sf7df08f}+, a}zfv )* @)%(

klxnf] kfgf

dfcf]jfbL;“u jftf{sf nflu ;j{bnLo cfJxfg

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}+ . g/;+xf/sf] bb{gfs cj:yfaf6 u'h|]kl5 yk dfgjLo Iflt x'g glbgsf nflu ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhgLlts bnx¿ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf g]tfx¿;“u jftf{ ug{ ;xdltdf k'u]sf 5g\ .

lxhf] zlgjf/ ck/fGx, /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{sf cWoIf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] dfnLufp“ l:yt lgjf;df ;DkGg ePsf] ;+;bleqsf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ljz]if a}7sn] æxTof, lx+;f, cft+s / c/fhstfsf] cGTo u/L k|hftflGqs kl/j]zdf zflGtk"0f{ ;Djfbsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ of] ;j{bnLo a}7s cfJxfg ub{5 egL l;w} 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . sf+u|]; ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnn] cufl8 ;fg'{ ePsf] j[xt k|hftflGqs Pstfsf] k|:tfjnfO{ d"t{?k lbg ul/Psf] a}7ssf] r/0f dWo]s} dflgPklg o;nfO{ clns ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy x]l/Psf] 5 . k|wfg;]gfklt k|HHjn zdz]/ hj/fn] lzjk'/Ldf lbg' ePsf] efif0f / k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] /fhf–o'j/fhlw/fh / k|wfg ;]gfklt;+usf] ;+o'Qm e|d0fkl5 ;+;bLo Joj:yf eGg] /fhgLlts bnx¿ cln cln z;+lst ePsf 5g\ . To;kl5 sf+u|]; / Pdfn]sf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf pRr:t/L a}7s a;]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{ To;s} lg/Gt/tfsf] ?kdf klg lng ;lsG5 .

lxhf]sf] ;j{bnLo a}7skl5 k|sflzt k|]; lj1lKtn] andfq dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] :yfoL lg/fs/0fsf] dfWod ePsf] hgfp lb+b}g . lj1lKtdf elgPsf] 5– zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ / b]zdf ;'zf;g / cu|ufdL kf/blz{tfsf] cfwf/ v8f u/L ;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .Æ

jftf{ ;a}sf] :jfy{

;+;bLo /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] olta]nf of] cfJxfg u/]sf 5g\ h'ga]nf dfcf]jfbL klg xltof/af6 yfDg nfu]sf 5g\ . :jb]zleq pgLx¿sf 5fkfdf/ sfo{stf{x¿ 3l6/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] cf>o lng] ef/tLo If]qdf Toxf“sf] ;/sf/n] vf]htnf; u/L ;'/Iff Joj:yf s7f]/ kfl/lbPsf] 5 .

csf]{lt/, clGtd o'4 nl8/x]sf dfcf]jfbLn] ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿df cfqmd0f ug{ yfn] . ljB't kfj/xfp;, vfg]kfgL, k'nx¿, 6]lnlehgsf] 6fj/, h:tf If]qdf cfqmd0f ePkl5 hgtfdf of] kl/kf6Lk|lt g} ljt[i0ff pTkGg x'g] cj:yf klg ;[hgf x'"b} uPsf] 5 . h'g ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf dfGg]x¿sf nflu ;'vb\ xf]Og .

Psflt/ hgtfsf k|hftflGqs clwsf/x¿ lgnDag u/]/ ;+s6sfn nufpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] of] ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ lgsf; gvf]h] k|hftflGqs k|lqmof klg cj?4 eP/ hfg] l:ylt e};Sof] . h:tf], lgoldt oxL a}zfv–h]7 df x'g'kg]{ :yfgLo lgjf{rg oyfl:yltdf u/fpg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . Dofb} yk] klg lhNnf–lhNnfsf k|foM ;a} uflj;x¿ cWoIf / ;lrjljlxg 5g\ . sltko hnfOPsf 5g . ufp“df hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg /flvPsf x'nfs x6fP/, a}+sx¿ x6fP/, ;f“Rr} ufp“ clxn] ;/sf/ ljlxg c/fhs cj:yfdf af“r]sf] 5 . h'g s'/f k|hftGqjfbLsf nflu lrq kf]Ng] x'g cfp“5 . Toltdfq x}g ;'/Iffsf ;a} c+u kl/rfngn] of] ;d:of lsgf/f gnfu] / an k|of]u dfq} ;dfwfg xf] eGg] lbzfdf uPdf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cl:tTj g} vt/fdf kg{ hfG5, o;} tYonfO{ ;j{bnLo ;xdltdf klg cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . jQmJodf elgPsf] 5– æg]kfnsf] /fli6«o cl:tTj / g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|hftflGqs xs / :jfledfg ;fd' vt/fsf] ;+s]t b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] 5 .Æ

;/sf/ ;'lw|Gg

b]zsf] kl/l:ylt lbglbg} h6Ln x'"b} uPklg hDaf] ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿nfO{ To;sf] dtna 5}g . xfn}dfq ;+rf/ dGqfnon] ljgf k|ltikwf{ :of6nfO6 df]jfOnsf] nfO;]G; lbPsf] 5 .

ljZj:t ;"qn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ b'/;~rf/sf /Llk6/ 6fj/x¿ Wj:t u/]kl5 dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] ;~rf/ g]6js{ ljR5]b ePsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ / df]afOn rNg] 7fp“df pgLx¿ n] df]jfOns} k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . grNg] 7fp“df lr6sf] dfWodåf/f ;Dks{ :yfkgf ub{5g\ . ;]n, Pl/of, lhNnf, la|u]8 h:tf ;f+u7lgs 9f“rf ePsf]n] Pp6f lr6af6 kf6L{sf s'/f w]/} sfo{stf¿ a'emfpg w]/} sl7g x'G5 . t/ :of6nfO6 6]lnkmf]agaf6 dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfx¿n] To;sf] pkof]u, b'?kof]u ug{] ;Defjgf 5 . lsgeg] of] hxf“af6 klg hfG5 .

k|hftflGQs df]rf{

clxn] /fhgLlts bnx¿ aLrsf] ;xdlt sf+u|]; ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ;fg'{ ePsf] j[xt k|hftflgqs Pstf k|:tfj cGt{ut s} xf] . ;femf ;d:of, ;femf k|of;sf dfWofdaf6 ;dfwfg ug]{u/L of] cleofg a9fPsf] 5 . of] cleofg cGtu{t j}zfv @& ut] sf7df8f}+sf] ;lxb d~rdf ;j{bnLo cfd;ef x'g]5 . ansf e/df dfq} dfcf]jfbL bjfpg p2t ;/sf/ o:tf] cleofgn] cK7\of/f]df kg]{5 .

xltof/ jf k|x/L;“u ;/f]sf/ g/x]sf ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLx¿ klg d/]sf], d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf; cwf]ultlt/ nfUg yfn]s]f b]v]kl5 jfdkGyLbnx¿ jftf{sf] nflu cfkm" cu|;/ eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] dfwj g]kfnnfO{ To;sf] g]t[Tj lng cfu|x klg u/] . k|d'v k|ltkIfL / sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;b:o ePsf]n] . lsgeg] jftf{sf] vf]hL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ckl/xfo{ h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff;"qn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ af“s] / alb{of lhNnfsf ;a} ;lqmo dfcf]jfbL ;vfk e};s]sf 5g\ . gj/fh k'/L, ltns kl/of/ kqmfp k/] . sf7df8f}+df g} s[i0fWjh v8\sf, em'df/fd vgfn, /]vf zdf{ kqmfp k/] . pQm ;"qn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ dfc]fjfbLsf tkm{af6 klxn] jftf{df vl6Psf s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f alb{ofdf ;dfltPsf 5g\ .

;a}n] clxn] xTof / lx+;f /f]Sg dfcf]jfbL;+u jftf{df hfg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . t/ o;sf nflu bnx¿n] aGb lkmtf{ lng, ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj:t ug]{ ultljlw /f]Sg kg]{ k"j{zt{ ;f/]sf] 5 . lxhf] dfnLufp“df ;DkGg a}7sdf sf+u|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, g]skf Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfn, /fk|kf cWoIf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf, ;b\efjgfsf sfo{jfxs cWoIf ab|Ld08n, ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf clDasf z]/rg / g]dlskfsf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5] /f]lxt pkl:yt x'g'x'GYof] .

Jofkf/L k|ltlglw ci6«]lnofnfO{ c:jLs[t

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}+ . g]kfnsf] pBf]uklt / Jofkf/Lx¿sf] 5ftf ;+u7g elgPsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] rog u/]sf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ci6«]lnofnL ;/sf/n] le;f pknAw gu/fPkl5 clxn] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf dxf;+3sf] ;fvnfO{ lnP/ lgs} 7"nf] xNnLvNnL ePsf] 5 .

oxL j}zfvsf] -tbg';f/ d] dlxgfsf] & b]lv ( tfl/v_ ;Dd ci6«]lnofsf] d]njg{df cfof]hgf x'g] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ d]nfdf efu lng] pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] @) hgf pBdL / Jofkf/LnfO{ rog u¥of] / ltgLx¿n] lbPsfdWo] hDdf & hgfn] le;f kfP . !# hgfnfO{ ci6«]lnog ;/sf/n] kTofPg .

pQm e]nfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] r}q & ut] a'waf/ dxf;+3sf] kl/;/df cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf nflu ci6«]lnofnL /fhb"t lqmlZrog sf]6fgL / dxf;+3sf cWoIf /ljeQm >]i7 b'j} hgf pkl:yt x'g'x'GYof] . le;f gkfPkl5 Jofkf/Lx¿n] ;xefuL cfdGq0f ug]{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL aGg'ePsf /fhb"t sf]/f]gLsf] Ifdtf / pxf“k|lt ci6«]lnofnL ;/sf/sf] ljZjf;“u klg hf]8]/ x]/]sf 5g\ .

pQm kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 e]nfdf ;xeflutfsf] ;+of]hssf] ?kdf sfo{/t 8f= uf]kfn >]i7n] tof/L kf]zfs, wft'sf d"lt{, x:tsnf, klZdgf, xft]tfgsf sk8f, 6fjn, g]kfnL sfuh, pmgL un}+rf, 5fnf / a]ul;6sf pTkfbs Jofkf/L / pBdLx¿n] efu lng] hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] lyof] . ef/t, a|flhn, lkmhL, O08f]g]l;of, cfo/Nof08, dn]l;of, Go"lhNof08, lkmlnlkG;, l;+ufk'/, yfOn}08, cd]l/sf, O6fnL, kfls:tfg, rLg, tfOjfg, a+unfb]z cflbsf] ;xeflutf /xg] elgPsf] pQm e]nfdf g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿sf] k|j]zdfly /f]s nufpg'nfO{ g]kfn pBf]u dxf;+3sf] g]t[Tjsf] sb sd x'"b} uPsf] kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 .

ca ;lrjsf nflu bf}8fxf ;'?

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f} . oxL j}zfv @# ut]b]]lv Ps}rf]6L cf7j6f ;lrjdf l/Qm x'"b}5 . clxn] g} ;fdfGo k|zf;g, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f, :yfgLo ljsf; u[x, dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no, k//fi6« dGqfno, ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, ;~rf/ dGqfno ;lrjx¿ vfnL ePsf]n] sfod d'sfod d's// u/L rnfOPPsf] 5 . k"j{, dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdsf If]qLo k|zf;sx¿ klg sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf] 5 .

o;}n] ;lrjx¿sf] kbfjlw ;lsg] k"j{;GWofdf a:g] a9'jf ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] gfd l;kmfl/; ug]{] kSsf kSsL ePsf jl/i7 ;x;lrjx¿ dGqL kl/ifb\sf cfkm\gf lgs6sf dGqL / ltgLx¿ dfkm{t k|wfgdGqL ;d]tsxf“ a9'jfsf] k|:tfj lnP/ lx+8]sf 5g\ . d'Vo;lrj, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf k|ltlglw, ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;lrj /xg] pQm a9'jf ;ldltn] ;fdfGotM Ps jif{df l/Qm x'g] kbx¿sf] u0fgf u/L ;f]sf] 8]9L ;+Vofdf a9'jf ug{ of]Uo pDd]bjf/sf] gfd dGqLkl/ifb\ ;dIf k7fpg] ub{5 .

sfod d'sfod hfg] sltko ;x;lrjx¿ cfkm" sGkmd{ kfpg] bfjL ub}{5g\ . o;/L bfjL ug]{ ;lrjsf] ;DefJo a9'jfdf cl3Nnf] ;"lrdf /xg' x'g]df jL/]Gb|axfb'/ b]phf -ko{6g_, dw'/d0f cfrfo{ -k//fi6«_ x'g'xG5 . sfd' ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;lrj k|efs/ clwsf/Lsf] eg] :k]z6fOd k|s/0fn] ;Defjgf 6/]sf] 5 .

otf u[xsf lgldQ ;lrj ljho/fh e§/fO{, ;fdfGosf tLy{/fh zdf{ / h}g]Gb| hLjg, :yfgLo ljsf; s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/L, x'nfs ;]jf ljefusf d's'Gb zdf{ kf}8]n, ;+;b ;lrjfnosf lji0f'bQ pk|]tL, d'b|0f ljefusf gf/fo0fk|;fb nD;fn, lzIff dGqfnosf o'j/fh kf08], lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf bof/fdaxfb'/ >]i7 a9'jfsf] dflyNnf] ;"lrd} x'g'x'G5 .

t/ cjsfz k|fKt x'g] lbgn] s/fKb} cfPsf]n]] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] oL pRr kbdf k'Ug rfxg]x¿sf] ;"lr nfdf] 5 . u[xsf uf]kfndfg >]i7, dbgk|;fb cof{n, sLltaxfb'/ rGb 7s'/L, 8f= l6sf/fd zdf{ vgfn, l6sfbQ lg/f}nf, ;fdfGo k|z;fgsf gf/fo0fk|;fb e§/fO{, ;"rgf ljefusf dxflgb]{zs w/0fLw/ vltj8f, cy{dGqfnosf dfwjk|;fb l3ld/], dxfn]vf lgoGq0f sfof{nosf afnuf]kfn l;Ub]n, lzjeQm zdf{, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L, pBf]u jfl0fHo cfk"lt{sf uf]ljGb /]UdL, k'?iff]Qd cf]emf, of]hgf cfof]usf /]jtL sfkm\n] ;a}n] cfkm"nfO{ a9'jf ;ldltn] kSsf l;kmf/L; ug]{ ljZjf; kfn]sf 5g\ .

ljlzi6 >]0fLsf kbdf a9'jfx¿ x'gsf nflu of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿ k|fljlwstkm{ !)@ hgf 5g\ . t/ l;lgo/ kbdf k|zf;gs} JolQm x'gk5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf]n] a9L k|zf;gs} kg]{ lglZrt h:t} 5 . s]xL k|fljlws k|zf;gdf rog x'g] s'/fnfO{ eg] gsfg{ ;ls+b}g .

cf}Bf]lus nufgL tfGg] gLlt tof/

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

j}b]lzs nufgL glbOg] If]qx¿

s_ 3/]n' pBf]u

–skfn sf6\g], Jo'6Lkfn{/, 6]nl/ª, 8«fOleª tflnd

–xftxltof/ pBf]u

– lj:kmf]6sjf?b

–/]l8of] PlS6e d]6]l/on;+u ;DalGwt

–lgdf{0f pBf]u afx]s 3/hUuf, sf/f]af/ lahg];

–rnlrq Jofkf/ . g]kfnL / /fli6«o efiffdf

–;'/If0f d'b|0f

–d'b|f / l;b|fsf] Jofkf/

v_ v'b|f Jofkf/

6«fen, 6«]lsª, ¥ofkm\l6ª, 3f]8r9L, l;u/]6, la8L / cNsf]cn

cfGtl/s s'l/o/ ;]jf, P6f]lds OghL{

s'v'/f kfng, dT:o kfng, df}/Lkfng, OlGhlgol/ª afx]s Jofkf/, n]vf, sfg'gL ;]jf, k/fdz{ ;]jf .

sf7df8f}+ . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))% ;Dd jflif{s %) s/f]8 8n/ k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{ j}b]lzs nufgL gLlt th'{df u/]sf] 5 .

gLlt / k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/]/ rflxPsf] nufgL leœofpg] k|ljlw, k""hL / Joj:yfksLo ;Lksf] ;x'lnotsf nflu j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGq agfpg] / g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgnfO{ ljb]zdf k|ltikwL{ agfpg] nIo o;n] lnPsf] 5 .

gof“ gLltn] j}b]lzs nufgL / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f :jLs[lt k|lqmofnfO{ :jtM x'g] agfpg], nufgLsf gof“ If]q vf]Hg], ljz]if cfsif{s ;x'lnot sfo{qmdåf/f ljb]zL nufgLsf If]qnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ .

/]l8d]6 k"j{wf/ ;x'lnoto'Qm lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf] :yfkgf ug]{, s[lif k|zf]wg If]]qsf] :yfkgf ug]{ nufgLstf{;+u ;DalGwt k"jf{wf/ / cGo s'/fx¿nfO{ x]g{sf nflu Psf:yfg ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ o;df kfl/Psf 5g\ .

gof“ gLltdf ljb]zL nufgL eGgfn] ljb]zL d'b|f, k""hL / To;sf] cfo, ljb]zL d'b|fsf k""hLut ;DklQdf k|fKt C0f, ljz]if j}b]lzs ;+:yfut nufgLstf{sf] låtLo ahf/ nufgL hgfpg] 5 elgPsf] 5 . To:t} k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f eGgfn] clwsf/ ljz]if1tf, kmd'{nf, k|lqmof, Kof6]G6, j}b]lzs pb\udsf] k|ljlw, 6«]8dfs{ / Voflt, k/fdz{ Joj;fo / ahf/ ;]jfnfO{ hgfOPsf] 5 .

k|fylds If]q

gof“ gLltdf b]zdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df ug]{ ;fdfGo of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df ljb]zL nufgL Nofpg] k|fylds If]q klg ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 . h;df 8f6f k|f];]l;ª, ;km\6j]o/ ljsf;, sDKo'6/ k/fdz{ ;]jf, ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, sfuh / sfuhsf pTkfbg, df]6/;fOsn / ltgsf kf6{k"hf{, Joj:yfksLo k|ljlw / lrlsT;f, z}lIfs k|lti7fg k/]sf 5g\ .

8f6f k|f];]l;ª, ;km\6j]o/ ljsf; / sDKo'6/ sG;g{6]G;Ldf Go"gtd !) nfv 8n/ nufgL u/L *) k|ltzt lgof{t ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvg] 5 eg] lzIffdf !) nfv nufgL u/]/ ^) k|ltzt ljb]zL ljBfyL{ xfNg ;Sg' kg]{5 . ljB"t pTkfbg, k|;f/0fdf sDtLdf !) nfv 8n/ nufgL ug'{kg]{ 5 . / *) k|ltzt ljb]zL ahf/df nfg' kg]{5 . df]6/;fOsn / kf6{k'hf{ pTkfbgdf Go'gtd ! s/f]8 8n/ nufgL ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] sfuh / sfuhsf ;fdfg pTkfbgdf %) nfv 8n/ . oL nufgLsf pTkfbgdf bf];|f] jif{ %) k|ltzt / t];|f]df &) k|ltzt cfGtl/s d"No clea[l4 x'g'kg]{5 .

:jLs[lt / ;x'lnot

%) xhf/ 8n/ z'Ns gnfUg] k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, cfGtl/s laqmLsf nflu sf/vfgf aflx/sf] d"No % k|ltzt / lgof{tdf * k|ltzt /f]oN6L ePsf] Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'? ePsf] & jif{ jf ;Demf}tf ePsf] !) jif{ h'g cuf8L x'G5 /f]oN6L ToxL cjlw ga9\g] vfnsf kl/of]hgfnfO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cGo afwf gb]lvPdf !% lbgdf :jtM :jLs[lt lbg' kb{5 . To:tf] geP cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{d ;Dks{ u/L #) lbgdf ul/;Sg'k5{ . s'g kl/of]hgf :jtM x'G5 / s]sf nflu :jLs[lt rflxG5 To;sf] hfgsf/L pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqnfosf] j]e ;O6df /fVg' kb{5 .

To:t} k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fdf klg z'Ns %) xhf/ ggf£g], sf/vfgf aflx/sf] pTkfbg d"Nodf cfGtl/s laqmLdf @ k|ltzt / lgof{tdf * k|ltzt /f]oN6L x'g]5, /f]oN6L ltg} cjlw ;Demf}tfsf] !) jif{ jf pTkfbgsf] & jif{ h'g klxn] x'G5 Tof] g gf£g], kl/of]hgfnfO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] !% lbgdf s'g} c8\rg b]vfPg eg] Tof] :jtM :jLs[t ePsf] dflgg]5 s]xL ;d:of cfof]u eg] cf}Bf]lus k|j2{g af]8{df nlug]5 . cfGtl/s nufgLdf lbP ;/xsf ;'ljwf ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ lbOg]5 .

lgof{t k|zf]wg I"]qdf cjl:yt j}b]lzs nufgL OsfO{df ;tk|ltzt lgof{td"ns / s[lif k|zf]wg If]qdf cjl:yt OsfOx¿sf] ;+oGq, sRrfkbfy{, dxz'no'Qm x'g]5 eg] pTkfbg z'? ePsf] jf :yfkgf ePsf] !) jif{ h'g l56f] x'G5 Tolt;Dd s/ 5'6 lbOg]5 .

k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf x'g] nufgLnfO{ d]l;g/L cfotdf %) k|ltzt / Jofkfl/s pTkfbgsf] & jif{ jf :yfkgfsf] !) jif{;Dd s/ 5'6 lbg]5 . / cfoft 6ld{gndf u|Lgsf8{ lbOg]5 . To:t} nufgLstf{nfO{ ^ dlxgfsf] u}/ ko{6sLo le;f lbOg]5 . @ nfv 8n/ eGbf a9L nufgL ug]{ nufgLstf{nfO{ cfjf;Lo eL;f lbOg] 5 .

ljb]zL nufgLsf] ljjfbnfO{ pBf]u ljefudf cfk;L ;Nnfxdf lg?k0f ug]{ k|of; ul/g]5 . To;n] ePg eg] dWo:ytfsf] ;xf/f lnOg]5 . t/ Tof] sf7df8f}+df g]kfnsf] sfg'g cg';f/ rNg]5 .

lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf nufgL

jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, e}/xjfdf o:tf If]q vf]lng]5 . To;df k"j{t :yfgLo ;fem]bf/L, :yfgLo j}b]lzs ;fem]bf/L jf k"0f{ j}b]lzs ;fem]bf/Ldf o'lg6x¿ vf]Ng ;lsg] 5 . To;sf k'"hLut ;fdfg jf srrf kbfy{ dxz'nd'Qm b/df Nofpg lbOg]5 . & jif{;Dd s/ 5'6 lbOg]5 . ;+;f/sf] hg';'s} 7fp“af6 klg pTkfbgd"ns o'lg6 NofO{ lbOg] 5 . Toxf“ nufgL ug]{ ljb]zL pBdLnfO{ To;;“u ;DalGwt cGo If]qdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . oL If]qsf o'lg6n] !)) k|ltzt pTkfbg lgof{t ug'{kg]{ 5 t/ :yfgLo s/x¿ e'QmfgLsf lglDt @) k|ltzt ;dfgx¿ Jofkfl/s If]qdf lghL ug{ lbOg]5 . To:t} cGgsf] ;Gt'lnt / Plss[t ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] u/L b]ze/df tLgj6f s[lif k|zf]wg s]Gb| vf]lng]5 . t/ x/]ssf] Pp6f pTkfbg -kmnkm"n t/sf/Ldf s]lGb|t x'g]5 . o:tf] If]qdf nufgL ug{ cfpg] ljb]zLnfO{ k""hLut ;fdfg / eG;f/ z'Nssf 5'6 lbOg]5 / !) jif{ s/ 5'6 lbOg]5 .

slknj:t' lhNnf ljsf;sf ;efkltsf] /fhLgfdf

lhlj;n] cfjZos sd{rf/L kbk"lt{sf] nflu u7g u/]sf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] lnlvt k/LIff ;DkGg u/L oxL j}zfv # ut]b]lv cGtjf{tf{ ;d]t tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf dGqfnon] :ylut ug]{ kl/kq u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cfb]z km's'jf u/fpg dGqfno k'Ug'ePsf ;efklt zdf{ lg0f{o jb/ u/fpg g;s]kl5 /fHodGqL ;dIf /fhLgfdf k]z u/L lhNnf kms{g' ePsf] xf] . æ:yfgLo lgsfosf] j}wflgs clwsf/dfly dGqLn] cgfjZos x:tIf]k u/]kl5 /fhLgfdf lbPsf] x'"Æ, ;efklt zdf{n] k|ltlqmof lb+b} eGg'eof]– æsfd ug]{ jftfj/0f aGb}g eg] kfl/>lds vfg dfq} lsg a:g] <Æ

slknj:t' lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ut kmfu'gdf ;DkGg lhNnf kl/ifb\n] lnlvt k/LIff jb/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . t/, ;f] lg0f{osf] cj1f ub}{ lhlj;n] ut r}t @$ ut] lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] . k|sflzt glthf cg';f/ ljleGg ( kbdf @^ hgf pDd]bjf/ 5flgPsf lyP . pk;efkltsf] lgwg e};s]sf] slknj:t' lhlj; ;efklt zdf{sf] /fhLgfdf eg] :jLs[t e};s]sf] 5}g .

dfl;s egf{ z'Ns oyfjt, P]g a]jfl/;

vu/fh l3ld/]

sf7df8f}+ . Pp6} :s'ndf bf]xf]¥ofP/ egf{ z'Ns lng gkfOg], ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / dfl;s z'Nsdf ;d]t ;fljs eGbf a9L p7fpg gkfpg] Joj:yf P]gdf eP klg ;f] cg';f/sf] lgodfjnL gcfPsf]n] cleefjsx¿n] o;jif{ klg egf{ z'Ns / rsf]{ dfl;s z'Naf6 /fxt kfPgg\ . z'Nssf] dfkb08 tof/ ug{sf nflu af]l8Ëx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{ h?/L lyof] . t/ lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] gof“ z}lIfs ;q cf/De e};Sbf klg juL{s/0f ug{ ;s]g . kmntM cleefjsx¿n] cfkm\gf ;GttLx¿nfO{ k"j{jtM rsf]{ z'Ns lbP/ ljBfno egf{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .

;d'bfonfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpg NofOPsf] lzIff ;ftf} ;+zf]wg P]gsf] sfof{Gjog l9nfO ug{df lzIff dGqfno / lghL :s'nx¿sf] cf–cfkm\g} :jfy{ ePsf] atfOG5 . lgodfjnL gaGbf lghL / ;/sf/L b'j} :s'nsf] Joj:yfkgn] ljBfyL{x¿af6 cfkm"v'zL z'Ns p7fpg] 5'6 kfp“5 . ag]kl5 aflwg'kb{5 .

:s'nsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f gePsf]n] cleefjsx¿ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf af/]df klg cgle1 ePsf 5g\ . lzIffljb\ dgk|;fb jfUn] eGg'x'G5– Pp6f ljBfyL{;“u ?=# ;o z'Ns ln+bf;d]t !) b]lv @) k|ltzt gfkmf x'G5 . t/ !%÷@) xhf/ egf{ ln+bf k|zf;g s] x]l//x]sf] 5 < pQm hf“r ug{ g;Sg' dGqfnosf] g} bf]if /x]sf] jfUn]sf] syg 5 .

o;}u/L :s'nx¿n] s'g} yk z'Ns glnPsf] bfjL KofK;gsf cWoIf /fh]z v8\sfsf] /x]sf] 5 . c:yfoL lgb]{zgn] :s'nx¿nfO{ s73/fdf pEofP/ dg'{ g af“Rg' agfPsf] 5 . k|To]s ;];g;+u} rNg] z'Ns a'l4sf] xNnfn] KofK;g dfgl;s lzsf/ ePsf] 5 . v8\sfsf] yk egfO 5 .

o;}u/L k':tsfno, k|of]uzfnf tyf vfgf / oftfoft h:tf ljifodf dfq z'Ns p7fPsf] egfO lzIff bIftf ljsf; s]Gb|sf dxf;lrj z/0f/Tg :yflktsf] 5 .

o;}u/L P]g–lgod adf]lhd dfq z'Ns lng'kg]{ lzIff dGqfnosf k|jQmf o'j/fh kf08]sf] egfO 5 . of] lgodsf] pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ ;/sf/n] sf/jfxL ug]{ r]tfjgL pxf“n] lbg'eof] . of] lgod pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ ?=@% xhf/ ;Dd hl/jfgf ug]{ Joj:yf P]gdf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

o;}u/L sltko ljBfnox¿n] kfpg] cltl/Qm ljifosf] kf7\oqmd ljgf:jLs[t cWofkg u/fO/x]sfn]] ;f] sfo{ cljnDa /f]Sg ;d]t cfJxfg u/]sf] 5 . @)%( sf] z}lIfs ;qdf cWofkg u/fpg] kf7\oqmd, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 clgjfo{ :jLs[t u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

g]lj;+3df km]l/ ef“8e}nf]

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}+ . rf}w dlxgf k"j{ lgjf{lrt g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] jt{dfg sfo{;ldltn] k"0ff{sf/ kfPs} lbgb]lv rsf]{ ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] 5 .

;+3sf ;efklt ljZjk|sfz zdf{n] cf7f}+ dxflwj]zgdf ljz]if k|fljlws sf/0fn] :ylut afUdtL gf/fo0fL c~rn ljZjljBfno / clwj]zg cfof]hs lhNnfsf tkm{af6 s]Gb|Lo ;b:o rog ubf{ ljwfg pNn+3g ug'{ ePsf]n] ;f] ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] xf] . ;efklt zdf{n] dxflwj]zgsf] k|ltlglw g} gePsf /fh' yfkfnfO{ gf/fo0fLaf6, afUdtL c~rnaf6 r'gfj n8]sf ;fu/ clwsf/LnfO{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 / afUdtLaf6 k|df]bxl/ u'/fufO{+nfO{ lgo'Qm ug'{sf ;fy} clwj]zg cfof]hs lhNnf lrtjgaf6 lbg]z sf]O/fnfnfO{ lgo'Qm ug'{ePsf] 5 .

afUdtL gf/fo0fL / ljZj ljBfnosf] tkm{af6 lgo'Qm ug'{kg]{ # hgf c~rn k|ltlglw s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf ;DaGwdf ut c;f]h @^ ut] a;]sf] a}7sn] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltnfO{ rog ul/lbg n]vL k7fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . t/, ;efklt zdf{n] cfkm"v'zL u/L k|ltlglw g} g/x]sf JolQmnfO{ dgf]gog ul/lbg'eof] . o:t} cfof]hs lhNnfsf tkm{af6 lhNnf sfo{;ldlt lrtjgn] ljsf; sf]O/fnfnfO{ dgf]gog ug{ l;kmfl/; ubf{ub}{ pxf“n] lbg]z sf]O/fnfnfO{ ul/lbg'eof] . g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] ljwfg @)@& -;+zf]wg @)%&_ sf] dfu 5, wf/f !! sf] -u_ df …dxflwj]zg cfof]hgf ePsf] lhNnfsf] lhNnf sfo{ ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] Pshgf kg]{u/L ug'{kg]{5 eGg] k|fjwfgnfO{ ldr]/ pxf“n] lgo'lQm ug'{eof] . ljwfg ldr]/ s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltnfO{ k"jf{sf/ lbPkl5 ;+3sf dxfdGqL ofbj kl08tn] Ps jQmJo k|sflzt u/L o;k|lt cfkm\gf] c;xdlt k|s6 ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;+3sf pkfWoIf qo jf;' sf]O/fnf -k"j{_, k|]d kf}8]n -klZrd_, s]zj l;x+ -;'b"/_ n] k|hftGqdfly cft+sjfbLx¿sf] ;'lgof]lht k|xf/ ePsf] a]nf ;+u7gleq ck"j{ Pstf b]lvg] u/L sfo{ ;~rfng / ;+u7g ug'{kg]{df ;efkltsf] sfdn] ljjfb a9fPsf] hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] 5 . pxf“x¿n] ;efklt zdf{nfO{ uNtL ;RofP/ ljwfg / lgod cg'?k ;+3nfO{ ;d]6]/ n}hfg cfu|x ug'{ePsf] 5 .

g]t[TjljxLg, ult / lbzf/lxt cy{tGq

k|fWofks 8f= ljZjDe/ Kofs'¥ofn

g]kfndf h'g ultdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f cfof] o;nfO{ d"Nof+sg / cfTd;ft ug]{ Ifdtf /fhg}lts bnx¿df cfpg ;s]g . o;cy{df pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjnfO{ y]Ug ;Sg] zlQm zf;g ug]{ /fhg}lts bndf ;d]t b]lvPg . ;dy{g ug]{ kIfn] t'ngfTds b[li6n] /fd|f] hLjg:t/ sfod x'g;Sg] ;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s ljZjf; hgtfnfO{ lbg ;s]gg\ . lj/f]w ug]{ ;d"xn] 7f]; j}slNks gLltx¿ hg;dIf k|:t't ug{ ;s]gg\ . d'n's cGof}n, c/fhstf, c;dfgtf / c;'/Iffsf] lzsf/ aGb} uof] . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 afx\o bjfjsf e/df ck"0f{ cfly{s ;+oGqn] x:tIf]k u/L /fhgLlts ;+/rgfnfO{ 5fof“df kf/]sf]n] jt{dfg /fhg}lts ;d:ofn] hGd lnPsf] xf] . d'n's Ift ljIft e};s]kl5 lhDd]jf/ /fhg}lts bnn] s]xL ;do otf b]zsf d'Vo cfly{s ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs 5nkmnsf] k|lqmof ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|of;nfO{ eg] ;sf/fTds dfGg'kb{5 .

b]zsf] s'g} klg dxTjk""0f{ cfly{s kl/;"rs plrt lbzflt/ cu|;/ e}/x]sf 5}gg\ eGbf ca sf]xL klg cfZro{rlst x'"b}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yf xfd|f] hLjgrof{ e};s]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] xfn ef]u]sf] æ;+s6sfnsf] cy{tGqÆ nfO{ s]xL ;'emfj lbgsf nflu s]xL cfly{s kl/;"rsx¿nfO{ :yfgdf /fVg}k5{ .

cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷)%( sf] k|yd ;ft dlxgfdf /fhZj ut jif{ ;f]xL;dodf !*=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf]df df3 dlxgf;Dd $=! k|ltztn] dfq a9]/ /fhZj a[l4df lzlyntf cfO{{ s"n ;fwg kl/rfngdf ;d]t sd b/n] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . cem cy{ dGqfnosf] tYof+s cg';f/ t rfn' jif{sf] jh]6sf] @% k|ltztsf] /fhZj a[l4sf] nIo kmfu'g;Dd cf7 dlxgf cjlwdf # k|ltztdfq a[l4 ePsf] 5 h'g qmlds ?kdf 36\g] lbzftkm{ u}/x]5 . ;fwg kl/rfng eGbf ;/sf/L vr{sf] a[l4b/ pRr ePsf]n] jh]6 3f6f ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf ^=^ k|ltznt] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . hlxn] klg ;kmntfsf] dfkb08sf] ?kdf b]vfOg] a}+lsË If]q;Fu /x]sf] s'n j}b]lzs d'b|f ;+lrlt @)%* df3 d;fGtdf utjif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf #=% k|ltztn] x|f; eO{ ?=!)@ cj{ @^ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . s/tkm{ $$=@ k|ltztdfq /fhZj ;+sng ePsf] 5 eg] Eof6tkm{ jflif{s nIosf] %!=* k|ltzt ePsf] 5 . s/ /fhZjsf] a[l4b/ &=^ k|ltzt eP klg u}/ s/ /fhZjsf] a[l4b/ !^=% k|ltztn] C0ffTds 5 . o:t} cGtMz'Nssf] ;+sng klg C0ffTds 5 .

g]kfnsf] lgof{td"ns pBf]u ljz]if u/]/ ufd]{G6, un}+rf / klZdgfdf t 7"nf] k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; cf=j=sf] klxnf]] ;ft dlxgfdf utjif{sf] ;f]xL ;dosf] t'ngfdf sfk]{6, ufd]{G6 / klZdgfdf qmdzM -@#=!_, -#*=*_ / &$=(_ k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cy{tGq c;fWo} ;+j]bgzLn / sdhf]/ 5 . g]kfndf gf/fo0flx6Lsf] 36gfkl5 dfq tLg dlxgfleq ef/tLo ko{6ssf] ;+Vof %(=# k|ltztn] 36\of] . ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;+rodf ?=$=) cj{n] x|f; cfof] tyf g]kfnL ?k}of“ cd]l/sL 8n/sf] t'ngfdf !=(@ k|ltztn] cjd"Nog eof] . d'n'ssf] jt{dfg cj:yf cgj/t?kdf clglZrt sfn;Dd nlDab} uPdf lgs} bogLo cj:yfdf k'Ug]5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f 7Kk x'"bf xfd|f] vr{ ug]{ ;fdfYy{ u'Dg]5 . d'n'ssf] k|yd k~r jlif{o of]hgf -!(%^–^!_ sfndf s'n ?=@! s/f]8sf] jh]6df jflif{s $ s/f]8 vr{ ug{ ;lsPsf] lyof] . cyf{t of]hgfjlwdf @! s/f]8 vr{eof] cy{tGq s'n ljlgof]hgsf] eg] (% k|ltzt . t/ Ifdtf ;fj{ef}d d'n'ssf] c;fj{ef}d cfly{s bfo/fdf ;Lldt x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 . ljsf; kl/of]hgf clxn] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] l:yltdf cfufdL jif{sf] jh]6df ;fwf/0f vr{ h'6fpg Ps jif{nfO{ Tolt cK7]/f] gkg{ ;S5 t/ To;kl5sf] lj8DagfnfO{ s;}n] Wofg lbPsf] 5}g .

:k]gsf /fhfnfO{ n8fO{+sf] tof/Lsf] nflu Pp6f ;Nnfx lbOPsf] lyof]– n8fO{sf] nflu tLgj6f s'/fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 Tof] xf]] k};f, k};f / w]/} k};f . o:tf] clglZrt n8fO{ slxn];Dd ug]{ < s;/L ug]{ < s] xfl;n ug]{ < xfdL;+u s'g} klg k|Zgsf] k|i6 pQ/ 5}g, eljiodf xfdLn] rfx]sf] /fhgLlts ;+/rgf s:tf] xf] ;j{bnLo ;xldt sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . nfU5, xfdL;+u Pp6} ljsNk 5 Tof] xf] ;'/Iff nufgL a9fp“b} ug'{ .

o'4n] 5f]6f] ;dodf kfg]{ cfly{s k|efj d"No clej[[l4 xf] h;n] hLjg:t/nfO{ gf6sLo 9+un] 36fp“5 . o:tf] o'4df cfwlf/t d'b|f l:kmltnfO{ rLgdf $)) jL=;L= df ;g\ (Sun Tzu_ n] o;/L aofg u/]sf lyP æhxf“ ;}lgs 5g\ Toxf“ d"No a[l4 ePsf] x'G5, ha d"No a9\5 hgtfsf] ;DklQ ;dfKt x'G5 .Æ o;f] eGg'sf] vf; tfTko{ o'4nfO{ rf“8f] cGTo ug'{ / ;DklQnfO{ cfkm\g} lgoGq0fdf /fVg' xf] . xfdLn] cfufdL jif{ ;'/Iffsf] nflu s'g cfwf/df ;|f]tsf] af“8kmf“8 ug]{ < xfd|f cjwf/0ff (assumptions) s]–s] x'g\ tL k|i6 ?kdf ;fj{hlgs x'g'k¥of] . xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, ;'/Iff an k|of]u u/L /fVg ;/sf/n] s/ a[l4 ug'{k5{ h;n] ubf{ hgtfsf] vr{ ug]{ Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] / nufgL 36\g] x'G5 . s/ a[l4 ug]{ ;Ldf gfl3;s]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ pkfo C0f lng' xf] . o;n] ;/sf/sf] C0f e'QmfgLsf] dfqf a9fp“b} hfG5 . cem g]kfndf !(() sf] bzsdf C0f e'QmfgLdf s'n jflif{s vr{sf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd vr{ e}/x]sf]df ca ;g\ @))@ ;Dddf 7"nf] j}b]lzs ;xof]usf kl/of]hgfsf] Dofb ;lsg] x'gfn] /fi6«n] wfGg g;Sg] vr{ C0f e'QmfgLsf] nflu 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ ePsf]n] of] yk cfjZostf s;/L k"lt{ ug]{ < xfd|f] sfo{ut of]ghf s]–s] x'g\ < tL klg t 5nkmnsf] nflu cufl8 Nofpg'k¥of] . t/ Tof] ePsf] 5}g . ;'/Iff vr{sf] nflu t];|f] ljsNk xf]– d'b|fsf] lgisfzg . o;n] d'b|f l:kmltnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 / o:tf] l:kmlt eg]sf] Ps lsl;dsf] ck|ToIf s/ g} xf] . clxn] xfd|f] l:yltdf s] of] ;DefJo ljsNk xf] t < xfdLn] oL d'2fx¿df 5nkmn lsg gug]{ <

afx| jif{;Ddsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] cg'ejdf xfdLn] 1fg xfl;n u/]sf] Pp6} cfly{s ;+oGq xf]– s/sf] b/df a[l4 ug'{ . 8/fP/, t];f{P/, wDSofP/, ;/sf/ lgolGqt ljlQo ;+:yfaf6 uf]Ko ;"rgf lnP/ h;/L ePklg cfjZostf cg';f/sf] /sd c;"n ug]{ xfd|f] ljlQo gLltsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f kl5sf] (Post liberalization) ljz]iftf xf] . xfdLn] ;+s6 k/]sf] a]nf, n8fO{ ePsf] a]nf, hgqmflGtn] d'n's tx;gx; ePsf] a]nf ;+;f/df sfof{gjogdf NofOPsf cGo j}slNks ;+oGqsf] vf]hL ug]{ rf;f] lnPs} 5}gf}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cfly{s dGbLaf6 d'Qm x'g nufgL clea[l4 u/L /f]huf/L a9fpg' k5{ / of] s'/f To;a]nf ;Dej 5 ha s/df lbOg] 5'6n] hgtf a9L vr{ ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . of] cj:yfdf nufgLstf{ / pkef]Qmfsf] nfut sd x'G5 . o;n] 5f]6f] ;dodf jh]6 3f6f a9 ]klg o:tf] sbdaf6 cy{tGqdf b"/ufdL k|efj ;sf/fTds x'g;S5 . o:tf] sbdsf] Pp6} p2]Zo xf] s]xL Jojxfl/s If]qdf /fHon] nrstf b]vfpg] . h;n] ubf{ o:tf] c:yfoL ;xof]un] k|lti7fgdf k|ltikwf{ sfod u/L ;|f]tnfO{{ cg'Tkfbs If]qdf pkof]u ug]{ ;DefjgfnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ul/lbG5 . dGbLsf] a]nf ;LkePsf of]Uo JolQmsf] /f]huf/Ldf a9L dfu x'G5, clzlIft ;d"x o:tf cj;/af6 jl~rt x'G5g\ t/ Jofhb/ 36fObf dfu clea[l4 eP/ cfly{s ultljlw a9\gfn] cGo >ldssf] dfudf klg a[l4 x'g ;S5 To;}n] o:tf] ;+oGqsf] k|of]un] Ps csf{nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . k|ljlwsf] vkt a9L ePsf ljsl;t cy{tGqdf eg] pRr k|ljlwsf] d]lzgsf] k|of]un] >ldsx¿sf] dfu 36\g ;S5 . of] l:ylt g]kfndf k|foM gePsf]n] of] 7"nf] ;d:of gx'g ;S5 .

cd]l/sfsf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] !&,$^# 8n/ -!# nfv ^$ xhf/ & ;o ## ?k}+of_ cfDbfgL ePdf Pp6f cleefjssf] hf]8Ln] cfkm\gf b'O{ hgf ;GtfgnfO{ cd]l/sfsf] s'g} klg /fHodf ul/aLsf] /]vfdfly /fv]/ nfng kf]if0f ug{ ;S5 eg]sf] 5 . t/ cg';Gwfgn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] pk/f]Qm /sdsf] b'O{u'0ff cfDbfgL x'"bf klg $) k|ltzt kl/jf/ ef]s} dg]{ kL/n] cd]l/sL hgtf ljrltn ePsf 5g\ . of] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} 3/ 38]/Lsf] cefj, k|lt/f]wfTds :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cefj h:tf pRr hLjgofkg vr{ xf] . cd]l/sfdf of] xfnt 5 eg] g]kfndf ;+s6sfnsf] cy{tGq lqmofzLn e}/fv]sf] a]nf ;/sf/n] s] s:tf] cfly{s pTk|]/0ffsf] y}nf] (Economic stimulus package) hg;dIf Nofpg rfx]sf] 5 xfdLnfO{ s]xL 1ft 5}g . ;bgdf o;af/] k|ltkIfLn] s] s'/f p7fP s]xL yfxf 5}g . s] ;/sf/n] s/ nfUg' cl3sf] Hofnf / s/ nflu;s]kl5sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s]xL gLltx¿ th'{df ug{ k/f]Og t < s] xfd|f] gLlt ;Defljt nufgLstf{ / pkef]QmfnfO{ qf; lbnfpg] s/ gLlt dfq} xf] .

cfly{s dGbL g'x"bf g]kfnL >d ahf/df k|ltjif{ # nfv JolQm /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ylkPsf 5g\ ca cfpg] lbg /f]huf/L lgdf{0f ug]{ lznlznfdf s:tf] xf]nf sNkgf ug{ 8/ x'G5 . of] ;d:of pRr:t/df k'lu;Sof] . ;/sf/sf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ /f]huf/Laf6 d'Qm ug]{ k|ljlw sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] b]lvG5 . t/ PshgfnfO{ /f]huf/Laf6 Ro"t ug'{ eg]sf] w]/} JolQmnfO{ a]/f]huf/L agfpg' xf] . rfx] clgjf{ ;]jf lgj[lQsf] s'/f u/f}+ of t :j]lR5s lgj[lQsf] s'/f, a]/f]huf/L ljdf (Unemployment insurance) df s]xL ;f]r ca cljnDa ;'? ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfdLn] a'em\g' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] o:tf Kofs]hsf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fbf{ Psd'i6 /sdsf] cfjZostf kg]{ dfq x}g t/ /f]huf/Laf6 d'Qm x'"bf xft k/]sf] k};f JolQmx¿n] vr{ /]/ cy{tGqdf /Qm ;+rf/ klg x'g;S5 . of] cGo d'n'sdf ;Dej b]lvPsf] 5 .

of] ;fgf] l6kf]6df h] hlt ;'ljwfsf s'/f ul/Psf 5g\ tL ;+s6sfnfnO{ b[li6ut u/L dGbLsf] a]nf ul/g] l;kmfl/;df cfwfl/t 5g\ . ;'ljwf k|bfg ubf{ To:tf ;'ljwfnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd sfod ug'{ x'"b}g h;n] ahf/ cy{tGqsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ cjd"Nog ul/b]cf];\ . ;+s6sfndf k|ToIf ?kdf k|efljt ePsf cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgnfO{ t'?Gt tyf k|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' k5{ h;n] ubf{ alg;s]sf] k"jf{wf/ Wj:t x'gaf6 hf]luof];\ .

xfdLN] Wofglbg'kg]{ w]/} s'/fx¿ 5g\– s]xL ;'?Iff;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] s]xL ;'/Iff aflx/sf klg 5g\ . ?U0f pBf]unfO{ lbOg] ;'ljwf, ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj:t x'"bf ul/g] ;xof]u / cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ / k|ToIf afx\o nufgLdf NofOg] ;'wf/sf cf–cfkm\g} dfGotf / k|lqmof 5g\ . cfGbf]gndf Hofg u'dfPsf kl/jf/nfO{ ul/g] ;xof]u / >dahf/ clqmofzLn eP/ afRg ;+3if{ ul//x]sf ul/j kl/jf/nfO{ ug]{ ;xof]u ;fy;fy} hfg'k5{ . dGbLsf] cy{tGq egf}+ of ;+s6sfnsf] cy{tGq of] Pp6f xf“ssf] cj:yf xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ PSn}n] ;a} s'/fsf] 7]Ssf lng'x'"b}g . c? a]nfdf eGbf klg a9L ;/;Nnfxsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

ca o:tf] crDdsf] l:yltdf cGt/f{li6«o ljlQo ;+:yfn] cGo ;fdfGo kl/l:yltdf /x]sf d'n'sdf h:t} g]kfndf nufOg] zt{x¿ pBf]u dGqfnosf] x]6f}8f sk8f pBf]u / g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgudnfO{ hf/L ug]{ Pp6} lgb]{zg h:tf] rflx+ s'g} xfntdf klg x'g x'"b}g . o:tf ;+:yfn] xfdL ;a}n] a'em]sf ;d:ofnfO{ d'n's plePsf] jf:tljs cfly{s w/ftn lal;{P/ xfd|f] sdhf]/LnfO{ w]/} Cash ul/;s] . df];] bofgn] PskN6 eg]sf lyP– "Where there is no solution, there is no problem" cyf{t hxf“ ;dfwfg 5}g, Toxf“ s'g} ;d:of g} x'"b}g . To;}n] ;d:of gePsf] 7fp“df cfjZostf eGbf a9L ?lr g} lsg /fVg] < o:tf ;+:yfn] e|i6frf/L ;+oGqnfO{ cg'bfg lbP/ ljsf; afws cfly{s gLlt anti-growth economic policy nfO{ ca pTk|]/0ff lbg' plrt b]lv+b}g . o:tf jf:tljstfnfO{ ;/sf/L k|ltlglw ;d]t clËsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 t/ b'ef{Uo xfdL;+u pgLx¿nfO{ lbg] ljsNk 5}g lsgeg] ;fs{df ;fK6fsf] l;4fGtn] ultlng !) jif{ nfUof] xfd|f] k|hftGqsf] !@ jif{df clxn];Dd cy{tGqnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lldt JolQmsf] klg s'g} ljsNk g} 5}g\ . To;}n] xfdL;+u ljsNk klg 5}g .

cGTodf !(() b]lv !((* ;Dd clk|msfdf )=$ k|ltzt k|ltjif{sf] cfly{s a[l4 b/ -k|lt JolQm a[l4 t nueu z"Go_ sfod x'"bf t pknAw ;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ d/]sf 5}gg\ eg] g]kfndf klg ;fxl;s, /fhg}lts / cfly{s ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsof] eg] xfd|f] n8v8fPsf] cfly{s k"jf{wf/nfO{ hf]ufpg kSs} klg ;lsG5 .

OZof{ / z+sfsf] lgolt

>L cfrfoo{

8fS6/ pk]Gb| b]jsf]6fsf ljrf/x¿ eg]/ kqsf/ ;f}/en] l6kf]6 ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 ls–@)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng s'g} kf6L{n] u/]sf] xf]Og, gful/s ;dfhaf6 :jtM:km"t{ ?kdf cfPsf] xf] . cfGbf]ng klt{ rf}/ lyof], To;nfO{ kf6L{x¿n] xTofPsf dfq x'g\ .

pk]Gb| b]jsf]6f hfGg] 8fS6/ x'g\, cg'ejn] vfl/Psf klg 5g\ . pgnfO{ dfgj z/L/sf gzf–gzfx¿sf] 1fg 5 . lylrPsf–r'l8Psf gzfx¿ pxf“n] 5'gf;fy ;lx;nfdt cj:yfdf k'U5g\ / la/fdLn] nfdf] cfo' kfp“5g\ eGg] ljZjf; 5 . t/ sltko /f]uLx¿sf la/fdL gzfx¿ pxf“sf] ;Lk / lrlsT;sLo k|of;sf afah'b klg 7Ls 7fp“df gkms]{sf a]nfsf] b'Mv–kL8f /f]uL PSn}n] kSs} ef]u]gg\ xf]nf, pxf“n] klg ;fy} cg'ej ug'{ ePsf] x'g'k5{ . Pp6f c;n / cg'ejL zNolrlsT;sn] cfkm\gf] 1fg–cg'ej / k|of;x¿ gfsfdofj eP/ v]/ uPsf] avt ef]Ug] kL8f j0f{gftLt x'G5 . o:tf kL8fx¿sf] cg'ej jL/–c:ktfnsf] ck|]zg lyP6/leq 8f= b]jsf]6fn] s}of}+ k6s ug'{eof] xf]nf . :jfefljs xf], To:tf] x'G5 . t/ 8fS6/x¿sf] lgotdf z+sf ul/b}g, ug'{x'"b}g . z+sf ul/of] / ePs} 36gfx¿ gsf/fTds k|rf/df NofOof] eg] d} x'" eGg] 8fS6/x¿sf] lSnlgs l/Qf] x'G5 . ta x'G5 s] eg], /fd|f] 8fS6/x¿n] klg abgfdL sdfp“5 / la/fdLn] pkrf/ kfp“b}g . b'Mv kfp“5, d5{ .

jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] d'n'ssf] cj:yf clxn] To:t} 5 . o;sf gzfx¿ lylrPsf, r'l8Psf 5g\ . /ut 5/ki6 au]sf] 5 . b]zsf gzfx¿ ;lx;nfdt agfpg ;Sg] v"jL / cg'ej ePsf /fhgLlts g]tfx¿nfO{ lgotj; abgfd u/fOPsf] 5 / cgf8L x]Ny cl;i6]06x¿n] ck|]zg ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljut !@ jif{b]lv nuftf/ ToxL e}/x]sf] 5 . ;Qfdf /x] jf g/x] klg g]tfx¿nfO{ abgfd ug'{ g]kfnsf slyt a'l4hLjLx¿sf] wd{ /x\of] . kmntM g]t[Tjx¿sf] cf]h x/fPsf] 5, sflGt gflzPsf] 5, JolQmTj cljZj;gLo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . g]tfx¿ eg]sf 8fS6/ 5g\, b]zsf zNolrlsT;s 5g\ – pgLx¿;“u /fhgLltsf] nfdf] cg'ej 5, cWoog 5 . To;}sf] cfwf/df oxf“ k6s–k6s k|hftflGqs cfGbf]gnx¿ eP / k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfkgf ePsf] xf] eGg] xfdLn] cfTd;ft\ g} u/]gf}+ . s~h'; eof}+ . ;Qf–;+rfngsf] ;f“rf] ;'Dkg] / lgotdf z+sf u/]/ p7Laf; v]nfpg] sfo{ eof] .

8f= pk]Gb|hL, tkfO{+ h:t} k9fOsf k/LIffx¿df of]Uotd ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] 8fS6/nfO{ ck|]zg lyP6/df k'u]kl5 aflx/af6 9'+uf j;f{P/ sfd ug{ lbOPg, leq klg c;xof]uLx¿ 5g\ eg] tkfO{+ s] ug'{x'G5 < s] eGg'x'G5 << Pp6f zNolrlsT;ssf] sfo{sfndf @÷$ k|ltzt ck|]zgx¿ c;kmn g} x'G5g\, x}g < tL c;kmntfx¿nfO{ ToxLsf 8fS6/x¿n] aflx/ k|rf/jfhLdf NofP / lgotj; To:tf] u/]sf] xf] jf Tof] 8fS6/ dvGgL 5 eGg] b':k|rf/ eof] eg] Tof] d]wfjL 8fS6/sf] xfnt s] x'G5 < / la/fdLx¿n] c;n–/fd|f] 8fS6/sf] ;]jf s;/L kfp“5g\ < kfp“b}gg\ . lul/hfk|;fb / s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ c;kmn eP h:t}, x'G5 . of] b]zsf] cj:yf clxn] eP h:t}, c:ktfnx¿ klg x'G5g\ .

sxf“ lalu|of] / g]t[Tjk|lt ;f]r gsf/fTds eof] < pQ/ vf]Hbf w]/} cfp“5g\ . sf+u|];, Pdfn], /fk|kf, ;b\efjgf–kf6L{x¿ ;a}lt/ To:t} 5 . g]t[Tjk|lt ;Ddfg / ;sf/fTds ;f]r 5"b}5}g . Toxf“ kf6L{–kf6L{ / kf6L{leq JolQm–JolQm :kwf{ x}g, z+sf / OZof{ 5 . tL O:of{j;\ em"6f]k|rf/ ul/Psf s'/fx¿nfO{ xfdL slyt k]z]jf/ a'l4hLjLx¿n] tLnnfO{ kxf8 agfP/ prfn]sf 5f}+ . x'"bfx'"bf tkfO{+ h:tf] k|a'4 8fS6/sf] /fhgLlts ljrf/–ljZn]if0f o;/L k9\g kg]{ eof] ls– @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng :jtM:km"t{ xf], klt{ rf}/ lyof] / g]tfx¿n] xTofPsf x'g\ . of] ljZn]if0f jf:tljstfaf6 w]/} 6f9f 5, coyfy{ 5 . o;n] k|hftGqsf lgldQ cfhLjg n8]sf–le8]sf g]tfx¿sf] cjd"Nog u/]sf] 5 . Oltxf; a+Uofpg kfOb}g . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] ;+:yfut jLhf/f]k0f /f0ff zf;gsf] lj?4df ePsf] xf] . @))& ;fndf k|hftGqjfbLx¿n] ;kmntf kfP . @))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf u/fpg] g]tfx¿ -slt ;lxb eP_ hf] @)!& ;fnkl5 klg lg/Gt/ k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfkgfsf] lglDt cfGbf]ng/t /x] . k+rfotsfndf To:tf g]tfx¿sf sfo{stf{x¿ k|hftflGqs cfGbf]gnsf] aLh k'gM /f]Kb}, uf]8\b} ufp“sf eL/–kfvf uy]{ . kqklqsf k|sflzt uy]{, krf{x¿ ljt/0f uy]{ . ufp“sf :s'n–:s'n k|hftGqsf] lju'n km'Sg] …t?0fÚ jgf;/b]lv k'UYof] . dfG5]n] k9\y] / k|hftGqsf lglDt v6\g tof/ x'Gy] . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] k|hftGqk|]dLx¿sf] hdftnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{ g]tfx¿sf] kf6L{– g]kfnL sf+u|];n] @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]gnsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] xf] / To;sf] sdf08/ x'g'x'GYof]– g]kfnL sf+u|];sf eLidlktfdx g]tf u0f]zdfg l;+x /, lul/hfk|;fb, s[i0fk|;fb pxf“sf ;dsIfL ;xof]uL g]tfx¿ . sf+u|];n] cfkm}n] v]t hf]t]/, l;+rfO u/]/, aLp 5/]/, uf]8d]n u/]/ ca r}+ k|hftGqsf] afnL kfSg] a]nf eof] eGg] 7DofP/ æcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf]Æ z+v3f]if u/]sf] xf] . kl5 To;df jfdklGy zlQmx¿n] ck"j{ ;xof]u u/]sf x'g\ . hgtfn] k|hftGqsf] n8fOdf ;fy lbof] . ;fy 8fS6/x¿n] lbP, jlsnn] lbP, OlGhlgo/x¿n] klg t/ cfGbf]ngsf] ;"qkft / g]t[Tj sf+u|];n] u/]sf] xf] . kf6L{x¿n] u/]sf x'g\ . h; pgLx¿nfO{ g} hfG5 .

xf], clxn] lalu|Psf] 5 l:ylt, d'n's la/fdL 5 / of] lsg la/fdL 5 / /ut–/f]O/x]5 eGg] klg :ki6 e};s]sf] 5 . of] ;a g]tfx¿dflysf] Oiof{, z+sf / cljZjf;n] ePsf] xf] . bf]if g]tfx¿sf] dfq} 5}g, k]zfut a'l4hLjLx¿sf] cem a9L 5 . /, b]lvb}5 . xf], g]tfx¿ sf]xL cfkm} gfnfos–c;Ifd xf]nfg\ t/ ltgnfO{ s]xL 8fS6/, s]xL OlGhlgo/ / s]xL k"j{ k|zf;sx¿n] v]b\g ;Sb}gg\, pgLx¿df Tof] x}l;ot x'Gg . g]tfnfO{ :jLsfg]{ jf v]b\g] hgtfn] u5{ / ck/fwL g} ;fljt– b]lvP Gofonon] b08 u5{ . ;Ifd g]tf lrg]/, dfg]/ ;Ddfg ug{ l;sf}+ b]z ;+rf] x'G5 . of] b]zdf c;n / v"aL ePsf 8fS6/ ePh:t} g]tfx¿ klg 5g\ . olQ xf]– x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f 5}g . kf6L{leq h] xf];\– sd;]sd sf]O/fnf / e§/fO{sf] lgotdf z+sf ug'{ x'"b}g aflx/af6 . t/ e}/x]5 / lgolt / b]zn] ef]Ub}5 . ef]lu/xG5 .

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