sf7df08f}+, cfiff9 !^ @)%(

cg'ej cGtjftf{

k|wfgdGqLn] kbLo ;Ldf pNn+3g ug'{ ePsf] 5

jl/i7 clwjQmf s';'d >]i7

z+s/k|;fb kf08] ;d]tsf lgj]bsx¿n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf lj?4 lbg'ePsf] @)%( ;fnsf] /L6  lgj]bg g+= #%*$ df ;+;b
lj36g ug]{ k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/z ;+ljwfg ;Ddt ge} clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L /
clwsf/sf] k|of]u s'lgot / cGofGok|of]hg hGo /x]sf]n] lj36g jb/ u/L ;+;b
k'g{:yfkgf ug{ ofrgf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+;b lj36gsf] lzkmfl/z s'g}
zt{aGb]h /lxt k|wfgdGqLo clwsf/ ePsf] bfjL ub}{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #% -^_
cGt/utsf] ;+lIft ;DaGw  xsb}of / /fhgLlts k|Zgx¿sf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fg' ePsf]
5 .
o;}n] kIf ljkIfsf sygx¿nfO{ x]bf{ k|:t't ljifodf wf/f #% -^_ cg';f/ ;+/lIft
;Djfbsf] k|Zg / /fhg}lts k|Zgh:tf k|f/DeLs sfg'gL k|Zgsf ;fy} s'lgot tyf
cGoGo k|of]hgsf] k|Zg / lj36gsf] j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg h:tf clwsf/ If]qfTds
k|Zgsf] lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . j:t't GofozLn lg0f{odf g} cbfntsf] ul/df /
zlQm cGt/lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . ef}lts zlQm k""hL / afWofTds ljlw lgdf{0f
Ifdtfsf] cefj ePtfklg GofozLn lg0f{osf sf/0f cbfntk|lt hgdfg;df cf:yf,
ljZjf; / e/f];f /x]sf] x'G5 . GofozLn lg0f{o Pp6f lglZrt Goflos dfkb08,
ljj]s, ts{ Pj+ wf/0ffdf cfl>t /x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] ;Ddflgt cbfntn] oL oIf
k|Zgx¿df lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes k|Zgx¿d} x]/f}+M-

;+/lIft ;Djfb

k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %#-$_ adf]lhd k|ltlglw ;ef lj36gsf] nflu
k|wfgdGqLn] s'g Joxf]/fsf] l;kmfl/z u¥of] jf dlGqkl/ifb\n] s'g k|sf/sf]
;Nnfx / ;Ddlt lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] cbfntdf k|Zg p7\g g;Sg] aGb]h ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f #%-^_ åf/f :yflkt ePsf] k|ltsyg k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 . k|yd b[li6df g}
k|Toly{sf] k|f/lDes sfg'gL k|Zg ;f/xLg ePsf] k'i6\ofp"5 . ;+/lIft ;Djfb
;+ljwfgn] vf; k|of]hgsf] nflu ljz]iftM ;fj{hlgs lxt cIf'0f /fVg Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 g ls s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] lgxLt :jfy{ ;+/If0fsf] nflu . t/,
#%-%_ cGt/ut ;+/lIft ;+jfb cgflwsf/ jf u}/sfg'gL jf ablgotk"0f{ sfo{nfO{
a}wLs/0f ug{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'"b}g . d'2fdf Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] nflu ;f/tM
;DaGwL tYo n'sfpg k|of]hgsf] nflu jf Gofo k|lqmof cj/f]w ug{ ;+/lIft
;+jfbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'"b}g . p;df klg :jod\ k|Tofly{n] @)%(.@.!! df
b]zjf;Lsf gfd lbPsf] jQmJodf ;+;b\ lj36g u/]sf] sf/0f pb\3f6g ul/;Sg' ePsf]
5 . To; l:yltdf ;+/lIft ;Djfbsf] k|Zg p7\g ;Qm}gg\ .
;+/lIft ;+jfbsf] ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt cbfntn] ghL/ :yflkt ul/;s]sf] 5 . xl/k|;fb
g]kfn lj?4 k|=d= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, ;DaGwL @)%! ;fnsf] lg0f{odf k|sflzt
e} ;s]sf] ;Djfbdf ;+/lIft ;Djfbsf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 .
To;t} /jL/fh e08f/L lj=k|=d= dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] @)%@ ;fnsf] lg0f{odf
;+;b\sf] lj36gsf] /fli6«o ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]sf] ljifo x'"bf To;sf] sf/0fsf]
hfgsf/L lbg k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL / pQ/bfoL zf;g Joj:yfsf] cjwf/0ff Pj+
wf/f !^ cg';f/ aGwgsf/L x'gfsf] ;fy} ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 lj36gsf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs
u/fP kl5 ;+/lIft ;Djfbsf] cj:yf ;[lht x'g ;Qm}g eGg] ghL/ k|lt:yflkt e}
;s]sf] 5 . pQm glh/ dfGo l;4fGt cg's"n 5 .
/fhg}lts k|Zg
lgjf{rgsf] qmdf /fhg}lts pkfox¿åf/f hgtfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts, ljjfb /
jx;sf] ljifox¿ cjut u/fOg] k|lqmofdf lgj]bsn] cj/f]w ;[hgf x'g] u/L d2f ug{
;Sg] xf]Og eGg] k|ToyL{sf] k|lt clesyg /x]sf] 5 . ;Ddflgt cbfntn] pko'{Qm
lg0f{ox¿ s'g s'/f ljz'4 /fhg}lts k|Zg x'g] / s'g s'/f /fhg}lts ljifo
;Dj}wflgs k|Zg x'g] ;DaGwdf glh/ k|lt:yfkg u/L;s]sf] 5 . @)%@ ;fnsf]
lg0f{osf] k|s/0f *$, *% / *^ df o; ;DaGwdf ghL/ :yflkt ePsf] 5 . /fhg}lts
k|lqmofaf6 lg/f]k0f x'g] k|Zgx¿ h;df Goflos lg/f]k0f ug]{ klxrfg Pj+ dfkb08
/x]sf] x'"b}g Gofo of]Uo (Justifiable) x'g ;Qm}gg\ . pbfx/0ffy{ /fhg}lts /
cfly{s cfwf/df k|ltlglw ;efsf] lj36g cyjf @)%! ;fnsf] lg0f{o b]vfOPsf]
lj36gsf] cfwf/ ljz'4 /fhg}lts k|Zg /x]sf] x'G5g t/ s'g} k|Zg rfx] Tof]
/fhg}lts xf];\ ;+j}wflgs k|Zg Pj+ Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt;"u ;lDd>t 5g eg] Tof]
;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL k|Zg x'G5 . h;sf] lg/f]k0f ug{ cbfnt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *$,
** / (^ cg';f/ aGwgsf/L 5 .
;Ddflgt cbfnt pQm glh/ Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg's"n 5g\ .
cd]l/sfdf Baker V. Carr cases 369 US186 (1962) df ljz'4 /fhg}lts k|Zg
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l;4fGtdf elgPsf] 5,
A lack of judicially discoverable and manageable stendards for resolving
issues" and the impossibility of deciding without and initial policy
determination of a kind clearly for non-judicial discretion."
The courts connot reject as 'no lawsuit' a bonefide controversy as to
wehether some action denominated "political" exceeds constitutional
authority."
;+;b lj36g ;DaGwL ;Ddlgt cbfntsf] k"j{ lg0f{osf xsb}ofsf] k|Zg lg/f]k0f e}
;s]sf] 5 . lg0f{ox¿df >L % af6 dGqL kl/ifb\ jf cGo kbflwsf/L jf lgsfosf]
;Nnfx jf l;kmfl/zdf u/L aS;g] sfo{sf] pQ/bflotj ;f] ;'emfj lbg] jf l;kmfl/z
ug]{ kbflwsf/Lsf] lgsfon] Joxf]g'{ kg]{ / lghsf lj?4 sfg'gL sf/jfxL rNg ;Sg]
ePsf]n] wf/f #! cGt{utsf] pGd'lQmsf] k|Zg p7\g g;Sg] s'/f k|i6\ofO ;s]sf] 5
.

clwsf/ If]qfTds bf]ifsf] k|Zg

k|ltlglw ;efsf] lj36gsf] ;+j}wflgstf Pj+ o'lQm;+uttf xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn]
c+ufn]sf] ;Lldt ;/sf/sf cjwf/0ff Pj+ d"ne"t ;+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df kl/If0f
ug'{k5{ . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs cg'ej, /fhg}lts ljsf;, hgtfsf]
rfxgf Pj+ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+j}wflgs cfwf/zLnfx¿nfO{ ;+ufn]sf] 5 .
xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] xfd|} ljutsf s7f]/ cg'ejnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL ;j{k|yd
clwgfosjfbL jf :j]R5frf/L jf PstGqLo Joj:yf ljkl/t ;+;bLo /fHo k|0ffnLåf/f
k|ltlglwd"ns ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf u/]sf] 5 . hgcf:yfsf] k""hLsf] ?kdf ;+j}wflgs
/fhtGq, ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+;bLo Joj:yf, k|ltlglw ;efk|lt ;bf;j{bf pQ/bfloTj
Pj+ k|ltlglwd"ns sfo{sf/Ll0f ;/sf/, :jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf] d"ne"t
;+/rgf /r]/ To; zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ k|hftflGqs k4lt, sfg'gL /fh / ;+ljwfg jfb
clwg:y u/fPsf] 5 . ax'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{?k
lbg ;+ljwfgsf] efu !& df /fhg}lts ;+u7gx¿sf] ljz]if ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/L
;+;bdf lgjf{lrt x'g] ;f+;bx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] bn k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g kg]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^ cGt{ut ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{
k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm x'g] k|fjwfgn] cfkm\gf] bn ljz]if ;+;bLo bnsf] ljZjf;
cgj/t?kdf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ s'/f k|i6\ofPsf] 5 . /fHosf] ;j{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf
cGtlg{lxt u/fPsf] 5 h;sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/P adf]lhd x'g] k|i6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . zlQm ljefhg / ;Gt'ngsf] k|aGw u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
;jf]{Rrtfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 h;sf] k|lts"n s'g} klg sfo{ c;+j}wflgs x'g]
:ki6 k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
sfo{sfl/0fL c+unfO{ ljz]iftM dGqL kl/ifb\ / k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf
cfwf/:tDesf] :yfg lbOPsf] ePtfklg sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ :j]R5frf/L Pj+ clwgfos aGg
glbg Psflt/ h'g bnaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf] 5 Tof] bn ;+;bLo bn Pj+ ;+;bn] ljljw
k|sf/n] lgoGq0f u5{ eg] csf]{lt/ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u, ;+ljwfgn]
lg/f]lkt u/]sf] ;Lldt ;/sf/ Pj+ cfwf/lznf, sfg'gL /fh, ;+ljwfgjfb cyf{t\
;+ljwfgsf dfGo l;4fGt / ;+ljwfgsf cGo Joj:fysf clwgdf /x]/ dfq k|of]u ug]{
u/L aGwgsf/L agfOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgjfbsf] cjwf/0ff William G Andrews n] o;/L
cfkm\gf] lstfa Constitution and Constitutionalism d'vl/t ug'{ ePsf] 5 M
Man's unending search for the widest freedom to pursue his own ends within
ordered society explains his acceptance of government. He tolerates gentle
fetters from the State to escape the heavy chains of anarchic chaos and to
gain the opportunities for collective action and division of labor that, in
the modern world, are available only within the State. Yet, a State powerful
enouth to maintain order may also be strong because to suppress liberty.
ecause of his fear that Leviathan might become a "rankenstein monster, Man
equips the machinery of government with brakes as well as a motor:
Under constitutionalism,  two types of limitations impinge on government.
Power is proscribed and procedures prescribed.
sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ dxTj"0f{ aGb]h ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # df g} ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/
g]kfns} ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg]5 h;sf] k|of]u o; ;+ljwfgdf
Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg ;Ddt x'g kg]{ s'/f wf/f
#%-!_ df sfo{sf/0fL clwsf/ ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'g adf]lhd >L % / dGqL kl/ifb\df
lglxt x'g kg]{ s'/fn] k'gM k|i6\ofPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/ clwsf/ ;Lldt /xG5,
;Lldt clwsf/ sfg'g ;+ut x'g'k5{ / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ljlwk|lqmof jf ljj]sk"0f{
sfo{ljlw kfngf u/L ug'{k5{ . k|hftflGqs k|lqmof, ;+;bk|lt pq/bfloTj, sfg'gL
/fh / ;+j}wflgs cfwf/e"t l;4fGt Pj+ ;+/rgf ;fy} Goflos lgoGq0f x'g] h:tf
dxTjk"0f{ lgoGq0fn] g} ;+ljwfgåf/f clwgfossf] cEo'bo x'gaf6 /f]St5 . o;}nfO{
dfGotf lbg ;Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] JofVoftf, ;+/Ifs, k|rns ;lxt
;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %# -$_ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿af6 cnu 5}gg\ clkt' Pscfk;df cfl>t
5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/f jf pkwf/fdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u cGo wf/fdf
u/Psf] Joj:yfsf] ;fk]Iftfdf x]l/g' k5{ . j:t'tM ;+ljwfg hLljt b:tfj]h
ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf] ;+j}wflgstf ;+ljwfgn] c+uf]n]sf]
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] ;Gb{df ul/g' k5{ . To;}n] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ cGo
sfg'gdf ul/g] kl/efiff ;DaGwL l;4fGt cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf JofVofsf ljz]if lgod
x'G5g\ tL x'g\M (1) Doctrine of liberal interpretation. (2) Doctrine of
purposive interpretation, (3) Doctrine of progressive Interpretation, (4)
Doctrine of harmonious construction cflb . wf/f %#-$_ cGt{utsf] lj36g clwsf/
lg/k]If ge} ;fk]lIfs l;dfa4 /x]sf] s'/f ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 lgikflbt ghL/ /
JoQm u/]sf] /fon] lglj{jfb u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0ffy{M s_ g]=sf=k= @)%$ c+s !)
k[i7 %#% lg=g+= ^$$^ df k|sflzt k|s/0f $# ;Ddflgt cbfnt cleJolQm /fo o;
k|sf/sf] 5M pk/f]Qm ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
:yflkt ghL/ l;4fGtsf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f Pj+ t'ngfTds ljj]rgf ;d]t u/L x]bf{
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f %#-$_ adf]lhdsf] k|wfgdGqLn]
k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/ lgolGqt / z;t{ /x]sf] .
v_ @)%! ;fnsf] lj36g ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt cbfntn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{osf] k|s/0f #&,
#*, $( ;d]t lj36gsf] l;kmfl/z ablgotk"0f{ . cGofGo k|of]hgsf] nflu /
ljgfcfwf/ x'g g;Sg] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 eg] @)%@ ;fnsf] lj36g ;DaGwdf ePsf]
lg0f{osf] k|s/0f (@-(( df wf/f %#-$_ cGt{utsf] clwsf/ clgolGqt ge} k|ToIf /
lglxt z;t{o'Qm 5g\ / %#-$_ sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / p2]Zo,
k|:tfjgf, cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / cGo wf/fdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf x]g'{ kg]{ clgjfo{
u/fPsf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %#-$_ df clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ s'g} k"jf{j:yf jf zt{aGb]h
g/flvPsf] x'"bf Gofoof]Uo x'g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] syg sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/Lsf] k|of]u
;Dj}wflgs k|fjwfgsf] clwgdf dfq x'G5 eGg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt s} lj?4 5 . pQm syg
Hobbes sf] Single headed crowned monster ;/x clwgfosjfbL syg eGgdf cg'ko'Qm
7xb]{g . t/ clwsf/ ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgn] u|x0f u/]sf] cjwf/0ff ;Lldt ;/sf/ xf]
h;df clwsf/sf] k|aGw ls6fgL ;Lldttf (Explicit limitation) jf ;+ljwfgsf]
;+/rgf ;Gbe{df cGtlg{lxt jf k/f]If ;Lldttf (Inherent limitation or
limitation by implication) ul/Psf] x'G5 . p;df klg k|wfgdGqLsf] cToGt
ul/dfdo / dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] klbo ;Lldttf cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] x'G5 .
k|wfgdGqLsf] kbLo x}l;otsf] sf/0f clwsf/ k|of]u ;Ldfa4 x'g' :jfefljs g} xf]
. k|=d=, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k|d'v ePsf]n] lghsf] sfd sf/jfxL cToGt uxg Pj+
pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ ePsf] x'G5 . k|=d= kmut JolQm dfq ge} k|hftflGqs ;/sf/ tyf
lnlvt ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf Pj+ cfbz{ ;fsf/ e"t kfg{ lghn] ax' cfofdL x}l;ot
k|ltlglwTj ug'{ k/]sf] x'G5 . cfOef]/ h]lgËsf] cfkm\gf] clwsfl/s k':ts
Cabinet Government df k|=d=sf] x}l;ot o;/L j0f{g ug'{ ePsf] 5M
The Prime minister,' said Mr John Morely," is the keystone of the Cabinet
arch.' If that were all, it would be necessary first to examine the working
of the Cabinet and then to consider the functions of its chairman. It would,
however, be more accurate ot describe the Prime Minister as the keystione of
the Consitiution.
He is, in the first place, the leader of his party.
Secondly, the Prime Minister is leader of the House of Commns.
"inally, the Prime Minister is Chairman of the Cabinet and coordinator of
Policy.
;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/zLn JolQmTj, /fhg}lts bnsf] g]tf, ;+;bsf] g]tf /
dGqLkl/ifb\sf] cWoIf cltl/Qm lgh hglgjf{lrt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
x'G5 . o; dxTjk"0f{ JolQmTjsf sf/0f lghsf] sfo{ ufDeLo{, k|ltlglwd"ns,
pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ Pj+ ;Ifd o'Qm x'g k5{ . ;+j}wflgs /fHodf k|=d= lg/+s'z
zlQmzfnL JolQm ge} k|hftflGqs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fdf /lx sfo{ ug{ aGwgsf/L
/x]sf] tYo x/f]N8 ljN;gsf] clesyg o;/L pb\4/0f ul/Psf] 5- Rodney Brazier's
Constitutional Practice 3rd ed.
My own conclusion is that the predominantly academic verdict of overriding
Prime Ministerial power is wrong. It ignores the system of democratic checks
and blances, in Parliament, in the Cabinet, and not least in the party
machine and the party in the country (Harold Wilson, writing in 1976).
xfd|f] b]zdf klg k|=d= ;DaGwL pQm cjwf/0ff c+lus[t ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f #* cg';f/ lgjf{lrt ;f+;bdfq k|=d= aGg ;Sg] k|i6 Joj:yfn] k|=d= hgtf
k|lt pQ/bfloTj x'g'kg]{ / hgtfsf] k|ltlglw x'g kg]{ ck]Iff u/]sf]n] k|=d=
sf] sfo{ hgk|ltlglwd"ns Pj+ hgpQ/bfloTj /lxt x'g aGb]h ul/Psf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^-!_ df k|ltlglw ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{
k|=d=df rog ug]{ ePsf]n] lghn] cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts bn ljz]iftM ;+;bLo nsf]
ljZjf; cgj/t ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+;bLo bnsf] ljZjf; u'dfPdf lgh
k|=d=af6 aflx/udg x'g] ePsf]n] lghn] bnsf] ;ttM ljZjf; k|fKt ul//xg' k5{ .
h'g avtdf lghn] ;+;bLo bnsf] cfkm"k|lt ljZjf;df x|f; cfPsf] cfef; kfp"5
lghn] k|=d= kbaf6 g}lts ?df dfq xf]Og /fhg}lts Pj+ ;Dj}wflgs pQ/bfloTj
JolQmsf] x}l;otdf klg /flhgfdf ug'{kg]{ st{Jo /x]sf] x'G5 . k|=d= wf/f #^
-$_ cg';f/ k|ltlglw ;ef k|lt pQ/bfloTj x'g kg]{ / %( cg';f/ ;bgsf] ljZjf;
k|"Kt ul//xg' kg]{ afwotf u/fOPsf] 5 . k|=d= kb ;+;bsf] ljZjf;df cfl>t
x'gfsf] ;fy} ;+;b\k|lt pQ/bfloTj /xg'kg]{ ePsf]n] ;+;bsf] lxt cg's"n sfo{/t
/xg' kg]{ clgjfo{tfM aGwgsf/L 5 . To:t} sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ wf/f #%-!_ /
#%-@_ cg';f/ k|of]u ug]{ dlGqd08nsf] cWoIf ePsf]n] ;f] x}l;otn] k|=d=n]
pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ lgikfbg ubf{ dGqLx¿sf] ljZjf;u|x0f u/L
dGqLd08nsf] ;fy{s g]t[Tj lbg' kg]{ bfloTj jxg u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ k|=d=n] ;+;b
lj36g ug]{ h'g sfo{ ug'{ eof] cfkm"n] pQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{ kg]{ lgsfox¿ k|lt
ljZjf;3ft u/L c;+j}wflgs Pj+ clwgfoshGo lqmof ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs
dxTjk"0f{ JolQm / dGqLd08nsf] k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg /
sfg'g cGt{ut clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ / clwsf/sf] k|of]u c;n lgot ;fy ljlw
;Ddt tj/af6 k|of]u ug'{kg]{ uxg bfloTj jxg u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ pxf"af6 clwsf/,
c;nlgot tyf ljlw;Ddt pNn+3g x'g uPsf] 5 .
dlGqd0nsf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddlt lng' kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ug'{eof]
. k|Tolysf] bkmf %#-$_ cGt{ut cfkm\gf] :j]lR5s clwsf/ elg k|ltsyg /x]sf] 5 .
pxf"s} lnlvt hjfkmdf pQm Joj:yf æzt{ aGb]hÆ /lxt 5 h;n] ubf{ æTo; s'/fdf
dGqL kl/ifb\ jf ;+;bLo bn ;d]tsf] lg0f{o x'g kg]{ xf]OgÆ elg cleJolQm ug'{
ePsf] 5 t/ ;+ljwfgn] s;}nfO{ lg/k]If clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . wf/f %#-$_
;+ljwfgsf] cGofGo Joj:yfnfO{ gh/cGbfh ul/Psf] 5}g . wf/f %# df Jojl:yt
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|lts"ntf jf k|ltaGwfTds Joj:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
:jod\ wf/f %#-$_ df wf/f #% sf] Joj;yf cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . To;df k|i6 Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5- æ>L % af6 k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/zdf k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g ul/aS;g] 5
. To:tf] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ul/aS;bf ^ dlxgfleq gof" k|ltlglw;efsf] nflu
lgjf{rg x'g] ldlt;d]t tf]lsaS;g]5 .Æ o;/L pQm bkmfdf lgjf{rg ldlt tf]Sg]
sfdsf] nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%-!_ / wf/f #%-@_ cg';f/ dGqLd08nsf] ;Nnfx /
;xdlt cfjZos kg]{ clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . dlGqd08nsf] ;Nnfx / ;xdlt ljgf gof"
k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rg lgZro x'g g;sLg] ;fy} lj36g x'"bf gof" lgjf{rgsf]
ldlt clgjfo{ ePsf]n] :jefjtof k|wfgdGqLn] lj36gsf] l;kmfl/z >L % df r9fpg'
eGbf k"j{ dGqLkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddlt lng clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] o;
afWofTds Joj:yfsf] sf/0f k"j{ k|wfgdGqLx¿n] lj36gsf] l;kmfl/z r9fp"bf
dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o ;+nUg u/]sf lyP . / k|Toly{n] cfkm\gf] dgf]dfg Pj+
:j]lR5s tj/af6 lj36gsf] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] x'gfn] g} dGqLd08nsf] lg0f{o k|:t't
ug{ ;Sg' ePg . cfkm\gf] st{Jo ljd'vtfnfO{ j}lws/0f ug]{ s'lgotn] dGqLd08nsf]
;Nnfx lnP glnPsf] k|Zg p7\g g;Sg] eGb} wf/f %#
-$_ adf]lhd l;kmfl/z zt{aGb]h /lxt ePsf] / kbflwsf/L x}l;otn] l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] x'"bf dGqLkl/ifb\ jf ;+;bLo bn ;d]tsf] lg0f{o x'g kg]{ xf]Og eGg]
k|ltsyg k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 h;n] :jtM ;+ljwfgsf] cIf/ / efjgf ljkl/t
sfo{/x]sf] k|i6\ofp"5 .
;+;b\sf] ljZjf; k|fKt u/L pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x u/L ;+;bsf] lxtdf g]t[Tj k|bfg
ug'{ kg]{df ;bgsf] s'g} bf]if ljgf ;bgdf s'g} ult/f]w / cK7\of/f] kl/l:ylt
;[hgf ge} ;bgsf] lxt / k|lti7f k|lts"n c;fdlos lj36g ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;+;bnfO{
cfkm\gf] ;dofjlwsf] x/fxf/L;Dd sfod /lx /xg] cGtlg{lxt clwsf/ x'G5 t/ ;+;b
sfo{lzn, hLjGt, ultlzn / rnfodfgsf] cj:yfdf ;bgsf] g]tfsf] x}l;otn] o;sf]
cem a9L ;fy{stf lbg' kg]{df ljgf sf/0f ;bg lj36g ug]{ h:tf] lgs[i6 sfo{
k|Toly{n] ug'{eof] . cfkm\g} kxnsbdLdf cToGt cNk ;"rgfdf ;+s6sfnsf] Dofb
a9fpg] dxTjk"0f{ k|:tfjdf k]z ug{ / cGofGo sfd sf/jfxLsf] nflu ;bg
clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg ePsf]]n] ;bg a:g' eGbf cl3 lj36g ug]{ sfo{ k|Toly{af6 x'g
uof] h;n] ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %# cg';f/ oyf;dodf ;+;bsf] clwj]zg clgjfo{
?kn] a:g' kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf pNn+3g x'g uof] . ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] efu *
cGt{ut Joj:yflklso clwsf/ pNn+3g x'g uPsf] 5 . o;n] ;bg k|lt k|=d=n]
cfkm\gf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ;bg lj36g ;DaGwL @)%! ;fnsf] glh/ k|o'Qm u/L kfpg
ofrgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxf"sf] sygn] pxf"sf] clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 :yflkt ub{5 .
lsgeg] @)%! ;fndf ePsf] lj36gsf] ;Gbe{ cs}{ lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %#
cg';f/ ;bgsf] lgoldt clwj]zg af]nfOPsf] lyof], h;df >L % af6 tTsflng
;/sf/sf] gLlt / sfo{qmd ;lxt zfxL ;Daf]wg ePsf] / ;f]xL cg's"n wGojfb
;lxtsf] k|:tfj k]z x'"bf k|:tfj ljkmn ePsf]n] ljgf gLlt / sfo{qmd ;/sf/
;+rfng x'g g;Sg] ePsf] sf/0f ult/f]w ;[hgf ePsf]n] dGqLd08nsf] lg0f{o /
;+;bLo bnnfO{ ;+;"rgf lbO{ / ;xdlt lnO{ lj36gsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] lyof] .
t/ k|Toly{n] ;bgsf] clwj]zg a:g glbO{, k|:tfj / jh]6 nufotsf 5nkmn / lg0f{o
ug{ kfpg] ;bgsf] cGtlg{lxt ljz]ifflwsf/ s'07f ub}{ cfkm\gf] ablgot /
u}/sfg"gL sfo{nfO{ d't{?k lbg' eof] .
t];|f] cfly{s ef/af6 lylrPsf lx+;fTds cft+saf6 ;Gq:t ePsf ;+s6sfnaf6 /fxt
gkfPsf, cefj Pj+ ul/aLaf6 u|:t ePsf hgtfnfO{ hg lgjf{lrt ;+;b / pQ/bfoL
;/sf/af6 /fxt lbg' kg]{df b]zn] af]Sg g;Sg] cfly{s ef/ jxg u/fP/ hgtfnfO{
cem cfly{s ef/ jxg u/fO{ Pj+ bL3{sfnLg ul/jL tkm{ pGd'v u/fO{ hgg]t[TjnfO{
sn+lst agfpg' eof] . cft+s, c/fhs Pj+ xfn ;+rfng ePsf] zflGt Joj:yf sfod ug{
cIfd ePsf lkmtnf] ;/sf/ ;+rfng cj:yfdf :jtGq tyf lgikIf lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug]{
clwsf/af6 jl~rt x'g kg]{ cj:yfaf6 hgtf u|l;t 5g\ . hgtfnfO{ cfkm"n] lgjf{lrt
u/]sf] ;+;bsf] cIf'0ftf /fVg kfpg cGtlg{lxt clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . lgjf{lrt ;+;b
z;Qm, ultlzn, lqmoflzn Pj+ rnfogdfg x'"bfx'"b} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $%-@_
cGtu{tsf] sfof{jlw w]/} af"sL x'"bfx'"b} k|Toly{sf] u}/sfg'gL / ablgot\
sf/jfxLaf6 lj36g x'g' hgk|ltlglwTjsf] cIf'0f xsaf6 hgtf ljd'v x'g uPsf] 5 .
k|TofyL{n] h'g /fhg}lts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] 5 / h'g ;+;bLo bnaf6
g]t[Tj rog ug'{ ePsf] To; bn k|lt ljZjf;3ft dfq ug'{ ePg ;+s6sfn Dofb a9fpg]
k|:tfj lkmtf{ lng' eg]/ bnsf] lgb]{zgsf] sf/0f lj36g ug'{ k¥of] eGg] sf/0f
b]vfO{ cfkm\g} bn lj?4 cfufdL lgjf{rg u/fpg] sfo{ ug'{eof] . Toltdfq xf]Og
;+ljwfgn] ;+/rgf u/]sf] ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ;+ljwfgsf] efu !& cGt{ut Joj:yf
u/]sf] /fhg}lts ;+u7g k|lts"n lqmofdf k|TofyL{ ;+nUg /xg' eof] . o;/L
k|Toly{n] k|=d=sf] kbLo l;df a4tf pNn+3g ug'{ePsf] 5 .
k|ltlglw ;efsf] lj36gsf] k|fjwfg zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngdf cfl>t 5 .
/fhg}lts ult/f]wsf] sf/0f k|ltlglw ;ef rNg g;s]df, ;+;bLo ;/sf/sf] ;+rfng
tyf j}slNks ;/sf/ u7g x'g g;Sg] /fhg}lts ;+s6 cj:yf pkl:yt ePdf, s'g}
dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs k|Zg h;df sfo{sfl/0fL / ;bgdf dt}So x'g g;s]df, ;bg
dtbftfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ c;Ifd ePsf] cfwf/df, o:t} cGo ljz]if /fhg}lts
kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f gof" hgfb]z lng gof" lgjf{rgsf] nflu k|ltlglw ;efsf] lj36g
ug]{ h:tf pko'Qm sf/0fsf] pkl:yltdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . j:t'tM ;bgsf]
lj36g cToGt ckjfb l:yltdf k|of]u x'g] s'/f xf] . To;n] k|=d=sf] lj36gsf]
l;kmfl/z pko'Qm cfwf/x¿ ljBdfgtf x'g kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . o;
;DaGwdf s]xL cflwsfl/s syg o; k|sf/ 5gM
The Priminister's advice for dissolution is constitutionally
proper.-W.Anson's Law and Constitution, I.Ed. (1911) 306-7
As Anson said, the uniform practice for more than a century that the
Sovereign should not refuse a dissolution when advised by her ministers to
dissolve has been largely due to the observance of auther conevention,
namely, that dissolutions should not be improperly advised.- Hood Phillips &
Jackson- constituonal Law and Administrative Law, 8th ed. at p. 165-166
If a Prime Minister were improperly to request a dissolution, the Queen
would at least be entitled, and might perhaps be obliged, to reject it.-
Constitutional and Administrative law by Stanley de Smith & Rodeney Brazer.
It can be properly assumed that no wise sovereign that is one who has at
heart the true interest of the country, the constitution and monarchy could
deny a dissolution to his prime Minister unless he were satisfied that:(1)
the existiong parliament was still vital, viable and capable of doing its
job; (2) a general election would be determental to the national economy;
(3) he could rely on finding another prime Minister who could carry on his
government, for a reasonable period, with a working majority, in the House
of commons.-Sir fallan Lascelles (senex) to the time 2 may 1950 quoted in
B.S/. Markesinis. The Theory and Practice of Dissolution of Parliament at p.
263 . Authority relied in Halsbury's Laws of England Vo.8. para 819
(P.541-534) note 5.
In the British Parliamentary System...Dissolution is "always an exceptional
remedy." A Minister must always show why he does not resign and why he
dissolves. He must show that there are special reasons why immediate
recourse should be had to an extraordinary and irregular manifestation of
the national will-Eugen ""orsey, equib, at P.258.
Perhaps the following proposition would command a wider measure of support:
The queen may properly refuse a Prime Minister's request for a dissolution
if she has substantial grounds for believing (i) that and alternative
government, enjoying confidence of a majourity of the House of Commons can
be formed without a general election, and (ii) that a general election held
at that time would be contrary to the national interest.-S.A.de Smith's
Constitutional and Administrative Law (1971) at P.105.
s'g o:tf] ljz]if jf ckjfb cj:yfsf] ljBfdfg x'g cfof] k|=d=n] cfkm\gf]
l;kmfl/zdf pNn]v;Dd ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;+;b lj36gsf] s'g} sf/0f gePsf]
x'gfn] g} s] s'g cfwf/ sf/0f cfO{ k¥of] pNn]v ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;bg lj36g
sf/0faf/] @)%(.@.!!.& b]zjf;Lsf] gfddf lbg' ePsf] jQmJodf ;+;b\ lj36g x'g]
ckjfbl:ylt tyf ;bg ;+rfng x'g g;Sg] cj:yf ;DaGwdf pNn]v;Dd ug{ g;ls cfkm"n]
g} g]t[Tj ug'{ ePsf] /fhg}lts bnsf] lg0f{o pNn]vn] pxf"sf] c;+j}wflgs,
s'lgot Pj+ cgflwsf/ sfo{ k|i6\ofpg' ePsf] 5 . h;/L 3/fo;L 3/ emu8fn]
k|=d=sf] lju|x dgl:ylt ;+;b lj36gsf] sf/0f aGg ;Qm}gg\ . To;}u/L k|=d= g]tf
ePsf] /fhgLlts bnsf] lgb]{zg lj36g sf/0f aGg ;Qm}gg\ . ;+;b lj36g ug]{ h:tf]
cToGt ckjfbsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf cg's"ng, ljj]sk"0f{, lglZrt dfkb08
Pj+ pko'Qm x'g kg]{ s'/f c;+j}wflgs /fHosf] k|yd Pj+ clgjfo{ lgod /x]sf]
x'G5 h;sf] k|Toly{n] gf+uf] k|ltqmd0f ug'{ ePsf] 5 . k|Toly{sf] s'lgottf /
cGofGo k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] s'/f pk/f]Qm k|s/0fx¿df pNn]lvt a'"bf
cltl/Qm ;+;bnfO{ 5ln, ;+;b lj36g / /fli6«o ;efsf] clwj]zg cGt ePsf] 3f]if0ff
nuQ} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!%-%_ / -^_ Joj:yf ljkl/t ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf 3f]if0ff
u/fpg] sfo{ ug'{eof] . ;+;b ;dIf cfkm\gf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] pQ/bfloTjaf6 klG5g,
;+;bsf] lgu/fgL, cfnf]rgfnfO{ 5Ng, ;bgsf] ljZjf; lng' kg]{ pQ/bfloTjaf6
klG5g, h;/L eP klg ;Qfdf /xL /xg clek|]l/t e} cgflwsf/ Pj+ b'lift k"0f{ sfo{
k|Toly{af6 x'g uPsf] lglj{jfb 5 . k|Toly{ cfkm\gf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]t[Tj u'Dg
cj:yf b]v]/ ablgot sfo{ x'g uPsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts bnsf] g]t[Tjaf6
alx/udg x'g] ePsf]n] g} ;Qf, zlQm, wg / ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u u/L ;dfgfGt/
/fhg}lts u7g ug]{ lghsf] lj36g kZrft sfd sf/jfxln] pxf"sf] ablgot phuf/
u/]sf] 5 .
pko{Qm k|s/0fdf pNn]v u/] cg';f/ s'g} pko{Qm sf/0f ge} ;bg lj36g ePsf] 5 .
pQm lj36g ;bgdf ult/f]w ;[hgf e} jf k|=d=sf] gLlt jf sfo{qmd ljkmn eP/ jf
o:t} sf/0fj; g e} cfkm" ;Qfdf /lx/xg / ;Qfaf6 oyfzSo j}olQms nfe xfl;n ug]{
s'lgot ;fy cGofo k|of]hg nflu cj}w Pj+ sk6?kdf ;bg lj36g sfo{ k|=d=af6 x'g
uPsf] 5 . s'lgot / cGofo k|of]hgo'Qm sfo{ :jtM cj}w / cdfGo 5g\ .
ctoj lgj]bgsx¿sf] ofrgf cg';f/ tyf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf Pj+ ;Ddflgt cbftnsf]
k|ltkflbt ghL/x¿ cg'?k c;Dj}wflgs Pj+ v/fa lgoto'Qm k|ltlglw ;efsf] lj36g
ab/ u/L ;+;b k"j{jt k'g:yf{kgf ul/g'kb{5 .

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