dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ /fhfjfbLx¿sf] ;dy{g k|fKt 5

df]xgljqmd l;+x cw{–e"ldut /fhgLlts kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -d;fn_sf dxfdGqL x'g'x'G5 . sl/a #) jif{b]lv e"ldut /fhgLltdf ;+lqmo l;+x clxn] ^% jif{sf] x'g'x'G5 . cfkm"k|lt /fHodf s'g} d'2f geP klg jt{dfg ;+;bLo /fhgLlts Joj:yfk|lt k"/} ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] e"ldut hLjg latfO/x]sf] atfpg] l;+x cfkm" clxn] …cw{–e"ldutÚ dfq /x]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . @)!* ;fndf lu/km\tf/ eO{ @)@& ;fndf h]naf6 5'6]kl5sf] Ps jif{afx]s pxf“n] ;Dk"0f{ ;do e"ldut /fhgLltdf latfpg'ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf …Pd=aL= sd/]8Úsf ?kdf kl/lrt l;+x cWoogzLn x'g'x'G5 . ;fKtflxssf nflu u'0f/fh n'O“6]n;“usf] cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf l;+x ;fwf/0f kl/wfgdf k|:t't x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxf“sf ltnrfdn] eP/ km'n]sf bfx|L / skfnn] Pp6f /fhgLlts lrGtssf] 5gs lbO/x]sf lyP . g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng, e"ldut g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] …hgo'4Ú cflb;“u s]lGb|t eP/ pxf“n] lgs} ;l6s s'/fsfgL ug'{eof] .

;fKtflxs M k|hftGq cfPsf] b; jif{ k'Ug nfUbf;Dd klg e"ldut g} al;/xg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <

df]xgljqmd M xfdLn] clxn]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/+s'z /fhtGq, k~rfotL tfgfzfxL Joj:yfeGbf k|ultzLn dfg]sf 5f}+ . of] Joj:yfdfly Tof] k|ltufdL sf]0faf6 cfqmd0f x'G5 eg] xfdL hlxn] klg of] Joj:yfsf] /Iffsf nflu ;+3if{sf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbG5f}+ . xfd|f] xd]zf hlxn] klg Tof] gLlt /lxcfPsf] 5 . xfdL s] klg 7fG5f}+ eg] clxn]sf] Joj:yf :jo+ k"“hLjfbL k|hftflGqs dfGotfcg';f/ klg k|hftflGqs 5}g .

To;sf/0f Pp6f k"“hLjfbL k|sf/sf] k|hftGqjfbL Joj:yf Nofpg klg xfdLn] sfkmL ;+3if{ ug'{kg]{ h?/t 5 . To;}sf] nflu xfdLn] cem} nfdf] ;+3if{ ug'{k5{ . tL ;+3if{ j}wflgs, cj}wflgs, v'nf, e"ldut, zflGtk"0f{ / ;z:q ;a} k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] ;+3if{sf] k|lqmofaf6 hfg'kg]{ ePsfn] xfdLn] of] Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5}gf}+, ljZjf; u/]sf 5}gf}+ . b]zdf Psflt/ lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] vt/f cfpg] ;Defjgf vtd ePsf] xfdL b]Vb}gf}+, csf{lt/, of] k|0ffnLsf] aLraf6 klg kmfl;i6 Joj:yf sfod x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg xfdLn] Wofgdf /flv/fv]sf 5f}+ .

To; k|sf/sf] k[i7e"lddf xfd|f] kf6L{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf v'nf u/fpg' xfdL ;xL dfGb}gf}+ . To;sf/0f ;+u7gsf] d"n 9f“rfnfO{ e"ldut /fVg] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] gLlt 5 . kf6L{sf] s]Gb|sf ;fyLdWo] slt v'nf x'g] slt v'nf gx'g] eGg] cnu–cnu JolQmsf nflu cnu–cnu lg0f{o xfdLn] u/]sf 5f}+ . d]/f] af/]df cfkm\gf] gfd, ljrf/ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ t/ JolQmut ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs gx'g] lg0f{o 5 . o;}n] d k"/} aflx/ gcfPsf] x“' .

;fKtflxs M s] To;f] eP of] b]zsf sDo'lgi6x¿sf nflu clxn]sf] cj:yf vt/fk"0f{ g} 5 <

df]xgljqmd M of] ;xL cy{df k"0f{ k"“hLjfbL k|hftGq xf]Og . To;sf/0f b'O{ k|sf/sf vt/f 5g\– Ps, lg/+s'z /fhtGq / csf]{ ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] aLraf6 pTkGg x'g] kmfl;i6 k|sf/ . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf k"/} v'nf eP/ hfg] /0fgLltnfO{ xfdL ;xL dfGb}gf}+ .

;fKtflxs M eljiodf klg ;z:q ;+3if{ ug'{kg]{ l:ylt cfpg ;S5 eGg'eof] . clxn] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] klg 5fkfdf/ o'4 rnfp“b} cfPsf 5g\ . tkfO{+x¿ / dfcf]jfbLn] ug]{ ;z:q ;+3if{aLr sxf“ d]n 5 <

df]xgljqmd M cfh k|ltlqmofjfbL Joj:yf 5 . To;nfO{ ;dfKt u/]/ ;xL cy{df k|hftflGqs cyf{t\ gof“ hgjfbL Joj:yf sfod ug{sf nflu klg ;z:q ;+3if{ ug'{ Pp6f s'/f xf] . ;z:q ;+3if{ eGg] s'/f cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ rNb}g . To;sf] nflu s}og\ j:t'ut kl/l:ylt, cfTdut kl/l:yltdfly Wofg lbg'k5{ . To;sf ;+3if{sf :j¿k klg kl/l:yltcg';f/ a]Unfa]Un} x'G5g\ .

s'g} a]nf ;z:q ;+3if{ k|wfgkIf x'G5, s'g} a]nf hg;+3if{ . clxn]sf] l:yltnfO{ ;Dk"0f{tM d"Nof+sg ubf{ clxn] ;z:q ;+3if{ ug{sf nflu kl/l:ylt tof/ ePsf] 5}g . clxn] hg;+3if{ g} k|wfg kIf xf] . xfd|f] 3f]lift gLlt klg oxL xf] . kl/l:ylt tof/ geO{ ;z:q ;+3if{ ug]{ s'/fnfO{ dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL l;4fGtn] hlxn] klg pu| jfkkGyL e8\sfp eG5 . xfd|f dfcf]jfbL ;fyLx¿n] b]zsf] kl/l:ylt tof/ eP/ ;z:q ;+3if{ ;'? u/]sf xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿sf cfkm\gf pu| k|sf/sf c/fhstfjfbL ;f]rfOx¿sf sf/0f kl/l:yltsf] ;xL ljZn]if0f gu/L sltko cGt/f{li6«o unt k|sf/sf ;f]rfOaf6 k|efljt eP/ cfPsf 5g\ .

To;sf/0f xfdL dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+3if{nfO{ ;xL k|sf/sf] dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL l;4fGt;Ddt hgo'4 dfGb}gf}+ . o; k|sf/sf] hgo'4n] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofp“5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] ultljlwn] b]zdf ;z:q ;+3if{sf] tof/LnfO{ klg gf]S;fg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 / qmflGtsf b'Zdg zlQmnfO{ d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] dfq xf]Og, b'lgof“df hxf“;'s}sf] Oltxf;df pu| jfdkGyL k|sf/sf ultljlwn] qmflGtnfO{ eGbf qmflGtsf b'Zdgx¿nfO{ d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .

;fKtflxs M dfcf]jfbL ultljlwsf] p7fg t eof], ca o;sf] a}7fg s;/L xf]nf <

df]xgljqmd M b'lgof“sf] hxf“;'s}sf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf o:tf e8\sfp b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;sf] a}7fg hlxn] klg blIf0fkGydf x'G5 . To; cfGbf]ngdf sltko OdfGbf/ ;fyLn] qmflGtsf/L af6f] lng ;S5g\ . t/, d"n ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] lj;h{g blIf0fkGydf x'G5 . ha tTsfnLg dfn]sf ;fyLx¿n] o; lsl;dsf] cfGbf]ng k|f/De u/]sf lyP, To;a]nf xfdLn] oxL s'/f eg]sf lyof}+ .

Tolta]nf pgLx¿k|lt hgtfdf 7"nf] cfsif{0f lyof] . kl5 Tof] ;flat eof] . To;sf/0f dfcf]jfbLn] ;xL qmflGtsf/L jfdkGyL af6f] lng] ;Defjgf 5}g . pgLx¿ blIf0fkGyd} k'U5g\ . clxn] sltko nIf0fn] klg o:tf] b]vfp“b} cfPsf] 5 .

;fKtflxs M tL nIf0fx¿ s] x'g\ <

df]xgljqmd M clxn] pgLx¿n] NofPsf] b]zeQm / hgtflGqs zlQmsf] ;/sf/sf] gf/f . n]lggn] eg]sf 5g\, cj;/jfbLx¿n] cfkm\gf] s'/f :ki6 zAbdf /fVb}gg\ . To;nfO{ h'g a]nf htfaf6 klg cy{ nufpg ldNg] u/L k|of]u u5{g\ . Tof] ;/sf/sf] :j¿k s] xf] < b]zeQm / hgtflGqs s;nfO{ eg]sf x'g\ < /fhfnfO{ eg]sf x'g\ ls < Clifs]z zfxnfO{ eg]sf x'g\ ls < Pdfn], dfn] / d;fnnfO{ eg]sf x'g\ ls < Tof] ;/sf/ s;/L cfp“5 < r'gfjaf6 cfp“5 ls ;z:q ;+3if{af6 cfp“5 < oxL Joj:yfcGtu{t cfp“5 ls < /fhtGqcGtu{t cfp“5 ls < ut cfdlgjf{rgdf pgLx¿ nfdf] ;dob]lv jlxisf/sf] s'/f ub}{ cfPsf lyP, t/ Tolta]nf pgLx¿ slxn] dfn]nfO{ lhtfpg] gLlt ckgfP, /fk|kf -rGb_ cflbnfO{ lhtfpg] gLlt lnP . jlxisf/sf] gLltdf egfO / u/fOaLr km/s b]lvof] .

pgLx¿n] b]zdf b'Zdg zlQmnfO{ an k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] y'k|} cfwf/ 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] /fhfjfbL k'g?TyfgjfbL zlQmk|ltsf] gLltnfO{ g} x]gf]{;\, cfd¿kdf of] yfxf ePs} s'/f xf], pgLx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L /fhfjfbL zlQmn] ;dy{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . Clifs]zx¿, d/Lrdfgx¿, z/brGb|x¿, k'/fgf k~rx¿sf] dflyNnf]b]lv tNnf] tx;Dd dfcf]jfbLk|lt ;dy{g 5 . rf}yf] ;Dd]ngkl5 k|r08 / afa'/fdn] /fhfjfbL zlQmlj?4sf] ;+3if{nfO{ ltnf~hnL lbP . pgLx¿sf n]vx¿df k|ltudgsf] vt/fsf] rrf{ 5}g . pgLx¿ k|ltufdL / k'g?TyfgjfbL zlQmsf] xftsf] v]nf}gf aGb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] blIF0fkGyL lbzf ln+b} uPsf 5g\ .

;fKtflxs M dfcf]jfbLn] h'g hgtfsf nflu qmflGt ug]{ eg]sf 5g\, To;df pgLx¿ ;kmn x'g] s'g} l:ylt 5}g <

df]xgljqmd M pu|jfdkGyL e8\sfpaf6 sxL+ klg qmflGt ;kmn ePsf] 5}g . qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{ cl3 a9fpgsf nflu n]lggn] eg]h:t} hgtfsf] pef/;lxtsf] cfGbf]ng rnfPdf ;kmn x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] ultljlwdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf 5}g, d'¶Le/ sfo{stf{n] 7fp“–7fp“df ultljlw ub}{ lx+l8/x]sf 5g\ . hgtfaf6 cnlUuPsf d'¶Le/ qmflGtsf/Laf6 qmflGt ;Dej 5}g . d'¶Le/ qmflGtsf/Ln] qmflGt ;DkGg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ;f]rfO dfS;{jfbL g} xf]Og, of] c/fhstfjfbL ;f]rfO xf] . o;nfO{ dfS;{, n]lgg, :6flng ;a}n] nuftf/ lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . hgtfsf] ;xeflutflagfsf] cfGbf]ng ;kmn x'g ;Dej 5}g .

;fKtflxs M dfcf]jfbL ultljlw ;'? ePsf] rf/ jif{ x'g nfu]sf] 5 . rf/ jif{;Dd l6sfPsf] ;z:q cfGbf]ng ca l6Sb}g / <

df]xgljqmd M rf/ jif{ s'g ¿kdf l6Sof] < rf/ jif{;Dd of] hgo'4sf ¿kdf sxL+ klg uPsf] 5}g . cft+sjfbL ultljlwsf] ¿kdf uPsf 5g\ . d'¶Le/ sfo{stf{n] cft+sjfbL ultljlw rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . rLgdf hgo'4sf] ¿kdf uPsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLx¿ sxf“ hgo'4sf ¿kdf uPsf 5g\ .

sxL+ uP/ Pp6f ad km\of“Sg] / sxL+ JolQmsf] xTof ug]{ sfd dfq u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf 5l/Psf] ultljlwnfO{ dfS;{jfbn] slxNo} klg hgo'4 eg]sf] 5}g . kmf§km'§ 36gfsf ¿kdf t o:tf] cfGbf]ng s}og\ jif{;Dd rNg ;S5 . t/, hgo'4 g ;'? ePsf] 5 g rln/x]sf] 5 .

;fKtflxs M dfcf]jfbLn] qmflGt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eg] b]zdf ePsf c¿ kf6L{n] hgtfn] vf]h]h:tf] qmflGt u/]/ b]vfpg ;S5g\ <

df]xgljqmd M qmflGt eGg] s'/f OR5fdf cfwfl/t x'“b}g, kl/l:yltdfly lge{/ u5{ . Tof] xfd|f] OR5fåf/f dfq x'g] s'/f xf]Og . slxn] ;z:q ;+3if{sf] l:ylt cfp“5, slxn] zflGtk"0f{ ;+3if{sf] l:ylt cfp“5 . b; jif{kl5 cfp“5, aL; jif{kl5 cfp“5, of] xfdLn] eljiojf0fL u/]/ eGg ;Sg] s'/f xf]Og . ef]ln s'g kl/l:yltdf qmflGt ;kmn kfg{ ;lsG5÷;lsGg cyjf w]/} k5fl8 x6\g'k5{ ls <

;fKtflxs M sltko b]zn] eO/x]sf sDo'lgi6 Joj:yf g} hf]ufpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;f]leot ;+3 l5GgleGg eof], rLgsf] sDo'lgi6 Joj:yfsf] 9f“rf g} ablnO;Sof] . sNkgf u/]cg'¿ksf] cfbz{ ;fDojfbL ;dfh t :yfkgf x'g} g;Sg] /x]5===

df]xgljqmd M k"“hLjfbL k|hftGqs} s'/f u/f}+, pgLx¿n] lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf lj?4 nfdf] ;+3if{ u/] . a]nfotdf s}og\ k6s /fhfsf 6fpsf sfl6P, km]l/ /fhf zlQmzfnL eP/ uP . k|hftGq cfpg] / hfg] qmd eO/x] . g]kfndf ;ft ;fndf cfPsf] k|hftGqnfO{ /fhfn] ;q ;fndf vQd kf/]/ g]kfndf ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf] s'g} eljio 5}g eg] .

Tolta]nf ;+;bLo Joj:yf ckmfkl;4 eof] eGg' unt lyof], lsgeg] @)$^ ;fndf km]l/ cfof] . Pp6} Joj:yf t Ps ¿kaf6 csf]{ ¿kdf hfgsf nflu ;of}+ jif{ nfUg ;S5 eg]] ;dfhjfbsf] cfGbf]ng t zf]if0fk|wfgaf6 zf]if0fljxLg ;dfhdf hfg] ;3if{ xf] . s]xL ;dootf s]xL b]zdf ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf ;dfKt ePsf] cfwf/df ;dfhjfbsf] af6f] aGb eof] eGg] xf]Og . c;kmntfsf afah'b lglZrt ¿kdf cufl8 a9\g] / ;kmn x'g] cfGbf]ng xf] .

;fKtflxs M ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] lj/f]w ubf{ub}{ klg tkfO{x¿ :jo+sf] eg] ;+;bLo Joj:yfk|ltsf] ;+nUgtf a9\b} uPsf] 5 lg <

df]xgljqmd M xfdLn] k~rfotL r'gfj #) jif{ alxisf/ u¥of}+, ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] klxnf] r'gfj klg alxisf/ u¥of}+ . o;/L xfd|f] #@–## jif{ nfdf] alxisf/sf] cg'ej 5 . r'gfjdf efu lng] / alxisf/ ug]{ s'/f cfGbf]ngsf] kl/l:yltdf lge{/ u5{ .

o;nfO{ pkof]u u/]/ hgtfsf] aLrdf cfGbf]ng k'¥ofpg alxisf/ u/]/ x'G5 ls r'gfjdf efu lnP/ x'G5 ljZn]if0f u/]/ sfd u5f}{+ . o; cy{df xfdL o;df ;+nUg 5f}+ . xfd|f] p2]Zo o;nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{ xf]Og, o;nfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ xf] . sdhf]/ kfg}{sf nflu slxn] alxisf/ klg u5f}{ / slxn] pkof]u klg u5f}{+ .

;fKtflxs M klxnf ;/sf/df ghfg] s'/f ug'{x'GYof] . xfn} tkfO{+x¿sf] v'nf r'gfjL df]rf{ /fli6«o hgdf]rf{sf] dxflwj]zgn] ;/sf/df hfg] lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfnfO{ ;/sf/df k'u]/ Wj:t ug]{ lgisif{df k'Ug'ePsf] xf] <

df]xgljqmd M xfdLn] slxNo} ;/sf/df ghfg] eg]sf 5}gf}+ . of] Joj:yfnfO{ /0fgLlts / ;}4flGts ¿kdf c:jLsf/ u5f}{+ / of] Joj:yfåf/f ;/sf/df uP/ qmflGtsf/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;S5f}+, qmflGtsf/L sfo{qmd ug{ ;S5f}+ eGg] ljZjf; xfdL ub}{gf}+ . ;+3if{sf] ¿kdf xfdL o;nfO{ pkof]u u5f}{+ . xfdL ;+;bLo k|0ffnLåf/f ;/sf/df uP/ clxn]sf] ljBdfg Joj:yf abNg ;Sb}gf}+ . ;a}eGbf klxn] o;nfO{ Wj:t ug'{k5{ / gof“ /fHooGq lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . o;f] eP klg ljBdfg Joj:yfsf cGt/lj/f]w / zlQm–;Gt'ngn] sDo'lgi6n] ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt cfof] eg] xfdL ;/sf/df hfg] gLlt 5}g sDo'lgi6n] eGb}gg\ .

To:tf] a]nfdf ;/sf/df hfg ;S5g\ . of] s'/f d}n] w]/} klxn]b]lv eGb} cfPsf] 5' . xfdL ;/sf/df hfg'nfO{ klg ;+3if{sf] ¿k 7fG5f}+ . of] gof“ ;f]rfO xf]Og, ¿;, k"jL{ o"/f]k / rLgdf sDo'lgi6x¿ a'h'{jf kf6L{;“u ldn]/ klg ;/sf/df uPsf lyP . ;/sf/df hfg] s'/fnfO{ sDo'lgi6n] slxNo} c:jLsf/ u/]sf 5}gg\ . xfdL slxNo} klg ;/sf/df hf“b}gf}+ eGg] ;f]rfO dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL xf]Og, c/fhstfjfbLsf] dfq xf] .