DESHANTER - NATIONAL WEEKLY

8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf

lxGb"x¿n] lzIffnfO{ ljBf / cljBf egL af“8] . ljBfn] cflTds 1fg lbof] . cljBfn] Jofj;flos 1fg lbof] . Tof] 1fgnfO{ j0ff{>d Joj:yfn] z'b|x¿sf] lhDdf lbof] . o;/L Jofj;flos :j?knfO{ Kn]6f]n] pgsf] lstfa l/klAnsdf ptf/] . pgn] Jofj;fosdL{x¿sf] k/Dk/fut hdft agfpg] lzIffsf] klZrdL hu /fv] . sfn{ dfS;{n] To;df …pTkfbgd'vL lzIffÚ eGg] zAb hf]l8lbP . o;/L lzIffsf] cljBf :j?knfO{ cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] u/LaL d'lQmsf] s8L agfOlbof] . u/La b]znfO{ o:tf] lzIff k|efjsf/L x'G5 egL pkof]lutfjfbLx¿n] yk an lbP . o;/L s'g} a]nfsf] cljBf clxn]sf] ul/vfg] lzIff aGg k'Uof]– k""hLjfbLsf] pkof]lutfjfbL lzIff, ;fDojfbLsf] hgjfbL lzIff, ;dfhjfbLsf] pTkfbgd'vL lzIff, k|hftGqjfbLsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] lzIff .

dNnsfnLg ;Lk lzIff, zfxsfnLg Joj;fo lzIff / /f0ffsfnLg k|fljlws lzIffn] @)!^ ;fndf df]8]n :s"nsf] gfd kfof] . @)!* df Jofj;flos ljifox¿sf] k|j]z ul/of] . @)@* df Jofj;flos / k|fljlws ljBfnox¿ 5'6\ofOof] . @)$( / @)%% df k|fljlws ljBfnosf] lgoldt / lj:tfl/t ;f]rn] dfGotf kfO/x\of] . clxn] @)%& ;fndf df]8]n Jofj;flos :s"nsf] cjwf/0ff k'ghL{ljt eO/x]sf] 5 . s] of] k'g/fj[lQ xf] < xf], o; dfg]df ls xfdL pxL s'/f] bf]xf]¥ofO/x]sf 5f}" . x}g, o; cy{df ls s'/f]sf] kf+u|f] g} Tolt xf] . uf]nf] kf+u|f] TolQd} 3'D5 . o;df csf]{ s'/f] klg 5, Tof] xf] ahf/sf] bjfj . ca ;fIf/sf] ;+Vof a9\of] . Tof] cg'kftdf /f]huf/Lsf If]q ePg . tYof+sn] b]vfp“5 ls s[lif If]qn] k|ltjif{ )=% k|ltztnfO{ /f]huf/L lbG5 . c? If]qn] k|ltztfTds /f]huf/L t a9L g} lbPsf] 5 . t/ ;+VofTds /f]huf/L lbg] ynf]sf] sdL 5 . jt{dfgsf] /f]huf/L ynf]n] wfGg] cj:yf 5}g . s[lif If]q cfw'lgs aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . k9]sfn] / k9fpg]n] k/Dk/fut s[lif If]qdf cfkm\gf] u'~hfo; b]v]sf klg 5}gg\ . …;'9] enfbdLÚsf] ;+:sf/nfO{ lzIffn] abn]sf] 5}g . /fhgLltn] ;'d/]sf] 5}g . s]jn ahf/sf] bjfj a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . of] bjfjn] k|Zgx¿ hGdfPsf] 5 . tL x'g\– lzIffn] /f]huf/L lbg] ls cy{n] /f]huf/L lbg] < /fhgLlt1 / pBdLx¿n] /f]huf/Lsf] nflu o:tf] lzIff rflxof] eGg] ls lzIffljb\x¿n] /f]huf/Lsf] :j?k of] 5 lzIff o;/L n}hfp“ eGg] < oL k|Zgx¿df cem} ;fem]bf/L ;f]r (Shared understanding) eO;s]sf] 5}g . t}klg oxf“ Jofj;flos lzIffsf s]xL ;f]rx¿ agfOPsf] 5 . oL ;f]rx¿ agfp“bf ljZj >d ;+u7g -cfO{Pncf]_ sf] …afn >ldsÚ / …afn sfdbf/Ú (Child labour and Child worker) sf] lje]b a'em\g vf]lhPsf] 5 . xfd|f] …kl08t ;+:sf/Ú nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . ahf/sf] …/f]huf/L lbg] lzIffÚ sf] gf/f ;'g]sf] 5' . xfd|} ljBfnosf lzIfssf] cg'xf/ x]l/Psf] 5 . xfd|f ljBfyL{sf] df6f] gx'g] :jKgLn b'lgof“ ;'"l3Psf] 5 . xfd|} cleefjssf] …k9\g k7fPsf] t sfd kf] nfPÚ eGg] efiff ;'lgPsf] 5 . of] kl/j]zleq d}n] Jofj;flos lzIffsf] ;f]r agfPsf] 5' .

Jofj;flos lzIffsf k|:tfljt ;f]rx¿

tLg tl/sfn] Jofj;flos ;f]rx¿ l;sfpg ;lsG5 . klxnf], Jofj;flos ;f]rsf] v]tL u/]/ . bf];|f] ;fgfltgf Jofj;fo ug{ nufP/ . t];|f] k|fljlws ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fP/ . k|To]s ;f]rleq y'k|} lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg'k5{ . tLdWo] s]xL k|d'v o; k|sf/sf 5g\–

-s_ Jofj;flos ;f]rsf] v]tLsf nflu

o; cj:yfdf 7f8} Jofj;flos sfd u/fOGg . s]jn s'g Joj;fodf nufj x'G5 egL vf]lhG5 . o;}n] of] ;f]rsf nflu lgDglnlvt lqmofsnfkx¿ ug'{k5{ .

!= k9fpg] ;Lk abNg] M o;sf nflu lzIfs, tflnddf km]/abn ug'{k5{ .

@= k9\g]x¿sf] Jofj;flos 1fg Pj+ ;LknfO{ c+sg (marking) ug]{ M o;sf nflu c+sg k|0ffnLdf x]/km]/ ug'{k5{ . dfs{;L6df To:tf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

#= :yfgLo ?ksf] Jojl:yt Pjd\ cJojl:yt ;Lksf] vf]hLgLlt ug]{ M o;sf nflu ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfsx¿nfO{ cg';Gwftf agfpg' k5{ .

$= lzIfs ljBfyL{nfO{ ahf/ vf]Hg] ;Lk l;sfpg] M o;sf nflu :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf], :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o ahf/ vf]Hg] ;Lk l;sfpg'k5{ . ;f] sfo{df ;xfos x'g] kf7\o ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{ (supply) ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

d}n] oxf“ rf/j6f …k5{Ú n]v]+ . k|To]s …k5{Ú g} l;+uf] n]v x'g ;S5 . t}klg ;+If]kdf eGbf klxnf] …k5{Ún] ljBfyL{nfO{ …3f]ssÚ xf]Og, …vf]hsÚ agfpg vf]h]sf] xf] . …;'gsÚ xf]Og, …5'gsÚ agfpg vf]h]sf] 5' . …kf7sÚ xf]Og …n]vsÚ agfpg vf]h]sf] 5' . bf];|f] …k5{Ún] 3f]Sg]nfO{ gDa/ wf]Sg] xfd|f] rng eTsfpg vf]h]sf] x'" . ug]{nfO{ u/]sf] c+s lbg vf]h]sf] x'" . Pshgfn] c+s lbg] k|0ffnL abNg vf]h]sf] x'" . :j–c+sg, ldq–c+sg / lzIfs–c+sgaf6 To; ljifodf c+s lgwf{/0f ug{ vf]h]sf] x'" . t];|f] …k5{Ún] :yfgLo Jojl:yt Pj+ cJojl:yt (organized and unorganized) If]q (secter) sf ;Lk gx]g]{ xfd|f] afgL eTsfpg vf]h]sf] x'" . Toxf“sf] 1fgnfO{ 1fg gdfGg] a'l4nfO{ s'Rofpg vf]h]sf] x'" . To;};“u k'R5|]| nfu]sf ;Lkaf6 cfocfh{g ug]{ ;f]r agfpg vf]h]sf] x'" . rf}+yf] …k5{Ún] ;Lk a]Rg] ahf/ vf]h]]sf] x'" . …ahf/ oxf“ dfq} 5Ú eGg] lrGtgsf] 3]/f km/fSg vf]h]sf] x'" . a]bLsf] cfuf], cu]gfsf] cfuf], cfTdfsf] cfuf], ;"o{sf] cfuf] / ;"o{ rnfpg]sf] cfuf]aLr ;Dks{ vf]Hg] j}lbs lrGtgsf] k|fof]lus :j?k vf]h]sf] x'" .

-v_ ;fgfltgf Joj;fo ug{sf nflu

o; cj:yfdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fgfltgf Joj;fodf nufOG5 . o:tf Joj;foaf6 pgLx¿n] b'O{–rf/ k};f cfDbfgL ug{ klg ;S5g\ . cGoyf olt a]nfsf] Joj;flos cefjn] ;hfj6 (decoration) sf ;fdfu|L jf :yfgLo txs} v]nsf ;fdfu|Lx¿ agfpg ;lsG5 . of] ;f]r sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu lgDglnlvt lqmofsnfkx¿ ug'{k5{–

!= ljBfyL{sf] pd]/ / ?lr cg's"nsf ;–;fgf Jofj;flos ;Lkdf nufpg] M o;sf nflu df6f], sf7, sfuh, af“;, kft klt+u, bfn u]8fu'8L cflbsf] k|of]u ug{ l;sfpg' k5{ . o;/L ag]sf ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] k|ltof]lutf u/fpg'k5{ / k'/:sf/ lbOg' k5{ . of] sfo{ cGt/ ljBfno / ljBfno leq} u/fpg ;lsG5 .

@= ljBfnodf g} pTkfbg zfvf vf]Ng] M o:tf] pTkfbg zfvfdf c8{/ lng / lbg ;lsG5 . h:tf] sk8f sf/vfgf;“u ;Dks{ ePsf ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿af6 6f+s nufpg] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} ljBfnodf g} ljBfyL{ lzIfsaf6 ;~rflnt v/Lb–laqmL k;n agfpg ;lsG5 . :6]zg/L / lstfaaf6 of] sfo{ z'? ug{ ;lsG5 .

#= ahf/, jg, hg;+Vof, vfBj:t'sf] cflbsf] ;j]{If0f ug{] M o:tf] ;j]{If0faf6 ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfsdf ;j]{If0f ug{] Ifdtf a9fpg ;lsG5 . oxL ;j]{If0fsf] cfwf/df yk pTkfbg sfo{x¿ klg ug{ u/fpg ;lsG5 .

$= Hof;ndf cf+lzs sfd u/fpg] M ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfssf] ?lr cg's"nsf Hof;ndf ;Dj4 u/L pgLx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos ;Lk l;sfpg ;lsG5 . ufp“3/sf] 5fnf, ;fOsn, dd{t, kmnfd, ;'gsf Hof;n / zx/sf pBf]u wGbfdf ePsf Hof;ndf ljBfnonfO{ cfj4 ug{'k5{ . Toxf“ l;s]sf 1fg / cg'ejsf] sIff sf]7fdf 5nkmn ug'{k5{ . ToxL 5nkmndf /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ;DalGwt ;Lksf] :yfgaf/] 5nkmn ul/g'k5{ .

%= c;+ul7t (unorganized/ informal) pBf]usf] pBdLs/0f ug]{ M ufp“a:tLdf k/Dk/fut pBdx¿ 5g\ . tL pBdx¿nfO{ pBdLs/0f ug]{ k|fl1s ;f]rsf] sdL 5 . To;}n] o:tf pBdx¿sf] pBdLs/0f ug{ lzIfs Pjd\ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ pBdLs/0faf/] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . pBdLs/0f cflh{t ;fdfu|Lx¿ ljBfyL{ jf lzIfssf] 9's'6L dfkm{t\ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofp“g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

Jofj;flos sfd ug{ d}n] kf“rj6f …k5{Ú ;'emfp“ . klxnf] …k5{Úaf6 d}n] :yfgLo ;fwgaf6} Joj;fo z'? ug]{ ;f]r agfp“ . To;df b'O{j6f k|ltof]lutf yKg rfx]+ .

-s_ cfkm\g} lxhf] / cfhsf] k|ltof]lutf ug{ u/fpg rfx]+ . o;sf nflu JolQmut k|ult k|f]kmfOnåf/f k/LIff ug{] ;Lk vf]h]+ .

-v_ ;dsfnLg JolQm;“u k|ltof]lutf u/fpg rfx]+ . o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k/LIff ug]{ gLlt;“u cfj4 ug{ rfx]+ . v'nf k/LIff . ;a}n] c+sg ug]{ k/LIff . bf];|f] …k5{Ú df ljBfnonfO{ …n3' pTkfbg ;+:yfÚsf] ?kdf lrgfpg vf]h]+ . k/Dk/fut ?ksf] ljBfyL{ / lzIfs …dflnsÚ x'g] /x/ eTsfpg vf]h]+ . t];|f] …k5{Ún] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;j]{sf kf7s x}g ;j]{Ifs agfpg vf]h]+ . cfkm\gf] ;j]{If0fsf] glthfnfO{ c?sf] glthf;“u bf“Hg] …bfhsÚ agfpg vf]h]+ . ToxL bhfO"df ljBfyL{sf] af}l4stf vf]h]+ . rf}+yf] …k5{Úaf6 ljBfno / hLjGt Hof;n (lived workshop) aLr ;Dks{ /fVg vf]h]+ . ljBfnod} Jofj;flos lzIff vf]Ng'k5{ eGg] k'/ftgL dfGotf eTsfpg vf]h]+ . oL b'O{ ;+:yfaLrsf] ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug{ vf]h]+ . ljBfnoLo k|fl1s ;+/rgfdf Jofj;flos ;f]r pdfg{ vf]h]+ . Jofj;flos ;+/rgfdf ljBfnoLo k|fl1s ;xof]u lbg vf]h]+ . kf“rf} …k5{Úaf6 ufp“3/df ePdf c;+ul7t pBdx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t agfpg] pkqmd ;f]r]+ . k/Dk/fnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f gug]{ xfd|f] ;+:sf/ abNg vf]h+] . cfw'lgsLs/0f eg]sf] gof“ j:t' g} xf] eGg] ljrf/–dfGotf (dogmatiz value) eTsfpg vf]h]+ . oxL eTsfOdf d}n] lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ 8f]¥ofpg vf]h]+ .

-u_ k|fljlws ;Lk l;sfpgsf nflu

of] ahf/;Lk xf] . o;sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . nufgL klg w]/} nfU5 . To;}n] gd"gf ljBfnon] o:tf] k|fljlws ;Lk k|bfg ug{ lgDglnlvt lqmofsnfk ug'{k5{–

!= 5'§} k|fljlws sIff rnfpg] M o;sf nflu laxfgL, a]n'sL / 5'§Lsf lbg jf nfdf] labfdf sIff rnfpg'k5{ . o;/L rn]sf ljBfnox¿sf] ;DalGwt ljifosf ;+ul7t Pj+ c;+ul7t pBf]u / pBdLx¿;“u ;f]emf] ;Dks{ x'g'k5{ . ljBfnon] k|fl1s v'/fs lbG5 . ljBfyL{sf] k|fljlws ;Lkkl§sf] clej[l4nfO{ lqmofzLn agfOlbG5 . t/ ljBfno :jo+n] tL ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] bIftf k|bfg ub}{g . h:tf] sDKo'6/ ;Lksf nflu ljBfnon] sDKo'6/ lbG5 . k|fl1s s'/f l;sfp“5 . ;fdfGo ;Lk lbG5 . t/, ahf/df ePsf ;+ul7t Pj+ c;+ul7t pBdx¿df uP/ dfq} ljBfyL{n] ahf/ ;Lkdf bIftf xfl;n u5{ . o;f] ubf{ ljBfnosf] k|zf;lgs / ljQLo hfnf]df k|fljlws ;Lk clNemb}+g . ljBfno aflx/sf] pBd km:6fp“5 . pBdLn] /f]huf/L lbg] Joj:yf ldnfp“5 . ljBfyL{ ;:tf] /f]huf/ aGg k'U5 . l;St} / k9\b} ug]{ /f]huf/ . yf]/ax't cfDbfgL ug{] /f]hfuf/ . of] t/Lsf c? k|ljlwsf ;Lkx¿df klg nfu" x'G5 . h:tf], un}+rf pBdLx¿ ePsf] 7fp“df ljBfnon] un}+rf ;Lk l;sfp“5 . vfB k|zf]wg ePsf] 7fp“df ToxL ;Lk . jL/u~h, x]6f}+8f jf sf7df8f}+ h:tf cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿ ePsf 7fp“df eg] ljBfyL{x¿n] ax' k|fljlws ;Lk xfl;n ug{ ;S5g\ .

@= pTkfbg, ljt/0f / v/Lb laqmL s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ M ljBfnon] k|fljlws ;Lk k|bfg ug{ ljBfno lgolGqt pTkfbg, ljt/0f / v/Lb laqmL s]Gb| vf]Ng'k5{ . o:tf s]Gb|x¿df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g} sfddf v6fpg'k5{ . tL s]Gb|x¿df ;–;fgf pBdLx¿af6 pTkflbt ;fdu|L, ljBfyL{ Pj+ lzIfsn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fdu|L / ljBfnon] egf{ u/]sf u|fdL0f o'jfx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fdfu|Lx¿ /flvG5g\ .

#= pBdL ljBfyL{sf] hdft agfpg] M o;sf nflu 7fp“ cg';f/sf] ;Lk laqmL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s]xL nufgL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; qmddf lzIfs–ljBfyL{ ldn]/ pBf]u rnfpg ;lsG5 . rs pBf]u, kmfOn pBf]u, vfd pBf]u, d:of}/f Koflsª pBf]u cflb . o;f] ubf{ ljBfnon] ahf/;“u ;DaGw l;h{gf ug]{ / pBd aLdf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljBfnon] g} nufgL ug]{, To;}n] g} aLdf ug]{, JolQmut Pjd\ ;fd"lxs C0f lbg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 .

$= aflx/L pBf]u tyf ;Lk ljsf; ;+:yfx¿;“u ;fem]bf/L ug]{ M of] ;fem]bf/Ldf ljBfnoaf6 k|fl1s ;xof]u lbg ;lsG5 . pBf]ux¿af6 sfo{zfnfsf] ;'ljwf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg ;Demf}tf nfu" ug'{k5{ . h:tf], d;nf pBf]ux¿;“u @) jif]{ ;Demf}tf ug]{ . ;f] ;Demf}tfdf pBf]un] ljBfyL{ / lzIfsnfO{ d;nf pBf]udf tflnd lbg] . pBf]un] rflx+ ljBfnoaf6 cfjZos nufgL / k|fljlws ;]jf lbg] jf o:t} cGo ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ sfdx¿ ug'{k5{ .

%= gd"gf ;f]rsf] ljsf; / ljqmL ug]{ M o;sf nflu lzIfs ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg Pjd\ k|jt{gfTds sfo{df nufpg' k5{ . h:tf]M ljBfnoaf6 lgld{t gd"gf xnf] . gd"gf cfjf; df]8]n . o:tf sfo{x¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ / laqmL ljt/0faf6 klg ljBfyL{x¿df k|fljlws ;Lksf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

^= ljBfnon] g} pBf]u vf]Ng] M o;/L pBf]u vf]Nbf pBf]udf k|ToIf ?kn] ;+nUg lzIfsnfO{ lglZrt k|ltzt gfkmf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{nfO{ klg sfd u/] jfkt kfl/>lds lbg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . o;/L lbOPsf] kfl/>ldsnfO{ ljBfnon] g} JolQmut n]h/ vf]nL ;+sng ul/lbg] k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{ .

dfly pNn]lvt tLg}yl/sf Jofj;flos / k|fljlws lzIffsf ;f]rx¿df pknAw ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;+ufn]/ k|lt dlxgf ljBfnox¿df tL ;fdfu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . o:tf ;fdfu|Lx¿ cfjZostf cg';f/ c+u|]hL tyf g]kfnLdf ?kfGt/ u/L lzIfs Pjd\ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

d}n] k|fljlws lzIff lbg ^ j6f …k5{Ú agfp“ . klxn] …k5{Úaf6 ljBfno / ahf/aLr ;fem]bf/L gug]{ xfd|f] k/Dk/f eTsfpg ;lsG5 . pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljBfno;“u ldn]/ k|fljlws ;Lk b]p eGg] ;Gb]z lbG5 . ljBfnox¿nfO{ pBf]u;“u ldn]/ /f]huf/d'vL lzIff b]p eg]+ . bf];|f] …k5{Ú af6 d}n] ljBfno Jojl:yt (school managed) pTkfbg / v/Lb laqmL s]Gb| agfpg vf]h]+ . ljBfno t k9\g] 7fp“ xf], Jofkf/, Jofkf/Ln] kf] u5{ t eGg] k[ysLs/0fsf] ;f]r laufg{ vf]h]+ . lzsf?n] Jofkf/ ug{ ;S5 eGg] lrGtg lbg vf]h]+ . nIdL / ;/:jtLnfO{ Pp6} ;+:yfaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfwf/ lbp“ . t];|f] …k5{Úaf6 d}n] ljBfnonfO{ pBdLx¿sf] hdftsf] tfnLd ug]{ ynf] agfpg vf]h]+ . lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b'O{ 5]pdf /fVg] k/Dk/f eTsfpg vf]h]+ . b'j}nfO{ Ps};fy pTkfbs agfpg vf]h]+ . ljBfnonfO{ nufgLstf{ agfpg vf]h]+ . rf}yf] …k5{Úaf6 ljBfnonfO{ b"/ b/f/ Onfsfdf ePsf pBf]ux¿sf] …kf6{k"hf{Ú agfpg] ;+:yfdf kl/0ft ug{ rfx]+ . cfkm\g} sDkfp08df pTkfbg sIf agfpg] ;+:yfx¿sf] k/Dk/f abNg vf]h]+ . ljBfnonfO{ pTkfbg sIf klg aGg] x'G5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbp“ . pBf]ux¿nfO{ pTkfbg sIf klg ag] x'G5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbp“ . pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljBfnodf pTkfbg sIf 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbp“ . kf“rf}+ …k5{Ú af6 ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut n]gb]g k|0ffnL abNg vf]h]+ . lzIfs Pj+ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d'bfo cg';Gwftf (community- researcher) agfpg vf]h]+ . ljBfnosf] j'l4nfO{ ;fdflhs ;Gbe{df k|of]u ug]{ af6f] vf]h]+ . 5}7f}+ …k5{Úaf6 ljBfnonfO{ g} n3' / demf}nf pBf]udf ?kfGt/0f ug{ vf]h]+ . lzIfsnfO{ …yk sdfp, yk vfpÚeGg] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]+ . cfkm"n] yk sdfO{ vf“bfsf] ;Lk / cg'ej ljBfyL{df ;fg]{ k/Dk/f a;fpg vf]h]+ .

nlIft ;d"x

sIff ! af6} Jofj;flos ;f]rsf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . ljutsf lzIff cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;'emfP em}+ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg dfWolds txaf6} ;fgf–ltgf Jofj;fodf nufpg ;lsG5 . t/, k|fljlws lzIffsf nflu eg] 6]i6 km]n ePsf P;=Pn=;L=km]n ePsf k|fljlws lzIfftkm{ cfslif{t Pjd\ ;do lbg ;Sg] cGo ljBfyL{ Pj+ pRr dfWolds txdf k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿ dfq} ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . pRr lzIffdf klg of] k/Dk/f a;fpg'k5{ .

sfo{gLlt

gd"gf Jofj;flos ljBfno agfpgsf nflu tk;Lnsf sfo{gLltx¿ nfu" ug'{k5{–

-s_ gd"gf Jofj;flos ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos lzIffsf] ;f]r lbg / ;fgf–ltgf Jofj;fo ug]{ ;Lk l;sfpg clgjfo{ ?kn] tflnd lbg'k5{ .

-v_ Jofj;flos lzIffsf] ;f]r lbg / ;fgf–ltgf Joj;fo ug{ ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg'k5{ . t/, k|fljlws ;Lk lbg] a]nfdf 5gf}6 (selection) k|lqmof ckgfpg'k5{ . k|fl1s If]qdf a9f]Q/L rfxg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ o; If]qdf ws]Ng' x'"b}g . o;afx]s cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|rlnt clej[l4dfks k/LIff lng] k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{ . ;f] k/LIff pQL0f{ ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfq} k|fljlws lzIfftkm{ pGd'v u/fpg'k5{ .

-u_ ljBfno j/k/sf pBf]u Pj+ Joj;fodf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ cfuGt's lzIfs (guest teacher) sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

-3_ 5f]6f] cjlwsf] Jofj;flos Pj+ k|fljlws lzIff dfq} lbg] . o:tf] cjlw a9Ldf Psjif{eGbf nfdf] x'g'x'"b}g . 36Ldf rflx+ ;ft lbgsf] x'g ;S5 .

-ª_ ljBfno :jo+n] ;a}vfn] Jofj;flos Pj+ k|fljlws ;Lk lbg] k"jf{wf/x¿ agfpg' kb{}g . o;df t Go"gtd\ k"jf{wf/ lbg] / aflx/L ;|f]t Joj:yfkg (resoure management) ug]{ JolQmnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .

-r_ ;/sf/n] dfq} nufgL gug]{ . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L ;xof]u t lbg}k5{ . t/, JolQm, pBf]u, pBdL ;d"x / lzIfs, ljBfyL{ jf ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] …cfNdf]gfOÚ af6 klg nufgL ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .

-5_ ;/sf/L pBf]u / cf}Bf]lus lgud;“u ;fem]bf/L ug]{ . ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg / lhNnfdf ePsf 3/]n' pBf]u tyf cGo cf}Bf]lus lgudx¿sf] k|fljlws Pjd\ ef}lts ;xfotf ljBfnodf k'¥ofpg] k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{ . sfo{gLltx¿sf] s'/f ubf{ d}n] …6fpsf] km]g]{Ú s'/f p7fp“ . klxnf] km]/fOdf ;a} lzIfsnfO{ clgjfo{ Jofj;flos lzIffsf] tflnd lbg] s'/f p7fp“ . bf];|f] km]/fOdf ;a}nfO{ x}g OR5's ljBfyL{nfO{ dfq} Jofj;flos tfnLd lbg] s'/f atfp“ . t];|f] km]/fOdf 5/–l5d]ssf …kfOtfn] lj1Ú (barefoot expert) / …/fHos[t lj1Ú (stale sanctoned expert) nfO{ ljBfnodf leœofpg] ;f]r Nofp“ . rf}yf}+ km]/fOdf ljBfno :t/df 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tfnLd dfq} lbg] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ug{ vf]h]+ . jiff}{+;Dd Jofj;flos lzIff lbg] k/Dk/fut j'l4nfO{ RofTg vf]h]+ . kf“rf}+ km]/fOdf Jofj;flos lzIff lbg k"jf{wf/} rflxG5 eGg]x¿sf] d'vdf a'emf] nfpg vf]h]+ . 5/–l5d]ss} Hof;ndf Jofj;flos lzIff lbg] lrGtg pdfg{ vf]h]+ . 5}7f}+ km]/fO{df ;/sf/n] dfq} nufgL ug]{ Ps wsL{o lrGtg (linear thinking) nfO{ abNg vf]h]+ ;xsfl/tfsf] cjwf/0ffdf Jofj;flos lzIff ;~rfng ug{ vf]h]+ . ;ftf}+ km]/fOdf pBf]ux¿sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ljBfnod} pBf]u vf]Ng] lrGtg hufpg vf]h]+ . pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljBfno b]vfp“ . ljBfnox¿nfO{ pBf]u b]vfp“ . b'j}sf] ;Demf}tf ePdf b'j}nfO{ lxts/ x'G5 eGg vf]h]]+ .

lgrf]8

d}n] Jofj;flos ;f]rsf] v]tL ug{ rfx]+ . Joj;fosf] cEof; ug{ rfx]+ . cEof;af6 cfh{gsf] 8f8" lbg] ;f]r Nofp“ . ToxL 8f8"sf] ann] Jofj;fosf] v8\s'nf] tfGg] af6f] agfp“ . o;/L tLg} t/]nLaf6 d}n] eg]+– ljnf;L Jofj;flos lzIff gvf]hf}+ . hLjGt (lived) Jofj;fonfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/f}+ . ePs} pBf]unfO{ ljBfnodf k'¥ofcf}+ . ePs} ljBfnosf] b[li6sf]0f km]/f}+ . /lNnPsf, clNemPsf / OR5's ljBfyL{af6 sfo{qmd yfnf}+ . hgjfbL, wgjfbL / dgjfbL tLg}yl/n] nufgL ug]{ ;+/rgf agfcf}+ . Tof] ;+/rgfsf] nflu lanf;L nufgL gvf]hf}+ . P]+of;L nufgLstf{ klg gvf]hf}+ . s]jn b|i6f / >i6f (visionary and creative) lzIfs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfo / pBf]ux¿ vf]hf}+ . ToxL+af6 sfdsf] z'?jft u/f}+ .

cGo ;dfrf/