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-v'zLsf] s'/f xf], g]kfnsf] w/tLdf ljut & jif{b]lv ;Ns]sf] ;z:q ljb|f]x zflGtk"0f{ lgsf;sf] r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 . PstkmL{ o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] zlQm g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] o'4lj/fd u/]sf]n] ;/sf/sf] ;'/Iff sf/jfxL klg /f]lsPsf] 5 . k"j{jtL{;/sf/n] cft+ssf/Lsf] bhf{ lbO{ ltgsf g]tfnfO{ kqmg OG6/kf]nsf] /]8sg{/df hf/L u/]sf] gf]l6;, 6fpsf]sf] d"No lkmtf{ lnPsf] 5 . ;f"Rr} of] o'4lj/fdnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsPdf g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg zflGt sfod x'g ;Sg] k|r"/ ;Defjgf 5 . of] b'u{d cj;/nfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug]{, s] s] ;dembf/L ePdf, s] s] kl/jt{g u/]df g]kfn k'gM zflGtlk|o d'n'sdf :yflkt x'g ;S5 < oL k|Zgx?sf] hjfkmsf nflu b]zfGt/n] /fhgLltzf:qL Pj+ /fhgLlt ljZn]ifs k|f=s[i0f vgfn;"u jftf{ u/]sf] lyof] . k|:t't 5, jftf{sf d"n c+z_

) clxn]sf] o'4lj/fd k|Tofl;t xf] jf ck|Tofl;t <

o;nfO{ ck|Tofl;t eGg ldNb}g . of] ;d:ofsf] lgsf; zflGtk"0f{ dfWodaf6 vf]Hg'kg]{ clgjfo{tf b'j}lt/ dxz'; e}/x]sf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLn] klg o;nfO{ k6s k6s ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP / /fHon] t o;sf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg vf]lh/x]s} lyof] . /fHo / dfcf]jfbL b'j} kIfsfaLr cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k / d'7e]8sf 36gf e}/x]sf] a]nf of] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff ;jf{hlgs x'"bf of] l:ylt Nofpgsf nflu ;txleq e}/x]sf k|of;x¿ dfG5]sf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPgg\ . of] k|lqmodf ;+nUg s]xL JolQm afx]s o;k|lt ;/f]sf/ /fv]/ lrofpg] /fhgLlts bnx¿, aLrdf ;xhstf{ jf dWo:ytf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ tTk/ JolQmx¿ / gful/s ;dfh ;a}n] Ps}rf]6L yfxf kfp"bf ck|Tofl;t ePsf] h:tf] klg nfu]sf] 5 . s]xL uf]kgLotf o;sf] nflu h¿/L x'G5 . oxf" of] a]nf of] s'/f x'"b}5 eg]/ ;a} s'/f ;fj{hlgs ubf{ kl/0ffddf k'Ug ;lsb}+gYof] .

) b'j}y/Lsf] afWotf dfGg'ef], clxn]sf b'O{ d'Vostf{, /fhf, df};"kmsf] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL s;nfO{ s] afWotf lyP <

dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] cfGbf]ng ;+t[Kt cj:yfdf k'u]sf] lyof] . cyf{t\ dfcf]jfbLsf] /fhgLlts k|efj b]zJofkL x'"bfx'"b} klg pgLx¿sf] ;fdfYo{ 7"nf sf/jfxL u/L lgolGqt If]q v8f u/]/ To;nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{ zf;g rnfpg] cj:yf k'u]sf] lyPg . cem kl5Nnf] ;dodf t pgLx¿nfO{ xftxltof/, vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of k/]sf] hfgsf/L klg ;fj{hlgs e}/x]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbLn] klg of] eGbf a9L k|efj hdfpg ;Sg] 7fp" lyPg . otf /fHonfO{ klg dfcf]jfbL lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of; /fhgLlts / an b'j} cfwf/df k|efjsf/L e}/x]sf] lyPg . of] l:ylt nDAofpbf cfkm\gf] cl:tTjsf nflu b'j}lt/af6 /Qmkft e}/xg] t/ To;af6 ;fy{s nfe s;}nfO{ gx'g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf e}/x]sf] lyof] . o;}n] ;'/lIft cjt/0fsf] vf"rf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k/]sf] lyof] .

h]7 * ut]sf] k|ltlglw;ef lj36gkl5 h'g /fhgLlts ;dLs/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . To;n] /fHonfO{ cflwsflws ;}GoLs/0ftkm{ ws]Nb} lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] klg To;sf] nflu ;xof]u ul//x]sf lyP . Tof] qmd a9\b} hf"bf dfcf]jfbL dfly csf]{, rsf]{ df/ kg{ ;SYof] . dfcf]jfbLsf] ;}Go an ;Lldt x'g ;SYof] . t/ /fhgLlts pkl:yltnfO{ lgld6\ofGg kfg]{ cj:yf lyPg . To;}n] jftf{ b'j}y/Lsf] afWotf lyof] . csf]{ afWotf eg]sf] hgrfxgf xf] . h] eP klg xTof lx+;fsf] /fhgLltsf] cGTo xf];\ eGg] hgtfsf] rfxgf lyof] . To;sf nflu jftf{df hf"bf hgtfsf] ;xfg'e"lt kfOGYof] . To;}n] b'j} tof/ eP . of] ck|Tofl;t lyPg .

) of] cj:yfdf cfpgnfO{ d'n'snfO{ ljut !@ jif{b]lv cEof; ub}{ cfPsf] /fhgLlts k|lqmofnfO{ lsg z"Go cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg' k¥of] <

;a}eGbf ljrf/fwLg / a'em\g}kg]{ s'/f of] 5 . zflGt jftf{ / d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts k|lqmof ;"u;"u} rNg ;Sy] . >Ln+sf g} pbf/x0f 5 . Toxf" /fhgLlts / ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof rln/x]sf] 5 . ptf jftf{ e}/x]sf] 5 . t/ xfdLsxf" eg] ePsf] ;+;b\ lj36g ug'{k¥of] . r'gfj ug{ g;s] klg sfof{ljlw yKg ;lsg] :yfgLo lgsfox¿ z"Go cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg' k¥of] . / sfo{sf/L clwsf/ /fhfdf k'¥ofpg' k¥of] . cyf{t\ aLrsf dWodfuL{stf{x¿nfO{ d}bfgaf6 x6fP/, zlQm z"Gotf ;[hgf u/L of] cj:yfdf lsg NofOof] < s] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts v]nf8L b/af/ / dfcf]jfbL dfq} x'g\ < hgtfsf cGo k|ltlglw ;+:yfx¿ Marginalize ePsf x'g\ < h]7 * kl5sf] 36gfnfO{ x]bf{ lgof]lht ¿kdf Marginaline ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . of] g} /x:odo 5 .

dfcf]jfbLsf] nflu of] Hofb} cg's"n x'g;S5 . lsgsL pgLx¿n] ;f]em} b/af/;"u zlQm ;fem]bf/L ug{ kfP . w]/} zlQmaLr ;fem]bf/L ubf{ eGbf o:tf]df pgLx¿n] a9L nfe kfpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . b/af/sf nflu cg's"n lsg 7flgof] xf]nf eg], ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] h;\ cfkm"df cfp"5 . b'O{ kIfaLr One to one basis df cfP klg o;n] o'4lj/fd NofPsf] 5 eg] o;df cfklQ dfGg' kb}{g . t/ ef]lnsf lgsfosf af/]df jt{dfg k|lqmofn] ;3fp k'¥ofp"5 jf k'¥ofp"b}g Tof] klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

) /fhtGqnfO{ g} pGd'ng u/L u0ftGq :yfkgf ug{ k|of;/t dfcf]jfbL / cft+ssf/LnfO{ ansf dfWodaf6 lgoGq0f ug]{ ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbg] -ef/t / rLg e|d0ftfsf_ b/af/aLr c"ufnf] dfbf{, s;n] nfe xfgL s] kfof] xf]nf <

clxn] g} o;nfO{ nfexfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ x'"b}g < t/ dg;fo Tof] x'g;S5 . @)%* h]7 !( sf] 36gfkl5 /fh;+:yfsf af/]df h] hlt z+sf pkz+sf eP, cfnf]rgf eP, k|Zgx¿ p7] ltgnfO{ ;bfsf nflu lg/fs/0f ug{ jt{dfg /fhfnfO{ gof" lsl;daf6 cfkm\gf] nf]slk|otf :yflkt ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'g uPsf] x'g;S5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg cGt/utsf] ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofaf6} Tof] nf]slk|otf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt /x] klg ;fj{hlgs ePsf l6sfl6Kk0fLn] ubf{ Tof] kof{Kt g7fg]/, æb]z, hgtf / k|hftGqsf nflu d klg s]xL of]ubfg ug{ ;S5'Æ eg]/ gof" k|oTg lng /fhf OR5's ePsf] klg x'g;S5 . To;sf nflu klg rfn' k|lqmofnfO{ z"Gotfdf k'¥ofpg'k¥of] . k|lqmof rfn' /x"bf /fhf jf b/af/sf] e"ldsf cfpg ;Sb}gYof] . h]7 * kl5 Tof] sfd ;'¿ eof] / c;f]h !* df Tof] k"0f{ klg ul/of] . lxgtfaf]waf6 d'lQm / h;–ckh;sf] efjgfn] of] ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

uPsf] r}q b]lv dfcf]jfbLx¿ zflGtk"0f{ lgsf;sf nflu a}r}g b]lvGy] . pgLx¿n] To;sf nflu /fhgLlts bn / gful/s ;dfh;"u clkn ul//x]sf klg lyP . t/, /fhgLlts bnx¿af6 ;sf/fTds kxn e}lbPg . o;sf] lj>fdsf] nflu /fHosf] cflwsfl/s pkl:ylt clgjfo{ xf]nf t/ ;dembf/L lgdf{0fsf nflu /fHo pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ lyPg . ;+;b\df ePsf kf6L{ / dfcf]jfbLn] ;dembf/L lgdf{0f u/L of] sfof{Gjog u/ eg]/ /fHonfO{ eGg ;Sy] . t/ Tof] klg ePg . kf6L{x¿n] ljz]if wofg gk'¥ofp"bf /fHosf] zlQm hxf" 5, Tolx+ uP/ ;Demf}tf ug{ pgLx¿ afWo eP .

olt x'"bfx'"b} klg :yfoL ¿kdf /fhgLlts ;dfwfg lbg, b/af/ / dfcf]jfbLn] dfq lbPsf] nf]slk|o cfj/0fn] k'Ub}g . To;}n] of] k|lqmofdf d"nwf/sf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] k|j]z clgjfo{ 5 . oBlk kf6L{x¿ c;Ifd, e|i6 kf6L{x¿af6 d'n'ssf] ;dfwfg 5}g eg]/ :yflkt u/fpg] cfzon] b'O{ kIfsf] ;dembf/Ldf of] o'4lj/fd ul/Psf] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf eg] 5 .

) /fhfnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg} ;+j}wflgs z"Gotfsf] l:ylt v8f ul/Psf] xf] eg] t o;n] /fhfnfO{ pN6f] c;/ ub}{g / < ;d:ofsf] h8=== === <

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ag]otf b/af/sf tkm{af6 ;w}+e/L Pp6f u'gf;f] cfO/x\of], o;df /fhfsf] e"ldsf 5}g eGg] . xfdLn] agfPsf] Joj:y} To:t} lyof] . /fhfsf] e"ldsf cfkm\gf] pQ/flwsf/L rog, /fhb/af/sf] sd{rf/L rog / k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx, ;'emfj lbg] jf ;r]t u/fpg]df dfq ;Lldt lyof] . /fHo ;+rfngdf d"nstf{sf] e"ldsf lyPg . /fhf jL/]Gb|sf kfnfdf Tof] d'v/ eP/ cfpg g;s] klg @)%* h]7 !( kl5 Tof] d'v/ eP/ cfof] / To;n] tLj|tf kfof] . @)%( h]7 * sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gn] To;sf] af6f] vf]hLlbof] . c;f]h !*, @)%( n] To;nfO{ 6'+uf]df k'¥ofof] . To;kl5 /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] kxnn] dfq s'g} kl/0ffd glg:sg] k|i6 lyof] . sfo{sf/L clwsf/df ;d]t k|Zg lrGx nfu]sf] ;/sf/sf] kxnn] dfq of] ;d:of ;dfwfg 6'+uf]df k'¥ofpg ;Sb}gYof] . g To;sf] ljZj;gLotf g} /xGYof] . o;/L :jefljs ¿kdf /fhfsf] e"ldsf d"nstf{sf] ¿kdf cfof] . h;sf] vf]hL !@ jif{ cufl8b]lv lyof] .

o'4lj/fd t eof] . ca ;d:ofsf] lgsf; s;/L vf]Hg] xf] < /fhfsf] e"ldsf ;lxt lgsf; vf]Hbf xfdL @)$^ ;fneGbf klg k5fl8sf] l:yltdf k'U5f}+ cyf{t\ k|ltufdL x'G5f}+ . u0ftGqsf] s'/f ub}{ cfPsf dfcf]jfbL;"u tfnd]n ldNb}g .

) o;sf] cGTo / pb\udsf] s'g} tfnd]n 5 < cGTodf h'g zlQm b]vfk/] pb\ud klg To;/L g} ePsf] lyof] ls <

g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;qmdnfO{ x]bf} w]/} s'/fx¿ cfp"5g\ . w]/} rsf]{ cltjfbleq klg k'/ftgjfbLx¿ k|j]z ub{5g\ . /fhgLltdf o:tf] rN5 . /fhgLltdf cfbz{jfbL -lstfa, ;+ljwfgdf h] n]lvPsf] 5, ToxL efjgf cg'¿k OdfGbf/ eP/ ;xefuL x'g]_ oyfy{jfbL -aflx/ x]bf{ Psfk;df gldn]sf] eP klg Pssf{aLr nfexfgLsf cfwf/df ;DaGw ljsl;t x'g]_ b'j} 9+un] rN5 . ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ePs} lbgb]lv ;+ljwfgsf sltko k|lqmofdf /fhf, kf6L{ g]tfx¿af6 tndfly eP . t/ klg ljjfb ul/Pg lsgeg] cEof;af6 /f]lsG5 . ;a} olx ;+ljwfg cGt/ut g} ;dflxt eP/ hfg] xf] eGg] ;dembf/L ag]sf] xf] . t/, c;f]h !* kl5 Tof] ;dembf/L /x]g . kf6L{x¿n] g} ca t pNn+3g g} ef] eGg yfn] . o'4lj/fdnfO{ ;du|df x]g'{k5{ . clxn] o;n] Pp6f ;dLs/0fnfO{ dfq phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . t/ ef]lnsf] /fhgLlt b/af/ / dfcf]jfbLdf dfq ;Lldt x'"b}g . nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf nflu h'gvfnsf] hgdt lgdf{0f ePsf] 5, hgtfdf h'g lqmofzLntf b]lvPsf] 5, b'O{ zlQmsf] deal n] dfq ;d:of ;dfwfg gx'g] oyfy{ 5, To;nfO{ x]bf{ ef]lnsf] /fhgLlt oL b'O{df dfq ;Lldt /x"b}g .

) /fhf / u0ftGqjfbL dfcf]jfbLaLrdf s]df n]gb]g x'g;S5, Pp6f s]xL 5f]8\gf;fy To;sf] cl:tTj ;+s6df k5{ <

xf] . lx+;fTds cfGbf]ngaf6 /fhtGq km\of"s]/ u0ftGq :yfkgf ug{ rfxg] pu|jfdkGyL / xfd|f] h:tf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, dfGotfdf cfwfl/t k/Dk/fut /fhtGqaLr n]gb]g ug]{ 7fp" cToGt sd x'G5 . ljutdf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+3if{ ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof;"u lyof] xf]nf t/ ;+j}wflgs z"Gotf cfPkl5 pgLx¿ /fhf;"u ;fd'Gg] k/] . zflGt k|lqmofsf] h; lng] afx]s oL b'O{ zlQmaLr yk n]gb]gsf] ;Defjgf cem} klg 5}g . d"nwf/sf kf6L{x¿nfO{ Marginalize ug{ vf]lhPs} eP klg ltgLx¿ Marginalize x'g] 5}gg\ . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] lbzfdf ca cfkm"nfO{ slQsf] cfqmfds jf /IffTds ¿kdf k|:t't ub{5g\ . w]/} s'/f To;df e/ k5{ . pgLx¿ ljvl08t ePgg\, PsLs[t eP/ cfpg] ;s], hgtfsf] a9\bf] cfsf+IffnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{ 9+un] cu|ufdL sfo{qmd lnP/ cfpg ;s] eg] ltgLx¿ e"ldsf /lxt x'g] 5}gg\ .

clxn]sf d"n stf{ b/af/ / dfcf]jfbL b'j}n] zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf d"nwf/sf /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ Tof] 7fp" lbPgg\ eg] klg ltgn] cfkm\gf] 7fp" agfpg'k5{ . xfdL;"u uPsf] o'4lj/fd / jftf{sf] cg'ej 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL b'j}n] kf/:kl/s ¿kdf o'4lj/fd t u/] t/ To;sf] cg'udg ug]{ s'g} ;+oGq agfOPg . b'j} tkm{af6 …o'4lj/fdÚ sf] pNn+3gsf cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k eO/x] . oyfy{ s] lyof] < ltgnfO{ ;Rofpg]tkm{ s] sf/jfxL ul/of] < Tof] hfgsf/L cfPg . To:tf k|of; ePsf eP of] Tolt ;lhn} e+u x'g] lyPg . o:tf] ;+oGqdf jftf{sf kIfsf k|ltlglwx¿, cGo hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿ cfjZos x'G5 . h'g lhNnf :t/df klg u7g ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . tfls lhNnf lhNnfdf klg cg'udg u/L t'¿Gt ;DalGwt kIfsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg ;lsof];\ .

) b'O{ kIfsfaLr 6fpsf] 7f]s]/ xft ldnfp"bfdf ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 < o:tf] åGåsf] t Joj:yfkg ljlw km/s x'G5 . jftf{ k|lqmof klg lj1x¿sf] ;xof]udf x'g'kb}{g / < k|lqmof 5n]/ u/]sf] ;dfwfg bL3{hLjL x'"b}g eG5g\ lg <

clxn] klg xfdLx¿n] ;d:ofsf] ulx/fO / ufDeLo{nfO{ x]/sf] 5}gf}+ h:tf] 5 . cf}krfl/s ¿kdf o'4lj/fd ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff dfcf]jfbLn] ;fj{hlgs u¥of] . k9\g kfOof] . t/, o; ;DaGwL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s b[li6sf]0f s] xf] < Tof] k9\g kfOPsf] 5}g . dGqLx¿sf] cleJolQmnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ kqklqsfdf ePsf s'/fnfO{ cflwsfl/s dfGg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . uhasf] s'/f t o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff ePs} lbg d'7e]8df ;'/IffsdL{ / hgtf dfl/Psf 5g\ . ;fdfGo gful/s t klqsf k9]/ ljZjf; unf{g\ . t/ ;'/Iff lgsfodf sfo{/t / d}bfgdf vl6Psf ;'/IffsdL{n] klg To;s} e/df cfkm\gf] sf/jfxL /f]Sg] < jftf{sf] xtf/f] jf r6f/f]df cem} w]/} ckl/kSjtfx¿ b]lvb}+ 5g\ . To;sf k|lt rflxg] w}o{ / ufDeLo{ k6Ss} 5}g . olt 7"nf] s'/f Ps hgf dGqLsf] e/df ;DkGg eP h;/L k|rf/ ul/Psf] 5 . /fhf / dfcf]jfbLaLr k|ToIf ;Dks{ geO s] gf/fo0fl;+x k'gsf] e/df of] ljifosf] 6'+uf] nfUg ;S5 < Tof] ;Djfbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg kb}{g <

ca jftf{sf ljifox¿nfO{ g} cf]em]ndf kfg]{ 9+un] z'esfdgf jQmJox¿ cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . casf] Wofg o'4lj/fdnfO{ :yfoL agfpg]lt/ s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . clxn] /fHodf Pp6f ljlzi6 l:ylt 5 . clxn] xfd|f :yfgLo lgsfo -ljz]ifu/L uflj;x¿_ df ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt k|Zgdf 5 / k|efj dfcf]jfbLsf] 5 . dflyaf6 k|zf;gn] lgb]{zg ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf e/df Toxf" sfd x'g g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . of] z"Gotf /x"bf / dfcf]jfbLsf] k|efjdf pgLx¿sf] ;+/rgf :yflkt x'g] hf]lvd x'G5, /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cg'dug ug'{kg]{ vf"rf] To; cy{df klg ePsf] xf] . ca of] ;d:of 6'+uf] gnfuL tTsfn r'gfj ug{ ;lsb}+g . s] Toltv]/;Dd ;+ljwfgnfO{ d[To't'No a;fO{ /fVg] < ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof z"Go /fVg] t < o;/L x]bf{ ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofnfO{ hLljt u/fpg'kg]{ vf"rf] klg b]lvG5 .

) oxL l:yltdf jftf{nfO{ a9fOof] eg] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf lg0ff{os / k|efjL zlQm dfcf]jfbL x'g ;S5 <

d"nwf/sf /fhgLlts kf6L{ t cfkm\g} csd{0otfn] klg kl5 k/]sf 5g\ . r'gfj x'Gg rflx+ eGg] t/ r'gfj gx'g] sf/0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg] < pgLx¿n] t dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofnfO{ o;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofnfO{ gtf]8f}+ eGg'kb{Yof] . t/ kf6L{x¿ r's] .

ca gof" l:yltsf] ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . ca ;a}sf] Wofg, o;nfO{ kl/0ffGd'v agfpg]lt/ s]lGb|t ug'{k5{ . /fhgLlts kf6L{, gful/s ;dfh, af}l4s hut, dfgjflwsf/jfbL ;a} eP/ o;df nfUg'k5{ . dfcf]jfbLsf] jQmJodf hgfOP cg';f/ uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;efdf hfgsfnflu of] o'4lj/fd ePsf] 5 . ca uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf hgfpg] cfwf/ s] x'g] < lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf, gePsf ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{n] ;dfg :t/df kfpg] xf] ls < gful/s ;dfh, af}l4s hut / dfgjflwsf/jfbLnfO{ s;/L k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] xf] . o;sf] lgSof}{n klg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . b/af/ / dfcf]jfbLn] dfq 5fg]/ 6'+uf] klg nfUb}g . j[xt bfo/fdf x]g{ ;lsPg / b/af/ / dfcf]jfbL dfq ldnfpg] ;+sL0f{tf b]vfOof] eg], b'O{ kIfaLr jftf{, ;xdlt x}g, n]gb]g x'G5 . n]gb]gdf dfcf]jfbLn] a9L dfu] eg] /fhf d"nwf/sf kf6L{lt/ 6f"l;g s/ nfU5, /fhfn] a9L dfu] dfc]jfbL d"nwf/sf kf6L{lt/ cfpg s/ nfU5 . To;}n] kf6L{x¿sf] e"ldsf ckl/xfo{ 5 .

) uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng s} nflu ljb]zL lj1x¿sf] ;xof]u lng'k¥of] <

Tof] xf]Og . o;sf s]xL dfGotf lgdf{0f ug'{k¥of] Tof] xfdL cfkm}+ ug{ ;S5f}+ . aflx/sf lj1x¿ rflxb}+gg\ . To;df ljj]s h¿/L x'G5 . clxn] ;/sf/, dfcf]jfbL / cGo /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] lqkIfLo ¿kaf6 o;nfO{ nfg ;lsG5 . bnsf] rogdf hgdtsf] cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] lxhf]sf] k|ltlglw;ef k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿nfO{ ln+bf pko'Qm x'G5 . gful/s ;dfh, af}l4s ju{, dfgjflwsf/jfbL eg]sf] t ;fIfL xf] . pgLx¿nfO{ kIf xf]Og ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cg'udg / jftf{df cfPsf hl6ntf km'sfpg] h:tf sfo{df pgLx¿sf] of]ubfg x'g;S5 .

) uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngn] ;+ljwfgb]lv lnP/ b]zsf] ;du| efjL /fhgLlt lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] xf] ls of] cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug{ dfq} ul/g] xf] <

;d:of t d'VotM dfcf]jfbLsf] ;z:q ljb|f]x s} sf/0fn] cfPsf] xf] . pgLx¿n] cufl8 ;f/]sf ljifonfO{ g} d'Vo d'2f agfpg'k5{ . lsgsL ltgsf] ;dfwfg ljgf of] ;d:ofsf] lgsf; c;Dej 5 . t/, c;f]h !* kl5 b]z @ Ph]08fdf af"l8of] . Ps Go;n] ;[hgf u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs l/Qmtf h;df k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿ s]lGb|t eP, csf]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] ljut & jif{sf] ;z:q o'4sf] ;d:of o;}n] efjL uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng !* c;f]hn] ;[hgf u/]sf] l/Qmtfdf dfq} ;Lldt aGg x'"b}g, d"ntM dfcf]jfbL ;z:q ljb|f]x s} ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . gof" Ph]08f to ug'{k5{ . pgLx¿n] p7fPsf ljifonfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ gof" ljifosf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

) dfcf]jfbLsf $) ;"qLo dfu x}g clxn]sf dfux¿ s]Gb|df /xG5g\ <

$) ;"qLo jf s'g} eg]/ tkzLndf xf]Og . clxn] ;d:of tLg y/L 5g\ . ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofdf gkmls{P klg dflg;sf] hghLjg ;fdfGoj:yfdf hfg'kg]{ vf"rf] 5 . ljb|f]xsf sf/0f dfG5]sf] b}lgs hLjg, lzIf0f k|lqmof, lghL Joj;fo ;a} k|efljt ePsf] 5 . ca Tof] lgjf{w ¿kdf rNg'k5{ . dfG5]sf] cfjfudg, :s'nsf] k7gkf7g, cf}ifwL vfBfGg cfk"lt{b]lv lnP/ dfG5]sf lghL Joj;fo ;fdfGo ¿kn] ;~rfng x'g ;Sof] eg] To;n] Pssf{k|lt cfTdljZjf; a9fp"5 .

To;kl5 lx+;f k|efljt gful/sx¿sf] k'g:yfkgf / Ifltu|:t ef}lts ;DklQsf] k'g{lgdf{0fsf] k|Zg cfp"5 . o;df ljdlt hgfpg'kg]{ 5}g . Ps}rf]6L cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] :j¿k / ;+ljwfg;ef h:tf hl6n s'/fdf uof}+ eg], o;sf] ;dfwfg uf}0f eP/ hfG5 . oL t6:y Ph]08fx¿ x'g\ oLgsf] ;dfwfg gu/L ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;dfwfg g} x'"b}g . To;kl5 dfq} /fhgLlts ljifo k|j]zsf] s'/f cfp"5 . clxn] dfcf]jfbLn] p7fPsf] /fhgLlts d'2f ;+ljwg;ef xf] . ;+ljwfg;efdf hf"bf nf]stflGqs zlQmn] hlt kmfObf lnG5, c¿n] ;Sb}g . Tof] nf]sdt agfpg] s'/f xf] . xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs k|lqmo cj¿4 gePsf] ;+;b\af6 Pp6f k|:tfj kfl/t u/] klg ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg ;lsGYof] xf]nf . t/ oxf" l/Qmtf ePsfn] of] s] af6 cfpg] eGg] k|Zg 5 . cfb]zaf6 jf ;xdltaf6 jf ;fd'lxs 3f]if0ffaf6 xf] jf ;fd'lxs ;xdltdf /fhfsf] cfb]zaf6 . o;sf] ;+j}wflgs / k|fljlws kIf Hofb} hl6n eP/ cfpg;S5 . t/, jt{dfg ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofnfO{ l/Qm agfP/, o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] s'/fn] s] b]vfp"5 eg], /fi6«sf hl6n k|lqmof ;+af]wg ug{ of] ;+ljwfg ;Ifd 5}g . o'4lj/fd k|lqmofdf g} ;+ljwfg Toflu ;lsPsf] 5 eg] ca t gof" ;d:of / r'gf}tLnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ gof" ;+ljwfg g} rflxG5 . ;+ljwfg;ef afx]s csf]{n] ;+ljwfg agfP/ ;d:ofsf] bL3{sfnLg lg¿k0f klg x'"b}g . of] v'nf dfgl;stf /fhf, dfcf]jfbLb]lv lnP/ ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿n] /fVg'k5{ . cGoyf ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg ;Dej 5}g .

) uf]nd]rd} uf]ndfn x'g] hf]lvd x'"b}g <

;z:q åGå lj>fdsf] nflu v'nf dfgl;stf h¿/L 5 . o;nfO{ ;Qf jf zlQmsf] rnv]nsf ¿kdf dfq x]/]/ ;dfwfg vf]lhof] eg] Tof] Ifl0fs x'G5, To;n] cfwf/e"t ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{} ub}{g . To;}n] ca lgsf; lgsfNbf /fhf, dfcf]jfbL / ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{ jf ;/f]sf/ ;d"xn] v'nfkg /fVg} k5{ . v'nfkg ljgf ;dfwfgdf k'Ug ;lsb}+g . To;}n] o;nfO{ rnv]n jf ;Qf v]ndf dfq ;Lldt gu/f}+ . ;Lldt ug{ vf]lhof] eg] g]kfnL ;dfhn] csf]{ af6f] vf]H5 . clx+;fTds ¿kaf6 klg w]/} s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . clx+;fTds ¿kaf6 ;dfhsf] cfwf/e"t kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ clxn] xltof/n] /f]ls/fv]sf] 5 . uPsf] Ps8]9 jif{otf gful/s ;dfh / /fhgLlts bnx¿n] klg s]xL cu|ufdL ;'wf/sf s'/f p7fP t/ dfcf]jfbL ;d:of b]vfP/ To;nfO{ kG5fpg] sfd eof] . o;}n] ;Qfsf] rnv]n jf b/af/ / dfcf]jfbLsf] bfpk]rsf ¿kdf dfq cfPsf] eP of] l6Sb}g .

) dfcf]jfbLn] o;nfO{ /0fgLlts ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\ <

o;nfO{ Tolt z+sf gu/f}+ . t/ hl6ntf w]/} 5g\ . uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng s;/L x'G5, ljifo k|j]z s;/L x'G5 ltgnfO{ s;/L 6'+UofOG5 < tL s'g} klg s'/fsf] e/kbf]{ df]8fln6L 5}g . dfcf]jfbLsf] d'Vo /fhgLlts dfu ag]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] 6'+uf] s;/L nfUg] xf] < dfcf]jfbLnfO{ lgz:q kfg]{ s'/f TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . /fHo / dfcf]jfbL b'j} xltof/ af]sL r'gfjdf hfg] xf] eg] Tof] r'gfj s:tf] xf]nf < t/ xfdL s]df cfzfjfbL x'g'k5{ eg] hgdtdf cfpg] zlQm lgz:q eP/ cfpg'k5{ . o;}n] hlt eof], Toltdf z+sf guf/f}+ . t/, xfnsf] k|lqmofnfO{ fair ftail ug{ lbg'k5{ / casf] k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g'k5{ . lsgsL b/af/, dfcf]jfbL / /fhgLlts bnx¿ aflx/ klg ;fy{s dt aGg] u/]sf] 5 . To;n] 7fp" kfpg'k5{ . zlQms} nflu n]g]b]g ug{ cf"l6of] eg] To;n] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ub}{g . Tof] dWoo'uLg ;f]rfO xf] .

) jftf{ k|lqmof g6'"uL r'gfjsf] 7]ufg 5}g . r'gfj gx'"bf ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof cj¿4 ePsf] 5 . jftf{ cjlw ls6fg ug'{ kb}{g < jiff}{+;Dd ;+j}wflgs Uofk /fVg] <

jftf{ cToGt ;Dj]bgzLn / hl6n ljifo xf] . o;sf] ;}4flGts dfGotf t s] xf] eg] jftf{df k|j]z ubf{ ljgf cfu|x a:g'k5{ . v'nf dg l:yltdf a;]kl5 Toxf" x'g] ;xdltsf cfwf/df rNg ;lhnf] x'G5 . ef]ln uf]nd]rdf a:g]n] cf–cfkm\g} Ph]08f af]Sg] xf] eg] ef]ln w]/} ;d:of cfp"5g\ . of] ;}4flGts dfGotf xf] . t/ Jojxf/ km/s af6f] lx+8]sf] klg x'g;S5 . o'4lj/fd s} cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf klg df]6fdf]6L s]xL ;dembf/L ag]sf] x'g;S5 . ;+ljwfg ;'wf/ jf ;+ljwfg;efsf af/]df klg x'g;S5 .

k|lqmof nlDaof], dte]b sd ug{ ;do nfUg] eof] eg] jftf{sf] k|lqmofnfO{ oyfjt\ /fv]/ ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofnfO{ klg ;"u} nfg'k5{ . ef]ln ;f]wf}+ g ;+;b\nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg] ls ghfg] eg]/ < hfg] elglbP t Pp6f ;d:of Tolx ;dfwfg ef] . To;}n] ;do ;Ldf ls6\geGbf r/0fa4 ¿kn] hfg'k5{ . ;fdfGoj:yfdf kms{g], k'g:yf{kgfaf6 k'glg{df0f ug]{ / ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof cf/De ug]{ . t/ g]kfnLsf] dgl:ylt rdTsf/k"0f{ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] e}lbPsf] 5 . of] /fhgLltsf] dWoo'uLg ;f]rfO xf] . Ps cfb]zaf6 kl/jt{g vf]Hg] . @)$^ ;fnkl5 xfdLn] 3f]if0ffsf] /fhgLlt cGTo u/]sf 5f}+ . ljut ;ft jif{sf] ;z:q o'4sf] x'gnfu]sf] zflGtk"0f{ lgsf;nfO{ v]nfrLsf ¿kdf x]g{ x'"b}g . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf nflu b"/ufdL c;/ kfg]{ / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg'k5{ . xfdLn] cfwf/e"t s'/fdf emu8f u¥of}+, hgtfsfaLrdf hfg] Connect sf] af/], sfo{qmd / gLltsf af/]df xfdLn] emu8f u/]gf}+, t/ s8f d"No k4lt, d'lQm h:tf cd"t{ / ;}4flGts ljifodf cNdlnP/ uof}+ . /fhgLltnfO{ ;/n ¿kdf lng'k5{ . hlt b]zdf nf]stflGqs cEof; ePsf] 5, / l:y/tf / sfod ePsf] 5, Toxf" /fhgLlt Business like cj:yfdf hfG5 . t/ xfdL cfwf/e"t d"No, ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf cfly{s ;+/rgf, /fhgLlts ;+/rgfdf emu8f 5 . b'O{j6f ljkl/t cfly{s / /fhgLlts d"Nodf ljZjf; ug]{x¿aLr ;Djfb rNof] eg] Toxf" n]gb]g ug]{ ljifo cToGt sd x'G5 . /fhf / dfcf]jfbLaLr s] n]gb]g x'g;S5 < Pp6f s'/f 5f]8\bf csf{sf] cl:tTjdf k|Zg p7\5 . b'O{kIfaLr n]gb]g dfq x'"bf]/x]5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;/sf/nfO{ olt eP k'Uof] eg]/ kf6L{x¿n] ls6fg ul/lbP ;xdltdf cfPkl5 /fhf a;] . t/, /fhf / kf6L{x¿aLr ;xdlt ePkl5 ;+ljwfg t cfof] . t/, pgsf] s'/f gk/]sf] x'gfn] dfcf]jfbL cfP . ef]ln n]gb]gdf s;}sf] s'/f k/]g eg] t];|f] kIfn] React ub{5 .

) casf] jftf{ / ;xdltn] g]kfndf zlQm ;+3if{sf] cGTo u5{ ls af"sL /xG5 -aGb's p7fP tx nfU5 eGg] glh/ klg aGnf †_ <

@)$* ;fnsf] r'gfjkl5 Joj:yfsf] Stake holder sf] ¿kdf sf++u|]; / Pdfn] dfq af"sL /x] . Toltv]/ w]/} sDo'lgi6 36sx¿n] xltof/ rflx+ af]sL ;s]sf lyPgg\ . t/ u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;z:q ;+3if{ ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f uy]{ . Toltv]/ dfcf]jfbL kf6{L{ hGd]sf] klg lyPg . ltgLx¿n] u0ftGqsf] s'/f ug{ yfn]kl5 of] /fHok4ltn] ltgnfO{ bdg u¥of] . Tof] ljrf/nfO{ 5nkmndf cfpg lbPsf] eP of] l:ylt cfpg] lyPg xf]nf < t/ an ldRofO eof] . clxn] klg b'O{tLg kIf eP/ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] / af"sLnfO{ ann] ldlrof] eg] ef]ln csf]{ zlQm lg:sG5 . o;}n] o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lncf}+ / kl/0ffddf k'¥ofcf}+ . 7fp" 5 eg] Tof] k|lqmofdf k|j]z u/]/ jftf{nfO{ kl/0ffddf k'¥ofcf}+ .

) clxn]sf] cj;/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgfdf s;/L nufpg] <

o;n] lx+;fdf cf}krfl/s lj/fd nufPsf] 5 . x'g t o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff;"u} d'7e]8df dfG5] dfl/Psf ;dfrf/ cfPsf 5g\ . o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff sf7df8f}+df x'gf;fy lx+;fkLl8t If]qdf Tof] ;Gb]z k'u]sf] 5}g . ca ;Gb]z k'u]kl5 klg Toxf" gful/s k|ltlglwTj gx'gfn] /fHo zlQm z"Gotf 5 . ef]ln Tof] 7fp" dfcf]jfbLn] lng vf]h] To;af6 /fhtGqnfO{ c;/ k'U5 eg]/ ;]gfn] React ug{ ;S5 . dfcf]jfbL If]qdf hf"bf k|j]z kf; lng'kg]{, 5f]8\bf hfgsf/L lbg] h:tf k|lqmof h/fL /x] eg] c;Gt'lnt /fhgLlts ;dLs/0f lgdf{0f x'G5 . To;n] o'4lj/fdnfO{ rf"8} g} eTsfpg klg ;S5 . To;}n] c¿ /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ;+nUgtf h¿/L 5 . ;a}sf] cg'udgn] PskIfLo zlQm c;Gt'ngnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg d2t ub{5 .

;fdfGo hghLjgsf] k'g:yfkgf, jftf{sf] v'nfkg / w}o{tf lgz:qLs/0f k|lqmof / lgjf{rg h:tf s'/f TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .

) efjL /fhgLltdf /fh;+:yf cem alnof] xf]nf jf sdhf]/ <

uPsf] %)–%% jif{sf] ljZj Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] /fh;+:yf / k|hftGq;"u} uPsf] pbf/x0f cToGt sd 5g\ . a]nfotsf] s'/f a]Un} xf], Toxf" /fhtGq /fVg] ls g/fVg] eg]/ ;+;b\n] k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of] eg] /fh;+:yf hfG5 . xfdL ;/xsf Pl;of, clk|msf b]zx¿df k|hftGqdf /fhtGq c6fPsf ;kmn pbfx/0f 5}gg\ . xfd|f] cfkm\g} %) jif{sf] Oltxf;df # k6s k|of]u e};s]sf] 5 . t/ g To;n] :yfloTj lnof] g b'j} kIf ;Gt'i6 eP . @))& ;fndf xfdLn] k|j]z u¥of}+, cEof;df . t/ @÷$ jif{d} åGå cfof] . To;nfO{ ;N6\ofP/ @)!% ;fndf kl/0ffddf k'luof] . ;dembf/Lsf] kfngf 8]9jif{ klg ePg . km]l/ @)$^ ;fndf uP/ xfdLn] k'gM cEof; u¥of}+ . k|hftGq / /fhtGqnfO{ ;dGjodf rnfpg] lg0f{o ul/of] t/ klg To;sf] ;'vb\ cg'ej /x]g . o;}n] /fh;+:yfsf af/]df of] b]zn] cToGt uDeL/ eP/ ;xL lg0f{odf k'Ug'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg' eg]sf] Ps Ps ef]6/n] lg0f{o lbg] k|lqmofdf hfg' xf] / To:tf] k|lqmofsf] hgfb]z bL3{hLjL x'G5 eGg] xfd|f] cfzf xf] . clxn] g]kfnsf] /fh;+:yf sl7g cj:yfdf plePsf] 5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] e"ldsf /fhfnfO{ ;f"u'/f] eof] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] Tolx 7"nf] b]v]sf 5g\ . ljZj Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ /fh;+:yfnfO{ k|ltsfTds ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ;Lldt ubf{ Tof] ;+:yf / k|hftGqsf] lbuf] cEof; ;Dej b]lvG5 . ;Gt'lnt e"ldsf eGg] lalQs} xfd|f] cufl8 yfOn}08sf] /fhtGq cfp"5 . t/ To;sf sDkf]g]06df xfdLn] slxNo} Wofg lbPsf 5}gf}+ . Toxf" ;]gf / Jofkf/L ;d'bfo s'g ¿kdf 5 . Tof] x]bf{ zf;gsf] gof" ¿k vf]h]sf] xf] eg] s]xL 5}g . x}g, k"jL{ Pl;ofsf] /fhgLlt x]bf{ ;]gf, Jofkfl/s ;d'bfo, k|zf;s / /fhgLlt1sf] ;f"7uf"7n] gof" zf;s bn hGdfPsf] 5 / To;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df zf;g rN5, Pl;ofsf] l:y/ / ;fdfGo /fh;+:yf eg]sf] hfkfgsf] xf] t/ To;sf] :j¿k lgdf{0f ubf{ pm;"u ;}GozlQm lyPg, Tof] af]s]/ cd]l/sf a:of] . hfkfg x:tIf]k ubf{ Pl;of–Kof;]lkms sdf08/ Dofs cy{/n] lbPsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ nfu" ug{ cd]l/sL ;]gf aGb's af]sL a:of] . To;kl5 lj:tf/} ;+:yfut eof] . o;}n] /fh;+:yf / Toxf"sf bn jf k|lqmofaLrdf åGå 5}g . clxn] xfdLn] /fhf / ef]ln lgdf{0f x'g] /fhgLlts Joj:yfsfaLr x'g] zlQmsf] åGånfO{ ;bfsf nflu aGb ug'{k5{ . Tof] ug{sf nflu h:tf] e"ldsf k|fKt x'G5, To;sf nflu /fh;+:yf tof/ /xg'k5{ .

) clxn] oqf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]sf] h; kfPsf] a]nf cj;/ klg t xf]nf <

tfnL xfdLn] w]/} k6s lk6]sf 5f}+ . k|r08 / /fhfnfO{ lx/f] dfg]/ of] ;dfwfg x'"b}g . lx/f]OHd nf]stGqsf] cGt/lj/f]wL s'/f xf] . Tof] dgl:yltaf6 d'Qm x'g h¿/L 5 .

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