sf7df08f}+, >fj0f !* @)^)

:yflgo ;dfrf/

sd{rf/Ln] xl/0f vfP/ ;+qmflGt dgfP

b]zfGt/ ;+jfbbftf

d]rLgu/ . sf"s8le§f vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] kl/;/df kfln"b} cfPsf] b'O{jif]{ efn] xl/0fnfO{ ;fpg] ;+qmflGtsf lbg sd{rf/Lx¿s} ldn]dtf]df sd{rf/Lx¿n] g} sf6L vfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] xl/0f sf6]/ ;+qmflGt dgfpg] of]hgf cfiff9 #@ ut] g} agfPsf lyP .

ljut rf/ jif{b]lv ko{6s cfsif{0fsf lglDt kflnPsf] Pp6f kf]yL xl/0faf6 hlGdPsf b'O{j6f xl/0fdWo] !) dlxgfsf] ;fgf] efn] xl/0fnfO{ s]xL ;ftf cufl8 dfq} cfkm\g} bfh' efn] xl/0fsf] cfqmd0fdf k/L d[To' ePsf] ;ldltn] atfO{ :yfgLo k|x/L k|zf;g, d]rL eG;f/ /fh:j u:tLsf] pkl:yltdf ;lh{ldg u/fO{ d'r'Nsf tof/ u/]sf] eg] klg d'r'Nsfsf] k|ltlnlk ;ldltn] gk7fPsf] atfP . of] xl/0f klg sd{rf/Lx¿n] g} ef]hdf kl/0ft u/]sf] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmfx¿ atf"p5g\ .

To;}u/L pkef]Qmfx¿n] lt/]sf] /sdaf6 kfln"b} cfPsf] b'O{jif]{ efn] xl/0fnfO{ ut #@ ut]sf lbg ef/taf6 wg'if–jf0f rfns Ps d]r] lemsfO{ xl/0f dfl/of] . pQm xl/0fsf] df;' ;ldltsf !$ hgf sd{rf/L, !# hgf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o nufot :yfgLo :t/sf /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs kx'rjfnf JolQmx¿sf] 3/–3/;Dd ;ldltsf Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/L ltlD;gf / /fpt y/sf JolQmn] cGbfhL $* hgfsf] ;d"xnfO{ pQm df;' k'¥ofPsf lyP . t/ s]xL JolQmx¿af6 lkmtf{ ;d]t u/L k7fPsf] pkef]Qmfx¿ atfp"5g\ .

o; k|;Ëdf ;ldlt;"u a'e\mbf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] 36gfnfO{ 5f]k5fk kfg]{ k|oTg :j¿k pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ a]Unfa]Un} hjfkm lbg] / bfof"afof" ug]{ k|j[lQ b]v]kl5 vf]hL ubf{ xl/0f tf/hfnLdf l;+u cNemfO{ /flt g} d/]sf] eGg] em"6f] ;dfrf/ lbOof] . t/ ;f] xl/0fsf] 3f"6Ldf s'g} 7"nf] efnf jf t/jf/ h:tf] xltof/af6 xl/0f dfl/Psf] k'li6 ;d]t ePsf] 5 .

:yfgLo Ps ;flxTosf/n] eg] pkef]Qmfx¿n] lt/]sf] /sdaf6 kflnPsf] / jGohGt' ;+/If0f lgodn] dfg{ lgif]lwt k|f0fL v'¿–v'¿ df/]/ ;ldlts} sd{rf/Ln] vfg yfn]kl5 tL b'n{e xl/0fsf] ;+/If0fdf s;n] hf]8 lbg] < jt{dfg sfo{;ldltdf ;+;bLo /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] xfjL ePsf]n] st}af6 lj/f]wsf] :j/ p7\g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] pkef]Qmfx¿sf] 5 .

s[i0f;f/h:t} xl/0f g]kfndf b'n{e, ;+/lIft hgfj/sf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf] cj:yfdf ;ldltn] dgu9Gt] kf/fn] /fli6«o lgs'Gh tyf jGo hGt' cf/If0f sfof{no Og¿jf tyf lhNnf jg sfof{no rGb|u9L cflbaf6 cg'dlt :jLs[ltljgf kfln"b} cfPsf] ;f] xl/0f dfl/"bf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( n] hfoh dfGnf < s]xL lbg otfb]lv :yfgLo :t/sf pkef]Qmf ;b:ox¿n] x/]s s'gfsfKrf, 6f]n cflb :yfgx¿df vfg]kfgL ;ldltdf xl/0f df/L vfPsf] Jofks ¿kdf rrf{ rn] klg ;DalGwt lgsfo g} df}g b]lvPsf] 5 .

o;} k|;Ëdf lhNnf jg sfof{no rGb|u9Ldf ;Dk{s ubf{ df}lvs ¿kdf ;ldltn] xl/0f df/L vfPsf] ;dfrf/ ;'g]sf] / btf{ gDa/ &( df lji0f' l;6f}nf gfdsf Ps pkef]Qmfn] ph'/L xfn]sf] s'/f sfof{nosf Ps vl/bf/n] atfP . ;f]xL ljifodf ;ldltsf cWoIf a'l4gfy kf}8\ofn;"u ;Dks{ ubf{ ;f] xl/0f kl/;/sf] uf]7af6 lgl:sP/ :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ b'Mv lbg] / cfqmd0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ug{ yfn]sf] / ;f] xl/0f uf]7sf] tf/df l;ª clNemP/ d/]sf] bfaL ug'{{eof] .

efg'rf]sdf 306f3/

b]zfGt/ ;+jfbbftf

w/fg . aGbfaGb} ut j}zfvdf sfd /f]lsPsf] w/fgsf] d'6' efg'rf]sdf cjl:yt 306f3/n] ca l5§} k"0f{tf kfpg] ePsf] 5 . 306f3/ lgdf{0fsf lglDt ;'¿b]lv g} cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fp"b} cfPsf] w/fg–xªsª d~rn] s]xL lbgleq}df yk /sd k7fOlbg] ePkl5 lgdf{0f sfo{n] k'gM ult lng] ePsf] xf] .

ænuftf/ kfgL kl//x]sfn] sfd ;'¿ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . kfgL /f]lsPkl5 eg] cfh–ef]ln g} 306f3/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'¿ eOxfN5 .Æ w/fg gu/kflnsfsf ;"rgf clws[t u0f]z vltj8fn] a'waf/ b]zfGt/nfO{ atfpg'eof] . vltj8fsf cg';f/ ut c;f/ @@ ut] w/fg xªsª d~rsf cWoIf k|]d ;'Ajfl;t pxf"sf] kmf]gdf s'/f ePsf] lyof] . kmf]gdfkm{t\ cWoIf ;'Ajfn] xfn xªsªjf;L w/fg]x¿l;t k};f ;+sng ul//x]sf] / xKtf lbgleqdf !) nfv ¿k}of" tyf To;kl5 qmdzM yk /sd k7fOlbg] atfPsf lyP . ;"rgf clws[t vltj8fsf cg';f/ /sd tTsfn cfOgk'u] klg sfd ;'¿ x'g]5 .

pxf"sf cg';f/ 306f3/sf] sfd /f]lsg'df gSzfdf ePsf] q'l6n] klg e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] . s]=Pr= sG;N6\ofG6 sf7df8f}"n] agfOlbPsf] gSzfdf cfwfl/t eP/ 306f3/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ )%* r}qdf yflnPsf] lyof] . t/ sl/a ;Q/L k|ltzt sfd ;dfKt eO;s]kl5 dfq pQm gSzfdf 38L /fVg] :yfgsf] :ki6 ls6fg gePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . ;f]xL sf/0f 306f3/ lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L /fVg sl7gfO pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . clxn] sf7df8f}"sf cfls{6]Sr/ dgf]x/ /fhe08f/Ln] ;f] gSzf ;RofOlbPsf 5g\ . p;f] t 306f3/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]lsg'df k};fsf] cefjn] klg plQs} e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] . xªsªaf6 w/fg gu/kflnsfnfO{ xfn;Dd k|fKt ePsf] @( nfv ¿k}of"dWo] @* nfv ¿k}of" dfq 7]s]bf/ sDkgL cd[t lgdf{0f ;]jf k|f=ln= n] kfPsf] 5 . hals clxn];Dddf 306f3/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf lglDt #) nfv ¿k}of" sDkgLn] vr{ ul/;s]sf] 5 .

To;}n] sDkgLsf ;~rfnsåo kbd ;'Gbf; / OGb| dfgGw/n] yk /sd rf"8f] pknAw u/fpg gu/kflnsfnfO{ bafa lbO/x]sf 5g\ .

)%& ;fnsf] w/fg ztjflif{sL dxf]T;j;"u} lznfGof; eO{ )%* r}qdf lgdf{0f sfo{ yflnPsf] ;f] 306f3/ Ps jif{leqdf k"/f ug]{ nIo 7]s]bf/ sDkgLn] lnPsf] lyof] . t/, k6s–k6s lgdf{0f sfo{ nfdf] ;do;Dd /f]lsg] u/]sf sf/0f efg'rf]sdf 306f3/ 7l8Psf] 5}g . w/fg]x¿sf] rfxgf st} …cfsfzsf] kmn cf"vf t/L d/\Ú eg]em}" kf] x'g] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf pAhg yfn]sf] 5 .

dlxnf k|x/Lx¿ c;Gt'i6

dlxnf k|x/Lx¿n] k|x/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/L axfb'/Lsf ;fy sfd ug]{ k|lta4tf :j¿k ul7t tflndsf ;fy ;]jfdf k|j]z u/] klg clxn];Dd clws[t :t/df dlxnfx¿nfO{ lhNnfx¿df OGrfh{ agfP/ gv6fPsf]df lrGtf JoQm ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf dlxnf k|x/Lx¿sf] cl:tTj P;=P;=kL ;Dd alg;s]sf] 5 . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ pkTosfeGbf cGt clxn];Dd v6fOPsf] 5}g . h;n] ubf{ aflx/L lhNnfx¿df zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltsf af/]df a'em\g / ;]jf lbg gkfPsf]df pgLx¿sf] u'gf;f] a9\g yfn]sf] 5 .

Pdfn]sf] zf;gsfndf dfq b'O{ dlxgfsf] nflu wflbª lhNnfdf vl6PsL xfnsL P;=kL kfj{tL yfkfn] klg @ dlxgfeGbf a:g kfOgg\, To:t} 8L=P;=kL= sljtf lg/f}nfsf] bf]nvf a;fO" klg yfkfs}h:tf] /x\of] . o;n] ubf{ dlxnf k|x/Lx¿sf] dgf]jn lu/fpg k|x/L kmf];{sf] xft /x]sf] pgLx¿sf] ts{ 5 .

cfkm"x¿ h:tf];'s} cj:yfdf klg lhNNff vl6g tof/ /x]sf] Ps dlxnf clws[tn] b]zfGt/nfO{ atfOg\ . clxn] k|ljlwdf afx]s k|x/L km]f;{df dfq b'O{hgf P;=kL=, b'O{ hgf 8L=P;=kL= !$ hgf Olg:k]S6/ clws[t dlxnfx¿ k|x/L kmf];{df sfo{/y 5g\ . t/ h'lgo/ clws[tx¿ / cGo l;kfxL dlxnfx¿nfO{ eg] lhNnf v6fOg] ul/Psf] 5 . clxn];Dd s]xL dlxnf clws[tx¿ pkTosfdf sfo{/t 5g\ eg] s]xL x]8Sjf6/df 5g\ .

l;/xf dfnkf]tdf /fh:j ;+sng 7Kk

l;/xf . l;/xf lhNnfsf] nxfg gu/kflnsfl:yt dfnkf]t sfof{nodf yk !! j6f uflj;x¿sf] ;d]t dfnkf]t;DaGwL sfo{ x'g] u/L ul/Psf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf] lj/f]w ub}{ ldng ;dfh ;]jf s]Gb|, l;/xfsf] cu'jfOdf ut >fj0f ^ ut]b]lv l;/xf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf sfnf]k§L afWg], n]vgbf;x¿n] snd aGb ug]{ cflb ljleGg sfo{qmd /flvPsf] s'/f s]Gb|sf cWoIf gjLgs'df/ ofbjn] atfpg'ePsf] 5 .

ldng s]Gb|sf] cu'jfOdf gful/s ;dfh tyf n]vfk9L ;+3 l;/xfn] ut >fj0f ( ut]b]lv !! ut];Dd ;f+s]lts ¿kdf /fh:j ;+sng aGb u/fPsf lyP eg] >fj0f !@ ut]af6 dfu k"/f gx'~h]n;Dd /fh:j ;+sng x'g glbg] ePsf 5g\ . ldng s]Gb|sf cWoIf ofbjsf cg';f/ yk !! j6f uflj;x¿ dfq xf]Og nxfgl:yt dfnkf]t / gfkL zfvf k"0f{ ¿kn] k'gM ;b/d'sfd l;/xf g} :yfgfGt/0f gx'~h]n;Dd cfGbf]ng hf/L /xg] ePsf] 5 . l;/xf ;b/d'sfdl:yt dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 @)%$ ;fn cfiff9 !@ ut]b]lv nxfg If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] b[li6sf]0fn] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] nxfg gu/kflnsfdf lhNnfsf $* uflj;x¿sf] dfnkf]t;DaGwL sfo{x¿ x'g] u/L csf]{ dfnkf]t sfof{no / gfkL zfvf ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] .

o; ljifodf l;/xf dfnkf]t sfof{no k|d'v ;"o{sfGt emfn] ut >fj0f ( ut]b]lv /fh:j ;+sng k"0f{ ¿kn] aGb ePsf] :jLsf/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . o;/L /fh:j ;+sng aGb eO{ /lhi6«]zgsf sfo{x¿ aGb x'"bf hg;fwf/0fdf ck7\of/f] kb}{g egL k|Zg ubf{ æxfdLsxf" s;}n] klg /f]s nufof] egL ph'/L ug{ cfPsf] 5}g, s;nfO{ s] cfwf/df, s] k|zf;lgs ;xof]u ug]{ <Æ egL dfnkf]t k|d'v emfn] pN6} k|ltk|Zg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

Onfdsf] cf]ngsf] Joj:yfkgdf cGof}ntf

czf]ss'df/ afGtjf

Onfd . Onfdsf] kof{o ag]/ /x]sf] kf"r …cÚ dWo] cf]ng cyf{t\ b"w oltv]/ cGof}ndf k/sf] 5 . k|z:t dfqfdf pTkfbg x'g] cf]ng ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] yk k|aGwsf] cefjdf of] o:tf] l:yltdf k'u]sf] xf] .

rlr{t / e/kbf]{ gub]afnLsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] Onfdsf pTkfbgx¿ cb'jf, cn}"rL, csa/] -vf];f{gL_, clDn;f] / cf]ng ut jif{;Dd lgoldt / e/kbf]{ ¿kdf laqmL x'g] u/]sf] t/ o; jif{b]lv eg] To:tf] l:ylt gePsf] lhd{n]sf ls;fg cDa/axfb'/ k|wfg atfp"g'x'G5 . pxf" eGg'x'G5– æca ls;fgx¿n] oL gub]afnLx¿af6 df}sfdf dfq kmfObf lng ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ .Æ

o;dWo] klg cf]ng utjif{sf] t'ngfdf o;jif{ clt sd dfqfdf dfq ls;fgx¿n] laqmL ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgn] ;+slnt kl/df0feGbf sd b"w pknAw u/fpg ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ PstkmL{ bafa lbg yfn]kl5 pgLx¿n] ;f]r]h:tf] b"w laqmL ug{ g;s]sf x'g\ . o;n] ubf{ s[ifsx¿sf] b"w pTkfbgdf hf"u/ 36\b} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

;+:yfgn] cfly{s jif{ )^).)^! df ldNs xf]ln8] x6fpg] lgx'"df b"w ;+sng s6f}tL ub}{ PstkmL{ ;Demf}tf b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿;"u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . oltdfq geP/ ls;fgx¿af6 ;+slnt b"wsf] km\of6 Go"gtd # bzdnj @ k|ltzt x'g'kg]{ gof" lgod /flvPsf] 5 . hals o;cl3 km\of6 tLg bzdnj Ps k|ltzt / P;=Pg=Pkm= cf7 bzdnj Ps k|ltzt x'"bf;Dd ls;fgx¿n] b"w a]Rg kfPsf lyP .

o;/L b"wsf] pTkfbg a9]sf] cj:yfdf yk ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug'{sf] ;f6f] ;+:yfgn] ljleGg afwfx¿ jf ;d:ofx¿ NofP/ ;+sng s6f}tL ug'{ b"w pTkfbg j[l4sf] ;dfwfg geP/ ;d:of ePsf] s[ifsx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . xfn} k~rsGofsf] cfOtaf/]df ;DkGg b'Uw ;xfsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e]nfn] b'Uw ljsf; af]8{sf] zt{ vf/]h u/fpg Ps ;ldlt klg u7g u/]sf] 5 .

;ldltn] af]8{sf] ;t{x¿sf lj¿4df cfjfh p7fpg s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfJxfg u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg ;t{x¿ /fv]/, b"w ;+sngdf ;d:of NofP/ ;+:yfgn] s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;lhnf]sf] ;§fdf ;d:ofx¿ yf]k/]sf]n] s[ifsx¿df gsf/fTds wf/0ff a9]sf] lhd{n]sf s[ifs lgdf ;fªkfª atfpg'x'G5 .

;+:yfgdfkm{t\ ;~rflnt s]xL b'Uw lr:ofg s]Gb|x¿n] s]xL b"w pTkfbs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;Demf}tf geP b"w vl/b gug]{ wDsL;d]t lbPsf] atfOG5 . k~rsGofl:yt ejfgL b'Uw pTkfbs ;+:yfsf cWoIf o'j/fh jflzi7sf cg';f/ ;+:yfgn] vl/b u/]sf] b"waf6 3[tf+z lgsfnL sd u'0f:t/sf] b"w ahf/df laqmL ug]{ u/]sf]n] ls;fgx¿n] PstkmL{ ;t{ kfngf ug'{sf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g .

o;/L b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgn] PstkmL{ nfb\g vf]h]sf] ;t{x¿n] s[ifsx¿ df/df k/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ b"w pTkfbg u/]/ ;f]r]h:tf] nfe lng g;s]sf]df lrlGtt 5g\ .

eG;f/ 5nL NofOPsf] ;fdfg a/fdb

nxfg . l;/xf lhNnf eujfgk'/ uflj;–$ af6 ut >fj0f !! ut] eG;f/ 5nL NofOPsf ef/tLo dn–vfBx¿ a/fdb ul/Psf] Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no, nxfgsf k|x/L lg/LIfs ;'bz{g yfkfn] atfpg' ePsf] 5 . l;/xf lhNnf Og¿jf uflj;–^ a:g] /fd v]nfjg ofbjn] eujfgk'/–$ l:yt afns[i0f 7fs'/sf] 3/ ef8f lnO{ ;f] 3/df ljleGg lsl;dsf ef/tLo dn–vfBx¿ /fv]sf lyP . k|x/Llg/LIfs yfkfsf cg';f/ pQm 3/af6 8L=P=kL= @ af]/f, o'l/of–!& af]/f, cGo dn & af]/f, t/fh' ! yfg tyf kf"r, b'O{ / cfwf s]=hL= sf 9sx¿ ;d]t a/fdb ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L ;f]xL lbg l;/xf lhNnfs} uf9f uflj;df !^ xhf/ @ ;o %* ¿k}of" a/fa/sf] ef/tLo u'0f:t/xLg o'l/of dn, z+s/ a|f08 tf]/Lsf] t]n, kg36 la"8L, ;fu/ kfp8/ b"w, ;'tL{, ;nfO{, rDkO{ /Ë cflb a]jffl/;] cj:yfdf km]nf kfl/Psf] ;d]t k|=lg= yfkfn] atfpg' ePsf] 5 .

ljBfno / dlGb/aLrsf] hUuf ljjfb sfod}

k/z' >]i7

w/fg . k|:tfljt >L lk08]Zj/ k|fylds ljBfno Joj:yfkg tyf lgdf{0f ;ldltn] w/fg–!$ l:yt lk08]Zj/ dlGb/sf k'hf/L tyf :yfgLo k|zf;gn] ljBfno aGb u/fpg] if8\oGq ul//x]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 . ;ldltsf cWoIf s[i0fs'df/ /fO{ / ;lrj nf]s/fh lg/f}nfåf/f k|sflzt Ps lj1lKtdf ;f] ljBfno aGb u/fpg] k|of;n] ;'s'Daf;L afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ vf]l;g] atfOPsf] 5 .

w/fg gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= !$ / !% aLrsf] ;Ldfgfdf kg]{ afafwfd, cfOtaf/] 6f]n, ;/:jtL 6f]n, u0f]z rf]s, lk08]Zj/ ci6e'hf 6f]n / dflyNnf] gL/fhg ;'k]gL6f/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf lglDt vf]lnPsf] ;f] ljBfnon] o;cl3 g]kfn :sfp6 tflnd s]Gb| ejgdf sIff ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] lyof] . o;k6sb]lv eg] ;f] :yfgdf 6x/f] lgdf{0f u/L ljBfno lj:tf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] 6x/f] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] hUuf j8f g+= !! -ª_ sf] lsQf g+= #! s'g} JolQm jf ;+3;+:yf / dlGb/ u'7Lsf] gfddf btf{ g/x]sf] tyf lkmN8a's >]:tfdf @)@& ;fnsf] gfkLn] h+un tyf cfjfb a]nfOs egL pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg xfn dlGb/sf k'hf/Lx¿sf] PstkmL{ s'/f ;'gL :yfgLo k|zf;gn] ljBfno x6fpg vf]h]sf] tyf ljleGg wDsLx¿ lbg] u/]sf] lj1lKtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{no w/fgsf k|d'v 8d¿k|;fb lg/f}nfn] ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] hUufsf] k|s[lt / sfuhft k|df0faf/] sf]xL x]g{, ;'Gg gdfGg] tyf ljBfno ;fg{ bafa dfq lbg] u/]sf] cf/f]k klg nufOPsf] 5 .

6x/f] lgdf{0f ug'{cl3 dlGb/sf k'hf/Ll;t k6s–k6s ;Nnfx lnPsf] eP klg ljjfb pTkGg ePkl5 :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] /f]xa/df a}7s af]nfp"bf k'hf/L pkl:yt geOlbPsf]n] 5nkmn x'g g;sL ljBfnosf] lgdf{0f /f]lsPsf] eGb} )%( d+l;/df ljBfno lgdf{0f x'g] hUufsf] cj:yfaf/] u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] eP tfklg xfn;Dd s'g} hfgsf/L cfOg;s]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljBfnonfO{ hUuf pknAw u/fpg cg'/f]w ub}{ h]i7 ^ ut] w/fg gu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg lbPsf] klg ;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5 .

ptf Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{no k|d'v 8d¿k|;fb lg/f}nfn] ;f] hUuf dlGb/sf] xf] ls xf]Og eGg] 6+'uf] nflug;s]sf] x'"bf xfnnfO{ s'g} klg sf/afxL cl3 ga9fOPsf] atfpg'eof] . ut j}zfv & ut] dlGb/ kIf, ljBfno kIf / hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ xfn lgld{t 6x/f]nfO{ oyfl:yltd} /fVg] tyf yk lgdf{0f gug]{ / ljjfbsf] 6+'uf] gnfu'~h]n klxn]s} :yfgdf ljBfno ;~rfng ub}{ ug]{ ;xdlt Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{non] u/fPsf] pxf"n] atfpg' eof] . !^ ut] g} u'7L ;+:yfg, e"ld;'wf/, dfnkf]t sfof{no, gfkL ljefu, k'/ftTj ljefu / w/fg gu/kflnsfnfO{ o;;DaGwL hfgsf/L dfu]/ kq k7fO;lsPsf] atfp"b} k|d'v lg/f}nfn] :s'n agfpg' /fd|} s'/f] eP klg st}af6 :jLs[lt glnO{ cfkm"v';L ljBfno lgdf{0f u/]sf]]n] o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf] :ki6 kfg'{eof] . Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{non] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltl;t ;/sf/L lgsfosf] :jLs[lt–kq dfu]sf] t/ pgLx¿n] b]vfpg g;s]sf] pxf"n] atfpg'eof] . æca l5§} g} of] ljjfbsf] 6'+uf] nfUg]5 .Æ pxf"n] eGg'eof] .

w/fg gu/kflnsfsf ;"rgf cl3s[t u0f]z vltj8fn] klg Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 ljjfbsf] 6'+uf] gnfu'Gh]n hUuf s'g} klg kIfnfO{ lbg g;Sg] atfpg'eof] .

æljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] hUuf kfpm" egL lgj]bg lbPnuQ} lk8]Zj/ dlGb/n] klg ;f] hUufdf cfkm\gf] bfaLsf ;fy lgj]bg lbPsf] 5 .Æ pxf"n] eGg'eof] .

ckx]lnt 5g\ cGt/hftLo ljjfx ug]{x¿ †

zlzw/ e08f/L

b'O{ jif{cufl8 Ko"7fg lhNnfsf] cf]v/sf]6–^ bfl/drf}/sL j;Gtf v8\sfn] slknj:t' lhNnf sf]kjf uflj;–^ sf bLks kl/of/;"u k]|dljjfx ul/g\ . To;kl5 pgL ;dfhdf abgfd s]6Lsf ¿kdf lrlgg yflng\ . g;{sf] hflu/ ug]{ j;Gtf clxn];Dd dfOtLdf uPsL 5}gg\ . lsg dfOtLdf ghfg'ePsf] t < eg]/ k|Zg ubf{ uxel/ cf";' kfb}{ j;Gtf elG5g\– ædnfO{ c5't hft;"u ljjfx u/]sL eg]/ ;a}n] lgGbf ub{5g\ . ddfly c5'ts} Jojxf/ ug]{ ul/G5 . To;}n] w]/} c;lhnf] nflu/x]sf] 5 / uPsL 5}g .Æ kl5 s'g} ;d:of kbf{ dfOtLsf] u'xf/ rflxPdf s] ug'{x'G5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df æclxn] xfdL b'O{ bDktLsf aLrdf /fd|f] k]|d 5, k]|dljjfx ePsf sf/0fn] lhGbuLdf To:tf] dgd'6fj xf]nf h:tf] nfUb}g . of] xfdL b'O{aLrsf] ;kmn k]|d ;DaGwn] hufPsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf lj¿4sf] ljb|f]x klg xf] . bf];|f] s'/f cfTdlge{/ eP/ af"Rg ;S5' eGg] ljZjf; klg xf] .Æ

Ko"7fgs} dfemsf]6 uflj;–* al8rf}/sL d]g'sf e08f/Ln] sl/a b; jif{cufl8 cfkm\g} ufp"sf du/ hftsf emluGb|axfb'/ j}hfnL;"u k]|dljjfx ul/g\ . 5f]/Ln] du/;"u k]|dljjfx u/]kl5 dfOtLn] cfkm\gf] s'nsf] OHht uPsf] dx;'; u/] . æs]xL ;do t ;a}n] d]/f] s'/f sf6] . dnfO{ klg ;'¿df dfOtdf s;/L hfg] xf]nf eGg] nfUof] . t/, clxn] lj:tf/} /fd|f] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ klg a'afcfdfn] ljjfx ul/lbPsf] 3/ gx'gfn] dfOtdf b'Mv b]vfpg hfg gk/] x'GYof], kl5 s] x'g] xf] clxn];Dd t 7Ls} 5Æ– d]g'sf elG5g\ . cfkm\g} dfOtLsf] andf cfkm\gf] j8fdf r'gfj lht]/ dlxnf k|ltlglw;d]t eO;s]sL d]g'sfnfO{ bfh'efOx¿ k|ultzLn ljrf/sf b]Vbf lgs} e/f];f klg nfU5 /] † cGoyf sd{df ljZjf; ug]{ d]g'sf sldnfn] t hLp kfN5 eg] d s] ePsL 5' / elG5g\ . pgdf slQ klg xLgtf af]w 5}g . a¿ ;fx;sf] y'k|f] 5 pgL;"u . ;f]xL lhNnf vn+uf ahf/sL gfd atfpg grfxg] Pshgf >]i7 y/sL dlxnfn] g]jf/ ;Dk|bfoleq blnt eg]/ lrlgg] s]6f;"u k]|dljjfx u/]afkt pgL clxn] dfOtL s'naf6 alx:s[t x'g k'u]sL l5g\ . pgnfO{ klg ;+sf]r / kZrftfk 5}g . cfkm\gf] lgjf{x h;/L klg rnfpg] b[9tf / ;fx; 5 pgL;"u klg .

kf6g9f]sf leZjfkfnsL /Ltf 8+uf]nsf] Joyf klg emG8} d]gsfs} h:tf] 5 . /Ltf 8+uf]nn] @)%$ ;fn df3df wflbª lhNnf lk"8f uflj;–% a:g] lji0f' e08f/L;"u k]|dljjfx ul/g\ . lji0f' e08f/L ;fgf hfltsf geP klg g]jf/x¿n] cfkm\gf] ;+:sf/ of km/s klxrfg b]vfpg] x'gfn] /Ltf klg ljjfxkZrft\ cjx]ngfsf] lzsf/ eOg\ . tLg jif{;Dd dfOtdf hf"b} guPsL /Ltf s]xL dlxgfcufl8af6 dfq dfOt hfg yfn]sL x'g\ . clxn] pgnfO{ cfdf, a'af, bfO, efph" ;a}n] /fd|f] Jojxf/ ub{5g\ t/ klg cfdfafa'sf] OR5fljk/Lt lx"8]sf]n] cfkm\gf b'Mv / j]bgfnfO{ kf]Vg dfOtdf hfg gk/f];\ eGg] eujfg\;"u k|fy{gf ul5{g\ . eg]h:tf] >Ldfg\ kfPsf]df /Ltfn] xif{ k|s6 ub}{ h:t} ;+s6 k/] klg k9]n]v]sL 5', s]xL g s]xL u¿"nf eg]/ ;fx;s} kf]sf] km'sfp"l5g\ .

P3f/ jif{ klxn] eb|sfnL uflj;–% sf7df8f}"sL /]0f' dxh{gn] sf7df8f}"s} ufunkm]bL uflj;– % sf 1fgaxfb'/ nfdf;"u cGt/hftLo k]|dljjfx ul/g\ . clxn] klg bfh'x¿af6 lt/:s[t g} ePsL /]0f'n] cfdfa'af / lbbL–efph"x¿;"u eg] ;DaGw a9fPsL l5g\ . t}klg s]xL grn] ufp"df uP/ kfvf] af/L vg]/ eP klg hLjg rnfpg] cf"6 b]vfp"l5g\ pgL . o;}u/L /f]Nkfsf] v'u|L uflj;sL Pshgf dlxnf / c3f{vf"rLsL csL{ Pp6L dlxnfn] blnt;"u ljjfx u/]sf] kL8fnfO{ ;f]Wg vf]Hbf eSsflgP / s]xL atfpg ;s]gg\ .

o;/L xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs s';+:sf/ p"rf]–lgrf] hft eGg] cGwljZjf;n] ;dfhsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ a9L c;/ k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . o:t} k|sf/sf d'2fx¿ clxn] klg d'n'sdf ljBdfg eP klg k|sfzdf cfpg;s]sf 5}gg\ . cfkm\gf] efjgf ldNg];"u k]|dljjfx ug'{ s] ck/fw xf] < t/ klg o:tf 36gfnfO{ ;dfhn] cem} ck/fwh:t} 7fGb5 . s]xL dlxnfx¿n] ;fx; b]vfP tfklg Pp6f j]bgfn] t pgLx¿nfO{ v]lb/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;+rfl/sf n]vdfnf÷;+rfl/sf ;d"x

cfly{s ljsf;df u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf

;'ifdf /]UdL

k[i7e"ld

g]kfnsf] ljQLo If]qdf ;+VofTds ¿kn] w]/} ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ pkl:yt eO;s]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= !(($ sflQs #) ut] :yfkgf ePsf] g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8n] ljQLo ahf/df cGo !^ jfl0fHo a}+s;"u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ckgfPsf] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltn] g]kfnsf] ljQLo ahf/df cg]s lsl;dsf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ pkl:yt u/fPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfht k|fKt u/L u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljQLo sf/f]af/df ;+nUg ljsf; a}+s, ljQ sDkgL, ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof @)%( k'; d;fGt;Dddf !$% k'lu;s]sf] 5 . o;dWo] !^ ljsf; a}+s, % u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s, %$ ljQ sDkgL, #$ ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf #^ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf /x]sf 5g\ . u}/a}+s ljQLo dWo:ystf{sf] gfdn] ;d]t k|rlnt oL ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf;sf] Oltxf; w]/} k'/fgf] b]lv"b}g . ;g\ !(^)÷&) sf] bzstfsf a]nfot tyf cd]l/sfh:tf ljsl;t b]zdf tLj| ultdf ljsf; x'gk'u]sf u}/a}+s ljQLo dWo:ystf{ g]kfndf g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud, /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if, s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] ¿kdf klxn]b]lv g} sfo{/t /x] klg oL ;+:yfsf] cnfjf cGo u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ljsf; @)$) ;fnkZrft\ dfq} tLj| ultdf ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf ljQ sDkgL P]g, @)$@ th'{df ePkl5 ;j{k|yd @)$( ;fndf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf g]kfn cfjf; ljsf; ljQ sDkgLsf] :yfkgfaf6 ljQ sDkgLsf] ;'¿jft ePsf] xf] . cfh ljQ sDkgLsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ;"u;"u} ltgsf] ljQLo sf/f]af/df ;d]t pNn]vgLo ¿kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ljsf; a}+ssf] ¿kdf g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud / s[lif lasf; a}+s sfo{/t /x]sf] eP tfklg oL cnu–cnu P]gcGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ . pk/f]Qm ljsf; a}+s afx]s cGo ljsf; a}+s ljsf; a}+s P]g, @)%@ cGtu{t sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 ;Lldt a}lsª sf/f]af/ ug]{ Ohfhtk|fKt u/]sf #$ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/, ;xsf/L ljefudf btf{ eO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] gLlt–lgb]{zgcGtu{t /xL sfo{/t 5g\ . To:t} ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)%% cGtu{t :yfkgf eO{ a}+saf6 Ohfhtk|fKt #^ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ljQLo dWo:ytfsf] sf/f]af/ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;/L ;+VofTds lx;fan] !$% sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'u]sf u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] k'"hLsf]if, shf{ tyf nufgL, lgIf]knufot ;Dk"0f{ ljQLo sf/f]af/x¿df pNn]vgLo j[l4 cfPsf] 5 . log} ljQLo sf/f]af/sf] kmn:j¿k ljQLo ahf/df gf}nf–gf}nf ljQLo pks/0fx¿ k|rlnt eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;+:yfut ljQLo ahf/sf ;fy} k'"hL ahf/nfO{ ;d]t 6]jf ldn]sf] 5 .

ljsf; a}+s, n3'ljQ ljsf; a}+s, u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s, ljQ sDkgL, ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf u}/a}+s ljQLo dWo:ystf{sf] k'"hLsf]if ¿= ^#@ s/f]8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} oL ;+:yfn] lgIf]k / ;fk6L u/L s'n ¿ $,)$% s/f]8 ljQLo ;|f]t ;+sng u/L ;f]xL cjlwdf s'n ¿= $,#$# s/f]8 shf{ tyf nufgL k|jfx ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfsf] s'n ;|f]t / pkof]u ¿= ^,#(* s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfht k|fKt u/L ljQLo dWo:ystf{sf] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] @)%( c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] sf]if ¿= #,(@) xhf/, s'n ;fk6L ¿= #^,)($ xhf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] gfkmf ¿= %,&&( xhf/ /x]sf] 5 . To:t} u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] @)%& c;f/, @)%* c;f/ tyf @)%( c;f/df ;+slnt s'n lgIf]k qmdzM ¿=!,!)# s/f]8, ¿=!,&$@ s/f]8 tyf ¿=$,)!! s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 eg] s'n shf{ tyf nufgL qmdzM ¿=!,@!( s/f]8, ¿=@,^** s/f]8 tyf ¿=$,&%& s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . o;/L u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lgIf]kdf j[l4 x'"b} uPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ shf{ tyf nufgLdf klg qmdzM j[l4 x'"b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ljQLo ahf/df u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] d'Vo k|lt:kwf{ b]zdf :yflkt jfl0fHo a}+sx¿;"u g} /x]sf] 5 . s'n lgIf]ksf] !&=( k|ltzt tyf s'n shf{ tyf nufgLsf] @$=&$ k|ltzt ahf/ c+z cf]u6\g ;kmn u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ljQLoIf]qdf qmdzM :yfg aGb} uO/x]sf] :ki6 g} 5 . oL ;+:yfn] ;+sng u/]sf] lgIf]k s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] (=$ k|ltzt tyf shf{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] (=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h'g lgZro g} pT;fxk|b /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

cfly{s ljsf;df e"ldsf

b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ultzLntf NofO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] cfly{s lxt sfod /fVg b]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] k'"hLnfO{ Pslqt u/L ;+:yfut ¿kdf nufgL u/L u}/a}+lsË sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zon] u}/a}+lsË ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ . jfl0fHo a}+seGbf k[ys /x]sf t/ sfo{k|s[lt ldNbfh'Nbf oL ;+:yfsf] cfly{s hut\df cfkm\gf] leGg} :yfg /x]sf] 5 . r]s hf/L gug]{, rNtL vftf ;+rfng tyf ljb]zL d'b|fsf] sf/f]af/ gug]{ oL ;+:yfsf] k'"hL ;+/rgf (portfolio structure) jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf] eGbf ;fgf] /x]sf] x'G5 . d'2lt lgIf]k, ;fk6L tyf l8j]~r/ hf/L u/]/ ljQLo ;|f]t h'6fpg] oL ;+:yfn] k|jfx ug]{ shf{sf] :j¿k, cjlw cflb ;d]t a}}+seGbf leGg vfnsf] /x]sf] 5 .

u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfn] s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf, Jofkf/ tyf cGo Jofj;flos ¿kn] ;DefJo b]lvPsf pTkfbgzLn Joj;fosf] :yfkgf, ljsf;, lj:tf/ / Ifdtf Pj+ pTkfbsTj j[l4sf nflu cfjZos ljQLo ;fwg tyf k|ljlw pknJw u/fO{ b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s Pj+ s[lifIf]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df dxTk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . o;/L s[lif k|wfg b]zsf] ljsf;sf] nflu clt cfjZos cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofkfl/sIf]qdf ;d]t shf{ pknJw u/fO{ ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df oy]i6 of]ubfg lbg oL ;+:yf ;kmn b]lvG5g\ .

u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfn] jfl0fHo a}+sn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf u|fxssf] ;fgf]–;fgf] shf{sf] dfunfO{ xfo/kr]{h, cfjf; shf{, cfjlws shf{, xfOkf]lys];g shf{, cflb pknAw u/fP/ k"lt{ ul/lbPsf 5g\ .

gjf}" of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ul/aL 36fpg] p2]ZonfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ oL ;+:yfn] lwtf] /fVg g;Sg] ul/a hgtfnfO{ ;d"x u7g u/fO{ ;f]xL ;d"xsf] lwtf]df n3'Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ n3'shf{ pknJw u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ .

b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k'"hL ahf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . k'"hL ahf/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . oL ;+:yfx¿dWo] clwsf+zn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf k|rlnt P]g, sfg'gcg';f/ z]o/ laqmL ljt/0f u/L g]kfn lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/df ;"rLs[t ;d]t eO;s]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf k"'hL ahf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu oL ;+:yfn] ljQLo ahf/af6 shf{ p7fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf lwtf]kq hf/L ug'{sf ;fy} z]o/ lgisf;s tyf laqmL k|aGwssf] ;d]t e"ldsf ;kmntfk"j{s lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lwtf]kq vl/b ug{sf nflu C0f jf shf{sf] pknAwtf klg oL ;+:yfdfkm{t g} ePsf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ljQLo ahf/df gf}nf–gf}nf ljQLo pks/0fx¿ h:tf]– ljsf; a}+s a08, l8k l8:sfp06 a08 cflb k|rngdf NofO{ ljQLo ahf/nfO{ ;d]t kl/is[t ug]{ sfo{ tbf¿stfsf ;fy u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfn] ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . ;fgf tyf dWodju{sf hgtfn] ;d]t ;+ro u/]sf] ;–;fgf artnfO{ o:tf pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvG5 .

u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfn] ;/sf/L C0fkq tyf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s C0fkqdf nufgL ug{;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] C0fkq k"0f{ ;'/lIft x'g'sf ;fy} o;af6 k|fKt x'g] Aofh cfDbfgL Go"g hf]lvdsf] sf/0fn] klg cfsif{s g} 5 . oL ;+:yfn] o:tf C0fkqdf nufgL u/]sf] /sdafkt hf]lvd ef/ z"Go x'g] / t/n ;DklQdf ;d]t u0fgf ug{ kfOg] k|fjwfg Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;/sf/n] ;d]t o:tf C0fkq hf/L u/]/ cfGtl/s C0f p7fpg ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . o;/L u}/a}+s ljQLoIf]qn] ;/sf/L artkq jf C0fkq vl/b u/L cfGtl/s C0f p7fpg ;/sf/nfO{ d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

b]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] ;–;fgf] artnfO{ d'2lt lgIf]ksf] dfWodaf6 ;+sng u/L ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljleGg If]qdf nufgL u/L art kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 ;kmntfk"j{s eO/x]sf] 5 . oL ;+:yfn] ;+sng u/]sf] lgIf]ksf] /sddf ePsf] j[l4n] o;nfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . JolQmut art, ;d"x art, d'2lt art, qmlds art, lgIf]k art, ;+rosf]if art cflbh:tf art sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L g]kfnL hgtfdf art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ;d]t ePsf] 5 . artdf k|bfg ul/g] Aofhb/ klg jfl0fHo a}+sn] lgIf]kdf k|bfg ug]{ Aofhb/eGbf cfsif{s /x]sf] 5 . artdf j[l4n] nufgLnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . nufgLdf j[l4n] cfo tyf /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 x'g uO{ ;d:t cy{Joj:yf g} nfeflGjt x'ghfg] :ki6 5 .

b]zn] cjnDag u/sf] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltkZrft\ u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;+Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . @)%( k'; d;fGt;Dddf g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{ Ohfhtk|fKt u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;+Vof !$% k'lu;s]sf] 5 . b]zdf ljBdfg a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . To:t} ljQLo ahf/df ar{:j sfod /fVg klg oL ;+:yfn] cfsif{s tna tyf cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L hgzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] o;tkm{ hgzlQmsf] cfsif{0f a9\bf] 5 . o;sf nflu hgzlQmn] cfkm\gf] bIftf clej[l4 ug{ ;d]t k|f]T;fxg ldn]sf] 5 .

b]zdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] a9\bf] pkl:yltn] ljQLo ahf/df k|lt:kwf{sf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . pkef]Qmfn] lgIf]kdf cfsif{s Aofh k|bfg ug]{ tyf shf{df Go"g Aofh lng] ;+:yfsf] 5gf}6df :jtGqtf kfPsf] 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] gfkmf g} lgIf]kdf k|bfg ul/g] Aofh tyf shf{df lng] AofhaLrsf] cGt/ xf] . ctM gfkmf sdfpg oL ;+:yfn] pkef]QmfnfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t ug]{ qmddf k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 Psftkm{ oL ;+:yfsf] sfo{bIftf / sfo{s'zntfdf j[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ pkef]Qmfn] ljQLo ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;+:yf 5gf}6 ug]{ df}sf;d]t k|fKt ugf{n] b'j} kIf nfeflGjt x'gk'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] k'"hLsf]if a}+ssf] t'ngfdf ;fgf] x'G5 . ctM oL ;+:yfn] ;–;fgf jf dWod:t/sf of]hgf jf If]qdf dfq shf{ k|jfx ug{ ;Sb5g\ . 7"nf] shf{sf] dfu k"/f ug{ oL ;+:yfn] cGt/ljQLo ;+:yf shf{ jf ;xljQLos/0fsf] dfWod ckgfpg ;Sb5g\ .

lgisif{

pbf/Ls/0f tyf v'nf ahf/sf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{cufl8 b]zdf u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ cf}"nfdf uGg ;lsGYof] . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df oL ;+:yfsf] dxTjnfO{ cf"sng u/]/ g} u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;+VofTds ¿kdf j[l4 u/L cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf a9fjf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; x'g' :jefljs} lyof] . km]l/ b]zn] cjnDag u/]sf] ljQLo gLltsf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ p2]ZonfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ qmddf oL ;+:yfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . u}/a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ cnu–cnu P]gcGtu{t :yflkt eO{ tL P]gn] lbPsf clwsf/cGtu{t /x]/ ljQLo sf/f]af/ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . a}+lsË tyf ljQLoIf]qsf] ljsf; cfly{s ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ xf] . oL ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 b]zdf kof{Kt dfqfdf ;fvsf] lj:tf/ x'g;S5 . oL ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 pBf]u, ko{6g, Jofkf/nufot cGo If]qsf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . ;x–ljQLos/0fsf] dfWodaf6 7"nf–7"nf hnljB't\ kl/of]hgf, ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf nflu cfjZos xf]6n, l/;f]6{df shf{ k|jfx u/L oL If]qsf] ljsf; ;Dej x'g;S5 . u|fdL0fIf]qdf n3'shf{ pknAw u/fpg, ;–;fgf artstf{af6 lgIf]k ;+sng u/L art kl/rfng ug{, /f]huf/ k|bfg u/L a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{, k'"hL ahf/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ oL ;+:yfsf] ;+Vofdf dfq geO{ oL ;+:yfn] k|bfg ug]{ ljQLo ;]jfsf] u'0ffTds j[l4sf nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;bf rgfvf] eO{ plrt lgodg, lgoGq0f, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf nflu/xg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

t]O; ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿ 3f6fdf

cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df @# j6f ;+:yfgx¿ ;~rfng 3f6fdf uPsf 5g\ eg] !% j6f ;+:yfgx¿ gfkmfdf ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ . 3f6fdf ;+rfng ePsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] s'n ;+rfng 3f6f dfq} ¿= % ca{ $& s/f]8 %# nfv k'u]sf] 5 . ;+:yfgx¿n] l;h{gf u/]sf] bfloTj wfGg} g;Sg] u/L j[l4 ePsf] 5, pTkfbsTj Hofb} Go"g 5 / k|foM ;a}h;f] pBf]ux¿ cfkm\gf] hl8t IfdtfeGbf sd Ifdtfdf rln/x]sf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] ;+:yfgx¿ ;fdfGo b}lgs vr{ klg wfGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ . #* j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( ;Dddf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] z]o/ nufgL ¿= @# ca{ $@ s/f]8 (( nfv / C0f nufgL ¿= %@ ca{ (^ s/f]8 ** nfv u/L hDdf ¿= &^ ca{ #( s/f]8 *& nfv nufgL ePsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df nfef+zsf] ¿kdf ¿= @) s/f]8 !& nfv dfq >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5, h'g z]o/ nufgLsf] )=*^ k|ltzt x'g cfp"5 .

If]qut ljZn]if0f

cf}Bf]lus If]q M ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdWo] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf !) ;+:yfgx¿df cfly{s jif{ )%*.%( ;Dddf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 z]o/ ¿= % ca{ $% s/f]8 #% nfv / C0f ¿= # cj{ %! s/f]8 ^$ nfv nufgL ePsf] 5 . xfnsf] l:ylt x]bf{ pQm ;+:yfgx¿df g]6 jy{ ^& s/f]8 &@ nfv dfq b]lvG5 . o;/L ;'¿ nufgLdf ** k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;'¿ nufgLsf] jt{dfg d"No (Time Value of Money) u0fgf ug]{ xf] eg] pQm x|f; k|ltzt cem clws x'g hfG5 . t/ ;+:yfgx¿df /x]sf] ;DklQsf] k'gd{"Nof+sg ug]{ xf] eg] g]6 jy{sf] l:ylt s]xL ;sf/fTds b]lvg ;S5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df o; If]qaf6 >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .

cfly{s jif{ )%*.%( df hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln= tyf pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]u afx]s ;a} ;+:yfgx¿ 3f6fdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf tyf pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]usf] gfkmf /sd qmdzM ¿= ! s/f]8 $! nfv / ¿= *$ nfv /x]sf] 5 . pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]usf] gfkmf ljz]if u/L cGo cfo ;|f]taf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qsf !) ;+:yfgsf] cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( sf] g]6 jy{ ¿= ^& s/f]8 &@ nfv /x]sf]df g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= sf] ¿= @ ca{ %( s/f]8 $) nfv C0ffTds / pbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]usf] ¿= @ ca{ *^ s/f]8 $# nfv wgfTds /x]sf] 5 . af"sL * ;+yfgx¿sf] g]6jy{sf] /sd ¿= $) s/f]8 ^( nfv b]lvG5 . oL * j6f ;+:yfgx¿sf] utjif{sf] t'ngfdf o; jif{sf] g]6jy{df $@ k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= sf] g]6jy{ ¿= @ ca{ %( s/f]8 $) nfv C0ffTds /x]sf]df k'"hLs/0f x'g af"sL vr{ dfq ¿= # ca{ $ s/f]8 $) nfv /x]sf] 5 . ;f] sDkgL w]/} jif{b]lv Jofkfl/s ¿kdf ;+rfng x'g ;Sg] l:yltdf gcfPsf]n] pQm /sd k'"hLs/0f ePsf] 5}g . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] v"b gfkmf÷gf]S;fgsf] l:ylt x]bf{ cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ¿= #@ s/f]8 ($ nfv 3f6f ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ )%(.^) df ¿= @* s/f]8 @$ nfv gf]S;fg x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ )%(.^) df hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfdfq gfkmfdf hfg;Sg] cg'dfg 5 . v"b k'"hL nufgL / To;sf] k|ltkmnsf] cj:yf x]bf{ cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df v"b k'"hL nufgL ¿= $ ca{ # s/f]8 %^ nfv tyf ;+rfng 3f6f ¿= #% s/f]8 #% nfv /x]sf] 5 / k'"hLsf] k|ltkmn *=&^ k|ltzt C0ffTds b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.%* df pQm k|ltkmn *=*! k|ltzt C0ffTds lyof] eg] cfly{s jif{ @)%(.^) df *=!( k|ltzt C0ffTds x'g] cg'dfg 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df w]/} gf]S;fg x'g] ;+:yfgx¿df b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg, x]6f+}8f l;d]G6 pBf]u ln=, n'lDagL lrgL sf/vfgf ln= / g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= /x]sf 5g\ .

Jofkfl/s If]q M o; If]qcGtu{tsf ^ ;+:yfgx¿df cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( ;Dddf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ¿= ! ca{ %) s/f]8 !$ nfv z]o/ tyf ¿= @@ s/f]8 &$ nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm ;+:yfgx¿dWo] g]zgn 6]«l8ª ln= af6 dfq nfef+z:j¿k ¿= %! nfv k|fKt ePsf] 5 . xfn pQm ;+:yfgx¿sf] g]6jy{ $ ca{ *# s/f]8 (# nfv /x]sf] 5 . o; jif{sf] gfkmf÷gf]S;fgsf] l:ylt x]bf{ ¿= #$ s/f]8 ^& nfv 3f6f ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ Jofkfl/s ;+:yfgx¿ ;'¿sf jif{x¿df gfkmfdf ;+rfng eP klg kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ltgLx¿sf] ljQLo cj:yf qmdzM lau|b} uPsf] kfOG5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df g]zgn 6]«l8ª ln= ;+rfng 3f6fdf eP klg cGo cfosf] sf/0fn] v"b gfkmf ¿= %! nfv x'g cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.%* df Jofkfl/s If]qdf v"b gfkmf ¿= $# s/f]8 &) nfv /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ¿= #$ s/f]8 ^& nfv 3f6f b]lvG5 / @)%(.^) df @ ca{ #( s/f]8 % nfv gf]S;fg x'g] cg'dfg 5 . g]kfn cfon lgud cfly{s jif{ )%&.%* df ¿= @% s/f]8 ^# nfv gfkmfdf /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ¿= !$ s/f]8 * nfv 3f6f ePsf] / cfly{s jif{ @)%(.^) df ¿= @ ca{ #) s/f]8 (% nfv 3f6f x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ Jofkfl/s ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;du| gfkmf÷gf]S;fgsf] l:yltdf g]kfn cfon lgudn] gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

;]jf If]q M o; If]qcGtu{tsf ^ j6f ;+:yfgx¿df cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( ;Dddf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] #( s/f]8 ## nfv z]o/ / @ s/f]8 !% nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] o; cfly{s jif{df o; If]qaf6 @ nfv nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5 . pQm nfef+z /fli6«o pTkfbsTj tyf cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb|af6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df g]6jy{ ¿= ^& s/f]8 ($ nfv C0ffTds /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo] zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] g]6jy{ dfq ¿= ! ca{ !! s/f]8 &# nfv C0ffTds /x]sf] 5 . af"sL % ;+:yfgx¿sf] g]6jy{ ¿= $# s/f]8 &( nfv /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.%* df g]6jy{ ¿= $& s/f]8 ( nfv C0ffTds /x]sf]df zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] g]6jy{ ¿= *^ s/f]8 ** nfv C0ffTds lyof] .

cfly{s jif{ )%*.%( df v"b gfkmf÷gf]S;fgsf] l:ylt x]bf{ ¿= @& s/f]8 *# nfv 3f6f b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg ln=, g]zgn sG:6«S;g sDkgL g]kfn ln=, g]kfn Ol~hlgol/ª sG;N6]G;L ;]jf s]Gb| ln= / /fli6«o pTkfbsTj tyf cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb| ln= gu0o d'gfkmfdf ;+rfng ePsf b]lvG5g\ . cflys jif{ @)%(.^) df ! s/f]8 !@ nfv v"b gf]S;fg x'g] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( sf] ;+rfng gfkmf÷gf]S;fgsf] cj:yf x]bf{ ¿= @& s/f]8 *# nfv 3f6f b]lvG5 eg] v"b k'"hL nufgL klg C0ffTds 5 .

;fdflhs If]q M o; If]qsf % j6f ;+:yfgx¿df cflys jif{ @)%*.%( ;Dd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] && s/f]8 &% nfv z]o/ tyf @ s/f]8 ^# nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; cfly{s jif{df hgs lzIff ;fdfu|L s]Gb| ln= af6 ¿= ^% nfv nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df g]6jy{ ! ca{ !( s/f]8 !) nfv /x]sf] 5 eg] cfly{s jif{ )%&.%* df ¿= ! ca{ !$ s/f]8 $ nfv /x]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ¿= @& nfv v"b gf]S;fg b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf ¿= ! s/f]8 &$ nfv gf]S;fg /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] af"sL :yfgx¿ gfkmfdf ;+rflnt 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)%(.^) df v"b gfkmf ¿= ! s/f]8 @ nfv x'g] cg'dfg 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( sf] ;+rfng gfkmf÷gf]S;fgsf] l:ylt x]bf{ ¿= ! s/f]8 *! nfv gf]S;fg b]lvG5 . g]kfn 6]lnlehg / uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] ;+rfng 3f6f qmdzM ¿= @ s/f]8 @! nfv / ¿= $! nfv /xsf] 5 . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgdf ¿= $# nfv cGo cfo–cfh{g ePsf]n] v"b gfkmf ¿= @ nfv x'g cfPsf] xf] .

hgf]kof]uL If]q M hgf]kof]uL If]qsf # j6f ;+:yfgx¿df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( ;Dddf ¿= !@ ca{ @* s/f]8 #* nfv z]o/ / ¿= $@ ca{ %^ s/f]8 &^ nfv C0f nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ¿= !% s/f]8 *! nfv nfefz emfPsf] 5 . o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿df cfly{s jif{ )%*.%( sf] g]6jy{ $@ ca{ *& s/f]8 %$ nfv 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.%* df g]6jy{ ¿= $! ca{ &^ s/f]8 #( nfv /x]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( sf] v"b gfkmf ¿= ! ca{ ^* s/f]8 ^& nfv 5 . h;df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] ¿= @ ca{ ^! s/f]8 %! nfv gfkmf, g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] ¿= $ s/f]8 && nfv gf]S;fg / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ¿= ** s/f]8 & nfv gfS;fg /xsf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ;+rfng gfkmf ¿= @ ca{ ( s/f]8 @ nfv 5, h;dWo] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] ¿= # ca{ ( s/f]8 () nfv /x]sf] 5 . cGo b'O{ ;+:yfgx¿ 3f6fdf ;+rflnt 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.%* df ;+rfng gfkmf ¿= @ ca{ !^ s/f]8 ^^ nfv /x]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df v"b k'"hLsf] k|ltkmn @=$^ k|ltzt 5 eg] cfly{s jif{ @)%(.^) df !=$& k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.%* df v"b k'"hLsf] k|ltkmn @=&$ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] dfq k'"hLsf] k|ltkmn !*=&* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

ljQLo If]q M cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ljQLo If]qsf] ;dli6ut ;+rfng l:ylt C0ffTds /x]sf] 5 . ljQLo If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿dWo] /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s / g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud v"b gf]S;fgdf g} ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ eg] s[lif ljsf; a}+s, lgIf]k ladf tyf shf{ ;'/If0f lgud, g]kfn cfjf; ljsf; ljQ sDkgL, g]kfn :6s PS:r]~h, gful/s nufgL sf]if / /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfg -hLjg ladf_ v"b gfkmfdf ;+rfng ePsf b]lvG5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ^ ca{ #( s/f]8 *! nfv v"b gf]S;fg ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s / g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgudsf] g]6jy{ C0ffTds /x]sf]n] o; If]qsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] g]6jy{ g} C0ffTds b]lvg k'u]sf] 5 .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cj:yf M

Joj:yf

;+:yfgsf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] n]vf >L % sf] k|To]s jif{ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef x'g'eGbf sDtLdf tL; lbg cufj} / k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] xsdf cf=j= ;dfKt ePsf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] x'g'kg]{ 5 .

lgudn] cf=j= ;DkGg ePsf] rf/ cfly{ s jif{ @)%*.%( df cf=j= @)%&.%* ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/fpg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;+Vof hDdf !$ lyof] eg] cf=j= @)%&.%* df cf=j= @)%^.%& ;Ddsf] n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg] ;+:yfgsf] ;+Vof $ dfq lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%(.^) df cfOk'Ubf cf=j= )%*.%( ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/fpg] ;+:yfgsf] ;+Vof @$ k'u]sf] 5 . ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg gu/fpg] ;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L k|d'v / n]vf k|d'vnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ gLlt >L % sf] ;/sf/n] clVtof/ u/]kl5 o; If]qdf s]xL ;'wf/ x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ;doleq} n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ nufpg] / n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cf}"NofOPsf ljifox¿df ;'wf/ ug{ ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ k|]l/t ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;+:yfgsf] n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg n]vfdfg / n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx¿sf] ljsf; u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0f Nffdf] ;dob]lv lghLs/0f k|lqmofdf /x]sf] a'6jn kfj/ sDkgLsf] lghLs/0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;fy} o; sDkgLsf] @ k|ltzt z]o/ sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ laqmL ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu gful/s nufgL sf]ifnfO{ Issue Manager tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;fy} /3'klt h'6 ldN;df >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] af"sL /x]sf] z]o/ ##=^@ k|ltztdWo] % k|ltzt ldN;df sfo{/t sfdbf/÷ sd{rf/LnfO{ / af"sL z]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k'"hL ahf/dfkm{t laqmL ug]{ / g]kfn 9nf}6 sf/vfgfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] af""sL /x]sf] $( k|ltzt z]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k'"hL ahf/dfkm{t laqmL ug{sf] nflu gful/s nufgL sf]ifnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . oL k|lti7fgx¿sf] z]o/ cfufdL cfly{s jif{df laqmL ul/g] 5 . eQmk'/ O"6 sf/vfgf lghLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgdWo] # j6fsf] ;DklQ Pj+ Joj;fo laqmL, !) j6fsf] z]o/ laqmL, ( j6f vf/]hL÷lj36g / ! j6fsf] Joj:yfkg s/f/df lbO{ lghLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

;d:ofx¿

cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ;+rfng ePsf clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] sfo{ s'zntf cToGt lg/fzfhgs /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df @# j6f ;+:yfgx¿ gf]S;fgdf ;+rfng ePsf / of] gf]S;fgL ¿= % ca{ $& s/f]8 %# nfv k'u]sf] 5 eg] !% j6f ;+:yfgx¿ gfkmfdf ;+rfng ePsf eP tfklg ;du|df ;+:yfgx¿sf] ljQLo sfo{ s'zntf ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5}g . Jofkfl/s If]qdf ;+rflnt g]kfn cfon lgud, ;]jf If]qdf ;+rflnt zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud, hgf]kof]uL If]qdf ;+rflnt g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / ljQLo If]qdf ;+rflnt /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+ssf] ;+rfng gf]S;fgL lgs} lrGtfhgs /x]sf] 5 .

clwsf+z ;+:yfgx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo tyf Jofj;flos Ifdtf cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] sf/0faf6 o;sf] c;/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] pTkfbg / ;]jfdf ;d]t k/]sf] / ;]jf Pj+ pTkfbg Go"g u'0f:t/sf] /x]sf] sf/0faf6 ljQLo sfo{s'zntfdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+:yfgx¿df Jofj;flos c;Ifdtf, lhDd]jf/L glng] / cg'Q/bfoL /xg] k|j[lQ, sfo{ ;+rfng k|i6 / kf/bzL{ x'g g;Sg'h:tf sf/0fx¿ g} o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g'df k|d'v ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg lgoldt ¿kdf x'g g;s]sf], sfg'gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] cjlwleq n]vf k/LIf0f x'g g;s]sf], /fhg}lts If]qaf6 cgfjZos x:tIf]k / gLltut ljifodf ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 ;dod} lg0f{o / lgb]{zg gx'"bf sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfzftLt ;'wf/ x'g g;sL ;+:yfgx¿sf] cfly{s Pj+ ljQLo cj:yf gsf/fTds x'g uPsf] 5 .

pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng a'l4dtfk"j{s x'g g;sL cg'Tkfbs If]qdf nufgL a9\g uPsf], wfGg} g;lsg] u/L ;+:yfgx¿af6 l;h{gf ul/Psf bfloTj / bfloTj Joxf]g]{ sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{df ;f] gul/Psf] sf/0faf6 bfloTj olsg ug{ ;d]t 7"nf] sl7gfO pTkGg ePsf] 5 . cfjZostfeGbf clws sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ / ;+:yfgn] wfGg ;Sg]eGbf a9L ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0faf6 /fHo sf]ifdfly cfly{s ef/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿n] l;h{gf u/]sf] c;Lldt cfly{s bfloTjsf sf/0f >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf ug]{ nufgLdf ;d]t s6f}tL ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] sxfnLnfUbf] cfly{s Pj+ ljQLo cj:yf / ;+:yfgx¿ Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;+rfng x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 ;+:yfg ;'wf/ / lghLs/0f k|lqmofdf ;d]t 7"nf] r'gf}tL cfPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;+:yfg ;'wf/ / lghLs/0fsf] sfo{;d]t dx"uf] / vlr{nf] x'g uPsf] 5 .

;a}sf nflu lzIff, sd{rf/Lsf nflu eQf

xl/eQm kf}8]n

…;g\ @)!% ;Dddf lzIffaf6 jl~rt ;a} kl/jf/sf nflu lzIffÚ eGg] k|lta4tfsf;fy g]kfnn] lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 .

o; sfo{of]hgfn] ljz]if u/L !@ jif{leqdf c;'/lIft / lk5l8Psf afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx, lzIff / Ifdtfsf] lj:tf/, :t/Lo Pj+ lgMz'Ns clgjfo{ k|fylds lzIffdf kx'"r a9fpg'sf ;fy} k|f}9 lzIffdf ;'wf/h:tf d'Vo nIonfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . sfo{ of]hgfdf clw/fHoel/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ jftfj/0fLo tl/sfaf6 :t/Lo, cfwf/e"t Pj+ k|fylds lzIff, afnljsf;sf] cg'ej, n}+lus ;Gt'ng, dft[efiffdf hf]8, ;Lkd"ns, hLjgkof]uL lzIff, kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf lbg] sfuhL cfwf/kq tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . b'O{ lbg cufl8 dfq sfo{of]hgfsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ cfof]lht Ps sfo{qmddf lzIff dGqL xl/axfb'/ a:g]tn] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn agfpg gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xof]u dfUg'ePsf] 5 .

pQm 5nkmn sfo{qmddf efu lnPafkt df]6f] eQf ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf efu lnPafkt kfl/>lds :j¿k s]xL kqsf/x¿nfO{ ;d]t k|ltJolQm ¿= % ;o ha/h:tL ¿kdf le8fP/ kqsf/ lsGg] sf]l;; ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} sfo{qmddf efu lng] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] eQf of] /sdeGbf lgs}dfly /x]sf] ;"qsf] bfaL 5 .

g]kfnn] ;g\ @))) sf] clk|ndf ;]g]unsf] 8sf/df ;DkGg ljZj lzIffd~rsf] a}7sdf ;a}sf nflu lzIff k'¥ofpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . lzIff dGqfno / o'g]:sf]sf] ;xof]udf pQm sfo{of]hgf tof/ x''g'sf ;fy} sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsf] 5 . a]/f]huf/L / cfly{s ;+s6n] ;tfPsf g]kfnLx¿sf] hLj:t/ dfly p7fpg] sfo{of]hgf gNofO{sg lzIffdf PSsf;L ¿kdf gf6sLo 9Ën] s;/L kl/jt{g cfpg] xf] <

dGqfnosf nflu r'gf}tLsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt aGbs /x]sf] cj:yfdf ufp"–ufp"df ljBfnox¿ aGb ePsf] cj:yfdf, csf]{tkm{ dfcf]jfbLx¿n] hgjfbL lzIff nfu" ug]{ t/v/ :j¿k ljs6 kxf8L lhNnfx¿df hgjfbL lzIff k9fpg nufPsf] a]nfdf of] !@ jif{leqdf sfo{qmdn] slt ;kmntf kfpg] xf] lj1x¿ g} cgle1 5g\ .

!@ jif{df s[lifdf qmflGt Nofpg] gfp"df nufgL ePsf] ah]6sf] Go"g pknlAwsf] cj:yf lzIffdf gcfcf];\ eGg] lj1x¿sf] ;'emfj 5 .

o'jtL anfTs[t

nxfg . l;/xf lhNnf xg'dfggu/ lgjf;L @) jifL{of rf}w/L y/sL o'jtL wgu9L, ;f]gfk'/ lgjf;L @) jifL{o ljgf]bs'df/ ofbjåf/f anfTs[t ePsL l5g\ .

lgh ofbjn] ;fpg !$ ut] ;f"em &=#) ah]lt/ wgu9L uflj;– @ sf] kf]v/L glhssf] af";3f/Ldf nuL anfTsf/ u/]sf] hfgsf/L Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no nxfgn] lbPsf] 5 .

cleo'Qm ljgf]bn] kLl8tsf] ;nn] d'v af"wL s'6kL6 ;d]t u/L hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf lyP . cleo'Qmn] ;f"em &=#) ah]b]lv !!=#) ah];Dddf rf/ k6s anfTsf/ u/]sf] k|x/L ;dIf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . kLl8t o'jtLn] cfkm\gL lbbL zs'Gtnf rf}w/LnfO{ j[QfGt atfPkl5 lghn] k|x/Ldf ph'/L u/]sf] / cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp u/L ;fpg !^ ut] cfjZos d]l8sn hf"rsf] nflu c~rn c:ktfn /fhlj/fh k7fOPsf] hfgsf/L Ok|sf nxfgn] lbPsf] 5 .

bnsf] cfGbf]ngdf Joj;foLsf] ;dy{g

lul/hf clwsf/L

x]6f}+8f . k|ltudglj¿4 k|hftGqsf] kIfdf dsjfgk'/sf k];fut ;+3;+:yfx¿n] P]Soa4tf hf/L ub}{ Ps ljzfn ¥ofnL lgsfn] . /fli6«o dfGotfk|fKt bnn] /fVb} cfPsf dfunfO{ g} k];fut ;+3;+:yfx¿n] ;dy{g u/L k|hftGqsf] /Iffsf] dfu u/]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsf k|ltli7t g]tfx¿ Pj+ lzIfs, jlsn, dhb'/x¿n] ljleGg Kn] sf8{ af]s]/ ¥ofnLdf ;xfefuL hgfPsf lyP . æk];fut xslxtsf] ;'/Iff u/Æ, æcGwfw'Gw lghLs/0f aGb u/Æ, ædfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns u/Æ æ;+ljwfgsf] cIf/zM kfngf u/Æ, h:tf gf/f n]lvPsf Kn] sf8{;lxt h'n'; lg:s"bf x]6f}+8fdf 7"nf] xnrn NofPsf] lyof] . e'6gb]jL df=lj= af6 lgsflnPsf] ;f] ¥ofnL dfg;rf]s, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 x'"b} dx]Gb| rf]ssf] cgzg :yndf cfO{ ;efdf kl/0ft ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ jQmfx¿n] k|ltudg g;lRrP;Dd k];fut ;+3;+:yfn] cfGbf]ng gTofUg] atfP .

pQm ¥ofnLdf k|fWofks Pj+ lzIfs ;+3, g]kfn k'g/fj]bg, jf/ P;f]l;P;g, lhNnf cbfnt, jf/ PsfO, g]kfn a'l4hLjL kl/ifb\, lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7g, cGt/ a+}ª sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn ljQLo ;+:yf sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn cGt/ ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn 6«]8 o'lgog dxf;+3, g]kfn 6«]8 o'lgog sf+u|];sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

o;}u/L cGt/ a}+ª sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn ljQLo ;+:yf sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn cGt/ ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3n] /fli6«o sfo{qmdcg';f/ @! ;"qLo dfu /fVb} >fj0f ! ut]af6 cfGbf]ng ;'¿ ul/Psf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .

k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnodf hg;+Vof / u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] cWofkg

uf]ljGbaxfb'/ t'Dafxfª

jt{dfg cj:yfdf u/LjL, j]/f]huf/L, hg;+Vof a[l4, n}ËLs lje]b, hflto ;d:of, If]lqo c;Gt'ng, :jf:Yo, kof{j/0f / jftfj/0f cflb h:tf /fli6«o ;d;ofx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xfos x'g] k|sf/sf] ljifox¿nfO{ kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z u/L cWofkg u/fpg] of]hgf k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnon] th'{df u/]sf] 5 .

lj= ;+= @)%* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf cg';f/ s"n hg;+Vofsf] cfwf efu dlxnfx¿n] cf]u6]sf] x'gfn] dlxnfx¿sf] ljsf; ljgf dfgj ljsf;sf] sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;ls+b}g . k/Dk/fut lkt[;QfTds kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgfdf ljsl;t ePsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿n] zf]lift, bldt / ckx]lnt hLjgofkg ug'{k/]sf s'/f tLa| ¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] dl:tisdf vl8\sPsfn] n}lËs lje]bsf cfjfhx¿ /fli6«o ;d:ofsf ¿kd} j'nGb x"'b} cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf dlxnf cWoog of n}lËs cWoog cWofkg u/fOg' dlxnfnfO{ x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] ;zQm / ;Ifd agfO{ :jtGq hLjgofkg ug{;Sg] agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnon] To;sf] p4]Zo k|flKtsf nflu kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ / cWofkg sfo{ z'¿ ug{] ePsf] 5 .

g]kfn ufp" g} ufp"n] ag]sf] /fi6« xf] . o;df %* gu/kflnsf / #(!@ uf=lj=;=x¿5g\ . ha;Dd ufp"sf] ljsf; x'"b}g ta;Dd ;du| d'n'ssf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . l56km'6 ¿kdf /x]sf zx/x¿ / Toxf" a;f]af; ug]{ s]xL 6f7faf7f ;'ljwfef]uLx¿sf] pGgltn]dfq Jofks ¿kdf km}lnPsf u|fld0f j:tLx¿ / Toxf" j;f]jf; ug]{ u/Llasf /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfsf] pGglt / ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . jf:tjdf d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu ufp"sf] ljsf; x'g' / u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg' h¿/L 5 .

log} k|d'v ¿kdf /x]sf /fli6«o ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnon] oxL z}lIfs ;qb]lv hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg, n}lËs cWoog / u|fld0f ljsf; ljifox¿df Plss[t ¿kdf Pd=P;= txsf] cWofkg sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . a9\bf] hg;+Vof a[l4nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, dlxnfx¿sf] :t/ a[l4 ug]{ / u/LaLsf /]vfd'lg /x]sf ljkGg ju{sf] cfly{s l:ylt dfly psf:g] p2]Zo /x]sf] of] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf z}4flGts / Jojxf/Ls 1fg k|bfg ug]{ tyf ;d;fdlos ljifoj:t'nfO{ phfu/ ub}{ cg';Gwfgd'ns k|0ffnLåf/f /fli6«o cfjZostfsf ljifox¿ cWofkg u/Lg] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] nflu kmf]6f]skL,cf]e/x]8 k|f]h]S6/,dlN6ld8Lof k|f]h]S6/, OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] sDKo'6/ tyf cTofw'lgs k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf u/Lg] 5 . $ l;d]i6/df k'/f x'g] u/L tof/ kfl/g] kf7\oqmddf Core Course sf cltl/St ;'rgf k|ljlw, kqsf/Ltf, Non Credit Hours df c+u|]hL, tyf Joj:yfkg cfbL ljifox¿nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/Lg] 5 . of]Uo k|fWofksx¿åf/f k|bfg ul/g] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffn] ;DalGwt ljifox¿df :t/Lo, lj1 / ;Ifd hgzlQm pTkfbg x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

h;n] k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZj ahf/df cfkm\g} ;Lk / 1fgnfO{ ljqmL ug{ ;Sg] tg\ / 5g\ h;n] /fi6«sf d'ne't ¿kdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿– hg;+Vof a[l4, n}lËs lje]b, u|fld0f ljsf; cflb ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ of]ubfg k'¥of{pg ;Sg]5g\ .

hgtfnfO{ ;j{zlQmdfg u/fpg'kb{5– ch'{gg/l;+x s];L

lzj b]jsf]6f

l;Gw'kfNrf]s . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf k|jQmf ch'{g g/l;+x s];Ln] kf"r /fhg}lts bnx¿n] cl3 ;f/]sf cu|ufdL lgsf;;DaGwL !* a'"b] sfo{qmd g} /fhf / dfcf]jfbL b'j}sf] ldnglaGb' x'g;Sg] atfp"b} hgtfnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg s;/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df dfcf]jfbLsf] :ki6 wf/0ff cfpg'kg]{ atfpg'ePsf] 5 .

cflZjg !* sf] k|ltudgsf/L zfxL sbdsf] lj/f]wdf cfGbf]ng/t kf"r /fhg}lts bnx¿åf/f 3f]lift 5}6f}" r/0fsf] sfo{qmdcGtu{t z'qmaf/ l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] ;b/d'sfd rf}tf/fdf cfof]lht …lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] bf];|f] ljz]if a}7sÚ sf] pb\3f6g ub}{ k|jQmf s];Ln] æb/af/sf cf;]kf;]x¿n] /fhfnfO{ lg/+s'ztfsf] ef]s hufp"b} uPsf]n] /fhfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs bfo/fleq NofO{ hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg' g} jt{dfg cfGbf]ngsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] atfpg'ePsf] 5 .Æ ælglb{i6 nIo k"/f geP;Dd s'g} xfntdf klg cfGbf]ng /f]lsg] 5}g,Æ pxf"sf] yk syg lyof] .

l;Gw'kfNrf]s lh=lj=;=sf lgjt{dfg ;efklt ;'/]z g]kfnsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf k"j{ ;f+;b\x¿ ;'ef; sdf{rfo{ / s[i0fnfn >]i7, g]sf s]Gb|Lo k|lzIf0f ljefusf ;b:o ;lrj nf]s]z 9sfn, ls;fg ;+3sf s]Gb|Lo ;lrj nj>L Gof}kfg], g]sf l;Gw'sf ;efklt e"k]Gb| yfkfnufotsf jQmfx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

o;cl3 k|jQmf s];Lsf] g]t[Tjdf lgl:sPsf] hgk|ltlglw ;lxtsf] ljzfn ¥ofnL lhlj; ;efsIfdf k|j]z ug{ vf]Hbf k|x/Ln] cj/f]w v8f u/]kl5 :yfgLo ;lxb d~rdf k|ltudg lj/f]wL dxTjk"0f{ kf"r a'"b] k|:tfj kfl/t ub}{ kl/ifb\ a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

o;}u/L z'qmaf/ g} l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] l/n] cgzgsf] #$ cf}" lbgsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|jQmf s];Ln] 6Lsf nufO{ :jfut ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

of] b]zdf sfg'g 5}g ls Sof xf] †

dsjfgk'/ . vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt kbdkf]v/Lsf] tTsfnLg sfo{;ldltn] u/]sf] sl/a !$ nfv -Aofh;lxt_ sf] /sd e|i6frf/Laf6 :yfgLo k|zf;gn] c;'n–pk/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /sd lxgfldgf ug]{x¿n] cfkm"n] ;f] /sd vfPsf] :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . tTsfnLg cWoIf lvnk|;fb l/dfn, sf]iffWoIf ;'/]Gb| 9'Ëfgf, ;lrj ljb'/ ltjf/L / n]vfkfn k|]daxfb'/ nfdfsf] ldn]dtf]df ;f] /sd e|i6frf/ ePsf] xf] . pkef]Qmfx¿åf/f 5fglagsf] nflu ul7t n]vf ;ldltn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, lhNnf k|zf;g, If]qLo k|zf;g sfo{no, u[x dGqfnonufotsf k|zf;lgs lgsfonfO{ ;d]t ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbO;Sbf klg s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sf/afxL ePsf] 5}g .

tTsfnLg sfo{;ldltsf sf]iffWoIf / n]vfkfnn] gubL /l;b;d]t ufoa u/fPsf 5g\ . !@)! b]lv !@%) ;Ddsf] /l;b cl86sf] ;dodf km]nf gk/]sf] pNn]v 5 eg] xfn;fn} klg k|zf;g sfof{no wfpg] u/]sf] u'gf;f] ub}{ n]vf ;ldltsf Ps ;b:on] eg]– æ;L8Lof]n] slxNo} of] s'/fnfO{ l;l/o; ¿kdf lnPgg\ .Æ

ko{6g Joj;foLx¿ l;lG8s]6lj¿4

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kf]v/f . kf]v/fdf ko{6g Joj;foLx¿ ;8s oftfoftdf pbf/, v'nf / k|lt:kwL{ k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . cl3Nnf] xKtfdfq oxf"sf ko{6g Joj;foLx¿ k[YjL /fhdfu{ a; Joj;foL ;ldltsf lj¿4 cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf 5g\ . o;} qmddf ljxLaf/ pgLx¿n] oxf" lj/f]w h'n'; k|bz{g u/] . pgLx¿n] kf]v/f cfpg]–hfg] dfu{df k[YjL /fhdfu{ a; Joj;foL ;ldltsf] Psflwsf/sf] cGTo ul/g'kg]{, :jb]zL ofq'nfO{ klg ko{6sLo x}l;ot k|bfg ul/g'kg]{ / /fhdfu{df /x]sf] l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ul/g'kg]{ dfu /fv]sf 5g\ . k[YjL /fhdfu{df ko{6s a;df r9]sf g]kfnLnfO{ ha/h:tL cf]/fNg], a; tf]8kmf]8 u/L Iflt ul/lbg] / ;'ljwf ;DkGg ;jf/L ;fwg rNg cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] lqmofsnfksf sf/0f cfGbf]ngdf pqg'k/]sf] ko{6g Joj;foLx¿n] lhls/ u/]sf 5g\ . ut ;ftf oftfoft Joj;foLx¿åf/f ul/Psf] aGbsf qmddf tf]8kmf]8 ul/Psf cfwf bh{g ko{6sx¿n] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg pgLx¿n] If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf 1fkg–kq a'emfPsf 5g\ . 1fkg–kqdf bf]ifLpk/ s8f sf/afxLsf] ;d]t dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf s]Gb|Lo ;xfos sfnL axfb'/ clwsf/Ln] ;+zf]lwt ko{6g P]g, @)%# df ljb]zL jf :jb]zL b'j} ofq'nfO{ ko{6s dflgPsf] t/ P]gsf] kjf{x gu/L ;ldltn] o;sf] af/Daf/ pNn+3g u/]sf]n] cfkm"x¿ ;8sdf pqg afWo ePsf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ko{6g Joj;foLx¿n] k[YjL /fhdfu{ a; Joj;foL ;ldltn] ko{6g If]q tx;gx; u/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf lyP .

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