jt{dfg ;+s6 / To;sf] Joj:yfkg

k|f=s[i0f xf5]y'

b]z lsg / s;/L r/d ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf k'Uof] < o;sf nflu sf] sf] lhDd]jf/ 5g\ < oL ;jfnx?nfO{ rf/ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{ ;lsG5M -!_ ;+/rgfTds q'l6, -@_ kf6L{ k4lt Joj:yfkgsf] (Party system management) ;d:of, -#_ ljrf/, d"No / dfGotfdf x|f; / -$_ /fHosf] ;+s6 Joj:yfkg ug]{ Ifdtf / ;fdy{tf 36\b} hfg' .

c:ki6tfsf] l;4fGt (Theory of ambiguity) sf] cfwf/df ag]sf] clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf w]/} lj/f]wfefifx? 5g\ . t;y{ of] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fs} a]nf s]xL u+eL/ q'l6x? ePsf 5g\ . Psftkm{ /fhfsf] :yfg ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq eg]/ ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /fhfn] ulNt ub}{g eGg] dfGotfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5}g . x'g t sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]usf] (Initiation) yfngL /fhfaf6 ug{ ;lsg] 7fp“ lbPsf] 5}g . t/ clt dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?df h:t} k|ltlglw;efsf] clwsf/ (Preventive power) /fhfnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . dfly pNn]lvt s]xL c;fdfGo l:ylt;+u ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs wf/fx?df æul/aS;g] 5Æ -c+u|]hLdf zAb Shall) sf] ;§f æ;lsaS;g] 5Æ -c+u|]hL zAb May) zAb k|of]u ePsf] 5 . oL ;+j}wflgs bkmfx? Jojxf/df s;/L k|of]u eP t < ljut !) jif{df k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g tLgkN6 ePsf] 5 . To;dWo] klxnf] b'O{ l;kmfl/znfO{ /fhfn] :jLs[t ul/P eg] kl5Nnf] kN6 c:jLs[t . :jLs[t ubf{ / c:jLs[t ubf{ b'j} cj:yfdf /fhfn] o; ;DaGwL k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/z dfGg jf gdfGg ;S5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . o:t} dfcf]jfbL lqmofsnfk /f]Sg ;]gfsf] k|of]uaf/] /fhf, ;]gf / ;/sf/aLr nfdf] ;do;Dd 5nkmn, jx; / ljjfb rn]sf] lyof] . cGttf]uTjf ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{ lgisif{df k'u] klg o; ;DaGwdf s] s'/f :yflkt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 eg] zfxL ;]gf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] clwgdf 5}g / ;]gf kl/rfng ;DaGwL clGtd lg0f{ostf{ /fhf g} xf] . o; k|sf/ ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{, k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug]{ cflb u+eL/ ljifox?df sfo{sfl/0fL lg0f{onfO{ /f]Sg÷5]Sg ;lsg] /fhfsf] Preventive power To:tf] xltof/sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g ;S5 h;dfkm{t\ zlQm /fhgLltsf] c? kIf / IF]qdf b/af/ k|j]z ug{ / rnv]n ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] l:yltdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%-@_ lg:t]h x'g hfG5 .

wf/f #%-@_ cg';f/ æ>L % af6 dfq jf df};"kmsf] :jljjs]df jf cGo s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/zdf ul/aS;g] egL ls6fgL;fy Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd >L % af6 ul/aS;g] ;a} sfo{x? dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltaf6 ul/aS;g] 5 . o:tf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddlt k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t hfx]/ x'g]5Æ . of] ;+;bLo Joj:yf / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ Pp6f dfq dxTjk"0f{ wf/f xf] . t/ of] ;+j}wflgs bkmfnfO{ nTofPsf] dx;"; ul/Psf] 5 rfx] /fhkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox?sf] dgf]gogdf xf];\ jf /fli6«o;efsf ;b:ox?sf] dgf]gogdf cyjf /fhb"t nufot cGo pRr kbx?df lgo'lQm ubf{ xf];\ . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ kbx?df dgf]gog / lgo'Qm ePsf clwsf+z JolQmx?sf] /fhgLlts k[i7e"ld / ljut x]g]{ xf] eg] s] Ps xb;Dd k~rfotsf] k'g/fj[lQ t eO/fv]sf] 5}g eg] k|Zg p7g ;Sb5 . o; ljifodf ;do–;dodf hgrf;f] b]vf gk/]sf] klg xf]Og\ t/ o;sf] :kli6s/0f cflwsfl/s ?kdf slxNo} klg cfPsf] 5}g . t;y{ s] ;Gb]x 5 eg] ls /fhfaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%-@_ sf] plrt ;Ddfg ePsf] 5}g ls t k|wfgdGqLn] zlQm b/af/df lkmtf{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h] xf];\\ wf/f #%-@_ sf] zAb, efjgf / dd{sf] pNn+3g ug]{ qmd a9\b} uPsf] 5 . of] wf/f lg:s[o x'"b} hfg] xf] eg] clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg eGbf tflTjs cGt/ x'g] 5}g . cyjf egf}+ wf/f #%-@_ ljgfsf] of] ;+ljwfg Tof];+u x'ax' ldNb5 h'g clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf b/af/sf] d:of}bf ;+ljwfg eg]/ aflx/ cfPsf] lyof] . @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg / b/af/sf] d:of}bf ;+ljwfgsf] ;dfg ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] b'j}n] zlQm;lxtsf] /fhtGq / hglgjf{lrt k|hftGqaLr ;+of]hg ug{ vf]h]sf] lyof] / c;fdfGo / cK7\of/f] kl/l:yltdf /fhfsf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os xf];\ eg] rfx]sf] lyof] .

ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 ljleGg ;dodf b]vf k/]sf] /fli6«o ;d:of / ;+s6sf] af/] /fhfn] rf;f] lng] u/]sf] s'/f ljleGg ?kaf6 k|s6 x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . dGqL kl/ifb\nfO{ ;'emfj / r]tfjgL lbP/, ;+;bnfO{ ;Gb]z k7fP/, cbfnt;+u /fo dfu]/ / j]gfdL lr7L jf gf]6 dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ljifodf b/af/sf] b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs u/]/ . dfly pNn]lvt pkfox?af6 ljljw ljifox?df h:t} /fhgLlts ;+s6, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, cfd lgjf{rg, dfcf]jfbL ;d:of, /fhgLlts bnsf] Joj:yfkg, gful/stf ;d:of cflbdf /fhfn] rf;f] lng] u/]sf] / cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf] hfgsf/Ldf ePsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL ;d:of / ;]gf kl/rfng ;DaGwL ljifodf b/af/sf] b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . ;fdfGotM ;+j}wflgs /fhf cfkm\gf] Ph]G8f ;lxt hgtfdf cfpg] ub}{g / To; cg'?k hgdt ;[hgf ug]{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf k|of; klg ub}{g . o:tf] s'/fsf] cfjZostf ta kb{5 ha /fhf / dGqL kl/ifb\, /fhf / ;+;baLr /fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf u+eL/ dte]b pTkGg x'G5 . cGo pkfox?af6 dte]b lgjf/0f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq /fhfn] cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f hg;dIf /fVg' plrt x'g]5 . t/ Psfw s'/fdf afx]s /fhf / lgjf{lrt ;+:yfaLr dte]b ePsf] b]lv+b}g . t/ lsg k6s–k6s l;wf / 3'dfp/f] kf/fdf dGqL kl/ifb\ / ;+;bnfO{ /fhfaf6 ;Gb]z, ;'emfj / r]tfjgL cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . dGqL kl/ifb\ / ;+;bn] u/]sf lg0f{onfO{ lnP/ /fhfn] cbfntsf] /fo lng] qmd klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . s] ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ hglgjf{lrt ;+;b / dGqL kl/ifb\nfO{ xf]Rofpg] / nlHht kfg]{ sfd t eO/fv]sf] 5}g < olb /fhfsf] ;Gb]z, ;'emfj / r]tfjgLnfO{ lgjf{lrt ;+:yfn] dfGg OGsf/ u/] eg] /fhfsf] 5lj s] x'g]5 < ;+ljwfgtM /fhfsf] ;'emfj dfGg oL lgjf{lrt ;+:yfx? afWo 5}gg\ . t/ Jojxf/df /fhfsf] cf1f pNn+3g ug]{ tfut / lxDdt lgjf{lrt ;+:yfx?;+u 5}g . ltgLx? alnof] x'g ;s]sf 5}g / tL ;+:yfx? rnfpg] /fhgLlts bnx? klg sdhf]/ 5g\ . /fhfnfO{ l/emfP/ cf–cfkm\gf] :jfy{k"lt{ ug]{ rng / k|j[lQ oyfjt 5 .

/fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf /fhfn] ;/f]sf/ /fVg] u/]sf] hfgsf/L x'g] csf]{ dfWod eg]sf] /fhfn] ljleGg bnsf g]tfx?;+u u/]sf] e]63f6sf] ;dfrf/ 5fkfdf cfpg' . h:tf];'s} ljklQ cfOkbf{ klg /fhfn] ljleGg bnsf g]tfx?;+u ;fd'lxs e]6 ug]{ / 5nkmn ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{+b}g . e]63f6sf] rng PSnf PSn} 5 . e]63f6sf] a]nf /fhf / bnsf g]tfaLr ePsf] ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ lnlka4 ug]{ u/]sf]] 5}g . t;y{ hgtfnfO{ o;af/] hfgsf/L klg x'"b]g . kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df cGbfh dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+s6sf] a]nf /fhf / ljleGg bnsf g]tfx?sf] PSnfPSn} e]6kl5 ;d:ofx? ;'lNemg'sf] ;§f alNem+b} hfg] u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLltdf Pp6f ;j{dfGo rng 5, km'6fp / rnv]n ug]{ d}bfg a9fp . x'g t sf+u|];, Pdfn], /fk|kf nufot dfcf]jfbLn] klg b/af/nfO{ Ps zlQm dfg]sf 5g\ ;fy} @)!& ;fnsf] e'taf6 klg ql;t 5g\ . t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt ;a} bnx? s'g} g s'g} a]nf /fhfsf] zlQm / k|efj a9fpg dltof/ eOlbPsf 5g\ . t/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; To;df klg @))& ;fn kl5sf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;n] s] b]vfp“5 eg] /fhf zlQmzfnL x'"bf / /fhf /fhgLltdf ;lqmo x'"bf To;n] slxNo} klg k|hftGqnfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5}g . zlQm÷clwsf/;lxtsf] /fhtGq / hgtfdf ;+k|e'tf lgxLt k|hftGq Ps bf];|f]aLr j]d]n s'/f x'g\ .

ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf ;do ;dodf b]vf kg]{ ;d:of / ;+s6 lgjf/0f ug{ kf6L{ k4lt ;Ifd / alnof] x'g' kb{5 . %) jif{ cl3 :yfkgfsfndf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ckgfPsf] /fhgLlt, l;4fGt / g]t[Tj ca cfP/ c;fGble{s x'g uPsf 5g\ . o;n] ;dfhjfbsf] ljnf 5f]8\g rfx"b}g t/ pbf/jfbsf] k|jfxdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ ub{5 . t;y{ c:ki6tf (confusion) g} o;sf] jt{dfg xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ldzgljxLg, ljrf/ljxLg, k4ltljxLg / cg'zf;gxLg hdftsf] ?kdf lbg k|ltlbg abgfd x'"b} uPsf] 5 . nfdf] Oltxf; x'"bfx'"b} klg of] kf6L{eGbf klg kf6L{ h:tf] 5 hxf“ eL8 5 / cu'jf klg 5 . of] g]tfd'vL kf6L{ xf] . ;+u7g dha't kfg]{ k|of; o;sf] k|fyldstfleq slxNo} k/]g . zfob To;}n] xf]nf g]t[Tjdf /x]sfx?n] kf6L{ / ;/sf/nfO{ plrt af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg g;s]sf] cfd dx;"; x'"bfx'"b} klg g]tfn] r'6\sL ahfPsf] e/df sfo{stf{x?af6 k~rfot z}nLsf] jQmJosf] af9L cfp“5 . csf]{ g]tfn] Hof]ltifsf] xjfnf lbP/ dgf]ljsf/ cf]sNbf To;n] 5fkfx?sf] d'Vo k[i7df 7fp“ kfp“5 / sfo{stf{x? To;sf] kl5 nfUb5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]tfd'vL t/ g]tf c;Ifd clg o;sf] eljio s] x'g] t <

k|hftGqsf] kof{ojfrLsf] ?kdf hGd]sf] / x's]{sf] g]kfnL sf+u]|;sf] kf6L{ ;+rfng / kl/rfngsf] :j?k xf:of:kb 5 . lrQ b'Vg] / lrQ a'emfpg], w'sL{ b]vfpg] / w'sL{ ;'Gg], 3ft, k|lt3ft / cGt/3ft ug]{ clg abnf lng] k|j[lQ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] :yfoL ljz]iftfh:tf] b]lvG5 . ;do–;do–;dodf x08/ vfP klg gr]ltg / g;lsg] g]kfnL sf+u|]; km'6\g klg g;Sg] / h'6\g klg g;Sg] kf6L{sf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . x/]s 7"nf /fhgLlts bndf u'6, pku'6 x'g' :jefljs xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; t o;sf] gd"gf g} xf] .

bnleq ;fy{s jx; / 5nkmnsf] cefjn] ubf{ cGt/–kf6L{ ;DaGwdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|foM sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . ljjfb:kb ljifodf cGo bnx?sf] ;xof]u / ;xdlt vf]Hg'eGbf klxn] To; ljifodf sf+u|];leq} ;xdlt x'g' h?/L x'G5 . t/ g]t[Tjdf a:g]x?n] g o;sf] cfjZostf af]w u/]sf] 5 g t o;sf] nflu k|of; g} u/]sf]] 5 . cyf{t oy]i7 u[xsfo{sf] cefjn] ubf{ cGt/kf6L{ ;DaGwsf] ;jfndf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] k|:t't ug]{ Ph]G8f / To;;+u uf“l;Psf] /0fgLlt k|foM lkmtnf] b]lvG5 . jfdkGyLx? hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;xsdL{ eP klg g]kfnL sf+u|];n] /fk|kf / ;b\efjgf kf6L{nfO{ glhs 7fGb5 / ;s];Dd / ldn];Dd jfdkGyLx?nfO{ kG5fpg vf]Hb5 . t/ k|ltkIf /fhgLltdf jfdkGyLx?sf] afx'Notf 5 . sDo'lgi6x?n] ;xof]u ub}{gg\ eGg] dfgl;stfn] ubf{ klg g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|ltkIfsf] ;xof]u / ;xdlt lng] Ifdtf 36]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; lbgk|ltlbg cnf]slk|o x'"b} uPsf] 5 / zf;g ug{ klg c;Ifd ;fljt x'"b} uPsf] 5 . t/ lsg k|d'v k|ltkIf bn Pdfn] cfznfUbf] / e/kbf]{ ljsNksf] ?kdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g < x'g t ax'bnsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 Pdfn] Ps ;f}Do (modest) / kl/kSj bnsf] ?kdf b]vf kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/ ;do ;dodf o;n] clVtof/ ug]{ gLlt kf6L{sf] kl/jlt{t klxrfg;+u d]n vf“b}g . clg gfgLb]lvsf] afgL lg:sG5 / To;sf] lzsf/ x'G5 ;8s 5]psf] /]lnË / ;+;bleqsf] dfOs . hxf“;Dd ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] ;jfn 5 To;k|lt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;}4flGts k|lta4tf l:y/ 5 . t/ Pdfn]sf] To:tf] 5}g . o;sf] ctLt Psbn xf] eg] jt{dfg ax'bn . Oltxf; / jt{dfg km/s x'"bf To;sf] eljiok|lt ;z+lst x'g] g} eof] . To;df klg lj/f]wsf] gfddf Pdfn]n] ;do ;dodf b]vfpg] /f}b|?k / ljWj+;fTds lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ Pdfn]nfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf kl/kSj kf6L{ dfGg]x?nfO{ ;f]Rg afWo t'Nofp“5 ls s] pgLx?sf] 7DofO{kl5 uP/ unt t ;fljt x'"b}g .

c:ki6tf sf+u|];sf] dfq xf]Og Pdfn]sf] klg jt{dfg xf] . cem egf}+ c:ki6tf, cl:y/tf / lj/f]wfefif Pdfn]sf] hGdhft ljz]iftf xf] . of] ax'd'vL / å}w rl/q af]s]sf] kf6L{ xf] . hgtf / sfo{stf{ dfem o;n] nf]slk|o /ftf] zAbx? cf]sNg] ub{5g\ t/ zx/ / ljb]zL /fi6«x? ;dIf lgnf] ?k b]vfp“5 . s;}s;}n] Pdfn]sf] gLlt / Aojxf/df Ps?ktf gx'g'df To; bnleqsf] cfGtl/s lvrftfgLnfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ . To;leqsf] u'6jGbL /fhgLltsf] ?k / /Ë sf+u|];sf] eGbf km/s 5}g . t/ km/s s]df 5 eg] sf+u|]; h:t} Pdfn] j]df};ddf afhf ahfp“b}g . clxn] Pdfn]leq dfwj g]kfn ;d"x / v8\u cf]nL ;d"xaLrsf] snx slxn]sflx+ cvaf/df la:s'g nufP/ cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . lgx'" kfP ls Psn] bf];|f]nfO{ lgrf b]vfpg] s;/t ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

h'g;'s} sf/0fn] xf];\ Pdfn]n] bf]wf/] gLlt lng] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] rl/q o; kf6L{sf] dfcf]jfbL nufot c? bnx?k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f / Jojxf/df k|ltljlDjt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ax'bnsf] ;|i6f g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ax'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ lx+;fTds o'4af6 dfl;g rfxg] dfcf]jfbL;+u ;db'/Lsf] ;DaGw /fVg] Pdfn]sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ s] dfGg] < hxf“;Dd ljBdfg ;+;bLo Joj:yf;+u tfbDotf /fVg] ;}4flGts ;jfn 5, Pdfn]n] c?nfO{ 8f]¥ofpg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . Pdfn]n] ljutdf clxn]sf] dfcf]jfbL;+u -h'g a]nf of] ;d"x ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{df lyof]_ klg df]rf{aGbL u/]sf] lyof] t/ To;nfO{ ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg Pdfn] c;dy{ eof] . of] s'/f csf]{ ?kaf6 klg k|Zgjfrs 9+un] p7fpg ;lsG5– s] Pdfn]k|lt jfdkGyLx?sf] ljsif{0fn] ubf{ dfcf]jfbL k|efj a9\g uPsf] t xf]Og <

eljiodf ;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{ ;'rf? ?kn] rnfpg] xf] eg] o; Joj:yfsf] d"No, dfGotf / k|rng;+u j]d]n vfg] ;a} ;+j}wflgs wf/fx?df ;+zf]wg ug'{ kb{5 . sfo{kflnsfnfO{ alnof] agfpg k|wfgdGqL nufot dGqL kl/ifb\sf] ljz]ifflwsf/nfO{ cs'li7t ?kdf k'g:yf{lkt x'g' kb{5 rfx] k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g;+u ;DalGwt ljifo xf];\ of ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt . oL ljifox?df /fhfsf] Preventive power nfO{ lemSg' kb{5 . ;]gf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/s} clwgdf kfg{ ;]gfnfO{ wf/f #%-@_ cGt/ut kf/]/ ;''/Iff kl/ifb\sf] cnu Joj:yf vf/]h ug'{kb{5 . dlxnf, ljljw efiffefifL / cGo lk5l8Psf ;d'bfox?sf] cfTd;Ddfg a9fpg / pgLx?sf] lxt clea[l4 ug{ g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fHo agfpg / c? cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ ljifodf To; cg's"n x'g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg x'g'kb{5 .

-k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] nflu cWoog s]Gb|åf/f xfn} cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kqdf cfwfl/t_

oxL xf] t k|hftGq <

Hof]lt sf]O/fnf

ha xfdL /fhgLltnfO{ ;+efjgfsf] v]n eG5f}+ eg] /fhgLltn] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0fnfO{ klg a]Unf a]Un} 9+uaf6 a]Unfa]Un} cfofdaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ clgjfo{ x'g ;S5 . ;a}n] ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fli6«o lxtnfO{ g} s]Gb| ljGb' agfp“b} JofVof ul//x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5, h'g unt klg x'g ;S5 . klxnf] k|Zg cfp“5 of] xfd|f] /fi6« s] xf] / o; /fi6«sf] pTklQ s;/L eof] < dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ g} cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] ;a} /fi6«sf] pTklQ ;fdGtL 9f“rfaf6} ePsf] 5 . To; cl3sf] Oltxf;tkm{ x]g]{ k|of; gu/f}+ . xfd|f] g]kfn () eGbf a9L ;–;fgf /fHox?sf] ;dfof]hgn] g} lgdf{0f ePsf] xf]– g]kfn /fi6« egL ;+of]hg ug]{ sfo{ zfxj+zLo /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] u/] cfheGbf @#) jif{ cl3 . of] g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f xf] . ha ls To;tfsf xfd|f] l5d]sL blIf0fL /fi6«df klg /fhf /hf}6f g} lyP t/ Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] xfnsf] ef/tjif{sf] klZrdL a+ufndf Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 k;]sf] O{i6 O{l08of sDkgLn] la:tf/} la:tf/} nueu ;Dk"0f{ ef/tjif{df clwkTo hdfP– ef/t k/fwLg eof] / kl5 ToxL+ sDkgL la|l6z ;fd|fHojfbsf] vf]nleq k:of] . la|l6zn] zf;g ug{ yfn] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] tL ;–;fgf jfO;] rf}aL;] /fHox?nfO{ PsLs[t ug'{ cl3 tL ;–;fgf /fHox? a]nfotL kmf}h;+u eoeLt lyP sxL+ clwgdf kl/G5 ls tL ;a} ;–;fgf /fHosf] ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, ;+:sf/, wd{x? nueu Ps} h:tf] ePsf] x'gfn] tL efjgf / cfGtl/s qf;sf] lg/fs/0f k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] u/] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgn] dxTj kfp“b} ;kmntf g} xfl;n u¥of] . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdL g]kfnL Ps e} slxn] klg k/tGq ePgf}+ . of] Pp6f clt g} uf}/jzfnL s'/f] xf] / /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu . ;do anjfg x'G5 / ;don] s;}nfO{ klv{b}g . To;sf/0f ;dofg';f/ rNg' g} /fhg]tfsf] u'0f e} st{Jo x'g cfp“5 . k[YjLgf/fo0fn] ;do a'em] / ToxL lx;fan] rn] . To;tfsfsf] hgcfsf+IffnfO{ ;+u;+u} ;ufNgs} nflu pgn] cd[tjf0fLsf] ?kdf æk|hf df]6f eP eg] b/af/ alnof] x'G5Æ ;d]t eg] kl5 h+uaxfb'/sf] pbo ePkl5 /f0ff ;}lgs zf;g rNof] . ;dosf] rqm 3'Db} u/]tf klg hgtfdf hgr]tgf a[l4 ePtf klg afx\o kl/l:yltn] klg dxTj kfp“bf] /x]5 . g]t[Tj lbg ;Sg] JolQmsf] klg cfjZostf kbf]{/x]5 .

ptf ef/taf6 la|l6z x6\g'– ef/t :jtGq x'g' otf g]kfndf qmflGt x'g' . ;do rqmnfO{ klv{Ptf klg hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ sfo{ e} g} /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; bndf lrGtgzLn g]tfsf] sdL lyPg . /fhf cfw'lgs x'g'sf] cy{ g]kfndf ;fdGtL o'usf] ;dflKt e} cfw'lgs o'udf k|j]z u¥of] . /fhf lqe'jg zlQmzfnL eP . o;/L g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, k/Dk/f, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltl/jfh ef}uf]lns agf]6 / To;df a;f]af; ub}{ u/]sf hflto, eflifs Pjd\ wfld{s ljljwtfnfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf afWg /fh;+:yf ckl/xfo{ 5 . /fh;+:yf g} ;a} g]kfnLx?sf] Pstfsf] s8L ta g} x'g ;S5 ha /fh;+:yfn] ;do kl/l:ylt cg';f/ hgefjgfnfO{ sb/ ul/G5 . hgtfnfO{ emg} zlQmzfnL agfpgsf nflu ;fj{ef}ldstf hgtfd} lgxLt x'g'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff g]sfsf] lyof] . /fli6«otfsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf /fh;+:yfnfO{ /fVg' k5{ . ToxL sf/0fn] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq cGt/utsf] k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] kIfdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; bnn] jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf] xf] .

/fhf zlQmzfnL x'gf;fy} b/af/leqaf6 if8oGq cf/De eof]– ;do nDAofp“b} nluof] / cGTodf /fhf dx]Gb|n] la=;= @)!% ;fndf gof“ ;+ljwfgsf ;fy} lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . /fhfn] ;do nDAofPtf klg g]kfnL sf+u|]; bn ;dosf] ;b'kof]u g} u¥of] . @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ :jLsfb}{ g]sf lgjf{rgdf xf]lDdof] / !)( :yfg ePsf] ;+;bdf &$ :yfgdf ljho xfl;n u¥of] . !& dlxgfdfq zf;g ug{ kfPtf klg Tof] ;dosf] g]kfnL sf+u|]; bnn] v'a} ;b'kof]u u¥of] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; bnsf] ;+;bdf ePsf] pkl:ylt / hgtf dfem x'"b} u/]sf] nf]slk|otfn] ubf{ /fhf 8/fP/ ;}Gosf] d2t ln+b} ToxL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %% k|of]u ub}{ ;+;b lj36g ug'{sf ;fy} ;a} /fhgLlt bnx? dfly k|ltaGw nfUof] . sf]xL g]tf h]n k/], sf]xL ljb]lzP / sf]xL r'krfk 3/d} a:g ?rfP . k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu" eof] / To; Joj:yfsf] g]tf /fhf eP . yk zlQm k|fKt ug{sf nflu lj=;= @)!( ;fndf k~rfotL ;+ljwfg cfof] . Tof] ;+ljwfg klg lj=;+= @)#%–)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ ju{af6 ePsf] cfGbf]ngn] ubf{ k|ZglrGx nufpg k'Uof] / To; cfGbf]ngnfO{ zfGt kfg{ csf]{ v]n eof]– Tof] lyof] lj=;+= @)#^ ;fnsf] h]7 !) ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|n] hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ k¥of] . hgdt lyof] ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yf jf ax'bnLo zf;g Joj:yfaLr . aL=kL=n] Tof] ;'gf}nf] df}sf lagf zt{ :jLsf/ ub}{ k|hftGqsf] kIfdf /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 yflnPsf] klxnf] P]ltxfl;s sbd xf] egL 6'+l8v]nsf] d}bfgdf efif0f ug'{eof] . cflv/ /fli6«o ;+s6 b]Vgf;fy /fh;+:yfn] u'xf/ t hgtf;+u} dfUg' kbf]{/x]5 . h] eP klg sf/0f k§L ghfp“ ( k|ltzt dtn] ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] xf/ eof] . lgjf{rgtfsf /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:o klg hg;dIf u} dt dfUg' k¥of] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] kIfsf nflu . ax'bn eg]sf] aL=kL=sf] kf6L{ / k~rfot eg]sf] /fhfsf] kf6L{ . b'u{d lhNnfx?df g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;+u7g cln sdhf]/ lyof] .

aL=kL=sf] b]xfj;fg lj=;+= @)#( ;fndf ePkl5 g]sf bn g]tfqo cjwf/0ff cGt/utsf] g]t[Tjdf e} @)$@ ;fndf h]n eg]{ ;Tofu|x u¥of] t/ gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/ 5]pm, l;+xb/af/leq / xf]6n cGgk"0ff{df Ps}k6s ad k8\lsof] . To; cft+ssf/L ultljlwnfO{ c;xof]u ub}{ /fli6«o ;+s6 b]Vb} ;Tofu|x :yug u¥of] . @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] lg0ff{os df]8 lnof] . sf+u|];Lx?n] ;f]r]sf] eGbf a9L cfw'lgs e} /fhf jL/]Gb| lgl:sP . cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?dfly ljZjf; ePsf]n] g} cfkm";+u /x]sf ;a} clwsf/ hgtfnfO{ lb+b} ;+j}wflgs eP / ToxL cg';f/ lqkIfLo ;+emf}tf adf]lhdsf] ;+ljwfg clxn] xfdL pkef]u ul//x]sf 5f}+– ljut !!–!@ jif{b]lv . /fhf ;+j}wflgs e} a;]kl5– ca if8oGq ug]{ sfo{ /fhgLlt bnn] Ps cfk;df ug{ yfn]– /fli6«otf sdhf]/ kfg]{ kfq aGg yfn] . %) jif{sf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] kf6L{ g} cl:y/tfsf] afxs aGg k'Uof] . u0ftGq nIo af]s]sf / /fhtGq Pjd\ k|hftGq nIo af]s]sfx?sf] ;+ud:yn ;+;b ePsf] 5 . t];|f] kIfsf] leqL O{R5f /fhfs} g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ agf];\ jf ;fj{ef}d /fhfdf xf];\ . /fli6«otf sdhf]/ x'gf;fy afx\o /fhgLltsf] k|efj d} lg0ff{os x'g cfp“5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] a]nfdf klg xfd|f] d'n's t?ns} ?kdf lyof] / cfh klg ToxL cj:yfdf 5f}+ . emg\ eGg] xf] eg] lxhf]sf lbgx? sl7g lyP . xfdLn] pkef]u u/]sf] k|hftGq lat]sf bzsdf emg} ;'ud x'g' kg]{df c;kmn e}/x]sf 5f}+ . of] k|hftflGqs Joj:yf ge} cft+s g} cft+sn] el/Psf] Joj:yf em}+ b]lvb} u}/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] /fli6«o rl/q lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]gf}+– cg'zf;gxLg x'g' eg]s} k|hftflGqs cfr/0f eGg] ;+:sf/ :yflkt u¥of}{ . ;a} hgk|ltlglw Ps e} cfkm\g} :jfy{sf nflu sfg"g agfp“5g\ . kh]/f], k|f8f], ;'Ts]/L eQf vf“b}, d[To'z}ofdf k|of]u x'g] dx+uf] kmf]6'{g cf}iflw eQf egL lnP . Psk6s ;f+;b ePkl5 ;f+;b k]G;g lng] k|yf agfP . k~rfotL lj/f;taf6 k|fKt ePsf snsf/vfgfx? sf}8Lsf] df]ndf laqmL u/] eg] k~rfotsfnsf] #) jif{sf] cjlwdf @( c/a j}b]lzs C0f lyof] eg] lat]sf !@ jif{df yk !*) c/a s/La j}b]lzs C0f xfdL g]kfnLsf] yfKnf]df ylkof]– k~rfotsfndf jflif{s cf};t ! c/a lyof] eg] o; !@ jif{sf] cf};t !% c/a k'Uof] t/ Tof] k};f b]lvGg . ufp“ 3/sf hgtf emg} bl/b| ePsf 5g\ . xfd|f jfl0fHo a}+sx? /;'jfsf] Ps /f]kgL hUufsf] nfnk"hf{ a}+sdf ;'/lIft /fVb}– a}+sdf /x]sf ;'/lIft /sddWo] s/f]8f}+ ?k}of“ tL ;f+;bx?s} tf]s cfb]zdf lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . cbfntn] sfjf{xL u5{ ls eGg] 8/n] ca cbfntsf] clwsf/ vf]:gdf tlD;Psf 5g\ . cbfnt klg rf]vf] rflx+ 5}g . ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ /x]sf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] kf6g k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ 3"; lbG5g\ / GofofwLz dxf]bo 3"; lbPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs u5{g\ . cb{nL /fVg] :jLs[lt kfPsf GofofwLz Tof] /sd cfkm}+ vfG5g\ . ldYofg} ;To e} ;To ldYof Ps x'g k'u]sf] 5 . :jfyL{ ju{sf] hdft Ps x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . s'g} bnn] klg k|ltsf/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . n"6, a"y SofKr/n] dfGotf kfPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs C0f, jflif{s ah]6 / k~rfotn] 5f8]sf] lj/f;t ;f+;bx?sf nflu ;'gsf] vfgL ePsf]n] g} ;/sf/ dflkmofsf] lgoGq0fdf e} hgtf lg/Lx b]lvPsf 5g\ . /fli6«o ;DklQ tyfslyt /fli6«o JolQmTjx?sf nflu Anfª\s r]s em} ePsf] 5 . ;'gsf] c08f lb+b} u/]sf] s'v'/f lj/f;t hldGbf/L em}+ k|fKt e} Tof] sf6\g ;a} bn df}sfsf] vf]hLdf 5g\ . oxL xf] k|hftGq ofg] k|hfnfO{ em'Sofpg] tGq, dGq / oGq ljBf .

lzIff If]qdf xnrnM gof“ gLlt nfu" xf]nf <

pHHjn emf

g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf ljBdfg gLltut cGof}ntf ;dfKt ug]{ p2]Zosf;fy NofOPsf] lzIff -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os @)%* nfO{ o;} ;ftf k|ltlglw;efn] kfl/t u/]kl5 z}lIfs If]qdf gof“ xnrn cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] z}lIfs If]q nfdf] ;dob]lv /fhgLltsf] es'08f] alg/x]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/ / cg'zf;g /;ftndf k'u]sf] 5 . z}lIfs ;'wf/sf gfddf cg]sg k|of]uafx]s ;'l:y/ / b"/bzL{ gLlt o; If]qn] slxn] klg b]Vg kfPg . k~rfotLsfnb]lv clxn]sf] k|hftflGqssfn;Dd klg z}lIfs If]q k|of]uzfnfsf] ?kdf g} /x]sf] 5 . k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfn] gof“ lzIff of]hgfsf] gfddf h'g x7ft\ cb"/bzL{ lzIff of]hgf nfu" u¥of] sfnfGt/df To;sf] e"tn] clxn];Dd xfd|f] ljBfno, pRr dfWolds tyf ljZjljBfnosf] lzIff If]qnfO{ t;f{O/fv]sf] 5 . gof“ lzIffnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ gfddf ljut tLg bzsdf h'g v]nf~rLo'Qm z}lIfs gLltx?sf] k|of]u / 3";k}7 eof] To;n] ubf{ cfhsf gful/sx?df To;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ k/]/ l5d]saf6 wfgL{df ;l6{lkms]6x? lsg]/ gSsnL a'l4hLjL aGg] xf]8afhL rn]sf] 5 . of] xf]8afhL klg To;} df}nfPsf] xf]Og, /fhgLlts ;+/Ifsn] ubf{ emg} emflËb} uPsf] 5 . k|ltztsf] dfqfdf lx;fj ug]{ xf] eg] ljleGg sfnv08 s]xL tn dfly xf]nf gq eg] ;a} sfnv08sf gfOs], dltof/ plQs} ;dfg?kdf bf]ifL b]lvG5g\ . cfh;Dd g]kfnsf] z}lIfs If]qdf n"6 5 . P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffb]lv kL=Pr=8L=;Ddsf pkflw xfl;n ug{ cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljeflht x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lzIff Jofkf/ ag]sf] 5 . z}lIfs gLlt h:n] NofPsf 5g\ ltgsf] ;Gtfg g]kfndf k9\b}g . To;}n] kf7\oqmd / Joj:yfkgdf Jofks ;'wf/sf ;fy} lzIfsx?sf] Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] k/LIf0f ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L lyof] . t/ ljxf/ / pQ/k|b]zsf 3l6of o'lgel;{6Lsf] gSsnL k|df0fkq NofP/ lzIfs agL afnaflnsfx?sf] eljio jjf{b ug]{x?af6 / /fhgLlts p2]Zon] lzIfs ag]sfx?af6 lzIff If]qnfO{ d'Qm ug}{ kb{5 .

k|:tfljt P]g nfu" ePkl5 clxn]sf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfno:t/sf lzIFsx?n] k'gM k/LIff lbP/ cfkm\gf] Nofst k'gk'{li6 ug'{ kg]{5 . of] k|fjwfg lglZrt ?kdf lzIff If]qdf o'ufGt kl/jt{gsf/L x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . zfob To;}n] xf]nf of] ;/sf/L aGbf]a:tsf] clxn] la/f]w k|f/De e};s]sf] 5 . gof“ k|:tfljt P]gn] gfkmf sdfpg] / gsdfpg] u/L cab]lv b'O{ >]0fLdf ljBfnox?nfO{ ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ gfkmf sdfpg] ljBfnox?n] ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:j klg ltg{' kg]{ x'G5 . /fh:j glt/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf ljBfnosf] cg'dlt kq g} vf/]h ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . of] cj:yf ;f“lRrs} Jojxf/df nfu" eof] eg] lghL ljBfnox?n] lzIffsf] gfddf h'g Jofkf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 Tof] cjZo+efjL aGb eO{ dgf]dfgLsf] cGTo x'g;S5 . To;}n] ;/sf/n] nfu" ug{ vf]h]sf] of] k|fjwfgaf6 cleefjsx? xlif{t ePsf x'g\ . cleefjsx? eG5g\– k|:tfljt ljw]osdfly nfndf]x/ nfu]kl5 o;sf] sfof{Gjog OdfGbf/L / b[9tf;fy x'g'k5{ . ;/sf/n] w]/} jif{ cl3 ug'{kg]{ sfo{ l9nf eP klg u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf s/Lj 8]9 nfv lzIfsdWo] #) k|ltzt gSsnL k|df0fkqwf/L ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . P]gsf] k|fjwfgsf] xTs]nfleq . gSsnL lzIfsx?nfO{ aGbL agfpg ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsnfO{ cfof]un] ^ dlxgfleq cWofkg cg'dlt kq lng' kg]{ / k/LIff klg lbg' kg]{ ePsf]n] clxn] ;f] k|fjwfg ;lxtsf] ljw]os kfl/t gu/fpg ck|ToIf ?kdf bjfj cfPsf] 5 . cWofkg cg'dlt kqsf] k/LIffaf6 Nofst gePsfx? :jtM aflxl/g] / gSsnL lzIfsx?nfO{ klg cjsfz lbg ;lhnf] x'g] ljZjf;sf;fy ;/sf/n] ljw]osnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] nfu" ug{ cfjZos tof/L ul//x]sf] a'lemG5 . d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts If]qn] g/fd|/L k|efljt u/]sf] lzIff If]qdf lxhf]sf] tLtf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ca pk|fGt lzIfsx?n] v'nf /fhgLltdf nfUg kfpg] 5}gg\ . o; Joj:yfn] ubf{ ca xfd|f] z}lIfs If]qsf] bzf ;'w|g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:t} k|:tfljt ljw]osn] cl3Nnf / kl5Nnf k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] Joj:yf u/]sf] dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ ePsf] 5 . t/ blnt hghflt / dlxnf cleefjssf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ eg] lzIffdf k|f]T;flxt ug{ pgLx?nfO{ dfq lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds txdf lgMz'Ns lzIff lbg]5 . h'g Joj:yfn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;3fpm k'Ug]5 . k|fylds txsf] lzIffnfO{ eg] lgMz'Ns ug]{ ;/sf/sf] sbdnfO{ eg] ;/fx|gf g} ul/g' kb{5 . cfd u/Ljsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx? clxn] klg nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf k|fylds txsf] lzIffaf6 ljd'v eP/ afn>dsf] kmGbfdf kg{ afWo ePsf 5g\ . z}lIfs If]qsf] ;'wf/ / u'0ffTds lzIff k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ x]t'n] ;/sf/n] cufl8 ;f/]sf tL tdfd ljw]ossf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ cIf/zM nfu" x'g] xf] eg] xfd|f] g]kfnL ;dfhn] klg ef]ln PSsfO{;f}+ ztFAbLsf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ hdsf]{ cjZo klg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|ltlglw;efaf6 kfl/t eO{ /fli6«o;efdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] pQm ljw]osnfO{ z}lIfs If]qdf 7]s]bf/L k|yf rnfO{ cfPsf hdftx?n] lj/f]wsf] :j/ btf{ gu/fPsf] klg xf]Og t/ cf–cfkm\gf] sn'lift :jfy{df wSsf k'Ug hfg] b]v]/ c;n lgotsf] klg la/f]w ug'{ oBlk 7Ls xf]Og . ljw]ossf k|fjwfgx? ;bf ;j{bfsf nflu xf]Og . of] c6n klg /xGg . ;fdlos ;'wf/ g} o;sf] >[Ëfl/s kIf xf] . bzsf}+ cl3b]lv /x"b} cfPsf] kmf]x/, cGof}n / c/fhstfsf] cGTosf nflu ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs hutn] P]Soj4tf hfx]/ ub}{ k|:tfljt gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu b[9tf;fy nfu]df z}lIfs If]qdf gof“ qmflGt cfpg ;S5 . 7"nf] ;'wf/ x'g ;S5 . t/ b'ef{Uo– o;df lzIfsx?n] g} tuf/f] xfNg] nIf0f b]lvb}5 .