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ljQ gLltsf k|j[lQ / ah]6 th'{df

8f=uf]ljGbaxfb'/ yfkf

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ljQ gLlt (Fiscal Policy) ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf] Pp6f k|d'v vDaf xf] . ljQ gLlt eGgfn] ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] ;dli6ut cfly{s cjwf/0ffcg'¿k b]zsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] s/x¿, ;/sf/L vr{ / ;/sf/L C0fsf] dfWodaf6 k|efljt ug]{ gLlt eGg] a'lemG5 . ;fy} pRr b/df cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj xfl;n ug]{ u/L ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaLr ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg / k|of]u ug]{ gLlt eGg] klg a'lemG5 . ljQ gLltsf k|efjx¿ ;dli6ut pTkfbg, /f]huf/L, d"No, jrt / nufgL, zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt (Balance of Payment) cflb If]qdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] lng] shf{ (Borrowing) sf] Joj:yfkg klg ljQ gLlt;“u ;DalGwt ljifo eP tfklg o;nfO{ df}lb|s gLltsf] klg Pp6f k|d'v c+usf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ljQ gLlt th'{df ug{ s/ k|0ffnL, s/sf] ef/ / ef/ :yfgfGt/0f, ah]6 th'{df / sfof{Gjog tyf ljQLo Joj:yfkg h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgf x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ljQ gLlt ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf ljZjdf cfPsf] dxfdGbL (Great Depression) sf] l:ylt x6fpg] ;DaGwdf lgs} nf]slk|o /x]sf] lyof] . ljQ gLlt Pp6f kl/jf/n] ug]{ cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ;Gt'ngsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k xf] . h:tf] ls cy{zf:qL P8d l:dyn] eg]sf lyP– æPp6f kl/jf/n] cfkm\gf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ hlt ;Gt'lnt / a'l4dfgLk"0f{ 9+un] ;+rfng ub{5, ToxL s'/f ;/sf/L sf/f]jf/df klg nfu" x'G5 . t/, Pp6f ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L Pp6f kl/jf/sf] eGbf Jofks x'g] ePsf]n] cfktsfn h:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] ;fk6L lng ;Qm5 . t/ ;fdfGotofM Pp6f kl/jf/sf] h:t} ;/sf/sf] klg cfDbfgL / vr{aLr ;Gt'ng x'g' kb{5 .Æ

ljQ gLltsf xfnsf k|j[lQx¿

cfly{s ;+s6 / ljz]ifu/L dGbLsf] l:yltaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dodf dfly psf:g ljQ gLlteGbf df}lb|s gLlt k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] dfGotf 5 . lsgeg] k|ydtM ;+s6df]rg ug]{ ljQ gLlt th'{df ug{ g} ;do nfUb5 / bf];|f] To;sf] k|efj nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq b]lvG5 elgG5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] lbOG5 eg] ljQ gLlt ;+;b\af6 cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg]{, gof“ s/ nufpg 5'§} P]g agfpg' kg]{ / To:tf] P]g ;+;b\n] dfq agfpg ;Sg], P]g ;+zf]wg ug{sf] lgldQ klg ;+;b\df g} hfg' kg]{, ;+;b\ / ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿df To; af/]df 5nkmn x'g] eO{ To;nfO{ ;dodf kfl/t u/fpg g;lsg], P]g ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfjdf klg yk36 x'g ;Sg], ;+;b\ afx]s c¿n] s/sf b/x¿ a9fpg g;Sg] cflb sf/0fn] ljQ gLltdf tTsfn} ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g ug{ ;Dej x"'b}g . To;}u/L ;+;b\sf] cg'df]bg a]u/ vr{ ug{ gkfOg], /fhgLlts bafasf] sf/0fn] vr{ a9\g hfg] / ;fwg kl/rfng a9\g g;Sbf klg /fhgLlts bafas} sf/0fn] vr{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 .

;/sf/n] s/ nufPkl5 Tof] s/ hgtfn] ltg}{ kg]{, glt/] ;hfo" x'g] t/ lt/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ klg gx'g] / To;sf] ;§fdf ;/sf/af6 s]xL kfpg} kg]{ cj:yf klg gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf] s/ nufpg ;/sf/n] ;+;b\af6 P]g agfP/ dfq nfu" ug'{kg]{ k/Dk/f a;]sf] xf] . To;}u/L To:tf] P]gsf] cfwf/df hgtfaf6 kl/rfng ul/Psf] ;fwg ;/sf/n] dgk/L 9+un] vr{ unf{ eg]/ vr{ ug]{ k|:tfj klg ;+;b\n] :jLs[t ug'{kg]{ k/Dk/f a;]sf] xf] . To;}n] cy{tGqnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;/sf/n] k|ToIf ¿kdf ug{ ;Sg] sfo{sf] lgldQ s]xL ;do nfUb5 . To;}u/L ;/sf/sf] ;fwg kl/rfng / To;sf] vr{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cfGtl/s /fhgLlt, cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s k|j[lQ / gLltn] klg plQs} k|efj kfb{5g\ . ;fy} cfd gful/sx¿sf] ;s];Dd s/ gltg]{ / lt/] klg ;s];Dd sd ltg]{ :jefljs k|j[lQ x'G5 . cfd gful/sx¿sf] of] k|j[lQ /fhgLltdf k|ltlalDat x'G5 / hgtf / s/bftfsf] of] k|j[lQaf6 /fh:j k|zf;g klg k|efljt x'g k'Ub5 . oL sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg cfjZos kbf{ ;/sf/n] tTsfn} /fh:j a9fpg g;Sg] x'G5 .

To;}u/L s/ k|0ffnLsf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;do–;dodf b]vfkg]{ k|j[lQx¿af6 klg d'n'sx¿sf] s/ k|0ffnL k|efljt x'g] ub{5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf slxn] ;+/If0fjfb xfjL x'g k'Ub5 / s/ tyf eG;f/sf b/x¿ a9fOG5 eg] slxn] pbf/jfb / ljZjJofkLs/0f xfjL x'G5 / tL b/x¿ 36fOG5 . h:tf] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv ljZjdf eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljZj cy{tGqdf ;do–;dodf ptf/–r9fj (Business Cycle) cfp“5, slxn] Boom x'G5 eg] slxn] Bust x'G5 . To;n] klg ;/sf/sf] ;fwg kl/rfngnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . Boom x'"bf /fh:j a9\5 eg] Bust x'""bf hlt k|oTg ubf{ klg /fh:j a9\g ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ cfly{s dGbLsf] ;dodf /fli6«o cfo g} 36\g] ePsf]n] To:tf] l:yltdf /fh:j a9fpg ;ls"b}g . t/ To:tf] dGbLnfO{ lr/]/ cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g ;/sf/n] a9L vr{ ug'{kg]{] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:tf] s]xL ;dob]lv g]kfnn] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . t/ /fh:jafx]s ;/sf/n] cGo >f]taf6 klg ;fwg k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5 . /, 7"n} /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ afWotf cfOkbf{ ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s tyf afx\o C0f kl/rfng u/]/ ;+s6 6f5{ . oL >f]tx¿af6 ;fwg kl/rfng ubf{ klg sfg'gL tyf cGo k|lqmof t k"/f ug}{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ d'n'sdf cfly{s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+s6 cfOkbf{ k"/s ah]6dfkm{t yk ;fwg kl/rfng ug{ /fhgLlts ;xdlt h'6fpg ufx|f] kb}{g . g]kfnn] klg k6s–k6s o:tf] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] pbf/ cy{tGqdf cy{tGqnfO{ ;+s6df]rg ug{ ;/sf/ cu|;/ geO{ df}lb|s gLltdfkm{t kxn ul/g' :jefljs x'G5 . t/ h¿/t k¥of] eg] ljQ gLltn] tTsfn s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] xf]Og . To;ljk/Lt pbf/ df}lb|s gLlt;“u h:t} kl/l:yltdf klg cy{tGqdf t/ntf 36fpg] jf a9fpg] eGbf c¿ pkfo x'"b}g . /, dGbLsf] ;dodf shf{ k|jfx a9f];\ eg]/ ;+s]t ug'{afx]s c¿ ljsNk x'"b}g . ljQ gLlt;“u x'g] ljsNk klg ;/sf/L vr{ a9fpg] jf 36fpg] / s/sf b/x¿ klg 36fpg] jf a9fpg] dfq x'g\ . t/ ;/sf/sf ;fwgsf >f]tx¿df a9L ljljwtf x'G5 / cy{tGqdf ltgsf] k|efj klg cnu–cnu x'G5 . To;}u/L vr{tkm{ klg vr{ ul/g] If]q / cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ cguGtL x'G5g\ / tL af6 cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efj klg cguGtL g} x'G5g\ .

df}lb|s gLltsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ oL tdfd sfg'gL k|lqmofx¿ k"/f ug{ cfjZos x'"b}g . lsgeg] a}+sx¿;“u x'g] ;fwg, Aofh;lxt ;f“jf lkmtf{ ug]{ zt{df hgtfaf6 kl/rfng ul/Psf] ;fwg x'G5 . nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n eO{ shf{ dfu clws ePdf / To;/L kl/rflnt lgIf]k nufgLsf] lgldQ ckof{Kt ePdf a}+sx¿n] Aofhb/ a9fP/ klg yk lgIf]k kl/rfng ug{ ;Qm5g\ . To;sf] cltl/Qm cGo a}+sx¿ / s]Gb|Lo a}+saf6 ;d]t tTsfn} C0f k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5g\ . t/ df}lb|s gLlt ljz]ifu/L pbf/ df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"n ¿kdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL ug]{ rfxgfdf lge{/ x'G5 . lghL If]qsf] To:tf] rfxgf ahf/sf] Mood / nufgLdf /xg] hf]lvddf lge{/ x'G5 . dGbLsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g pbf/, nlrnf] / lj:tf/sf/L df}lb|s gLlt nfu" ul/G5 . o;cGtu{t gub df}Hbft cg'kft (Cash Reserve Ratio, CRR) / Aofhb/ 36fOG5 . t/ nufgLdf hf]lvd 5 eGg] nfu]df cy{tGqdf hlt;'s} ljQLo ;fwg pknAw eP tfklg / a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] Aofhb/ hlt;'s} 36fP tfklg g a}+sx¿n] shf{ k|jfx ub{5g\ g t lghL If]qn] g} shf{ dfu ub{5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf cy{tGq v:s"b} hfG5, a]/f]huf/L a9\b} hfG5, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ;fwg lnP/ a:b5g\, klxn] nufgL u/]sf] shf{ klg c;'n x'"b}g / lghL If]q hf]vfgf x]/]/ r'krfk al;/xG5 . ;g\ !(#) sf] dxfdGbLsfndf o:t} ePsf] lyof] .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g\ @))) b]lv xfn;Dd h'g dGbL rln/x]sf] 5, To;af6 cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g Toxf“sf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s (Federal Reserve) n] b'O{ jif{df !@ k6s a}+s b/ s6f}tL u/]/ !=&$ k|ltzt ;Dddf emf¥of] . t/ To;f] ubf{ klg cy{tGqdf ult cffpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L a]nfotn] ljut %) jif{df ;a}eGbf sd x'g] u/L Aofhb/ 36fof] . t/ To;f] ubf{ klg cy{tGqn] ult lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . hfkfgsf] cj:yf ;a}eGbf v/fa /x]sf] 5 . hfkfg em08} Ps bzsb]lv dGbLsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ psf:g Toxf“sf] s]Gb|Lo a}+sn] Aofhb/ (Nominal Interest Rate) 36fP/ z"Godf Nofp“bf klg lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf ult cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cyf{t\ Aofhb/df s'g} ;Dj]bgzLntf g} /x]sf] 5}g . h;nfO{ Keynes n] Liquidity Trap sf] ;+1f lbPsf lyP . o;/L cfh ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot tyf hfkfgh:tf d'n'ssf s]Gb|Lo a}+sx¿ pkfo z"Go eP/ a:g' k/]sf] 5 . t/ d'n's ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf x'g] ePsf]n] cy{tGqnfO{ psf:g ;/sf/ g} cu|;/ x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgldQ ;/sf/n] 7"N7"nf vr{ of]hgfx¿ (Public Works Programs) ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:tf] ;g\ !(#) sf] dxfdGbLaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] d'n'sel/ ;8s ;+hfnsf] ljsf; ug{ Jofks nufgL u/]sf] lyof] . h'g ;8s ;+hfnkl5 cd]l/sfsf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ Pp6f k|d'v cfwf/ aGg k'Uof] .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf ef}lts jftfj/0f cg's"n / ;Gt'lnt /x]df dfq lghL If]q nufgLsf] nflu pTk|]l/t x'G5 / df}lb|s gLlt klg k|efjsf/L x'g ;Qm5 . To:tf] jftfj/0f agfOlbg] sfd ;/sf/n] ug'{ kb{5 . lah'nL, lkpg] kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g, ;8s cflb h:tf ef}lts / lzIff, :jf:Yo, zflGt;'/Iff cflb h:tf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/x¿ r':t¿kdf pknAw ePdf, d"No, Aofh b/ tyf ljlgdo b/ cflb ;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx¿ l:y/ / ;Gt'lnt /lx/x]df lghL If]q nufgLsf nflu pTk|]l/t x'G5 . lghL If]q nufgLsf] lgldQ To;/L pTk|]l/t ePdf df}lb|s gLlt k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;/L df}lb|s gLlt k|efjsf/L x'g d'n'ssf ;a}h;f] If]qx¿ 7Ls cj:yfdf /xg'kb{5 . Pp6f d'n'ssf] lgldQ oL ;a} s'/fx¿ 7Ls7fs cj:yfdf /flv/xg' eg]sf] cToGt r'gf}tLk"0f{ s'/f x'G5 . cfh ljZjsf sltko ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df oLdWo] s'g} jf w]/} s'/fx¿df tndfly k/]sf]n] tL d'n'sx¿ ljsf;df kl5 k/]sf x'g\ . s'g} g s'g} If]qdf c;Gt'ng b]vf kgf{;fy nufgL hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g hfG5 / df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf sd x'g hfG5 .

d'n'sleq dfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf o:tf] c;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt pTkGg eof] eg] klg lghL If]]qsf] nufgL lzlyn x'g hfG5 . lsgeg] cfhsf cy{tGqx¿sf] ljb]zL k""hL, lgof{t / t]nsf] d"Nodflysf] lge{/tf cTolws dfqfdf a9]/ uPsf] 5 . ltgdf s'g} ;d:of b]vf kgf{;fy nufgL hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . To;}u/L ljZjsf k|d'v cy{tGqsf d'b|fx¿sf] ljlgdo b/, Aofhb/ / z]o/ ahf/sf] ;"rf+sdf cfpg] ptf/–r9fjn] klg cy{tGqx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;/L k|efj kfg'{ eg]sf] lghL If]qsf] nufgL lg¿T;flxt x'g hfg' xf] . o;/L lghL If]qsf] nufgL vnalngf ;fy df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf 36\g hfG5 .

lghL If]qsf] nufgL / df}lb|s gLltnfO{ lqmofzLn t'Nofpg ;/sf/ :jod\n] klg Tofu ul/lbg' kb{5 . ;/sf/n] o:tf] Tofu ah]6 3f6fnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lgoGq0fdf /fv]/ ub{5 . ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] lgldQ rf}tkmL{ bafa kl//xg] ljsl;t / sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ;/sf/n] vr{ 36fP/ ah]6 3f6f lgoGq0f ug]{ s'/f cToGt sl7g sfd x'G5 . ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿ of] Joj:yf ldnfpg g;s]/ g} nfdf] ;do;Dd cndlnO/x]sf 5g\ .

To;}n] of] jf Tof] gLltdWo] s'g gLlt k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg' eGbf a9L uDeL/ s'/f pbf/ cy{tGqdf b'j} gLltsf] dxTj / k|efjsfl/tf cToGt Go"g /xg hfg' ePsf] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ cg's""n x'g] u/L gLltx¿nfO{ a9L ahf/ d}qL (Market Friendly) agfpg vf]Hbf o;f] x'g uPsf] xf] . o;n] ubf{ ljQ / df}lb|s gLlt b'j}n] cy{tGq lzlyn x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf klg tTsfn / k|ToIf ¿kdf s]xL ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt sfod ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo a}+sn] lgIf]kdf lbg] / shf{df lng] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ug{ g;Sg], /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf gk/]sf If]qdf shf{ k|jfx lgoGq0f ug{ / k/]sf If]qdf lgb{]lzt shf{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ nufpg g;Sg] / s]jn g]kYodf a;]/ ;+s]t dfq lbg] / To:tf] ;+s]tsf] cg'z/0f gx'"bf klg s]xL ug{ gx'g] ePkl5 s'g} klg gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] k|;+u g} lg/y{s x'G5 .

pbf/ cy{tGqdf ljQ gLltsf] cj:yf klg To:t} 5 . cfly{s c;dfgtf sd ug{ k|ultzLn cfo s/sf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] lyof] . t/, k|ultzLn cfo s/n] s/sf] b/ pRr kfg]{, To;n] lghL If]qsf] art / nufgLnfO{ lg¿T;flxt kfg]{ / /fh:j r'xfj6nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ egL cfh cfos/sf] k|ultzLntfnfO{ pNn]Vo dfqfdf s6f}tL ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljb]zL k""hL, k|ljlw / Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ klg cfos/sf] pRrtd b/df 7"nf] dfqfdf s6f}tL ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L cfh cfos/df gfddfqsf] k|ultzLntf /xg uPsf]n] cfos/sf] cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg] ljz]iftf k|efjxLg x'g uPsf] 5 .

To;}u/L cfh cy{tGqdf ult Nofpg s/ s6f}tLnfO{ ljQ gLltsf] k|d'v pkfosf] ¿kdf ckgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf k"j{/fi6«klt /]ugaf6 ;'¿ ul/Psf] s/ s6f}tL sfo{qmd jt{dfg /fi6«klt a';sf] ;d]t lgjf{rgsf] k|d'v gf/f ag]sf] lyof] . bz hgf gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lah]tf;d]t $)) hgf k|ltli7t cy{zf:qLx¿n] ;+ul7t ¿kdf lj/f]w ubf{ klg /fi6«klt a'; of] k|:tfj kfl/t u/fpg k|lta4 eP/ nfu]sf 5g\ . k"j{ /fi6«klt /]ug / a';sf] -jt{dfg /fi6«kltsf lktf_ sfo{sfndf s/ s6f}tLsf] sf/0fn] ah]6 3f6f cTolws dfqfdf a9]sf]n] s/ s6f}tL ug{ gx'g] ts{ tL cy{zf:qLx¿n] lbPsf 5g\ . hfkfgdf ljut w]/} jif{b]lv sfod /x]sf] cfly{s lzlyntf tf]8\g klg s/ s6f}tLs} gLlt cl3 ;fl/Psf] lyof] . pbf/ / ahf/d'vL cfly{s gLltcGtu{t d'n'sx¿df cfly{s c;dfgtf a9\g hfg'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f of] s/ s6f}tL sfo{qmd klg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L cfo s/sf] k|ultzLntf clxn] ck|;f+lus ePsf] 5 . :d/0f /xf];\, k"j{ /fi6«klt /]ugsf cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/ Lafer n] s/sf h'g b/x¿af6 /fh:j clws dfqfdf p7\5, s/sf b/x¿nfO{ ToxL :t/df Nofpg' kb{5 eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/L /fi6«klt /]ugnfO{ lrQ a'emfPsf]n] pgsf] sfo{sfnb]lv of] s/ s6f}tLsf] k/Dk/f ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . Lafer n] cfkm\gf] ts{nfO{ Pp6f lrqåf/f k'li6 u/]sf lyP h;nfO{ Lafer Curve eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L cfGtl/s pBf]ux¿sf] ;d]t ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] nufpg ;'¿ ul/Psf] eG;f/sf] clxn] ;+/If0fsf] k|of]hg ;dfKt k|foM ePsf] 5 . pBf]ux¿nfO{ a9L ;+/If0f lb"bf cIfd aGg], t:s/L a9\g hfg] / /fh:j r'xfj6 a9\g uO{ /fh:j kl/rfng a9\g g;Sg] cflb sf/0fx¿sf] cfwf/df clxn] e+;f/sf b/x¿df Jofks s6f}tL ug]{ k/Dk/f a;]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lng / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cleofgdf ;fd]n x'g klg e+;f/sf b/x¿ 36fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;/L eG;f/sf] of] k|of]hg klg clxn] c;fGble{s ePsf] 5 .

o;/L cfh ;fj{ef}d d'n'ssf hg–lgjf{lrt ;/sf/x¿n] eG;f/sf b/x¿ a9fP/ :jb]zL pBf]ux¿nfO{ s]xL ;+/If0f lbg ;Sb}gg\, cfos/df k|ultzLntf yk]/ a9\b} uPsf] cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg ;Sb}gg\, /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf k/]sf If]qx¿df nufgL k|f]T;flxt ug{ s]xL s/ 5'6 lbg ;Sb}gg\, w]/} cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx¿df cGtMz'Ns nufpg ;Sb}gg\, k5fl8 k/]sf cfly{s If]q tyf ju{nfO{ cufl8 Nofpg s'g} cg'bfg lbg ;Sb}gg\, cy{tGq lzlyn ePsf] cj:yfdf To;df ult Nofpg ah]6 3f6f s]xL a9fP/ eP klg s]xL a9L vr{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ cflb . pgLx¿sf] xft–v'§f af“lwPsf] 5 / d'v y'lgPsf] 5 . ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo a}+s o; ;DaGwdf k|efjxLg, lg/Lx tyf /ldt] dfq ePsf 5g\ . ljQ tyf df}lb|s b'j} gLlt, gLlt xf]Og cgLlt ePsf 5g\ . lghL If]q / ahf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ o;f] ul/Psf] 5 / cy{tGqdf ;+s6 cfOkbf{ oL lgsfox¿ s]jn ko{j]Ifs dfq eP/ a:g' kl//x]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ cgLltsf] aGbL ag]/ /xg'k/]sf] 5 .

o;/L ljZjdf xfjL ePsf] pbf/ cy{tGqn] ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltnfO{ cGt/f{li6«os/0f u/]sf] 5 . Tof] gLlt jfl;+u6g, Go'of]s{ / h]g]efaf6 lgl>t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tL ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lng] ;fj{ef}d /fi6«sf ;+;bx¿n] To;nfO{ a|Xd jfSo;/x r'krfk cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . Toxf“sf ;/sf/x¿ To;/L lgl>t x'g] gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ dftxtsf lgsfox¿sf] ¿kdf ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] j:t'l:ylt / ;/sf/sf] cjwf/cg'¿k cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt rog ug]{ clwsf/ / :jtGqtf pgLx¿af6 vf]l;Psf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d ;Qf ;DkGg ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ vl08t ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;d]t of] k|Zg uDeL/¿kdf p7fpg yflnPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] cd]l/sfsf] eG;f/ b/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / cg'bfg lbg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ ;fj{ef}d clwsf/df cf“r k'¥ofPsf]n] cd]l/sf ;f] ;+u7gaf6 lkmtf{ x'g'kb{5 egL Toxf“sf] pRr cbfntdf d'4f k/]sf] 5 . olb ;f] ;+u7gaf6 lkmtf{ gx'g] xf] eg] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 …;fj{ef}d ;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«Ú eGg] jfSof+z lemSg' kg]{ dfu ul/Psf] 5 .

o;n] ubf{ ;b:o /fi6«sf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] lgjf{rgdf ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf ;DaGwdf hgfb]z lng'kg]{ cfjZostf gkg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;a}h;f] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cfly{s gLltsf] b[li6n] pbf/jfbL x'g afWo x'g' k/]sf] 5 / cfkm\gf] Vote Bank nfO{ pgLx¿n] s]xL 7f]; cfZjf;g lbg gkfpg] ePsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts bnx¿ aLr /fhgLlts l;4fGtdf t cGt/ d]l6Ps} lyof], ca cfly{s l;4fGt / gLltdf /x]sf] cGt/ klg d]l6"b} hfg] ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts bnx¿ cfp“bf lbgx¿df ;+s6df kg{ ;Sg] alnof] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s l;4fGt / gLltdf ;dfgtf x'g] ePh:t} d'n'ssf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf klg ;dfgtf eOlbPsf] eP o;df vf;} cfklQ ug'{kg]{ 7fp“ /xg] lyPg . t/ jf:tljstfn] To;f] elg/x]sf] 5}g . lsgeg] pbf/ cfly{s gLltn] hgtfaLr /x]sf] cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{ cem rsf{p“5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] tYo xf] . o;n] ubf{ cfp“bf lbgx¿ ;dfhsf Go"gju{sf lgldQ cToGt k|lts"n x'g hfg] s'/f lglZrt 5 . o;n] csf]{ s] s'/fsf] klg ;+s]t ub{5 eg] d'n'sx¿sf] ljsf;sf] nflu pbf/ cfly{s gLltafx]s csf]{ s'g} ljsNk 5}g . d'n's / To;sf] j:t'l:ylt h:tf] /x] klg / ljsf;sf] h'g;'s} r/0fdf /x]sf] eP tfklg ljsf; ug]{ gLlt / /0fgLlt ;a} y/L d'n'sx¿sf nflu Pp6} dfq 5 . Tof] afx]s csf]{ gLlt x'g} ;Sb}g . o;af6 pbf/ cy{tGqdf cGtlg{lxt h]–hlt v/faL / sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\, tL ;a}nfO{ d'n'sx¿n] r'krfk j/0f ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;dfhnfO{ To:tf sdhf]/Lx¿af6 d'Qm ug{ ljut s}of“} ztfAbLb]lv h]–h:tf ;'emfj / ljsNkx¿ lbOof] / cEof; klg ul/of], tL ;a} lg/y{s l;4 x'g] ePsf 5g\ .

o;af6 ;b:o /fi6«x¿df csf]{ klg uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] k|lts"n c;/ kl//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To:tf] c;/ ;b:o /fi6«x¿df ;dli6ut cy{zf:q / cfly{s gLltsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg / lrGtgsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf] 5 . oL ljifox¿sf ;DaGwdf aflx/} cWoog, cg';Gwfg / lrGtg x'g], lgisif{ lg:sg] / sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ dfq ;b:o /fi6«x¿df lgl>t x'g] / ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] To;nfO{ r'krfk sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'"bf To; ;DaGwdf tL /fi6«sf s;}n] klg cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 si6 p7fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lv/x]sf 5}gg\ . o;f] x'g' laNs'n :jefljs klg xf] . o;n] ubf{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿df ;dli6ut cy{zf:q / cfly{s gLltsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, lrGtg / cGt/lqmofk|ltsf] ¿lr / cfsif{0f 36]/ uPsf] 5 . of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo a}+sdf gLlt–lgdf{0fsf] txdf /x]/ h;n] klg sfd ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] 5 . To;}n] of] k|j[lQn] ljZj / ljz]ifu/L cNk ljsl;t / cem clt sd ljsl;t ljZjsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts cflb l:yltnfO{ clglZrttftkm{ ws]ln/x]sf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld

ljQ gLlt (Fiscal Policy) ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf] Pp6f k|d'v vDaf xf] . ljQ gLlt eGgfn] ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] ;dli6ut cfly{s cjwf/0ffcg'¿k b]zsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] s/x¿, ;/sf/L vr{ / ;/sf/L C0fsf] dfWodaf6 k|efljt ug]{ gLlt eGg] a'lemG5 . ;fy} pRr b/df cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj xfl;n ug]{ u/L ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaLr ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg / k|of]u ug]{ gLlt eGg] klg a'lemG5 . ljQ gLltsf k|efjx¿ ;dli6ut pTkfbg, /f]huf/L, d"No, jrt / nufgL, zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt (Balance of Payment) cflb If]qdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] lng] shf{ (Borrowing) sf] Joj:yfkg klg ljQ gLlt;“u ;DalGwt ljifo eP tfklg o;nfO{ df}lb|s gLltsf] klg Pp6f k|d'v c+usf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ljQ gLlt th'{df ug{ s/ k|0ffnL, s/sf] ef/ / ef/ :yfgfGt/0f, ah]6 th'{df / sfof{Gjog tyf ljQLo Joj:yfkg h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgf x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ljQ gLlt ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf ljZjdf cfPsf] dxfdGbL (Great Depression) sf] l:ylt x6fpg] ;DaGwdf lgs} nf]slk|o /x]sf] lyof] . ljQ gLlt Pp6f kl/jf/n] ug]{ cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ;Gt'ngsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k xf] . h:tf] ls cy{zf:qL P8d l:dyn] eg]sf lyP– æPp6f kl/jf/n] cfkm\gf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ hlt ;Gt'lnt / a'l4dfgLk"0f{ 9+un] ;+rfng ub{5, ToxL s'/f ;/sf/L sf/f]jf/df klg nfu" x'G5 . t/, Pp6f ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L Pp6f kl/jf/sf] eGbf Jofks x'g] ePsf]n] cfktsfn h:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] ;fk6L lng ;Qm5 . t/ ;fdfGotofM Pp6f kl/jf/sf] h:t} ;/sf/sf] klg cfDbfgL / vr{aLr ;Gt'ng x'g' kb{5 .Æ

ljQ gLltsf xfnsf k|j[lQx¿

cfly{s ;+s6 / ljz]ifu/L dGbLsf] l:yltaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dodf dfly psf:g ljQ gLlteGbf df}lb|s gLlt k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] dfGotf 5 . lsgeg] k|ydtM ;+s6df]rg ug]{ ljQ gLlt th'{df ug{ g} ;do nfUb5 / bf];|f] To;sf] k|efj nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq b]lvG5 elgG5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] lbOG5 eg] ljQ gLlt ;+;b\af6 cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg]{, gof“ s/ nufpg 5'§} P]g agfpg' kg]{ / To:tf] P]g ;+;b\n] dfq agfpg ;Sg], P]g ;+zf]wg ug{sf] lgldQ klg ;+;b\df g} hfg' kg]{, ;+;b\ / ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿df To; af/]df 5nkmn x'g] eO{ To;nfO{ ;dodf kfl/t u/fpg g;lsg], P]g ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfjdf klg yk36 x'g ;Sg], ;+;b\ afx]s c¿n] s/sf b/x¿ a9fpg g;Sg] cflb sf/0fn] ljQ gLltdf tTsfn} ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g ug{ ;Dej x"'b}g . To;}u/L ;+;b\sf] cg'df]bg a]u/ vr{ ug{ gkfOg], /fhgLlts bafasf] sf/0fn] vr{ a9\g hfg] / ;fwg kl/rfng a9\g g;Sbf klg /fhgLlts bafas} sf/0fn] vr{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 .

;/sf/n] s/ nufPkl5 Tof] s/ hgtfn] ltg}{ kg]{, glt/] ;hfo" x'g] t/ lt/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ klg gx'g] / To;sf] ;§fdf ;/sf/af6 s]xL kfpg} kg]{ cj:yf klg gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf] s/ nufpg ;/sf/n] ;+;b\af6 P]g agfP/ dfq nfu" ug'{kg]{ k/Dk/f a;]sf] xf] . To;}u/L To:tf] P]gsf] cfwf/df hgtfaf6 kl/rfng ul/Psf] ;fwg ;/sf/n] dgk/L 9+un] vr{ unf{ eg]/ vr{ ug]{ k|:tfj klg ;+;b\n] :jLs[t ug'{kg]{ k/Dk/f a;]sf] xf] . To;}n] cy{tGqnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;/sf/n] k|ToIf ¿kdf ug{ ;Sg] sfo{sf] lgldQ s]xL ;do nfUb5 . To;}u/L ;/sf/sf] ;fwg kl/rfng / To;sf] vr{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cfGtl/s /fhgLlt, cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s k|j[lQ / gLltn] klg plQs} k|efj kfb{5g\ . ;fy} cfd gful/sx¿sf] ;s];Dd s/ gltg]{ / lt/] klg ;s];Dd sd ltg]{ :jefljs k|j[lQ x'G5 . cfd gful/sx¿sf] of] k|j[lQ /fhgLltdf k|ltlalDat x'G5 / hgtf / s/bftfsf] of] k|j[lQaf6 /fh:j k|zf;g klg k|efljt x'g k'Ub5 . oL sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg cfjZos kbf{ ;/sf/n] tTsfn} /fh:j a9fpg g;Sg] x'G5 .

To;}u/L s/ k|0ffnLsf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;do–;dodf b]vfkg]{ k|j[lQx¿af6 klg d'n'sx¿sf] s/ k|0ffnL k|efljt x'g] ub{5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf slxn] ;+/If0fjfb xfjL x'g k'Ub5 / s/ tyf eG;f/sf b/x¿ a9fOG5 eg] slxn] pbf/jfb / ljZjJofkLs/0f xfjL x'G5 / tL b/x¿ 36fOG5 . h:tf] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv ljZjdf eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljZj cy{tGqdf ;do–;dodf ptf/–r9fj (Business Cycle) cfp“5, slxn] Boom x'G5 eg] slxn] Bust x'G5 . To;n] klg ;/sf/sf] ;fwg kl/rfngnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . Boom x'"bf /fh:j a9\5 eg] Bust x'""bf hlt k|oTg ubf{ klg /fh:j a9\g ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ cfly{s dGbLsf] ;dodf /fli6«o cfo g} 36\g] ePsf]n] To:tf] l:yltdf /fh:j a9fpg ;ls"b}g . t/ To:tf] dGbLnfO{ lr/]/ cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g ;/sf/n] a9L vr{ ug'{kg]{] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:tf] s]xL ;dob]lv g]kfnn] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . t/ /fh:jafx]s ;/sf/n] cGo >f]taf6 klg ;fwg k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5 . /, 7"n} /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ afWotf cfOkbf{ ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s tyf afx\o C0f kl/rfng u/]/ ;+s6 6f5{ . oL >f]tx¿af6 ;fwg kl/rfng ubf{ klg sfg'gL tyf cGo k|lqmof t k"/f ug}{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ d'n'sdf cfly{s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+s6 cfOkbf{ k"/s ah]6dfkm{t yk ;fwg kl/rfng ug{ /fhgLlts ;xdlt h'6fpg ufx|f] kb}{g . g]kfnn] klg k6s–k6s o:tf] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] pbf/ cy{tGqdf cy{tGqnfO{ ;+s6df]rg ug{ ;/sf/ cu|;/ geO{ df}lb|s gLltdfkm{t kxn ul/g' :jefljs x'G5 . t/ h¿/t k¥of] eg] ljQ gLltn] tTsfn s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] xf]Og . To;ljk/Lt pbf/ df}lb|s gLlt;“u h:t} kl/l:yltdf klg cy{tGqdf t/ntf 36fpg] jf a9fpg] eGbf c¿ pkfo x'"b}g . /, dGbLsf] ;dodf shf{ k|jfx a9f];\ eg]/ ;+s]t ug'{afx]s c¿ ljsNk x'"b}g . ljQ gLlt;“u x'g] ljsNk klg ;/sf/L vr{ a9fpg] jf 36fpg] / s/sf b/x¿ klg 36fpg] jf a9fpg] dfq x'g\ . t/ ;/sf/sf ;fwgsf >f]tx¿df a9L ljljwtf x'G5 / cy{tGqdf ltgsf] k|efj klg cnu–cnu x'G5 . To;}u/L vr{tkm{ klg vr{ ul/g] If]q / cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ cguGtL x'G5g\ / tL af6 cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efj klg cguGtL g} x'G5g\ .

df}lb|s gLltsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ oL tdfd sfg'gL k|lqmofx¿ k"/f ug{ cfjZos x'"b}g . lsgeg] a}+sx¿;“u x'g] ;fwg, Aofh;lxt ;f“jf lkmtf{ ug]{ zt{df hgtfaf6 kl/rfng ul/Psf] ;fwg x'G5 . nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n eO{ shf{ dfu clws ePdf / To;/L kl/rflnt lgIf]k nufgLsf] lgldQ ckof{Kt ePdf a}+sx¿n] Aofhb/ a9fP/ klg yk lgIf]k kl/rfng ug{ ;Qm5g\ . To;sf] cltl/Qm cGo a}+sx¿ / s]Gb|Lo a}+saf6 ;d]t tTsfn} C0f k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5g\ . t/ df}lb|s gLlt ljz]ifu/L pbf/ df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"n ¿kdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL ug]{ rfxgfdf lge{/ x'G5 . lghL If]qsf] To:tf] rfxgf ahf/sf] Mood / nufgLdf /xg] hf]lvddf lge{/ x'G5 . dGbLsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g pbf/, nlrnf] / lj:tf/sf/L df}lb|s gLlt nfu" ul/G5 . o;cGtu{t gub df}Hbft cg'kft (Cash Reserve Ratio, CRR) / Aofhb/ 36fOG5 . t/ nufgLdf hf]lvd 5 eGg] nfu]df cy{tGqdf hlt;'s} ljQLo ;fwg pknAw eP tfklg / a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] Aofhb/ hlt;'s} 36fP tfklg g a}+sx¿n] shf{ k|jfx ub{5g\ g t lghL If]qn] g} shf{ dfu ub{5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf cy{tGq v:s"b} hfG5, a]/f]huf/L a9\b} hfG5, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ;fwg lnP/ a:b5g\, klxn] nufgL u/]sf] shf{ klg c;'n x'"b}g / lghL If]q hf]vfgf x]/]/ r'krfk al;/xG5 . ;g\ !(#) sf] dxfdGbLsfndf o:t} ePsf] lyof] .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g\ @))) b]lv xfn;Dd h'g dGbL rln/x]sf] 5, To;af6 cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g Toxf“sf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s (Federal Reserve) n] b'O{ jif{df !@ k6s a}+s b/ s6f}tL u/]/ !=&$ k|ltzt ;Dddf emf¥of] . t/ To;f] ubf{ klg cy{tGqdf ult cffpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L a]nfotn] ljut %) jif{df ;a}eGbf sd x'g] u/L Aofhb/ 36fof] . t/ To;f] ubf{ klg cy{tGqn] ult lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . hfkfgsf] cj:yf ;a}eGbf v/fa /x]sf] 5 . hfkfg em08} Ps bzsb]lv dGbLsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ psf:g Toxf“sf] s]Gb|Lo a}+sn] Aofhb/ (Nominal Interest Rate) 36fP/ z"Godf Nofp“bf klg lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf ult cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cyf{t\ Aofhb/df s'g} ;Dj]bgzLntf g} /x]sf] 5}g . h;nfO{ Keynes n] Liquidity Trap sf] ;+1f lbPsf lyP . o;/L cfh ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot tyf hfkfgh:tf d'n'ssf s]Gb|Lo a}+sx¿ pkfo z"Go eP/ a:g' k/]sf] 5 . t/ d'n's ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf x'g] ePsf]n] cy{tGqnfO{ psf:g ;/sf/ g} cu|;/ x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgldQ ;/sf/n] 7"N7"nf vr{ of]hgfx¿ (Public Works Programs) ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:tf] ;g\ !(#) sf] dxfdGbLaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ dfly psf:g ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] d'n'sel/ ;8s ;+hfnsf] ljsf; ug{ Jofks nufgL u/]sf] lyof] . h'g ;8s ;+hfnkl5 cd]l/sfsf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ Pp6f k|d'v cfwf/ aGg k'Uof] .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf ef}lts jftfj/0f cg's"n / ;Gt'lnt /x]df dfq lghL If]q nufgLsf] nflu pTk|]l/t x'G5 / df}lb|s gLlt klg k|efjsf/L x'g ;Qm5 . To:tf] jftfj/0f agfOlbg] sfd ;/sf/n] ug'{ kb{5 . lah'nL, lkpg] kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g, ;8s cflb h:tf ef}lts / lzIff, :jf:Yo, zflGt;'/Iff cflb h:tf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/x¿ r':t¿kdf pknAw ePdf, d"No, Aofh b/ tyf ljlgdo b/ cflb ;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx¿ l:y/ / ;Gt'lnt /lx/x]df lghL If]q nufgLsf nflu pTk|]l/t x'G5 . lghL If]q nufgLsf] lgldQ To;/L pTk|]l/t ePdf df}lb|s gLlt k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;/L df}lb|s gLlt k|efjsf/L x'g d'n'ssf ;a}h;f] If]qx¿ 7Ls cj:yfdf /xg'kb{5 . Pp6f d'n'ssf] lgldQ oL ;a} s'/fx¿ 7Ls7fs cj:yfdf /flv/xg' eg]sf] cToGt r'gf}tLk"0f{ s'/f x'G5 . cfh ljZjsf sltko ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df oLdWo] s'g} jf w]/} s'/fx¿df tndfly k/]sf]n] tL d'n'sx¿ ljsf;df kl5 k/]sf x'g\ . s'g} g s'g} If]qdf c;Gt'ng b]vf kgf{;fy nufgL hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g hfG5 / df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf sd x'g hfG5 .

d'n'sleq dfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf o:tf] c;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt pTkGg eof] eg] klg lghL If]]qsf] nufgL lzlyn x'g hfG5 . lsgeg] cfhsf cy{tGqx¿sf] ljb]zL k""hL, lgof{t / t]nsf] d"Nodflysf] lge{/tf cTolws dfqfdf a9]/ uPsf] 5 . ltgdf s'g} ;d:of b]vf kgf{;fy nufgL hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . To;}u/L ljZjsf k|d'v cy{tGqsf d'b|fx¿sf] ljlgdo b/, Aofhb/ / z]o/ ahf/sf] ;"rf+sdf cfpg] ptf/–r9fjn] klg cy{tGqx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;/L k|efj kfg'{ eg]sf] lghL If]qsf] nufgL lg¿T;flxt x'g hfg' xf] . o;/L lghL If]qsf] nufgL vnalngf ;fy df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf 36\g hfG5 .

lghL If]qsf] nufgL / df}lb|s gLltnfO{ lqmofzLn t'Nofpg ;/sf/ :jod\n] klg Tofu ul/lbg' kb{5 . ;/sf/n] o:tf] Tofu ah]6 3f6fnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lgoGq0fdf /fv]/ ub{5 . ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] lgldQ rf}tkmL{ bafa kl//xg] ljsl;t / sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ;/sf/n] vr{ 36fP/ ah]6 3f6f lgoGq0f ug]{ s'/f cToGt sl7g sfd x'G5 . ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿ of] Joj:yf ldnfpg g;s]/ g} nfdf] ;do;Dd cndlnO/x]sf 5g\ .

To;}n] of] jf Tof] gLltdWo] s'g gLlt k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg' eGbf a9L uDeL/ s'/f pbf/ cy{tGqdf b'j} gLltsf] dxTj / k|efjsfl/tf cToGt Go"g /xg hfg' ePsf] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ cg's""n x'g] u/L gLltx¿nfO{ a9L ahf/ d}qL (Market Friendly) agfpg vf]Hbf o;f] x'g uPsf] xf] . o;n] ubf{ ljQ / df}lb|s gLlt b'j}n] cy{tGq lzlyn x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf klg tTsfn / k|ToIf ¿kdf s]xL ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt sfod ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo a}+sn] lgIf]kdf lbg] / shf{df lng] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ug{ g;Sg], /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf gk/]sf If]qdf shf{ k|jfx lgoGq0f ug{ / k/]sf If]qdf lgb{]lzt shf{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ nufpg g;Sg] / s]jn g]kYodf a;]/ ;+s]t dfq lbg] / To:tf] ;+s]tsf] cg'z/0f gx'"bf klg s]xL ug{ gx'g] ePkl5 s'g} klg gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] k|;+u g} lg/y{s x'G5 .

pbf/ cy{tGqdf ljQ gLltsf] cj:yf klg To:t} 5 . cfly{s c;dfgtf sd ug{ k|ultzLn cfo s/sf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] lyof] . t/, k|ultzLn cfo s/n] s/sf] b/ pRr kfg]{, To;n] lghL If]qsf] art / nufgLnfO{ lg¿T;flxt kfg]{ / /fh:j r'xfj6nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ egL cfh cfos/sf] k|ultzLntfnfO{ pNn]Vo dfqfdf s6f}tL ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljb]zL k""hL, k|ljlw / Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ klg cfos/sf] pRrtd b/df 7"nf] dfqfdf s6f}tL ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L cfh cfos/df gfddfqsf] k|ultzLntf /xg uPsf]n] cfos/sf] cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg] ljz]iftf k|efjxLg x'g uPsf] 5 .

To;}u/L cfh cy{tGqdf ult Nofpg s/ s6f}tLnfO{ ljQ gLltsf] k|d'v pkfosf] ¿kdf ckgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf k"j{/fi6«klt /]ugaf6 ;'¿ ul/Psf] s/ s6f}tL sfo{qmd jt{dfg /fi6«klt a';sf] ;d]t lgjf{rgsf] k|d'v gf/f ag]sf] lyof] . bz hgf gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lah]tf;d]t $)) hgf k|ltli7t cy{zf:qLx¿n] ;+ul7t ¿kdf lj/f]w ubf{ klg /fi6«klt a'; of] k|:tfj kfl/t u/fpg k|lta4 eP/ nfu]sf 5g\ . k"j{ /fi6«klt /]ug / a';sf] -jt{dfg /fi6«kltsf lktf_ sfo{sfndf s/ s6f}tLsf] sf/0fn] ah]6 3f6f cTolws dfqfdf a9]sf]n] s/ s6f}tL ug{ gx'g] ts{ tL cy{zf:qLx¿n] lbPsf 5g\ . hfkfgdf ljut w]/} jif{b]lv sfod /x]sf] cfly{s lzlyntf tf]8\g klg s/ s6f}tLs} gLlt cl3 ;fl/Psf] lyof] . pbf/ / ahf/d'vL cfly{s gLltcGtu{t d'n'sx¿df cfly{s c;dfgtf a9\g hfg'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f of] s/ s6f}tL sfo{qmd klg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L cfo s/sf] k|ultzLntf clxn] ck|;f+lus ePsf] 5 . :d/0f /xf];\, k"j{ /fi6«klt /]ugsf cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/ Lafer n] s/sf h'g b/x¿af6 /fh:j clws dfqfdf p7\5, s/sf b/x¿nfO{ ToxL :t/df Nofpg' kb{5 eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/L /fi6«klt /]ugnfO{ lrQ a'emfPsf]n] pgsf] sfo{sfnb]lv of] s/ s6f}tLsf] k/Dk/f ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . Lafer n] cfkm\gf] ts{nfO{ Pp6f lrqåf/f k'li6 u/]sf lyP h;nfO{ Lafer Curve eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L cfGtl/s pBf]ux¿sf] ;d]t ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] nufpg ;'¿ ul/Psf] eG;f/sf] clxn] ;+/If0fsf] k|of]hg ;dfKt k|foM ePsf] 5 . pBf]ux¿nfO{ a9L ;+/If0f lb"bf cIfd aGg], t:s/L a9\g hfg] / /fh:j r'xfj6 a9\g uO{ /fh:j kl/rfng a9\g g;Sg] cflb sf/0fx¿sf] cfwf/df clxn] e+;f/sf b/x¿df Jofks s6f}tL ug]{ k/Dk/f a;]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lng / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cleofgdf ;fd]n x'g klg e+;f/sf b/x¿ 36fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;/L eG;f/sf] of] k|of]hg klg clxn] c;fGble{s ePsf] 5 .

o;/L cfh ;fj{ef}d d'n'ssf hg–lgjf{lrt ;/sf/x¿n] eG;f/sf b/x¿ a9fP/ :jb]zL pBf]ux¿nfO{ s]xL ;+/If0f lbg ;Sb}gg\, cfos/df k|ultzLntf yk]/ a9\b} uPsf] cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg ;Sb}gg\, /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf k/]sf If]qx¿df nufgL k|f]T;flxt ug{ s]xL s/ 5'6 lbg ;Sb}gg\, w]/} cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx¿df cGtMz'Ns nufpg ;Sb}gg\, k5fl8 k/]sf cfly{s If]q tyf ju{nfO{ cufl8 Nofpg s'g} cg'bfg lbg ;Sb}gg\, cy{tGq lzlyn ePsf] cj:yfdf To;df ult Nofpg ah]6 3f6f s]xL a9fP/ eP klg s]xL a9L vr{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ cflb . pgLx¿sf] xft–v'§f af“lwPsf] 5 / d'v y'lgPsf] 5 . ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo a}+s o; ;DaGwdf k|efjxLg, lg/Lx tyf /ldt] dfq ePsf 5g\ . ljQ tyf df}lb|s b'j} gLlt, gLlt xf]Og cgLlt ePsf 5g\ . lghL If]q / ahf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ o;f] ul/Psf] 5 / cy{tGqdf ;+s6 cfOkbf{ oL lgsfox¿ s]jn ko{j]Ifs dfq eP/ a:g' kl//x]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ cgLltsf] aGbL ag]/ /xg'k/]sf] 5 .

o;/L ljZjdf xfjL ePsf] pbf/ cy{tGqn] ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltnfO{ cGt/f{li6«os/0f u/]sf] 5 . Tof] gLlt jfl;+u6g, Go'of]s{ / h]g]efaf6 lgl>t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tL ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lng] ;fj{ef}d /fi6«sf ;+;bx¿n] To;nfO{ a|Xd jfSo;/x r'krfk cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . Toxf“sf ;/sf/x¿ To;/L lgl>t x'g] gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ dftxtsf lgsfox¿sf] ¿kdf ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] j:t'l:ylt / ;/sf/sf] cjwf/cg'¿k cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt rog ug]{ clwsf/ / :jtGqtf pgLx¿af6 vf]l;Psf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d ;Qf ;DkGg ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ vl08t ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;d]t of] k|Zg uDeL/¿kdf p7fpg yflnPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] cd]l/sfsf] eG;f/ b/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / cg'bfg lbg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ ;fj{ef}d clwsf/df cf“r k'¥ofPsf]n] cd]l/sf ;f] ;+u7gaf6 lkmtf{ x'g'kb{5 egL Toxf“sf] pRr cbfntdf d'4f k/]sf] 5 . olb ;f] ;+u7gaf6 lkmtf{ gx'g] xf] eg] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 …;fj{ef}d ;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«Ú eGg] jfSof+z lemSg' kg]{ dfu ul/Psf] 5 .

o;n] ubf{ ;b:o /fi6«sf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] lgjf{rgdf ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf ;DaGwdf hgfb]z lng'kg]{ cfjZostf gkg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;a}h;f] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cfly{s gLltsf] b[li6n] pbf/jfbL x'g afWo x'g' k/]sf] 5 / cfkm\gf] Vote Bank nfO{ pgLx¿n] s]xL 7f]; cfZjf;g lbg gkfpg] ePsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts bnx¿ aLr /fhgLlts l;4fGtdf t cGt/ d]l6Ps} lyof], ca cfly{s l;4fGt / gLltdf /x]sf] cGt/ klg d]l6"b} hfg] ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts bnx¿ cfp“bf lbgx¿df ;+s6df kg{ ;Sg] alnof] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s l;4fGt / gLltdf ;dfgtf x'g] ePh:t} d'n'ssf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf klg ;dfgtf eOlbPsf] eP o;df vf;} cfklQ ug'{kg]{ 7fp“ /xg] lyPg . t/ jf:tljstfn] To;f] elg/x]sf] 5}g . lsgeg] pbf/ cfly{s gLltn] hgtfaLr /x]sf] cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{ cem rsf{p“5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] tYo xf] . o;n] ubf{ cfp“bf lbgx¿ ;dfhsf Go"gju{sf lgldQ cToGt k|lts"n x'g hfg] s'/f lglZrt 5 . o;n] csf]{ s] s'/fsf] klg ;+s]t ub{5 eg] d'n'sx¿sf] ljsf;sf] nflu pbf/ cfly{s gLltafx]s csf]{ s'g} ljsNk 5}g . d'n's / To;sf] j:t'l:ylt h:tf] /x] klg / ljsf;sf] h'g;'s} r/0fdf /x]sf] eP tfklg ljsf; ug]{ gLlt / /0fgLlt ;a} y/L d'n'sx¿sf nflu Pp6} dfq 5 . Tof] afx]s csf]{ gLlt x'g} ;Sb}g . o;af6 pbf/ cy{tGqdf cGtlg{lxt h]–hlt v/faL / sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\, tL ;a}nfO{ d'n'sx¿n] r'krfk j/0f ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;dfhnfO{ To:tf sdhf]/Lx¿af6 d'Qm ug{ ljut s}of“} ztfAbLb]lv h]–h:tf ;'emfj / ljsNkx¿ lbOof] / cEof; klg ul/of], tL ;a} lg/y{s l;4 x'g] ePsf 5g\ .

o;af6 ;b:o /fi6«x¿df csf]{ klg uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] k|lts"n c;/ kl//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To:tf] c;/ ;b:o /fi6«x¿df ;dli6ut cy{zf:q / cfly{s gLltsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg / lrGtgsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf] 5 . oL ljifox¿sf ;DaGwdf aflx/} cWoog, cg';Gwfg / lrGtg x'g], lgisif{ lg:sg] / sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ dfq ;b:o /fi6«x¿df lgl>t x'g] / ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] To;nfO{ r'krfk sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'"bf To; ;DaGwdf tL /fi6«sf s;}n] klg cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 si6 p7fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lv/x]sf 5}gg\ . o;f] x'g' laNs'n :jefljs klg xf] . o;n] ubf{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿df ;dli6ut cy{zf:q / cfly{s gLltsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, lrGtg / cGt/lqmofk|ltsf] ¿lr / cfsif{0f 36]/ uPsf] 5 . of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo a}+sdf gLlt–lgdf{0fsf] txdf /x]/ h;n] klg sfd ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] 5 . To;}n] of] k|j[lQn] ljZj / ljz]ifu/L cNk ljsl;t / cem clt sd ljsl;t ljZjsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts cflb l:yltnfO{ clglZrttftkm{ ws]ln/x]sf] 5 .

ljsf;sf] b'u{lt

/fhfsf] …6Ls] ;/sf/Ú cfufdL cfly{s jif{ @)^)÷^! sf] jflif{s ah]6 Nofpg] u[xsfo{df h'l6/x]sf] a]nf cfufdL jif{ klg b]zsf] ljsf;n] ult lnG5 eGg] s'g} cfwf/ b]lvPsf] 5}g . emg\ ev{/} dfq g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] …b]zsf] jt{dfg cfly{s l:yltÚ n] t hglgjf{lrt lgsfox¿sf] cefjdf ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf …;kgfÚ dfq x'g] tYok|lt ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 Joosf] cj:yf x]/f}" . utjif{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ul/Pkl5 tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL tyf cy{dGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] (^ ca{ !@ s/f]8 $& nfv (^ xhf/ ¿k}of“sf] ah]6 Nofpg'ef] . h;df #* ca{ ^& s/f]8 !^ nfv &% xhf/ ljsf; vr{ / %& ca{ $$ s/f]8 %! nfv @! xhf/ ;fwf/0f vr{ 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{sf !) dlxgf laTbfb]lv ;/sf/n] hDdf %) ca{ &! s/f]8 &) nfv vr{ ug{ EofP5 . To;dWo] @( ca{ ** s/f]8 &) nfv t ;fwf/0ftkm{sf] vr{ /x]5 . cyf{t\ hDdf ljsf; vr{ t ( ca{ $% s/f]8 (! nfvsf] dfq} ePsf] /x]5 . lk|mh vftfaf6 ! ca{ #& s/f]8 ( nfv vr{ ul/Psf] 5 .

rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] b]zsf] /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf lgofnf}" . @)%( ;fn h]7 * ut] /ftsf] !! ah] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u/L sflt{s @& ut] r'gfjsf] ldlt tf]Sg tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] >L % nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug'{ef] . /, k|ltlglw;ef lj36g eof] . r'gfjL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf b]pjf ;/sf/n] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf tLg dlxgf klg k"/f sfd ug{ kfPg . lsgls c;f]h !# ut] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;df ePsf] ;j{bnLo a}7sn] …lgwf{l/t ldltdf r'gfj x'g g;Sg] 7x/ ub}{ pko'Qm ljsNk vf]HgÚ k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ Dof08]6 lbof] . k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] ef]lnkN6} cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf lgjf{rg ldlt ;fg]{ 3f]if0ff ug'{eof] . Sofljg]6af6 @)^) ;fn d+l;/ # ut] lgjf{rg ug]{ u/L wf/f !@& sf] k|of]u u/]/ lgjf{rg ldlt ;fg{ b]pjfn] >L % df l;kmfl/; u/fpg'eof] . cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts sbdnfO{ cf}lrTok"0f{ ;fljt ug{ / r'gfj u/fpg c;dy{ 7xl/Psf k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{ c;f]h !* ut] /flt !! ah] g} …cIfdÚ sf] P]ltxfl;s kbjL;lxt avf{:t klg ul/of] .

To;kl5 t b]zdf r'gfj x'g] ;Defjgf nueu z"Go lyof] . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff df3 !% ut] u/] klg /fhfsf] ;/sf/ ag]kl5 czflGt dRrfPsf lyPgg\ . s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g / To;k"j{sf] slyt /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm k|zf;goGqsf] k|of;af6 dfq} ljsf; x'g] eP of] ;do cyf{t\ ljut ;f9] ;ft dlxgf …:j0f{sfnÚ x'g'kg]{ lyof] . lsgls o;jif{ ;+rfng x'g] ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|fyldstf ls6fg ul/Psf] lyof] . /fhgLlts x]/km]/ jf k|zf;lgs x]/km]/af6 Tof] lgik|efljt x'g'kg]{ lyof] . t/, Tof] x'g ;s]g .

ca cfufdL jif{sf] ;+efJo kl/b[Zo x]/f}" . :yfgLo / /fli6«o r'gfj l5§} x'g] ;Defjgf Go"g b]lv"b}5 . g t k|ltlglw;ef Ao""tfpg /fhf / xfn b]zsf] Ps k|d'v /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf dfcf]jfbL g} tof/ 5g\ . b'j} lgsfodf hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjdf ljsf; sfo{n] ult lng ;Sb}g eGg] xfnsf] glh/ sfl6Pnf eg]/ cfzf ug]{ 7fp“ 5}g .

ue{ktgnfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf t/ kLl8tx? cem} vf]/df

afa'/fd cof{n

hosnfn] % jif{sf] s}b d'Qmfg u/]sf] klg @ jif{ % dlxgf e};Sof] . t/, hosnfn] h]naf6 5'6sf/f kfPsL 5}gg\ . cfZro{sf] s'/f t pgnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;hfo"sf] ls6fg} ePsf] 5}g . lzz' xTofsf] cleof]udf pgnfO{ ;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] km};nf u/] klg pgsf] ck/fwsf] :t/ x]/L cbfntL aGbf]a:t !** g+= adf]lhd % jif{ dfq} s}b ;hfo" ug{ pko'Qm x'g] /fo dflyNnf] txsf] cbfntdf k7fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . o;nfO{ cbfntL efiffdf ;fws elgG5 . t/ lhNnf cbfntn] )%@ df3 !) ut]b]lv aGbL hLjg latfpg afWo hosnfsf] kmfOn ;fws hf“rsf] nflu cem} k7fPsf] 5}g .

n gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntn] lzz' xTof 7x¥ofO{ # jif{ s}bsf] /fo;lxt /fds'df/L >]i7sf] d'2f ;fwssf] nflu k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jn k7fof] . t/, xfn ;f] kmfOn st} klg 5}g . sfo{ljlwsf] sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f /fo k|:t't ul/Psf] # jif]{ s}b e'Qmfg e};s] klg pgL cem} h]n hLjg latfpg afWo l5g\ .

n rf/ jif{b]lv ljb]zdf uPsf >Ldfg kv]{/ a;]sL dL/fb]jL l5d]sLsf] ue{ af]Sg k'lug\ . b'j} hgf ue{ktg u/fpg -ef/t_ uP . cf}iflw k|of]u u/] / g]kfn kms]{kl5 ue{ktg eof] . k|x/Ln] b'j}nfO{ ue{ktgdf lu/km\tf/ u/L d'2f rnfof] . lhNnf cbfntn] b'j}nfO{ ! jif{sf] ;hfo" ;'gfof] . k'¿if eg] ! jif{ s}bafkt ¿= ( xhf/ w/f}6L lt/]/ 5'6\g ;kmn eP eg] dL/f ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd ltg{ g;s]/ cem} h]n a:g afWo l5g\ .

dlxnf sfg'g / ljsf; d~r / ;]G6/ km/ l/k|8lS6e /fO6åf/f xfn} ue{ktg Pj+ o;;“u ;DalGwt ck/fwdf jGbLhLjg latfO/x]sf dlxnfx¿sf] af/]df ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgsf qmddf kfOPsf] dflysf pbfx/0fx¿n] g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;gsf] pkxf; u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ue{ktg Pj+ o;;“u ;DalGwt ck/fwdf cem} klg clw/fHosf @$ j6f sf/fuf/df %* hgf aGbL hLjg em]Ng afWo ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] Pshgf ;fdfGo tf/]vdf cbfntn] 5fl8lbPsf] 5 .

ue{ktg cem} cj}wflgs <

@)%( c;f]h !) ut] cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ l:yltsf] cjfl~5t ue{ cfdfsf] :j]R5fn] ktg ug{ kfpg] 5'6 ePsf] ;+zf]lwt d'n'sL P]gdf nfndf]x/ nfu]kl5 klg ue{ktgsf] cleof]udf h]n k/]sfx¿ 5'6]gg\ . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf & hgf dlxnfx¿ sfg'gL ¿kdf j}wflgstf kfO;s]kl5 klg ue{ktg / o;;“u ;DalGwt ck/fw u/]sf] cleof]udf h]ndf k/]sf 5g\ . h;df emfkf, cf]vn9'+uf, kfNkf, s}nfnL / sf:sL lhNnfdf Ps÷Ps hgf / s]Gb|Lo sf/fuf/ sf7df8f}"df @ hgf To:tf jGbL /x]sf 5g\ .

cfkmGts} v]bf]

o:tf] cleof]udf h]ndf k/]sf clwsf+z dlxnf ul/a Pj+ clzlIft k[i7e"ldsf 5g\ . ue{ktg Pj+ o;;“u ;DalGwt ck/fwdf cfkm\g} kl/jf/af6 o:tf dlxnfx¿ v]lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt tYof+s cg';f/ $^ k|ltzt 36gfdf :jo+ cfkm\g} kl/jf/n] ph'/L ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 @^ k|ltzt l5d]sLn], @^ k|ltzt cGon] Pj+ @ k|ltzt ph'/L lbg] ;|f]t v'Ng g;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

;x/L If]qdf lSnlgs / gl;{ª xf]dsf] vr{ wfGg ;Sg] / ue{ktgsf] pkfo yfxf kfpg]x¿n] cjfl~5t ue{ktg u/fP/ cfdfsf] :jf:Yo lau|gaf6 hf]ufpg] lqmofsnfk eP klg ufp“3/df Tof] ;'ljwf 5}g . vf;u/L cljjflxt jf k/k'¿if;“usf] ;+;u{sf sf/0f /x]sf] ue{ ktg ul/g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ rfl/lqs lx;fan] lnOG5 / To:tf dlxnfnfO{ 3/df /fVg'eGbf kl/jf/n] kG5fpg vf]H5 . h]ndf k/]sf clwsf+z ;Lwf;fbf dfq} 5g\ . cWoogcg';f/ %@ k|ltzt aGbL dlxnf k"0f{ lg/If/, #% k|ltzt ;fdfGo ;fIf/, ^ k|ltzt k|fylds lzIff / @ k|ltztn] s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfPsf 5}gg\ . ljZjljBfno txsf] lzIff lng] s'g} klg dlxnf h]ndf e]l6Pgg\ .

cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf]– ph'/Lsf] sf/0f . h]ndf k/]sf dlxnfx¿dWo] $% k|ltztn] JolQmut Oiof{sf] sf/0f c¿n] ph'/L xfn]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . $# k|ltzt dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ hfgsf/L g} gePsf] atfPsf 5g\ eg] * k|ltzt ;DklQsf sf/0f cfkm"nfO{ h]n k7fPsf] atfPsf 5g\ . $ k|ltzt ph'/L kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofsf sf/0f kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

ue{ktg ;fdfGotofM cljjflxtx¿n] a9L ug]{ ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f klg cWoogsf] qmddf ldYof ;fljt ePsf] 5 . xfn aGbL hLjg latfO/x]sf dlxnfx¿dWo] %) k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ ljjflxt 5g\ eg] @% k|ltzt dfq} cljjflxt 5g\ . cGodf ljwjf dlxnf ^ k|ltzt, cnu a:g] ( k|ltzt Pj+ ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ dlxnf @ k|ltzt /x]sf] tYof+sn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

kl/efiffdf cGof}n

xfd|f] cbfnt ue{ktg / o;;“u ;DalGwt ck/fwsf] kl/efiffdf :ki6 x'g g;s]sf]n] p:t} d'2fdf h]n ;hfo" ls6fgLdf klg ;dfgtf b]lvPsf] 5 . vf;u/L ue{ktg, d[t aRrfsf] hGd, gjhft lzz' xTof cflbdf xfd|f] cbfntn] s'g} cGt/ b]v]sf] 5}g . To:t}u/L ue{ t'lxPsf] / ue{ t'xfPsf]df klg s'g} cGt/ u/]sf] b]lv"b}g hals oL cjwf/0ff ljNs'n cnu–cnu x'g\ . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf xfd|f] cbfntn] oL s'/fx¿nfO{ Pp6} ju{df /fv]/ ;hfo" tf]Sg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

lg0f{odf c;dfgtf

Pp6} k|s[ltsf] d'2fdf ljleGg cbfntn] km/s–km/s lg0f{o ug]{ u/]sf] klg cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6 …Gofosf] cufl8 ;a} ;dfgÚ eGg] l;4fGtsf] pkxf; ePsf] 5 . d'n'sL P]gsf] cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !** g+= sf] k|of]udf o:tf] c;dfgtf b]lvPsf] 5 . c=a= !** g++= n] GofofwLzn] ;hfo" sd ug]{ lg0f{o ug{;Sg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . cWoogsf qmddf lnOPsf Pp6} k|s[lt / tYo ePsf d'2fx¿df c=a= !** g+= sf] k|of]uaf6 b'O{j6f d'2fdf @ jif{ ;hfo" sfod ul/Psf] 5 eg] tLg j6fdf # jif{, Pp6fdf $ jif{, !^ j6fdf % jif{, csf]{ Psdf ^ jif{, $ j6fdf & jif{, Ps j6fdf !) jif{ / Ps j6fdf @) jif{ g} sfod u/L ;hfo" 36fpg] /fo g} JoQm ul/Psf] 5}g . To;}u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 !** g++= k|of]u u/L clGtd e};s]sf] d'2fdWo] # jif{ / $ jif{ s}b ;hfo" u/]sf] 5 .

Gofo–;Dkfbgdf nfk/jfxL

df]/ª lhNnf cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df ;fwssf nflu k7fPsf] Ps d'2f ;jf]{Rr gk7fOsg lkmtf{ k7fof] hals Hofg;DaGwL !# g+= cg';f/sf] d'2f ;fwssf nflu ;jf]{Rrdf k'u]kl5 p;sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhNnf cbfnt lkmtf{ uPkl5 dfq} d'2f l5gf]kmfgf] x'g] u5{, To:t} s}nfnLsf] Ps d'2fdf If]qflwsf/ aflx/ uP/ sf/afxL ePsf] d'2fdf cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] 5 . ef/tdf ePsf] jf/bftdf jfx\o If]qflwsf/ k|fKt sfg'gafx]s cGo sfg'g nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf cbfntsf nfk/jfxLsf sf/0f klg dlxnfx¿ cgfjZos ¿kdf h]ndf a:g ljjz 5g\ . cbfntsf nfk/jfxLsf sf/0f tf]lsPsf] s}beGbf klg a9L aGbL hLjg latfpg afWo x'g'kbf{ Gofo k|zf;gdf 7"nf] k|ZglrGx nfu]sf] 5 .

h]nkl5 v'nf cfsfzsf] e/

ue{ktg / o;;“u ;DalGwt ck/fwsf aGbLx¿ h]n hLjg k"/f ePkl5 sxf“ hfg] 7]ufg 5}g . cfkm\g} kl/jf/af6 lt/:s[t tL dlxnfx¿ nfhn] klg cfkm\gf] 3/ kms{g rfx"b}gg\ . cWoogsf] qmddf sl/a %) k|ltzt dlxnf aGbLx¿ 3/ hfg] s'/fdf cfzfjfbL 5}gg\ . k|fKt tYocg';f/ @( k|ltzt dlxnf dfOt hfg] / @! k|ltzt dlxnfn] cfkm\g} 3/ hfg] atfP eg] !% k|ltztn] ljsNk vf]]h]sf], @^ k|ltzt;“u s'g} ljsNk g} gePsf] Pj+ ( k|ltztn] s'g} k|ltlqmof g} hgfpg ;s]gg\ . oL dlxnfx¿sf] cf>o eg]sf] hldg / cfsfz afx]s s]xL b]lv"b}g . o:tf] l:yltdf pgLx¿ aflx/eGbf leq} ;'/lIft kf] x'g] x'g\ ls < of] gLlt–lgdf{tfsf nflu r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 .

dlxnf, sfg'g / ljsf; d~rsL cWoIf ;kgf k|wfg dNnsf cg';f/ oL dlxnfx¿nfO{ 5'6fO;s]kl5 cfkm\gf] hfg] 7fp“sf] ;d:of x'g glbg cf>o:ynsf] vf]hL ul/lbg] k|of; dlxnf sfg'g / ljsf; d~rn] ug]{5 . o;sf nflu k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| vf]n]sf u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] o;df rf;f] lng'kg]{ pxf“ atfpg'x'G5 .

ca s] ug]{ <

;fdfGotofM kmf}hbf/L sfg'gkZrft\ bzL{ x'"b}g . ue{ktg / o;sf sf/0f ;Lldt ck/fwdf h]ndf a;]sfx¿nfO{, c;f]h !), @)%( eGbf cufl8sf] 36gfdf h]ndf k/]sfx¿nfO{ kl5Nnf] sfg'gn] g;d]6\g] x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ 5'6fpg dlxnf sfg'g / ljsf; d~rn] ljz]if Joj:yfsf] kxn u/sf] 5 . d~rn] aGbL dlxnfsf] tkm{af6 pgLx¿nfO{ cfd dfkmLsf nflu >L % df lalGtkq r9fPsf] 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@@ adf]lhd >L % af6 cfd dfkmL lbg;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;f]sf] kxn u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 .

d~rn] aGbL dlxnf 5'6fpgsf nflu sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] bkmf @( sf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 . h;df elgPsf] 5, æc;n rfnrng ePsf s}bLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;hfo"sf] a9Ldf %) k|ltzt s}bsf] ;hfo" 5f]6\ofpg ;lsg]5 . clxn]sf] cWoogdf !) hgf aGbL dlxnfn] pgLx¿nfO{ tf]lsPsf] s}bsf] %) k|ltzt cjlw e'Qmfg ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf %) k|ltzt s}b e'QmfgL ul/;s]sf aGbLx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg lbj;, k|hftGq lbj; Pj+ >L % sf] hGdf]T;jdf 5f8\g] rng 5 .

d~rn] s]xL kmf}hbf/L d'2f vf/]h ug]{ / b08 ldgfx lbg] P]g, @)@) cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ aGbL dlxnfsf d'2f lkmtf{ lng klg dfu u/]sf] 5 . ;f] P]gdf, æ;fljssf] s'g} P]gcGtu{t ck/fw 7x/L ;hfo"sf] km};nf ePsf]df klg ;f] ck/fw sfod ug]{ sfg'g ;+zf]wg eO{ sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg u/]df ;f]sf] ck/fwdf ePsf] ;hfo" ;d]t :jtM ldgfx x'g]Æ Joxf]/f pNn]v 5 .

-oxf“ pNn]lvt kfqx¿ ;xL x'g\, gfd km]l/Psf] xf] . – ;+=_

lhNnf cf/f]k aGbLsf] l:ylt

ue{ktg Hofg y'gfdf tf/]vdf aGbL

emfkf ! – – – !

t]x|y'd – @ ! – !

cf]vn9'+uf – @ ! – !

;nf{xL – ! – – !

l;Gw'nL – ! – – !

sf:sL – # ! – @

uf]vf{ – # ! – @

slknj:t' – ! – – !

kfNkf – & ! – ^

Ko"7fg – @ – – @

s~rgk'/ – @ – – @

;b/vf]/ l8NnLahf/ – # – – #

s]Gb|Lo sf/fuf/ – & ! – ^

gjnk/f;L – ! – – !

afUn'ª – ! – – !

l;/fxf – ! – – !

lrtjg – @ – ! !

Onfd – # ! – @

s}nfnL ! – – – !

df]/ª – % – – %

kj{t – ! – – !

k;f{ – ! – – !

u'NdL – # ! – @

vf]6fª – $ ! – #

hDdf @ %& !! ! $&

euf}8f k|x/LnfO{ kx/fsf] lhDdf †

b]zfGt/ ;+jfbbftf

sf7df8f}" . b'u{d lhNnf / zflGt–;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;+j]bgzLn dflgPsf 7fp“x¿df b/aGbL sfod eO{ ;¿jf ubf{ ljleGg axfgf b]vfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lnPsf k|x/Lx¿nfO{ k'gM g]kfn k|x/L cGtu{ts} kx/f u0fdf egf{ u/L ;–;Ddfg hflu/ v'jfpg] k/Dk/f g]kfn k|x/Ldf sfod ePsf] 5 .

Ps k|x/L clws[tn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ æeljiodf ;]jfaf6 cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L cjsfz ePsf afx]s cGo lsl;daf6 cjsfz ePsf k|x/Lx¿, efu]sf k|x/Lx¿ / kl/l:yltj; cjsfz lnPsf ;a} k|x/Lx¿nfO{ lgj]bg;lxt cfPdf kx/f u0fdf k'gM lgo'lQm ul/G5 . k'gM lgo'lQm ubf{ klg pgLx¿sf] ;]jf cjlw hf]l8G5 . o;/L g]kfn k|x/Ln] sf“t/ / euf}8f k|x/Lx¿nfO{ klg k'/:s[t ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd g]kfn k|x/Laf6 cjsfz kfP/ k'gM k|x/L ;]jfcGtu{t g} sfd ug]{ df}sf & ;o (# hgfn] kfO/x]sf 5g\ . euf}8fx¿sf nflu sf7df8f}"df b/aGbL ;[hgf ul/G5 . @)$# ;fnb]lv ljleGg sf/0f b]vfO{ afWo eO{ k|x/L ;]jfcGtu{t sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf ePsf k|x/Lx¿nfO{ o; u0fdf nfUg] u/L :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn pQm u0fsf] k|d'v P;=kL= u'Ktaxfb'/ /fgf x'g'x'G5 .

of] u0fdf sfo{/t k|x/Lx¿n] pkTosfleqsf ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo, dGqfnonufot ljlzi7 JolQmx¿sf] 3/df / sfof{nodf kx/f ug]{ sfd ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf uhasf] s'/f t g]kfn k|x/Laf6 h'g kbaf6 cjsfz kfPsf] xf], ;f]xL kbdf kx/f u0fdf hflu/ hf]l8P/ g} ;]jf k|j]z ug{ kfOG5 .

u[x dGqfno ;"qn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ o;/L k'gM ;]jfdf k|j]z u/fpg'sf] d"n sf/0f 6«]lgªdf k/]sf] 7"nf] nufgLsf] pkof]u ug'{ xf] . pgLx¿n] kx/f lbg ;S5g\, tflnd k|fKt x'G5g\ . Pp6f k|x/LnfO{ 6«]lgª lbnfpg ;/sf/sf] slDtdf $ nfv b]lv & nfv;Dd nfut nfUg] u/]sf] x'G5 .

o;/L ;]jfaf6 efUg]x¿sf nflu emg\ ;'/If0f 7fp“ g]kfn k|x/Ln] pknAw u/fpgfn] OdfGbf/ k|x/Lx¿sf nflu b'Mvsf] s'/f ag]sf] 5 eg] rf]/ / km6fxx¿sf nflu hflu/ uP klg ;f];{kmf];{ h'6fP/ ;]jfdf k:g] af6f] ;xh ag]sf] 5 . Po/kf]6{, l;+xb/af/, dGqfno, ljefu, dGqL Sjf6{/, dGqLx¿sf] /Ifssf] ¿kdf uf8{sf] sfd of] u0fsf k|x/Lx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

logLx¿sf] 8«]; g]kfn k|x/Lx¿sf] eGbf clns v}/f] sn]hL /+usf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pQm u0f pkTosf k|x/L sfof{nosf] dftxtaf6 rNb} cfPsf] 5 .

b"/;~rf/sf] kL=eL=;L= 8S6 kfOkdf 3f]6fnfsf] cfz+sf

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}" . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] @)^) ;fnsf] nflu s]jn g]6js{ lj:tf/ ug{sf] nflu rflxg] cfjZos kL=eL=;L= kfOk / ;f]sf] P;];l/hx¿ vl/b ubf{ 7"nf] /sd 3f]6fnf ug{ Toxf“sf s]xL e|i6 sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf pTkfbsx¿aLr ;f“7uf“7 ePsf] s'/fsf] /x:of]b\3f6g ePsf] 5 .

;+:yfgsf] c08/ u|fp08 s]jn g]6js{ lj:tf/sf nflu vl/b ug]{ kL=eL=;L= 8S6 kfOksf] 6]08/ #) l8;]Da/ @))@ df lgsfn]sf] lyof] eg] !* km]a|'c/L @))# df k|fljlws k|:tfj vf]n]/ !^ h'g @))# df cfly{s k|:tfj vf]n]sf] lyof] .

pQm 6]08/df efu lng] g]kfnsf kL=eL=;L kfOk pTkfbs pBf]ux¿ / ;+:yfgsf e|i6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ldnf]dtf]df pBf]ux¿n] sf6]{lnª u/L ahf/ d"NoeGbf cTolws dx"uf] d"Nodf 6]08/sf] b//]6 sf]6 u/]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfgn] clnslt rgfvf] gx'g] xf] / cfkm\gf e|i6 sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] of] 6]08/df ;+:yfgn] s/f]8f}"sf] 3f6f Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .

kL=eL=;L= kfOksf] d'Vo sRrf kbfy{ /]lhgsf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ d"No ;fljssf] eGbf cTolws 36L e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+:yfgn] sf6]{lnª d"Nodf kfOk vl/b ubf{ s/f]8f}" 3f6f x'g hfG5 eg] Toxf“ xfnLd'xfnL ug{] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]jn emg\ a9\g hfG5 .

sf6]{lnªdf ;xefuL d'Qm]Zj/ kfOk pBf]usf] k|fljlws k|:tfj g} c;kmn ePkl5 efua08fsf] /sd lghnfO{ glbg ;+:yfs} sd{rf/Laf6 k|of; ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 sf6]{lnª ug]{ ;d"xdf ljjfb a9\g uO{ u'6aGbL ;[hgf ePsf] 5 / o; 3f]6fnf k|s/0f;DaGwL tYox¿ aflx/ cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .

l9sL kDksf] l;"rfOn] t/sf/L v]tL

jf0fL lzlj/, s~rgk'/÷ dx]Gb|gu/, wgu9Ltkm{ hf“bf /fhdfu{ pQ/tkm{ Pp6f gof“ a:tL b]lvG5 . ;'¿df kf]lnlyg / km';n] 5fPsf 3/x¿ clxn] Psgf;n] 6fonn] 5fPsf] b]lvG5 . aGbf gbL lsgf/sf] of] anf}6] e"ldnfO{ pgLx¿ pj{/f agfpg h'6]sf] sf/0f lj:tf/} Toxf“ xl/ofnL b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . Tof] gof“ a:tL d'Qm sd}of a;f]af; ug]{ …jf0fL lzlj/Ú xf] . df6f]d} /dfpg] d'Vo k];f s[lif ePsf d'Qm sd}ofx¿ phf8 e"ldnfO{ pj{/f agfpg lbg/ft v6]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] k|d'v ;xf/f ag]sf] 5– …nIdL l9sL kDkÚ .

nIdL l9sL kDk h8fg ePkl5 pgLx¿ ;lhn};“u s/];faf/L l;"rfO ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . l;"rfO dfqn] klg Toxf“ 3/3/sf] s/];faf/Ldf df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . s/];faf/Lsf] xl/ofnLn] jf0fL lzlj/ s~rgk'/sf d'Qm sd}ofx¿sf] gd"gf a:tL x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

ækf]xf]/;Dd t/sf/L lsGg'kg]{ cj:yf lyof]Æ, l9sL kDk rnfp“b} u/]sL lj:kltb]jL rf}w/Ln] elgg\, æo;kfln s;/L a]Rg] eGg] ;f]Rg' k/]sf] 5 . l9sL kDkn] l;"rfO x'g yfn]kl5 ;a}h;f] t/sf/L /fd|f] ePsf] 5 .Æ cfkm"nfO{ vfg / a]Rg k'Ug] u/L pTkfbg ePsf] pgL atfp“l5g\ .

;b/d'sfdb]lv @*–#) lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] Tof] a:tLaf6 ahf/;Dd t/sf/L k'¥ofpg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . æTo;}n] ;:tf]df kmf§km'§ ot} a]R5f}",Æ lj:ktLn] elgg\ . hL6Lh]8sf] ;xof]u sfo{qmdcGtu{t d'Qm sd}of a:tLdf l9sL kDk;d]t pGgt t/sf/Lsf aLpx¿ ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lxp“bel/ s/];faf/Ldf aGbf, /fof], kfn'+uf], d"nf k|z:t pTkfbg eof] . a9L ePsf] t/sf/L a]r]/ s]xL 3/vr{ klg a6'Ng ;s] pgLx¿n] .

rf/ ;o *& d'Qm sd}of a;f]af; u/]sf] jf0fL lzlj/df Pp6f k|fylds ljBfno ;~rfngdf 5 . afn sNof0f k|flj gfdsf] pQm ljBfnodf lzlj/sf @ ;o %) hlt afnaflnsf cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\ . cgf}krfl/s lzIff sf]6f klg 5 . em§ x]bf{ sd}of a:tL h:tf] nfUb}g jf0fL lzlj/ . t/ lj:ktLh:tf y'k|} k'g:yf{lkt kl/jf/n] Joxf]/]sf ;d:of ;'Gbf pgLx¿sf] lgoldt hLjgofkg cem} Jojl:yt x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

æPs s¶fhltdf 3/ / cf“ug, 8]9 s¶fdf t/sf/L af/L, af“sL /x\of] c9fO s¶f dfq . To;df pAh]sf] cGgn] 5fs 6fg{ sl7g g} 5,Æ axfb'/ rf}w/L cfkm\gf] cg'ej kf]V5g\ . ufp“df sfd klg kfO"b}g ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of /f]huf/L g} xf] .

wfg / ux'" km;n tof/ ePsf avt afnL leœofpg] sfd kfOg] atfpg] pgLx¿ lgoldt /f]huf/L kfPdf 3/ vr{ 6fg{ ;lsg] atfp“5g\ . pgL¿nfO{ a:tL 5]plt/} ;Lkd"ns /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ lbP/ cfTdlge{/ gx'~h]n;Dd ;a} If]qsf] ;xof]u cfjZos 5 .

lrqf· yfkf÷d'lQm

lgd{n kf]v/Ldf …Jofj;flos skmL v]tLÚ

;Gtf]if ;'j]bL

;'Gtnfsf] k|r'/ dfqfdf pTkfbg x'g] sf:sL lhNnfsf] lgd{n kf]v/L uf=lj=;= sf s[ifsx¿ skmLsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbgtkm{ cu|;/ ePsf 5g\ .

ut ;ftf hfkfgsf] km's'cf]jf ;x/sf dxfjfl0fHo b"t ldRo'xLsf] l;g]s'dfn] oxf“ cfof]lht Ps ;df/f]xdf oxf“sf # ;oeGbf a9L 3/–kl/jf/nfO{ % xhf/ skmLsf a]gf{ ljt/0f ug'{eof] . o; sfo{sf nflu dxfjfl0fHo b"tsf] sfof{noaf6 ! nfv o]g cfly{s ;xof]u klg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . s[ifsx¿nfO{ skmL v]tL nufpg] a]nfb]lv l6Kg] ;do;Dd ckgfpg' kg]{ ;a} k|ljlwx¿ l;sfOPsf] 5 . h;sf nflu 5'§} ;ldlt agfP/ Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 oxf“ a]gf{x¿ ;fg]{ sfdsf] k|f/De e};s]sf] 5 .

sf:sL lhNnf lxdfnosf] ;dLk /x]sf] x'"bf oxf“ pTkflbt skmL hfkfgnufot cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df cToGt} pkof]uL x'g] hfkfgsf lj1x¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . uf=lj=;=df o;/L hfklghx¿sf] kxndf cfkm\g} ufp“df skmLsf] Jofj;flos v]tL x'g yfn]kl5 s[ifsx¿ cToGt} pT;flxt b]lvPsf 5g\ .

s[lif cy{tGqsf] d]¿b08 dflgP klg pGgt aLp–aLhgsf] klxrfg, df6f]sf] k|s[lt, dnvfbsf] k|of]u, afnLgfnLsf] x]/rfx, ;+/If0f / abln"bf] df};dnufot s[lifdf c;/ kfg]{ ljljw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ljifodf s[ifsx¿ lj1 5}gg\ . To;n] ubf{ s}og\ pj{/e"lddf /fd|f] pTkfbg x'g] v]tLaf6 ls;fgx¿ jl~rt 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ s[ifsx¿n] cgfjZos b'Mv tyf emd]nf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] / afnLgfnL nufp“bf pN6} gf]S;fg x'g uPsf] 5 .

lgd{n kf]v/L uf=lj=;= af6 k|f/De ul/Psf] skmL pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ lhNnfsf cGo uf=lj=;= df klg cfufdL jif{b]lv ;~rfng ul/g] / sf:sL lhNnfnfO{ skmLsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbgsf] nflu gd"gf lhNnf agfpg] kxn e}/x]sf] 5 . hfkfgdf jflif{s $) xhf/ 6g skmL vkt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ ljZj a}+ssf] ;xfotf

b]zfGt/ ;+jfbbftf

ljBfnosf] :yfkgf, Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngdf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ ljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] clej[l4 ug]{, ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ nIo;lxt cf/De ul/Psf] ;/sf/L ljBfno ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|of;nfO{ ;3fpg ljZj a}+sn] %) nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ C0f lbg] ePsf] 5 .

@)@* ;fnlt/ ljBfnox¿sf] /fli6«os/0f ul/g'cl3 g]kfndf ljBfno:t/sf] lzIff k|foM k"0f{ ¿kdf ;fd'bflos :jfldTjdf ;+rflnt ljBfnox¿dfly lge{/ lyof] . ;fd'bflos k|of;df :yfkgf ePsf o:tf ljBfnox¿ z}lIfs z'Ns tyf ;/sf/af6 k|fKt Psd'i6 cg'bfgdf rn]sf lyP . Tolta]nf ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkgdf em08} $ xhf/ ljBfno ;+rflnt lyP . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] z}lIfs:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zosf nflu ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xfotf k|fKt x'g] cfzfdf /fli6«os/0f u/]sf] lyof] . tt\kZrft\ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 a[xt\ nufgL ul/P klg ;/sf/ jf ;j{;fwf/0fn] ck]Iff u/]cg'¿k ljBfno:t/df ;j{;'ne lzIff / z}lIfs u'0f:t/ a9\g ;s]g . To;a]nf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] ;+:yfkgf tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg pRr cfo:t/ ePsf] hg;+Vof o;aLr lghL ljBfnox¿tkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf 5g\ . clxn] z}lIfs If]qdf cfDbfgLsf cfwf/df ljefhgsf] /]vf sf]l/g k'u]sf] 5 . hg;+Vofsf] wgLju{ / ljkGg ju{sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ lghL ljBfno tyf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs:t/df klg 7"nf] cGt/ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . +

kl/of]hgfsf nflu ljZj Aofª\ssf sfo{6f]nL k|d'v /fh]Gb|Wjh hf]zLsf cg';f/ æ@)@* ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s lIflthdf pNn]vgLo ¿kfGt/0f cfPsf] 5 . ljutsf cg'ejx¿sf] ;b'kof]u u/L k/Dk/fut ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkgdf kms{g] xf] eg] ljkGgju{sf cleefjs / ltgsf afnaRrfx¿ nfeflGjt x'g;S5g\, t/ o;sf lj:t[t kIfx¿dfly Wofg lbOg' cfjZos 5 .Æ

;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] ;d'bfonfO{ k|f]T;fxg:j¿k cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg] ;/sf/L gLltsf cfwf/df ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] nueu ! xhf/ % ;o ljBfnonfO{ ;f] cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ ePsf] 5 . oLdWo] @ ;o %) j6f ljBfnonfO{ Psd'i6, sfo{k|ult, k'/s tyf cGo lsl;dsf cg'bfgsf ;fy} Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu 5fqj[lQ tyf k|fljlws cg'bfg ;d]t k|fKt x'g]5 .

ljBfno cg'bfgcGtu{t ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf lng] ;d'bfox¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg cg'bfg, ;fj{hlgs k|fylds ljBfnosf] ;d"xsf] k"0f{ ljQLo ;|f]tdf ;+rflnt eO{ ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkgdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf lgDgdfWolds tyf dfWolds ljBfnox¿nfO{ Psd'i6 cg'bfg, cltl/Qm vr{ Joxf]g{sf nflu egf{sf] ;+Vof lj:tf/ ug]{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿nfO{ k"/s cg'bfgsf ;fy} ;LdfGts ;d'bfox¿sf lgldQ yk 6]jf k'¥ofpg cGo cg'bfgx¿ kg]{ 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm kl/of]hgfn] ljljw efiffut ;xlzIff, g]kfnL efiffnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf cWoog u/fpg] / dlxnf lzlIfsf tyf ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfosf lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ cWofkgsf nflu /f]huf/L lbg] lsl;dsf gjLg cjwf/0ffx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg]5 .

– 5fqj[lQcGtu{t ljBfnoaf6 aflxl/Psf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klxnf] jif{ k|f]T;fxg 5fqj[lQ tyf ltgLx¿sf] ljBfno lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tf tyf e/y]usf nflu k|fylds ljBfnosf kl5Nnf jif{x¿df 5'§} 5fqj[lQ pknJw u/fOg]5 . o; k|sf/sf] e/y]u 5fqj[lQsf] k|aGwaf6 ljBfnodf kx'"r k'Ug g;s]sf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf egf{ u/fO{ z}lIfs cj;/ pknJw u/fpg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf k|s6 x'G5 . ;dflxtLs/0fsf] o; cjwf/0ffn] ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'sf ;fy} ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;dflxtLs/0fsf] pj{/laGb' agfpg]5 .

– Ifdtf clej[l4cGtu{t ljBfnox¿sf] ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkg ug{ k"jf{wf/ ldnfpg], z}lIfs of]hgf tyf ;]jf k|bfg ug{ lzIfs÷lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ tflnd / ;d'bfo;“u pgLx¿sf] cGt/;Dks{df ;'wf/sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lju{, :yfgLo lgsfosf clwsf/L tyf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿sf] cled'vLs/0f Pj+ ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkg ;d"xnfO{ ljBfnosf] x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL ;/sf/L gLltsf af/]df ;"rgf k|jfxh:tf sfo{x¿sf nflu u}x|–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf dfWodaf6 nlIft ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g]5 .

– cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgcGtu{tdf lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] ljBdfg cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL;“u ;dGjofTds ¿kdf kl/of]hgfn] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] gof“ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ 6]jf k'¥ofOg]5 . ;fy}, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L tyf ;d'bfox¿sf] Ifdtf ;'b[9 ul/g]5 .

g]kfnsf nflu ljZj Aofª\ssf lgb]{zs s]g cf]xf;Lsf cg';f/ æ;fd'bflos If]qdf ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f ug]{ s'/f z}lIfs hut\sf] ;'wf/;“u dfq ;DalGwt s'/f xf]Og, of] g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|zf;gd} Ps gjLg ;f]rfO xf] . o;n] nlIftju{nfO{ s]Gb|laGb' dfg]/ ltgsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} cfkm\gf] eljiosf] lgwf{/0f cfkm"} ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg]5 .

lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno cGtu{tsf] lzIff ljefun] kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5 . ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pknAw u/fpg] ljZj Aofª\ssf] eft[;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+:yf -O06/g]zgn l8e]nkd]06 P;f]lzP;g_ n] …1fg tyf pTk|]/0ff C0f sfo{qmdÚ cGtu{t of] kl/of]hgfsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] C0f–;xfotfsf] e'QmfgL cjlw ;+:yfsf] dfkb08cg'¿k $) jif{ / yk !) jif{ cltl/Qm e'QmfgL cjlw x'g]5 .

jg cltqmd0fsf/Låf/f tLg hgf pk/ v's'/L k|xf/

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

hLtk'/ . g]kfns} klxnf] ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg ;d"x k|;f}gf -af/f_ sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ s]xL JolQmx¿n] d/0ff;Gg x'g]u/L s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L s'6lk6df kg]{x¿df xl/nfn rf}w/L, /fhf rf}w/L / gGblszf]/ rf}w/L 5g\ . ;f] ;ldltsf cWoIf lqnf]sL rf}w/Ln] atfpg'eP cg';f/, tLg}hgfnfO{ v's'/L k|xf/n] l;ls:t kf/]sf] 5 .

jg cltqmd0f u/]/ a;fOPsf] s'd/jfgf uflj; j8f g+= & 6fluof a:tLsf afl;Gbfn] pQm cfqmd0f u/]sf] atfOG5 .

;fem]bf/L jgsf Joj:yfksx¿n] ca jg cltqmd0f gug]{ / cfufdL lbgdf ;f] a:tLnfO{ cGoq ;fg]{ sfo{of]hgf ePsf] xNnf ;'g]kl5 ;b:ox¿dfly xdnf ul/Psf] atfOPsf] 5 . 36gfsf] 5fglag tyf sf/afxL ug{ ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lhNnf jg sfof{no af/f, l;d/fnfO{ cfu|x u/]sf] 5 .

klxnf] kfgf | ;Dkfblso | dgf]/~hg | cg'ej÷cGtjftf{ | ljrf/÷laZn]if0f | v]ns'b | k|ltls|of