JolQmx¿n] w"dkfg ubf{ ;dfhdf gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 . o:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ b]vfP/ clzlIFt JolQmx¿ eGg] ub{5g\ – kmnfgf]n] w"dkfg ub{5 eg] xfdLn] lsg x'Fb}g < w"dkfgsf] v/fa c;/x¿af/] w]/} JolQmnfO{ yfxf eP klg ;lhn} 5f]8\g;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] w"dkfg 5f]8\g dgleqaf6} b[9;°Nk ug'{kb{5Ù oxfF w"dkfg 5f]8\g] ;/n pkfox¿ lbPsf] 5Ù h;åf/f tkfO{+ ;lhn} w"dkfg 5f]8\g ;Sg'x'G5 .

– ;j{k|yd s'g lbgb]lv w"dkfg 5f]8\g] Tof] lbg klxn] g} lgwf] ug'{kb{5 .

– w]/} JolQmx¿sf] ;fd'Gg] of] lbgb]]lv w"dkfg ulb{gF eg]/ ;°Nk ug'{kb{5 .

– h:tf] ;a}sf] ;fd'Gg] elgof] To;} ul/of] eg]/ dgdf b[9tf /fv]/ To;} lbgb]lv w"dkfg ug{ 5f]8L lbg'kb{5 . w"dkfg 5f]8]sf] 5, ;ftlbg;Dd l/Ë6f nfUg], l/; p7\g], 6fpsf] b'Vg], sfd ug{ dg gnfUg] cflb ljleGg nIf0fx¿ b]lvG5g\ t/ cflQg' xF'b}g lsgls ;'?df To:t} cg'ej x'G5Ù kl5 lj:tf/} cfkm} x/fP/ hfG5 .

– w"dkfg 5f]8]sf] ;°Nk k"/f ug'{ 5, ;ftlbg;Dd Jo:t x'g cfkm"nfO{ OR5f nfu]sf] v]nx¿ h:t} 6]a'n6]lg;, Jof8ldG6g, elnan, km'6an, r]; cflb v]Ng'kb{5

– cfˆgf] lgoldt sfo{ k4ltdf kl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 . h:t} klxn] r'/f]6 lsGg] k;nsf] af6f] 5f]8]/ c¿ 7fpFaf6 lx+8\g'k5{, ;Fu} r'/f]6 vfg] ;fyLx¿nfO{ s]xLlbg;Dd ;s];Dd e]6\g' x'Fb}g . cfkm" a:g] sf]7f / sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf P:6«] r'/f]6sf] a6\6f, ;nfO{ cflb /fVg' x'Fb}g .

– s]xL lbg;Dd w"dkfg ug{ tntn nflu/xG5, To;}n] vNtLdf NjfFu, ;'sd]n, rsn]6, r'OËd /fv]/ d'vdf rkfO{ /fVg'kb{5 . cfkm" a:g] / sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf Ps lunf; kfgL /fv]/ a/fa/ lkpFb} ug'{kb{5 .

– cfkm" a:g] sf]7fdf w"dkfg lgif]w;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ 6fF;]/ c¿nfO{ klg ;]jg ug'{ lbg' x'Fb}g .

– s'g} ljz]if ;df/f]x, kf6L{ jf ;fyLefOx¿sf] s/sfkdf k/]/ Pp6f dfq r'/f]6 t xf] lg eg]/ e'n]/ klg slxNo} vfg' x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ ljif ;Dem]/ slxNo} klg ;]jg ug'{ x'Fb}g .

cGTodf Pp6f d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] w"dkfg 5f]l8;s]kl5 klg s]xL lbgkl5 Pp6f t xf] lg eg]/ e'n]/ klg ;]jg ug'{ x'Fb}g lsgls km]l/ w"dkfg ug]{ afgL kb{5 .

o;/L dfly plNnvt ;fwf/0f pkfox¿ cjnDag u/] ;lhn} w"dkfg ;]jg ug{ 5f]8\g ;lsG5 .

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