ljZj x'nfs l6s6o\ a'4, a'4 wd{, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[lt

leIf' ;+3/lIft, ;+3f/fd

k'i7e"ld

5u" yf;+ d]u' yf;o\ 5'+ g+ kf}, kqklqsf jf 5u" b]z+ d]u' b]zo\ j d]d]u' Hjn+ sfnlan ofo]u' 5u" ;zQm dfWod vM – x'nfs . x'nfs ;]jfkfv]+ kq cyjf Hjn+ sfnlan ofo]ano\ dfMsy+ x'nfs b:t'/ a/fa/of x'nfs – l6s6 ltsf5\jo]u' ofO . yf}+ jofM Yj rng ljZjGo+s+ Gogfjg] w'+s"u' b' . y'sy+ ;~rf/of 5u" ;zQm dfWod h'ofRj+u' x'nfs l6s6o\ a'4, a'4wd{, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[lt ;DalGw lrqf+sg ofgfM ;+;f/of cfkfn+ b]z+ af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksoftMu' b' .

q ljZj x'nfs l6s6o\ a'4, a'4wd{, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[lt

x'nfs l6s6of k|rng bsno\ Gxfkf+ !*$) d] ^ s'Gx' dxf/fgL leS6f]l/ofof /fHosfno\ a]nfot+ z'? h"u' vM . y'sy+ x'nfs l6s6 k|rng h'ofM *$ b" k'n]w'+sfM ltlg a'4, a'4wd{, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[lt ;DalGw x'nfs l6s6 lkxf+jMu' vM . ;g\ !(@$ o\ d+uf]lnof b]z+ lksfMu' …ljZj ah|Ú c+lst x'nfs l6s6 x] yf+}tsof b'g] n'ofjMu' af}4 x'nfs l6s6 dWo] bsl;ao\ k'nf+u' h"u' v" -Buddhaist on stamps_ of ;+sns 1fgbf; t'nfw/+ wofbL . y'u' Gxfkf+u' af}4 x'nfs l6s6o\ yL yL sy+of a'4of cfs[lt c+lst h'ofRj+u' vM . Yj x'nfs l6s6 5u" x] l8hfOgofu' h";f+ Gxo\yL cnu cnu d" tofM lksfMu' vM .

ljZj af}4 x'nfs l6s6 k|sfzgof Oltxf; :jo]ano\ af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksfo]u'nL Gxfklnp nfMu' b]o\ 6Gg' t'ef vM . y'u' b]z+ ;g\ !(@^ o\ …wd{rqmÚ c+lst af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksfMu' vM . cy] x] af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksfo]u'nL lnof+lnp nfMu' b]oi\ g]8/Nof08 OlG8h vM . y'u' b]z+ ;g\ !(#) o\ …af]/f]a'b'/Ú c+lst af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksfMu' vM . cfkfn+ Nofvo\ af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksfMu' b]o\ dWo] >Ln+sf, rLg, e"6fg, d+uf]lnof, yfONof08, sDaf]l8of, j nfcf]; nfMjM . y'lk+ b]z+ lksoftMu' af}4 x'nfs l6s6 ;lR5u" :jof+ g+ cKjM b'u' v" 1fgbf; t'nfw/+ s'nfbL .

yMu' b]o\of ;Dkbfoft ;Ddfg j ;+/If0f ofo]t pu' ;Dkbfk|lt yMlklgu' >4f cf:yf lkAjo]t cn] b]o\of ko{6g pBf]uof k|j4{g ofo]t g+ ljZjof cfkfn+ b]z+ a'4, a'4wd{, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[ltoft sofM af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksofRj+u' b' . af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksofRj+u' cfkfn+ b]o\ dWo] cg k|fKt h'ofRj+u' 5'+ 5'+ b]o\of gf+ j0f{ qmdfg';f/ y'sy+ b' – !_ ckmuflg:tfg @_ OG8f]g]lzof #_ sDaf]l8of $_ pQ/ sf]l/of %_ blIf0f sf]l/of ^_ rLg &_ rLg tfOjfg *_ lrnL (_ hfkfg !)_ hf]8{g !!_ 6fGg' t'ef !@_ yfONof08 !#_ g]8/Nof08 !$_ g]8/Nof8;\ OlG8h !%_ g]kfn !^_ gL? !&_ Go" Sofn]8f]lgof !*_ kfls:tfg !(_ k|mfG; @)_ adf{ @!_ a'?G8L @@_ a+unfb]z @#_ ef/t @$_ leotgfd @%_ pQ/ leotgfd @^_ blIf0f leotgfd @&_ e"6fg @*_ dsfcf] @(_ d8fuf:s/ #)_ dgfdf #!_ dflNbE; #@_ dfln ##_ df]/f]Ssf] #$_ df}l/6flgof #%_ d+uf]lnof #^_ odg c/a l/klAns #&_ o'ufG8f #*_ /l;of #(_ ?dflgof $)_ nfcf]; $!_ :jL8]g $@_ ;]G6–leg;]G6 j u|fgf8fOG; $#_ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 $$_ l;+ufk'/ $%_ l;nf]g÷>Ln+sf $^_ xËsË $&_ x+u]/L OTofbL .

;g\ !(#@ o\ afldofgof %% ld6/ thfMu' lazfn a'4d"lt{ c+lst ofgfM ckmuflg:tfg+ af}4 x'nfs l6s6 lksfMu' vM . cg+lnkf g+ yL yL af}4 x'nfs l6s6 j kf]i6sf8{o\ gfk+ afldofgof a'4d"lt{ c+lst ofgfM yMu' b]o\of ;Dkbfoft uf}/a ofMu' vM . t/ yf}+ jofM j x] b]o\of wfld{s s§/tf+ clek|]l/t h'ofjM d'hflxl2g ;/sf/+ pu' afldofgof a'4d"lt k"0f{ ?k+ Wj:t ofgf laOw'|+s"u' b' . Yj 5u" t;s+ b'Mvb 36gf vM .

q g]kfMof x'nfs l6s6o\ a'4, a'4wd{, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[lt

g]kfMof x'nfs l6s6of Oltxf; lj=;+= !(#* -1881 AD_ lg;]+ z'? h'O . Yj ;fno\ Gxfkf+v';L @ cfgf j $ cfgfof 5u" x] l8hfOgof >Lk]r j qm; v's'/L c+lst x'nfs l6s6 lkxf+jMu' vM . cg+lnkf la=;+= !(^$ -1907-10-16_ b"o\ jofM >L kz'klt c+lst x'nfs l6s6 lkxf+ jn . Yjof+ lnkf g+ …>L kz'kltÚ c+lst x'nfs l6s6 j x] l8hfOg+ tMSjM tMSjM x] lkbgft'+ x] Rjg . g]kfno\ x'nfs l6s6 lksfMu' Yo+dYo+ ^* b" lnkf j …>L kz'kltÚ c+lst x'nfs – l6s6 lksfMu'of+ $@ b" lnkf ltlg aNn a'4e"ld g]kfno\ a'4;DalGw x'nfs l6s6 lj= ;+= @))^ -1949-10-1_ ; lkxf+ jn . y'u' Ono\ lkxf+jMu' af}4 x'nfs l6s6 y'sy+ vM – !_ :joDe"gfy -@ k};f_, @_ dxfaf}4 -* k};f_, #_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, :joDe" :t"k ;lxtsf] -@) k};f_ j $_ u'x\o]Zj/L -@$ k};f_ .

Goo\b" :jof+ tfMxfsMu' cjlwof b'g] g]kfn+ yL yL a'4 cfs[lt, af}4 bz{g, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[lt lkHjOu' af}4 x'nfs l6s6 cfkfn+ lkxf+ jo]w'+s"u' b' . yg pknAw g]kfMof af}4 x'nfs l6s6of k"0f{ ljj/0f y'sy+ b' –

-!_ :joDe"gfy÷@ k};f÷la=;+= @))^ -1949, Oct 1_ -@_ dxfaf}4÷* k};f÷la=;+= @))^ -1949-10-1_ -#_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, :joDe" :t"k gfk+÷@) k};f÷la=;+= @))^ -1949-10-1_ -$_ u'x\o]Zj/L, -af}4lk;+ g}/fTdf k|1fkf/ldtfof ?k+ sfOu'_÷@$ k};f÷la=;+= @))^ -1949-10-1_ -%_ a'4 dlGb/ n'lDagL, dfgj clwsf/ lbj;÷^ k};f÷la=;+= @)!% -1958 Dec. 10_ -^_ a'4 hoGtL÷&% k};f÷la=;+= @)@$ -1967 May 23_ -&_ u?8, ;fO8df :joDe" :t"k R.N.A.C.÷!% k};f÷1968-7-1 -*_ af}4gfy÷@% k};f÷la=;+= @)@( -1970 Dec. 28_ -(_ af}4:t"k–uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfn÷?= ! la=;+= @)@& -1970-12-28_ -!)_ kf6g b/jf/ If]qdf u'+nf nlR5o+s+ a'4 tOu' uf]N8]g u]6of l;hMof af;s÷!% k};f÷la=;+= @)@& -1970-12-28_ -!!_ dxfsfn÷@% k};f÷la=;+= @)@* -1971-7-11_ -!@_ n'lDagL÷@% k};f÷la=;+= @)#) -1973-5-17_ -!#_ YofDaf]r] u'Daf, cdf 8And lxdfn÷% k};f÷1967-10-24 -!$_ d'lQmIf]q÷@% k};f÷la=;+= @)#! 1974-12-31

-!%_ z'e /fHofleif]s, u'x\o]Zj/L÷@% k};f÷1975-2-25 -!^_ :joDe"÷@% k};f÷la=;+= @)#@ - 1975-5-25_ -!&_ :joDe"÷@% k};f÷la=;+= @)#@ -1975-5-25_ -!*_ s'df/L÷%) k};f÷la=;+= @)#@ -1975-12-16_ -!(_ slknj:t'÷#) k};f÷la=;+= @)#$ -1977-5-3_ -@)_ czf]s :tDe, n'lDagL÷? %÷la=;+= @)#$ -1977-5-3_ -@!_ /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfy÷&% k};f÷ la=;+= @)#^ -1979-4-27_ -@@_ n'lDagL jif{÷?= !÷la=;+= @)#^

-1979-4-27_ -@#_ /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] /y hfqf÷?= !=@%÷la=;+= @)#^ -1979-7-25_ -@$_ dfofb]jL dlGb/, n'lDagL jif{÷?= ! -1979-5-12_ -@%_ /fhf dx]Gb| dNnsf] l;Ssf, s]Gb|df ah|÷!% k};f÷1979-12-16 -@^_ dNnsfnLg l;Ssf, s]Gb|df ah|÷!% k};f÷1979-12-16 -@&_ ;Dos\ k"hf kj{÷#) k};f÷la=;+= @)#^ -1979-1-15_ -@*_ n'lDagL, lgoldt÷!) k};f÷la=;+= @)$# -1986-10-9_ -@(_ a'9flgns07, zL/df a'4d"lt{÷^) k};f÷1986-10-26 -#)_ n'lDagL u'?of]hgf÷?= $÷la=;+= @)$$ -1987-10-28_ -#!_ gdf]a'4, sfe|]÷?= !÷la=;+= @)$( -1992-11-10_ -#@_ n'lDagL lgoldt÷#) k};f÷la=;+= @)%! -1994-5-17_ -##_ tn]h' ejfgL, s'df/Lsf] k|tLs÷? !!÷la=;+= @)%@ -1994-12-28_ -#$_ pu|tf/f dlGb/, 88]Nw'/f÷?= %÷la=;+= @)%! -1995-11-28_ -#%_ uf}tda'4sf] hGd:yn, n'lDagL÷?= @)÷la=;+= @)%@ -1995-12-23_ -#^_ czf]s :tDe, n'lDagL÷?= !@÷la=;+= @)%# -1996-12-1_ -#&_ dxflelgiqmd0f åf/ slknj:t'÷?= !*÷la=;+= @)%% -1998-5-8_ -#*_ n'lDagL :tDe, c+u|]hL cg'jfb÷?= !%÷la=;+= @)%^ -1999-6-7_ -#(_ ah|of]lugL dlGb/, ;f"v'÷?= !@÷la=;+= @)%^ -1999-6-7_ -$)_ ;+3dxfgfos leIf' k|1fgGb dxf:ylj/÷?= @÷la=;+= @)%* -2001-7-29_

-$!_ lx/0oj0f{ dxfljxf/, kf6g÷?= % la=;+= @)%* -2001_

-$@_ cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/, k/Dk/fut kf}efM lrq÷?= %÷la=;+= @)%( >fj0f !# -2002_ -$#_ /fdu|fd :t"k, gjn–k/f;L÷?= %÷la=;+= @)%( c;f]h @# -2002_ -$$_ hfkflgh leIf' OsfO sfjfu'lr÷?= @%÷la=;+= @)%( -2002_

q af}4 x'nfs l6s6o\ k|:tfjgf

b]o\ b'g]of ;Dkbfof uf}/j to]u' hs dv';]+ k|fdfl0fstf ;d]t l;4 ofo]t, af}4 ;Dkbfof plrt ;Ddfg j ;xL d"Nof+sg ofo]t >L % of ;/sf/ x'nfs ;]jf ljefu+ af}4 If]qo\ u'u' b[li6 tKo+sf Rjg, kSsf+ x] emL g]kfMldlklgu' lt+lt+ uj{of v" vM . cy] x] cfM jOu' Ono\ g+ b]o\ b'g]of ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s j k'/ftflTjs sy+ dxTj+ hfMu' ;Dkbf, a'4 j a'4bz{g tyf af}4 JolQmTj ;DalGw x'nfs l6s6 lksfo]u' lg+lt+ k|:tfjgfof ?k+ y'sy+ b' –

!_ dxfdfgj a'4of yL yL d"lt{ j zfGt cfs[lt -ljZjzflGtof lg+lt+_

@_ n'lDagLof pTvggo\ n'ofjMu' yL yL eUgfjz]if -;'/Iff j k|dfl0fstfof lg+lt+_

#_ dWoklZrdof k'/ftflTjs af}4:df/s sf"qm]ljxf/of eUgfjz]if

$_ rf?dltof k'nf+u' ljxf/ j :t"k

%_ kf6gof Ko+uM k|l;4 w"/ -k"RjM y"/, t]tf y"/, O{axL y"/ j nu+ y"/_

^_ af}4 JolQmTj -;+3gfos leIf' zfSofgGb dxf:yjL/, leIf' wDdfnf]s dxf:ylj/, 8f= leIf' cd[tfgGb
dxf:ylj/, leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/, cflb_

pk;+xf/

ljZjo\ zflGt xoflaHofMDx zflGtgfos a'4, a'4wd{, af}4 JolQmTj j ;+:s[lt ;DalGw x'nfs l6s6 cfkfn+ b]z+ lksof Rj+u' ;sn dfgj hfltof x] lg+lt+ x] ;'vb v" vM . b'Mvd'lQm j zflGtof k|ltBf]ts a'4 j a'4gfk+ ;DalGwt v"of k|rf/ k|;f/ ofgfM jt{dfg czfGt j ;+q:t dg"to\t :o]NnfMu' lnw+;fof n" Sog]t j n" pnflaOt g+ x'nfs l6s6 y]+ hfMu' ;~rf/ ;zQm dfWod+ jg]u' >]ois/ j dg"to\ lxto\ g+ b' . g]kfMof af}4 x'nfs l6s6of ;Gbe{o\, >L % of ;/sf/ x'nfs ;]jf ljefu+ j g]kfn lkmnf6]lns ;f];fO6L+ …n'lDagLÚoft cfkfn+ dxTj laoftMu' :ki6 h" . Yj /fli6«o bfloTjof af]w g+ vM, 5fo\ls Yj b]o\ g]kfM a'4of hGde"ld vM .

;|f]t M ofsg+ x] lkxf+jo]To+u' zf]w u|Gy …ljZj af}4 x'nfs l6s6df a'4, a'4wd{, af}4 JolQmTj / ;+:s[ltÚ kfv]+ .

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