sf7df08f}+, >fj0f !! @)^)

klxnf] kfgf

;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]kdf
dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ tfsdf

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}" . jftf{sf] k|tLIff ul//x]sf ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr rn]sf cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]kn] jftf{sf] eljiodf dfq xf]Og, jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] eljiodf ;d]t 7"nf] k|ZglrGx pkl:yt u/fOlbPsf] 5 .

ut c;f/ @( ut] jftf{df ;xeflutf hgfpg ;/sf/n] k7fPsf] lgDtf]sf] pQ/df g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf jftf{ 6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] y'k|} k|Zg p7fpg'ePsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L ljut ;/sf/sf kfnfdf b'j}kIfaLr ;xdlt e};s]sf o'4lj/fd, cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf / bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ePsf] ;xdlt d'tfljs zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ % lsnf]ld6/sf] kl/lwleq ;Lldt ug]{ k|fjwfgsf] ;/sf/n] pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]k pgLx¿n] nufPsf 5g\ . æbf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ePsf ;xdltx¿ sfof{Gjog gu/]df k'/fgf] ;Qf kIfn] o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{ PskIfLo ¿kdf e+u u/]sf] / t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] s'g} cf}lrTo g/x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg' afx]s xfd|f lglDt csf{] ljsNk /x"b} /x"b}g,Æ dfcf]jfbLn] ;/sf/nfO{ k7fPsf] kqdf elgPsf] 5 .

;"qx¿sf cg';f/ dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] of] wDsL jftf{df pgLx¿sf] xftdfly kfg]{ /0fgLlt;"u ;DalGwt 5 . vf;u/L bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt ePcg';f/ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ Aof/]ssf] % lsldleq ;Lldt ug{ kfP b]ze/ cfkm\gf ultljlw lgjf{w ;+rfng ug{ kfOg] / l5d]sL d''n'saf6 xltof/ klg ;xh} Nofpg] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . To;n] jftf{df a:bf ;/sf/dfly pgLx¿sf] dgf]j}1flgs ljho g} lgDTofp"5 . lsgls ;]gf y'lgPsf] s'g} klg ;/sf/ c¿ zlQmsf e/df l6Sg ;Sb}g .

csf]{lt/ ;]gf % lsldleq y'lgP/ a:g ¿rfof], pgLx¿n] b]zJofkL rGbf, ckx/0f, ;z:q k|lzIf0fnufot ;ef, h'n'; ul/lbP eg] h'g s'g} ;/sf/ klg xft hf]8]/ efUg'k5{ . Toltv]/ ;Qfsf] afu8f]/ dfcf]jfbL g]tfs} xftdf hfg;S5 . b/af/ lgs6 ;"qx¿df dfcf]jfbL klxNo}b]lv To;sf nflu tof/ ePsf] / /fhf klg ljb|f]xLsf] 6fpsfdf ;d:ofsf] ef/L la;fP/ cfkm" d'Qm x'g vf]lh/x]sf] bfaL ul//x]sf 5g\ . olb dfcf]jfbL cfkm\gf] /0fgLltdf ;kmn ePdf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] ;/sf/nfO{ o;k6ssf] a8fb;}"sf] d'x"t{df aln r9fOg] 5 / ljb|f]xLs} g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ klg aGg;Sg]5 .

yfkf ;/sf/ ;+s6df

k|f/Ded} sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt elgPsf] yfkf ;/sf/sf] x}l;otdfly dfcf]jfbLx¿n] 7"nf] k|Zg p7fPsf 5g\ . æjt{dfg dlGqd08n jf >L % sf] ;/sf/ / To;åf/f ul7t jftf{ 6f]nLsf] sfo{sf/L x}l;ot z"Go a/fa/ /x]sf] :jtM :ki6 5 . o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ffb]lv bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ nufot clxn];Ddsf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kbf{ k5fl8af6 /fhb/af/n] lgolGqt / lgb{]zg ug]{, t/ kbf{ aflx/ clwsf/ljxLg / lg/Lx jftf{ 6f]nL b]vfkg]{ u/]sf]n] g} jftf{df d'Vo ult/f]w k}bf ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf 5}g . of] ;Gbe{df t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{nfO{ ;fy{s 9+un] cl3 a9fpg of t /fhf :jo+ k|ToIf jftf{df ;+nUg x'g'k5{ of /fhfn] cf}krfl/s jftf{ 6f]nLnfO{ cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;nufot cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ljifodf ;Demf}tf ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] / ;Demf}tfnfO{ k"0f{¿k]0f kfngf ug{ cfkm" k|lta4 /x]sf] ;':ki6 / låljwf/lxt cleJolQm ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf lbg'k5{Æ eGg] dfcf]jfbL dfun] of] ;/sf/sf] x}l;otdf k|Zg p7fPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ dfcf]jfbLx¿ ;Lw} /fhf;"u jftf{ ug{ rfxG5g\ eGg] o;n] b]vfp"5 .

dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cK7\of/f]

oxL z'qmaf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k7fPsf] hjfkmn] dfcf]jfbL emg\ cK7\of/]df k/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] jftf{ ;Ldf …;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|hftGqÚ eg]sf] 5 To;nfO{ dfGbf dfcf]jfbLsf] cfh;Ddsf] cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrTo ;lsG5 . To:t} zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} ;xdltsf] cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h gePsf] hgfPsf] 5 . cem dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf sfo{stf{ xTof u/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf]df To;sf] k|ltjfb ub}{ o'4lj/fds} cjlwdf @ ;o !& hgf gful/s dfcf]jfbLaf6 ckx/0f ePsf], gful/sx¿sf] lgjf{w cfjfudg, ljrf/sf] :jtGqtfdf cj/f]w ;[hgf ul/Psf] k|Tof/f]k nufPsf] 5 .

dfcf]jfbLsf tLg s]Gb|Lo ;b:o 5f]8\g] s'/fnfO{ ;/sf/n] jftf{sf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf /xg'kg]{ zt{ tf]Sof] . dfcf]jfbLn] 7"nf] :j/n] p7fPsf] 1fg]Gb| lqkf7L / e/t 9'+ufgfsf] 36gfnfO{ rGbf cft+s;"u hf]l8lbof] . o;}n] ;/sf/n] ;fpgleqsf] lgDtf] lbP klg ;/sf/–dfcf]jfbL jfso'4 lg/Gt/ hf/L /xg] b]lvG5 .

dfcf]jfbL k|efljt u|fdL0f If]qdf cem} klg af¿b lk"l;b} u/]sf]n] Ps y/L dflg;x¿ jftf{ e+u eP/ dfcf]jfbL h+un k:5 eGb}5g\ . t/, jftf{df cfmk\gf] xft dfly kfg{ pgLx¿n] rnfPsf] snfk"0f{ sbdsf ¿kdf klg o;nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . oyfj:yfsf] jftf{df a;]/ pgLx¿n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf w]/} dfu k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

sldzgsf nflu tof/L ;'¿ †
zfg]jflg /f]on a|'gfOsf] ljdfg lsGg] ;'/df

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}" . cfufdL ko{6sLo l;hg cufj} e/;s Pp6f jfO8 j8Lsf] jfOª p8fg tflnsfdf yKg] tof/L ul//x]sf] zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] Joj:yfkg ljdfgsf] 6]08/ gx'"b} To;sf] tf/tDo ldnfpg ;f]daf/ yfO Po/j]hsf] TG320 af6 a|'gfOlt/ nfUg] ePsf] 5 .

zfxL g]kfnL jfo';]jf lgudsf] clt e/kbf]{ ;"qn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ lgudsf sfd' k|aGw lgb]{zs df]xg vgfn / Ol~hlgol/ª ljefusf cf/=Pg= l;+x a'|gfO hf“b} x'g'x'G5 . /, /f]on a'|gfOn] s:tf] hxfh, slt d"Nodf lbg;S5, To;sf] hfgsf/L lnP/ p;}nfO{ ;'xfp"bf] x'g]u/L 6]08/ dflug] 5 .

To;f] t rGb ;/sf/ 9n]kl5 tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p88\og dGqL s'j]/ zdf{n] ;+rfns ;ldltdf nUg'ePsf xl/ofnL kf6L{sf g]tf tyf kqsf/ dfwjs'df/ l/dfnn] /fhLgfdf lbg'eof] . pQm :yfgdf jt{dfg ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\og dGqL ;j]{Gb|gfy z'Snfn] pBf]uklt Pj+ ;dfh;]jL j;Gts'df/ rf}w/LnfO{ lgo'Qm ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxf“sf] lgo'lQmk|lt lgudsf pRr kbflwsf/Lx¿ eg] cfZro{ JoQm ub{5g\ . lsgls clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] lgudsf] P]g, lgod cg's"nsf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;~rfns g/fVg lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] . lgudsf ;~rfns aGg of ko{6g Joj;fodf Voflt k|fKt of jl/i7 rf6{/ Psfp06 jf p8\8og;DaGwL cg'ej k|fKt JolQm x'g'k5{ . pBf]uklt rf}w/Lsf] cfkm\gf] Voflt eP klg ko{6gdf pxf“ gof“ x'g'x'G5 .

t/ w]/}sf] eg] 7Ls olt g} a]nf csf]{ k|;+un] vfOlbPsf] 5 . /f]on a|'gfOsf] :yfgLo Ph]G6sf] sfd ul//x]sf Cl4 kf]v/]nnfO{ x6fP/ To;df Vofltk|fKt Jofkf/LnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . h;sf] kx'"r lgudsf ;+rfnsx¿;"u 5 .

lgudsf ;+rfnsx¿s} gft]bf/sxf“ /f]on a|'gfOsf] hxfh lsGg] aGbf]a:t ugf{n] o;df /fd|} cy{v]n ePsf] bfaL ;"qx¿sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] bfaL 5, /fk|kfsf jt{dfg dGqLx¿ cfufdL r'gfjsf nflu vr{ h'6fpg nfnflot 5g\ . /fk|kfsf] gof“ k':tfnfO{ cfp"bf] r'gfjdf cfkm\gf] k|efj sfo{stf{aLr 5f]8\g' 5 . kf6L{sf] t];|f] dxflwj]zgdf le8]sf tLg g]tfdWo] kz'klt zdz]/ ha/f;"u k};f 5, t/ k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL / g]tf /jLGb|gfy zdf{ eg] pxf“ hlQs} alnof] x'g'x'Gg k};fdf . dGqL z'Snfn] o;sf] sldzg kf6L{df a'emfpg'x'G5 jf s;nfO{ lbg'x'G5 of] t eGg ;lsGg . t/ /fk|kfsf] ;Qf ;dLs/0fdf pxf“ g]tf zdf{sf] lgs6 dflgg'x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+s6 ulxl/"b} 5
/fhfnfO{ bafa lbg cfO{=;L=hL=sf] cfu|x

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}" . s]xL b/afl/ofx¿ /fhgLlts bnx¿;"u /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g 5}g eGg] ehg ufO/x]s} a]nf OG6/g]zgn qmfOl;; u|'k -cfO{=;L=hL=_ eGg] ;+:yfn] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{, /fhf / /fhfsf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;j{kIfLo ;/sf/ u7g ug{ Pj+ vf]l;Psf] k|hftGqnfO{ lkmtf{ ug{ Pp6f lglZrt ;do tflnsf agfpg bafa lbg cfu|x u/]sf] 5 .

o;n] k|ltudglj¿4 cfGbf]ngdf pq]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrTo yk k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . cfO{=;L=hL=n] k|sflzt u/]sf] Ps k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ rog u/]kl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;+s6 emg] ulxl/"b} uPsf] hgfOPsf] 5 . æg]kfndf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 jf ;+j}wflgs ;+s6nfO{ ;'Nemfpg rfxg] xf] eg] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf ;+j}wflgs d'2fx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug'{ kb{5Æ ;f] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bg cufl8 eG5, æolb o:t} tl/sfn] /fhf clGtd lg0f{ostf{ /xG5g\ / zflGtjftf{ k|lqmof b/af/sf k|ltlglw / dfcf]jfbLaLr dfq} x'G5 eg] oL dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx¿df cfd ;xdlt sfod ug{ ;ls"b}g .Æ k|ltj]bgn] jt{dfg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg Pj+ jf:tljs k|hftflGqs k|lqmofdf cufl8 a9\gsf] nflu ;j{kIfLo ;/sf/sf] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . cfGbf]ng/t /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ 9+un] sfd ug{ cfu|x ub}{ ;j{kIfLo ;/sf/ u7g ug{ Pp6f lglZrt ;xdlt sfod u/L b/af/nfO{ To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu bafa lbg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 .

;d"xn] hgfPcg';f/ jt{dfg ulx/f] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs c;dfgtfnfO{ clwstd ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 . s]xL a[xt\ d'2fx¿df cfd ;xdlt x'g' cfjZos 5 . h;df zlQm Pj+ ah]6sf k|flwsf/sf] u'0ffTds Pj+ ;'–;+ul7t ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdfly hgtfsf] ;zQm lgoGq0f, clws k|ltlglwd"ns lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / sfg'gsf] cufl8 k"0f{ ;dfgtf -/fhf ;d]t_ cflb kb{5g\ . o;n] cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] lj/f]wnfO{ g} ;3fPsf] 5 .

jt{dfg jftf{ k|lqmofsf] ultzLntfk|lt c;Gt'li6 k|s6 ub}{ jftf{ k|lqmofdf yk Joj:yfksLo Joj:yfkg ug]{tkm{ klg cf}"NofOPsf] 5 . g]uf]l;P;gsf] cl:y/ /km\tf/ jftf{df ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] kl/jt{g, ;+rf/sf] cefj / kof{Kt tflnd k|fKt jftf{sf/ Pj+ ;xhstf{sf] cefjsf sf/0f klg jftf{ kmnbfoL x'g g;s]sf] 7x/ k|ltj]bgn] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} /fi6«;+3Lo lj1x¿ cfrf/;+lxtf cg'udg 6f]nLdf ;dfj]z u/L o'4lj/fdsf] l:ylt cg'udg ug'{kg]{ / jftf{nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg ;xhstf{x¿n] kbf{ k5fl8af6 e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ cfjZostfdfly hf]8 lb"b+} g]kfnLn] dfq} zflGt sfod ug{ ;Sg] / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] dxTjk"0f{ ;xfos e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 .

s;sf] efudf s] <

k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnL /fhgLltsf k|d'v kIfx¿ /fhf, /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿, dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xL Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cnu–cnu lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;'emfj klg lbPsf] 5 .

/fhf / /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] ug'{kg]{

!= zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x'g] s'g} klg To:tf] ;Demf}tf h;n] /fhf / /fhfsf kl/jf/dfly ;+;b\ / cbfnt ;dIf Nofpg ;lsof];\ / sf]xL klg sfg'geGbf dfly /xg] l:ylt Nofpg :ki6 ¿kdf tof/ /xg'kg]{ .

@= ;j{bnLo a}7s k'gM af]nfO{ pgLx¿sf] l;kmfl/;df ;j{bnLo ;/sf/ u7g ug{ tof/ /xg] .

#= ;j{kIfLo ;/sf/sf] u7g ePsf] l:yltdf jftf{ 6f]nLdf k|d'v / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf k|ltlglw ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ .

$= cfrf/;+lxtf cg'udgdf /fi6«;+3Lo k|ltlglwsf ljrf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ .

/fhgLlts bnx¿n] ug'{kg]{

k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf rog ub}{ k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf ug{ yk bafa lbg'kg]{

dfcf]jfbLn] ug'kg]{

!= rGbf cft+s aGb ug'{kg]{,

@= ax'bnLo k|hftGq Pj+ v'nf cy{tGqsf] kIfdf cfk\mgf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ lzlIft ug]{,

#= klZrdf s"6gLlt1x¿sf] e]63f6 a9fO{ cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf k|fyldstf lbg],

$= uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng / ;+ljwfg;efsf] :j¿ksf] Jojxfl/stfsf af/]df :ki6 x'g'kg]{,

%= zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5sf] l:yltsf] af/]df :jLsf/ ug{ cEo:t u/fpg] .

b/af/, dfcf]jfbL, /fhgLlts bnx¿ Pjd\ gful/s ;dfhn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ug'{kg]{

zflGt k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf nflu cfly{s Pjd\ zlQmsf] ljt/0fsf nflu tof/ /x]sf lhNnfx¿sf] k'g{;+/rgf ug]{, /fh;+:yf Pj+ ;]gfsf] c:ki6tf x6fpg] s'/fdf tof/ /xg] .

cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ug'{kg]{

!= jftf{sf nflu cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{,

@= ef/t Pjd\ rLg tyf cGo ljZj ;d'bfon] g]kfnnfO{ k|fljlws ;xo]fu k'¥ofp"bf lj/f]w ug{ gx'g],

#= ef/t, cd]l/sf / a]nfotn] jftf{df ePsf] ;xdlt k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfsf] ;do tflnsf;"u} cfjZostfadf]lhd ;}Go ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g'kg{] .

pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df rjGg kbsf nflu Ps ;o t]O;sf] le8Gt
v]tfg, 9sfn, b'uf{, Zofddf]xg / hob]jfg lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}" . oxL ;fpg !& ut] ;DkGg x'g] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] sfo{;ldltsf] cWoIf ;lxt %$ kbsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf ! ;o @# hgfsf] pDd]bjf/L k/]sf] 5 . To;dWo] gf/fo0fLaf6 /fh]Gb|s'df/ v]tfg, d]rLaf6 r08L/fh 9sfn, wjnflu/Laf6 b'uf{k|;fb >]i7, ko{6gaf6 ho b]jfg, lå/fli6«o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3af6 Zofddf]xg >]i7 lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] 5 .

t/ cWoIf kbsf nflu ul/Psf] ;j{;Ddltsf] k|of; ;fy{s gePsf]n] r'gfj cjZoDefjL b]lvG5 . dxf;+3sf] g]t[Tj xf“Sg] km"lt{ ;xt d}bfgdf pleg'ePsf] 5, 8f= uf]kfnk|;fb >]i7 / ljgf]baxfb'/ >]i7 . 8f= >]i7nfO{ vf]6fª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] dgf]gog u/]sf] xf] eg] ljgf]baxfb'/ >]i7nfO{ g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{n] .

c~rn k|ltlglwdf sf]zL c~rnaf6 pbok|;fb cf]emf, Zofd;'Gb/ pbf;, lbjfs/ uf]N5f / lzjk|;fb l3ld/]n] pDd]bjf/L lbg'ePsf] 5 . t/ Jofkf/Lx¿ uf]N5f / l3ld/]aLr 6s/fj kg]{ atfp"5g\ . ;u/dfyf c~rnaf6 /fw]Zofd ld>, v';gf/fo0f ;+}h", kjgs'df/ d'Gwf/f p7]sf 5g\ . /, d'Gwf/fsf] l:ylt dh'at atfOG5 . hgsk'/df /+unfn cu|jfn -;nf{xL_, ljdns'df/ zfx -hn]Zj/_, 8L=aL= a:g]t -bf]nvf_ p7]sf 5g\ .

jfUdtLaf6 lji0f'axfb'/ vqL -l;Gw'kfNrf]s_ / s]bf/gfy vf];L -nlntk'/_ sf] rsf]{ 6s/fj kg]{ ePsf] 5 . u08sLdf czf]ss'df/ >]i7 -tgx"'_, rf]kgf/fo0f >]i7 -jflnª_ / O{Zj/sfhL df:s] -uf]/vf_ aLr le8Gt x'g]5 .

n'lDagLdf xl//fd cu|xl/ -gjnk/f;L_, clgns'df/ s;f}wg -tf}lnxjf_, cf]dk|sfz j+zn, s[i0fgu/ cf]dsf/ uf}rg l;4fy{ gu/, s'zk|;fb d'NdL -a'6an_ sf aLr s8f k|lt:kwf{ x'g]5 .

To:t} s0ff{nLdf n+sdfg /f]Ssf -8f]Nkf_ / /Tgnfn Gof}kfg] -sfnLsf]6_ aLr le8Gt x'g]5 . /flKtdf wd{/fh >]i7 bfª / ;'uGws'df/ /fO{ ;NofgaLr k|lt:kwf{ x'"b}5 eg] e]/Ldf lg/s s];L ;'v]{t, /fds'df/ j}Zo jlb{of, s'd'b b'u8 g]kfnu~h / u0f]zaxfb'/ v8\sf b}nv]aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g]ePsf] 5 . ;]tLaf6 lxdaxfb'/ /fjn -6Lsfk'/_ / uf]kfn xdfn -s}nfnL_ sf] le8Gt x'g]5 eg] dxfsfnLdf rt'/axfb'/ rGb -a}t8L_ / ;'/]dfl;+x yfkf -bfr'{nf_ / nf]sljqmd yfkf -s~rgk'/_ aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g]5 .

lhNnf / gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] !# kbsf nflu #& pDd]bjf/L k/]sf] 5 . h;df rf]kgf/fo0f >]i7, x]d/fh lu/L, lg/s s];L, bLkss'df/ l;+x, lxdaxfb'/ /fjn, uf]ljGb cu|jfn, w'|js'df/ >]i7, 1fg]Gb| sdh', s[i0fk|;fb tfd|fsf/, s'zs'df/ hf]zL, rGb|s[i0f sdf{rfo{, o'u]Zj/ jemf, lszf]/ k|wfg, cRo'tk|;fb k|;fO", ;Togf/fo0f cu|jfn, g/]Gb|s'df/ v8\sf, kjgs'df/ cu|jfn, cg'ks'df/ >]i7, hubLzk|;fb /f7L, xl/axfb'/ yfkf, k|r08nfn k|wfg, lbjfs/ vgfn, ;'bz{gs'df/ >]i7, lbjfs/ uf]N5f, ;'/]Gb|k|;fb u'Ktf, cf]dk|sfz j+zn, uhfgGb cu|jfn, cfhfb >]i7, j;Gt/fh >]i7, v]d/fh kf08]o, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ a:g]t, dfwjk|;fb e§, s]zjs'df/ pbf;, z}n]Gb|nfn k|wfg, jf;'b]j uf}td, k|bLkdfg j}B, Zofd;'Gb/ pbf; pDd]bjf/ ag]sf 5g\ .

j:t'ut ;+3af6 * ;b:o kbsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf /d]z lji6, ls/0fk|;fb ;fvM, czf]ss'df/ cu|jfn, ;/f]hk|;fb kGt, PhL z]kf{, /jLGb| >]i7, sNof0fs[i0f tfd|fsf/, /d]z zdf{, efis//fh /fhsl0f{sf/, k|bLkdfg j}B, ;+ho lu/L, lbg]z >]i7, /f]lx0fL yklnof, lj/f6 yfkf, k|sfz lu/L, ;'/h j}B / /d]z t'nfw/ k|lt:kwf{df plqg'ePsf] 5 .

oftfoft ;]jfsf] ! ;L6df lji0f' lzjfsf]6L / cf/=aL= /f}lgof/sf] n8fO" rn]sf] 5 eg] Pzf]l;P6af6 hfg] !% ;b:o kbdf jf;'b]j uf}td, ljgf]bs'df/ cu|jfn -r}tjfn_, czf]ss'df/, ;'/h j}B, clvns'df/ rfkfufO", /jLGb|dfg k|wfg, s'd'b b'u8, /jLGb| >]i7, /fdrGb| ;+3fO, lszf]/s'df/ vgfn, z+s/nfn cu|jfn ;'lzns'df/ wgfjt, ljdns'df/ s]l8of, ljhoaxfb'/ >]i7, /jLGb|dfg >]i7, kz'klt d'//sf, hubLzk|;fb /f7L, lj=s]= >]i7, k|sfz zdf{, nIdLaxfb'/ >]i7, k|bLkh+u kf08], /fhgs[i0f >]i7, /f]x0fL yklnof, k|sfz lu/L, chos'df/ d'8e/L, lqnf]srGb| cu|jfn / Zofd;'Gb/ pbf; pDd]bjf/ aGg'ePsf] 5 .

;b:o kbx¿df h;n] lkmtf{ lnP klg cWoIfsf aLrdf eg] le8Gt g} x'g]ePsf] 5 . b'j} y/Ln] cfkm\gf] sf8{ vf]n]sf 5}gg\ .

/ljeQmsf] k|of; hf/L

b]zfGt/ ;Djfbbftf

sf7df8f}" . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] r'gfjsf nflu dgf]gog–kq btf{ e};s] klg ;j{;Ddlt g]t[Tj Nofpgsf nflu jt{dfg cWoIf Pj+ k"j{ ;xfos dGqL /ljeQm >]i7n] cfkm\gf] k|of;nfO{ hf/L g} /fVg'ePsf] 5 .

/fhgLlts bnx¿ ljeflht eP/ hgtfaLr ljZjf; u'dfp"b} uPsf] / /fHosf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] ljZj;gLotf klg k"j{jtM g/x]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] If]qdf kf]Vt Joj;foLx¿ cljeflht / ;+ul7t /x"bf ;a}sf] e/f];fsf] s]Gb| ePsf] cg'dfg ug'{ePsf >]i7 r'gfjsf] ltQmtfn] ljefhg Nofp"5 ls eg]/ w]/} lrlGtt x'g'x'G5 . cl:t Pp6f sfo{qmddf pxf“ lgs} cfqmf]lzt d'b|fdf g} k|:t't x'g'eof] . r'gfjL k|lqmofdf uPkl5 xf/lht :jefljs x'G5 . xf/]sfx¿ lgliqmo e}lb"bf k"j{jtM ul/df /xg;S5 . ;s];Dd ;a}n] lhTg], ;j{;Ddltdf hf“bf pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] d]/f] cfzo xf] .Æ pxf“n] eGg'eof] .

;fpg ( ut] pxf“s} ;+of]hsTjdf k"j{ cWoIf kz'klt lu/L, ljgf]baxfb'/ rf}w/L, kbd Hof]lt, cfgGb/fh d'NdL / k|bLks'df/ ;lxtsf] a}7s a:of] . /, To;n] ;j{;Ddltaf6 g]t[Tj rog ePdf dxf;+3 ;zQm x'g], lghL If]qsf] lxtsf nflu ;a} Pstfa4 x'g], lgjf{rg k|lqmof;"u ;DalGwt ;a} ultljlwx¿ ;+odtfk"j{s zflngtfsf ;fy / ul/dfdf cf“r gk'Ug] u/L ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . a}7sdf ;j{;Ddltsf] nflu k|of; ug]{ ;xdlt sfod ePsf] lyof] .

;x;lrj yfkfnfO{ d'g8«K;sf] vKsL

sf7df8f}" . k};fsf] ansf e/df j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL lgod, sfg'g / k|lqmofnfO{ ldRb} sf]l/ofdf k|lzIffyL{ sfdbf/ k7fpg cu|;/ ePsf] d'g8«K; cf]e/l;haf6 eP u/]sf uNtL;lxt 5gf}6 ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cGtjf{tf{ ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] k|ltj]bg ;lrjsxf“ k'u]kl5 >d tyf oftfoft dGqfnosf ;x;lrj nlntaxfb'/ yfkfn] d'g8«K;sf tf/f e§/fO{sf] vKsL vfg'ePsf] 5 .

k|f/lDes 5gf}6df gk/]sf JolQmx¿df n6«Ldf k/]sf], ef/taf6 gSsnL k|df0f–kq dufO{ k]z u/]sf], dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw a]u/ cfkm"nfO{ cGtjf{tf{ u/]/ lgodfnL pNn+3g u/]sf] h:tf uDeL/ cf/f]k nfu]kl5 dGqfnon] !) 6f]nL agfP/ d'g8«K;sf] clGtd 5gf}6 ul/Psf] elgPsf JolQmx¿sf] cGtjf{tf{ lng cfu|x u/]sf] lyof] . t/, clwsf+z 6f]nLn] ;a} sfo{ ckf/bzL{ / gSsnL e]l6Psf] cj:yfdf k'gM cGtjf{tf{ ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] k|ltj]bg lbPsf lyP .

5fgljg 6f]nLsf] c;xof]ukl5 /GylgPsf d'g8«K;sf tf/f e§/fO{n] cfkm"n] bfgfkfgL VjfP/ kfn]–kf]if]sf >d ljefusf tTsfnLg dxflgb]{zs -xfn dGqfnosf ;x;lrj_ nlnt yfkfnfO{ xKsfpg' eof] . cGgkfgL ======== vKsL vfPkl5 ;x;lrj yfkfn] dGqfnosf lj¿4 eg]/ lrlgPsf zf=c= lji0f' zdf{nfO{ !) j6} 6f]nLsf] sfd ug"{ Tof] ;DkGg u/]kl5 >d ljefudf ;¿jf ul/lbg" eGg] cfZjf;g lbg'eof] / zdf{n] ;x;lrj a:g]tsf] cfb]z / Ozf/f adf]lhdsf cGtjf{tf{ k|ltj]bg ;fpg * ut] g} dGqfnodf a'emfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;lsgf;fy ( ut] g} zdf{sf] ;¿jf >d ljefudf ePsf] 5 .

otf d]gkfj/ sDkgLx¿af6 dfl;s %) xhf/sf b/n] n]jL p7fp"b} cfPsf ;x;lrj yfkfsf] dGqfno ;¿jfkl5 pT;fxL ag]sf Joj;foLx¿ ltg} yfkf dGqfnosf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxfzfvfdf kb:yfkg ePkl5 km]l/ lg/fz ag]sf 5g\ .

dGqfnodf d'g8«K;sf bfgfkfgL vfg] yfkfsf] xfnLd'xfnL x'g' / ljefudf pgs} tfd]Nbf/ lji0f' zdf{ k'Ug'n] dGqfno / ljefu b'j} 7fp"df d'g8«K;sf tf/f e§/fO{sf] huhuL rNg] cft+s Joj;foLx¿df 5fPsf] 5 .

d'g8«K;sf] cGtjf{tf{ u/fOlbPafkt k|lt sfdbf/ ¿= % ;osf b/n] z'Ns lng] k"0f{ k|lta4tf cg'¿k zf=c= zdf{n] (^ hgfsf] ¿= $* xhf/ kfPsf 5g\ / pgsf] ;d"xdf k/]sf cGo @ ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/Ln] klg ;f]xLcg'¿k kfl/>lds kfPsf 5g\ . d'g8«K;sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ d'g8«K;sf] vftfaf6} k"j{ >ddGqL sdn rf}+nfufO"n] ¿= $) nfv, ;lrj k|]dlglw 1jfnLn] @@ nfv / ljefusf dxflgb]{zs yfkfn] !% nfv ¿k}of“ lgsf;f ePsf] lyof] . af“sL of t cGo ;|f]taf6 p7fP/ a'emfOof] of xNnf dfq} ef] .

cf7 jif{ k'/fgf] lzIfs glthf ef]lnb]lv bfr'{nfaf6 ;'¿jft †

k|bLk kfv/]n

sf7df8f“{} . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cf7 jif{ cufl8 lnPsf] lzIfs k/LIffsf] glthf ef]lnb]lv r/0fa4 ¿kdf k|sflzt ug]{ lg0f{o lzIff cfof]un] u/]kl5 c:yfoL ¿kdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf em08} $& xhf/ lzIfsx¿ cGof]ndf k/]sf 5g\ . @)%@ ;fndf lzIff dGqL uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLsf kfnfdf sl/a !$ xhf/ $ ;o b/aGbLdf lzIfs kbk"lt{sf nflu clw/fHoel/af6 k/LIff lnOPsf] lyof] . pQm k/LIffdf ## gDa/;Dd Nofpg] ;a}nfO{ kf; u/fOPkl5 ljleGg r/0fdf *^ xhf/ ^ ;o &* hgfn] cGtjf{tf{ lbPsf lyP . /fhgLlts lvrnf]sf sf/0f clxn];Dd lgSng g;s]sf] lzIfs l/hN6 ;/sf/sf] t]x|f}" k6ssf] x]/km]/kl5 ;Dej x'gcfPsf] 5 . of] cf7 jif{df !# hgf lzIff dGqLx¿ km]l/O;s]sf 5g\ . h;df uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL b'O{k6s, b]jL cf]emf @ k6s, cfdf]bk|;fb pkfWoIf b'O{ k6s, /fdrGb| kf}8]n s]xL ;do, ch'{g/l;+x s];L, s]=aL= u'¿ª, lzj/fh hf]zL, of]uk|;fb pkfWofo / xl/axfb'/ a:Goftn] Ps–Ps k6s lzIff dGqfno ;Dxfln;s]sf 5g\ . To:t} s]xL ;do /fHodGqLåo Pg=kL= ;fpy / /jLGb| vgfnn] ;d]t rnfPsf lyP . t/, of] cjlw;Dd klg lzIfssf] l/hN6 lgsfNg] ;fx; s;}n] gu/]sf] a]nfdf /fhfsf] cfzLjf{b kfPsf] ;"o{axfb'/ ;/sf/n] lzIfssf] l/hN6 ;fj{hlgs ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 cfkm"nfO{ /fhgLlts v]nf8L xf}" eGg] sf+u|]; / Pdfn]sf g]tfx¿ lv:; k/]sf 5g\ . !$ xhf/ lzIfsx¿sf] dt yfkf ;/sf/n] lhTg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . h'g 7"nf /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf nflu b'ef{Uo x'g;Sg] ts{ /fhgLlts j[Qdf rNg yfn]sf] 5 . yfkf ;/sf/sf] rt'/ lg0f{o x'g;Sg] cg'dfg pgLx¿sf] 5 .

kf6L{ j[QaLr ljjfbsf sf/0f lzIfsx¿sf] l/hN6 cfpg l9nf] u/]kl5 s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] ;/sf/sf kfnfdf c:yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ :yfoL ug]{ lg0f{o eof] . h'g s'/f ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cl3Nnf] jif{ lzIfs glthf oyfzL3| k|sfzg ug{ k/dfb]z hf/L u/]kl5 ;/sf/n] glthf ;fj{hlgs ug{ g;sL yGsg uof] . t/ cfkm" ;/sf/df ;+nUg gePsf] a]nf ;DkGg k/LIffdf cfkm\gf sfo{stf{ kf;–k]mn u/fpg] cfZjf;g ga9]sf]n] of] cj;/nfO{ yfkf ;/sf/n] v]/ hfg lbPg . lzIfs 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf pTkGg ;d:of / kl/0ffd k|sfzgsf] tof/Lsf af/]df /fk|kfsf] s]Gb|Lo a}7sd} dGqfnosf Ps sd{rf/LnfO{ nu]/ ;f]lwof] / ltgn] oyfy{ hfgsf/L lbPkl5 cfkm\gf sfo{stf{x¿ k/LIffdf gk/]sf] u'gf;f] cfof] . t/, klg l/hN6 eg] h]–h;/L eP klg lgsfNg] lg0f{o ;Qf¿9 /fk|kfn] lnof] . /, dGqLn] kl5 cfof]usf cWoIf pbo/fh ;f]tLnfO{ bafa lbP/ @ dlxgfleqdf l/hN6 ul/;Sg lgb]{zg lbP .

;f]xLcg'¿k klxnf g} tof/L cj:yfdf ePsf] lzIfs pDd]bjf/sf] gfd, afa'afh]sf] gfd, qmd;+Vof, sf]8{ gDa/, z}lIfs of]Uotf / tflndsf] gDa/, ljifout, txut / lhNnfut ¿kdf 5'6\ofP/ sDKo'6/df /flvPsf] 5 . h'g l/hN6 ef]ln ;f]daf/b]lv b'u{d lhNnfx¿af6 ;'¿ x'g] ePsf] 5 . h;df ;a}eGbf klxnf bfr'{nfsf] l/hN6 lg:sg] ePsf] 5 . x/]s lbg Psb]lv b'O{ lhNnf;Ddsf] glthf k|sfzg ug]{ gLlt /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] lnPsf] ;"qsf] 5 .

clxn] kbk"lt{ ug{ nfluPsf] b/aGbLdf k|fljtkm{ ^ xhf/ ( ;o *$, lgdfljtkm{ sl/a # xhf/ @ ;o / dfljtkm{ $ xhf/ # ;o /x]sf] dGqfno ;"qsf] 5 . t/, )%@ ;fndf lnPsf] lnlvt k/LIffdf k"jf{~rnaf6 @# xhf/ !&, dWodf~rnaf6 @# xhf/ & ;o #), dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 @^ xhf/ @ ;o $%, dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 !) xhf/ $ ;o %) / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnaf6 # xhf/ @ ;o #^ k/LIffyL{ pQL0f{ ePsf lyP . dflj, lgdflj / k|flj u/L txut ¿kdf qmdzM l/hN6 cfp6 ul/g] ePsf] 5 .

To;f] t ev{/} dfq cfof]usf cWoIf pbo/fh ;f]tLn] cfof]usf] ul/dfnfO{ Vofndf /fvL glthf k|sfzg ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . em08} lzIfsx¿sf] k"/f b/aGbLdWo] sl/a $% k|ltzt efu c:yfoL lzIfsx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ ## xhf/nfO{ kmfn]/ !$ xhf/ :yfoL lzIfs 5fGg'kg]{ afWotf klg cfof]usf ;fd' 5 . lzIff dGqfnon] hgfPcg';f/ ljleGg txdf clxn];Dd s'n ! nfv & xhf/ lzIfs b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 . h; dWo]df %% k|ltztdf dfq :yfoL lzIfsx¿ /x]sf] / af“sL $% k|ltzt jf sl/a $& xhf/ lzIfsx¿ c:yfoL /x]sf 5g\ . cf7 jif{ cufl8 dfq !$ xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf lj1fkg ePotf cjsfz ePsf, :j]R5fn] /fhLgfdf lbPsf, x/]s jif{ b/aGbL yk ePsf u/L 7"nf] ;+Vofdf b/aGbL vfnL x'gk'u]sf] dGqfno ;"qsf] bfaL 5 . @)%@ ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd g]kfn clw/fHoe/df x/]s jif{ ! xhf/b]lv !@ ;o;Dd b/aGbL dGqfnon] yk ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To:tf b/aGbLx¿df ;d]t c:yfoL lzIfss} jr{:j /x"b} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ cfof]un] l/hN6 ;fj{hlgs u/] klg sl/a ## xhf/ c:yfoL lzIfsx¿n] /f]hL/f]6Laf6 jl~rt x'g'kg]{ 5}g . o;sf nflu nuQ} sl/a ## xhf/s} ;+Vofdf cfof]un] lj1fkg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; ePsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ :yfoLsf] lgo'lQm lb"bf lgo'lQmsf cfwf/df slgi6 c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ x6fO{ To:tf kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] of]hgf agfOPsf] 5 . t/, c9fO dlxg] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd lnPsf jf b; dlxgfeGbf a9L tflnd k|fKt dlxgf lzlIfsfnfO{ tTsfn cjsfz glbOg] ePsf] 5 . ;fy} k|f=lj=df sfo{/t Ps dlxnfdfq c:yfoL ePsf To:tf lzIfsx¿ klg gx6fpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] a'lemPsf] 5 . To:t} ckfË lzIfsx¿ lnog kbdf /x]sf jl/i7 lzIfsx¿nfO{ x6fOg] 5}g . cfof]un] cfjZostfeGbf !) k|ltztn] a9L l/hN6 cfp6 ug]{ ePsf] 5 . h'g j}slNkssf] ¿kdf /xg] 5 .

n]n]df ljz]if ;}Go tflnd †

sf7df8f}" . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ dcf]jfbLaf6 h'g s'g} lbg, s'g} klg If0f jftf{ e+u ePsf] 3f]if0ff;lxt czflGt dlRrg] cfz+sfn] ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ ;ts{ /x]sf 5g\ . x'g;Sg] efjL cft+s / ljb|f]x ;fdgf ug{sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{Eof; klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

o;} tof/Lsf qmddf s]xL ;do cufl8 dfq ;]gfn] nlntk'/sf] n]n]df dxfjL/ u0f vf]n]sf] 5 . hxf“ cTofw'lgs sdf08f] 6«]lgª lbOG5 . oxf“ gbL påf/, kmfO6/ / Kof/fh+uaf6 cfqmd0f ug]{ 6«]lgªx¿ l;sfO"b} cfPsf] pRr ;|f]tsf] bfaL 5 . ;+s6sfn cufl8;Dd ;]gf;"u @ j6fdfq x]lnsf]K6/ /x]sf]df clxn] ;]gf;"u !@ j6f x]lnsf]K6/ ePsf 5g\ / yk x]lnsf]K6/ ¿;af6 cfpg;Sg] klg ;|f]tn] atfof] . ;+s6nsfn nfu]kl5 ;]gfnfO{ cTofw'lgs xltof/x¿n] ;';lHht ug{ cd]l/sfaf6 %% ;o yfg / a]lNhodaf6 % xhf/ yfg xltof/ NofOPsf] 5 . To;sf cnfjf ef/taf6 klg s]xL xftxltof/ leœofOPsf] / c¿ yk xftxltof/x¿ cfpg;Sg] klg atfP . clxn] klg ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] kl/lw % lsld tf]lsPsf] s'/fdf c;Gt'li6 hgfp"b} cfPsf] 5 . ;]gfn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf cfkm"k|lt ljZjf; hufpg o'4lj/fdsf] ;do kf/L :jf:Yo lzlj/ rnfP/ lgMz'Ns pkrf/ ug]{ / dfcf]jfbL af;:yfgsf] h/f] lsnf] klg kQf nufpg] sfd klg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf ef}uf]lns cj:yfdf @)%* d+l;/ * ut] PstkmL{ ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L o'4lj/fd e+u ug]{ dfcf]jfbLaf6 eljiodf x'g] wf]sf 38LnfO{ /f]Sg o'4lj/fdkl5sf lbgdf ;'/Iff lgsfox¿n] o'4;DaGwL lgSs} sf};nk"0f{ tflnd ug'{sf ;fy} xftxltof/x¿ leœofPsf 5g\ . clw/fHoel/ xhf/f}" ;+Vofdf hgky k|x/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t o'lgkmfO8 sdf08f] 6«]lgª lbOPsf] 5 . of] 6«]lgª ;s]kl5 k|x/Lx¿ klg ;}Goansf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug]5g\ . k|x/Lx¿nfO{ clxn] ;]gfn] g} cfkm\g} Onfsfdf cTofw'lgs xftxltof/x¿sf] tflnd u/fp"b} cfPsf] 5 .

To;f] t ;}lgsn] cfkm\gf] ;+u7gnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf ;+s6sfn otf tLgj6f clwsf/ ;DkGg lk|tof x]8Sjf6/ vf]n]sf] 5 . o;/L vf]n]sf sfof{nox¿ k|Ltgf x]8Sjf6{/ vf]n]sf] 5 . o;/L vf]n]sf sfof{nox¿ k|Ltgf x]8Sjf6/ O6x/L, kf]v/f / g]kfnu~h 5g\ . To; If]qsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] lhDdf oL lgsfox¿n] g} x]b}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

cfjZostfsf] l;4fGts} cfwf/df k|ltlglw;efsf] k'gM:yfkgf x'g;S5

nlntaxfb'/ a:g]t, clwjQmf

clxn] g]kfn ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf clt ;+s6u|:t / /fhg}lts ¿kdf clt t/n cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs ;+s6sf] lgsf;sf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& unt 9+uaf6 k|of]u u/L Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿sf] lg/Gt/ pNn+3g / /fhfsf] OR5fadf]lhd Ps kl5 csf]{ k|wfgdGqLsf] lgo'lQm / /fhLgfdfn] k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf cfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{ s'Nr]sf 5g\ . To;n] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ljjfbdf kfb}{ ;+ljwfgsf] unt k|of]u u/L ;Qf x8Kg] k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . h'g k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf b'Mvb s'/f] xf] .

>L % af6 c;f]h !* ut] lnOPsf] sbd c;+j}wflgs xf] . t/ To;sf lglDt z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf] c;+j}wflgs lqmofsnfkx¿ sd lhDd]jf/ 5}gg\ . if8\oGqd"ns, ab\lgot, ljj]sxLg / cGofok"0f{ tl/sfn] ePsf] k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] …k|fljlwsÚ cfwf/df j}wtf k|bfg ug]{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf klg o; lglDt sd lhDd]bf/ 5}gg\ . ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfdf -h'g ;dodf ;/sf/ lg/+s'z / cGo c+ux¿ sdhf]/ ePsf] x'G5_ aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] clwsf/ x'"b}g egL ef/tLo ;j]f{Rr cbfntn] lbPsf] km};nfnfO{ ef/tsf] Goflos Oltxf;df sfnf] bfusf] ¿kdf lnOPh:t} ;+s6sfndf klg k|hftflGqs r'gfj x'g ;S5 egL lj36gnfO{ xfd|f] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lbPsf] j}wtf sfnf] cWofo ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs / k|hftflGqs ljsf;qmddf 7]; nfu]sf] dfGg' k5{ . k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u/]kl5 tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs afWotf lyof] . b]zdf uDeL/ ;+j}wflgs ;+s6 cfof] . r'gfj x'g ;Sg] ÷g;Sg] b]zsf] j:t'ut cWoog g} gu/L zgssf] e/df cfkm\gf lj/f]wLnfO{ l;Wofpg] v/fa lgotn] ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u/]/ b]pjf ;/sf/n] b]z / hgtfnfO{ dfq wf]sf lbPg, pQ/bfloTjljxLg eP klg zf;g ug]{ s'lT;t dg;fon] r'gfjsf] ldlt ;fg]{ c;+j}wflgs sbd lng >L % ;dIf k'gM l;kmfl/; ul/of] . h;nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ /fhfaf6 c;f]h !* sf] sbd lnOof] . cyf{t\ ;+j}wflgs /fhfnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] cIfDo ck/fw b]pjfn] ug'{ef] . Tof] c;+j}wflgs sbdnfO{ ;Rofpg] gfddf /fhfaf6 lnOPsf] c;f]h !* sf] sbd klg c;+j}wflgs x'g uof] . x'g t c;+j}wflgs sfd–sf/afxLnfO{ OdfGbfl/tf / a'l4dQfk"0f{ tl/sf / ;+j}wflgs tl/sfn] g} ;Rrfpg klg ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg sfg'gL k|ltj]bg dfq xf]Og, /fhg}lts b:tfj]h klg xf] . o;n] /fhg}lts ljifox¿nfO{ j9L ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . /fhg}lts ;dembf/L / OdfGbf/Ltf ePdf lns jflx/uO{ ;s]sf] elgPsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ lnsdf NofO{ lhjGttf lbg ;lsG5 .

c;f]h !* sf] sbd ;Rrfpg / jt{dfg ;+ljwfg / k|hftflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ ls|oflzn agfpg clxn] tLg ljsNkx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . != l56f] lgjf{rg ug] . @= k|ltlglw ;efsf] k'g{:yfkgf #= wf/f !@* adf]lhd ;j{blno ;/sf/ u7g . clxn]sf] pQd / clGtd ljsNk eg]sf] /fli6«o ;dembf/L sfod u/L oyfzL3| zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf tTsfn le{otfsf ;fy k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rg ug'{ xf] . t/ b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] uDeL/ cj:yfdf tTsfn ;'wf/ eP/ lgjf{rg x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf tTsflng k|wfgdGqLsf] cGofok"0f{ / cf}lrTo lxg lg0f{osf] lzsf/ ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef k'g/:yfkgf pQd ljsNk x'g;S5 . t]>f] ljsNk eg]sf] ;j{blno ;/sf/sf] u7g xf] .

;j{bnLo ;/sf/sf] u7g

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@* adf]lhd ;j{blno ;/sf/sf] u7gsf] ;+j}wflgs eGbf /fhgLlts cy{ 5 . ;a} bnx¿n] ;Qf ;fem]bf/L ug[ kfP of] l56f] r'gfj unf{g\ jf k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf unf{g\ eGg] cfzo o;df lglxt b]lvOG5 t/ of] cfkm}df k|ToIf k/f]If¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg ljkl/t b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@* cfkm}df d[t eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf d[t wf/fnfO{ 6]s]/ ;j{blno ;/sf/sf] dfu ug'{ ;+ljwfg ljkl/t x'g] dfq ge} h;/L klg ;Qfdf jl; /xg] zf;lso dfgl;sQf o;df lglxt b]lvG5 . / o;n] cGo klg ljleGg ;j}wflgs ;+s6x¿ Nofpg ;Sb5 . h;sf] sf/0f Ps kl5 csf]{ ;+j}wflgs ;+s6 ;[hgf x'g hfG5 . ;j{blno ;/sf/sf] u7gn] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ;/sf/ lbG5 elgG5 . t/ k|ltlglw;efn] lgo'lQm gu/L >L % af6 :jljj]sdf lgo'Qm dGqLkl/ifb dfly sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /xG5 eGg' ;+ljwfg / ;+;lbo k2lt ljkl/t xf] . ;+ljwfg ljkl/tsf] / pQ/bfloTj ljxLg ;/sf/df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /xb}g / o;n] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ / jh]6 ;+rfng ug]{ :jLs[lt{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . k|ltlglw;ef ljgfsf] ;j{blno ;/sf/ ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf ljkl/t ;d]t x'G5 . pQ/bfloTj ljgfsf] s'g} klg ;/sf/ k|hftflGqs x'"b}g . wf/f !@* adf]lhd ;j{blno ;/sf/n] /fi6«sf] kIfaf6 wf/f !@^ jdf]lhd ;lGw ;Demf}tf ug]{ clwsf/ /fVg ;Sb}g . ;+;baf6 lgjf{lrt gePsf] / ;+;b k|lt pQ/bfloTj gePsf] ;/sf/ hf] æ>Lf %Æ sf] lgufxdf u7g x'G5 . To:tf] ;/sf/nfO{ s'g} klg ;dodf j/vf:t ug]{ cGt/ lglxt clwsf/ >L % df /xG5 . h:t} s]lx ;do klxn] rGb ;/sf/sf # dGqLx¿sf] a/vf:tL . csf]{ ;d:of ;j{blno ;/sf/sf] u7g k|ls|of s;n] < / s;/L lgwf{/0f x'g] < o;sf] dfkb08 s] x'g] < obL k|lqmofut s'/fx¿df uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿ ;[hgf x'g ;Sb5 . o;y{ ;j{blno ;/sf/n] ;j}wflgs j}wglgstf t k"i6L ub}{g / /fhg}lts cf}lrTotf klg k'i6L gug]{ b]lvG5 . s]jn ;Qf ;fem]bf/Lsf] rfxgf dfq b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L ;j{bnLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{sfn slt x'g] < o;n] s'g s'g sfo{s|dx¿ Nofpg] / nfu' ug]{ ;Sb5 / To;sf j}wflgs cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g < cflb h:tf s'/fx¿n] clglZrtf NofO{ pQ/bfoL ljlxg tl/sfaf6 zf;g ug{ k|]/Lt ub{5 . h'g ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf u|fXo x'b}g . cGt/f{li6«o k|rng x]bf{ jflxo cfs|fd0fsf] ;dodf ;j{blno ;/sf/sf] u7g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . zq' /fi6«;"u n8bf /fi6« Ps x'g' kb{5 eGg] cfwf/df ;j{blno ;/sf/ u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/ g]kfndf o:tf] cj:yf 5}g .

lj3l6t k|ltlglw;efsf] k'gM:yfkgf

k|d'v /fhg}lts bn g]kfnL sfªu|];n] la3l6t k|ltlglw;efsf] k"g{/:yfkgf jt{dfg ;Dj}wflgs ;+s6sf] pko'Qm lgsfzsf] ¿kdf cfkm\gf] dfu ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfªu|];sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] k"g{/:yfkgfsf] dfu cfkm' ;Qfdf hfg] lglxt:jfy{ /x]sf] eg] ljkIfLx¿sf] cf/f]k 5 . pQm dfu jt{dfg cj:yfdf pQd, ljj]s ;Ddt / Gofof]lrt ljsNk xf] . k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] j}wtf 7x¥ofO{ ;s]kl5 k"g{/:yfkgf ug'{ d[t dflg;nfO{ lhljt jgfpg' xf] eGg] h:tf cf}lrTolxg ts{ klg gcfPsf xf]O{gg\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgwf{l/t ldltdf x'g ;Sg] lgjf{rg;lxt k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36g ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ j}wflgstf lbPsf] xf] . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf r'gfj ;DkGg ePdf lj36gn] k"0f{ j}wflgstf kfp"5 . ;+j}wflgs cy{df lj36g / lgjf{rgsf ljrdf cgf]Gof]>Lt ;DaGw ePsf]n] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf r'gfj geP lj36gn] k"0f{ ¿k k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ePkl5 r'gfj gx'g' ;+ljwfgn] sNkgf / cg'dfg ug{ g;s]sf] c;fwf/0f k/Ll:ylt xf] . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf lj36g kZrft r'gfj gePdf s] x'g] < eGg] gn]lvPsf] eP klg b]z ^ dlxgf eGbf jl9 k|ltlglw;ef ljlxg /xg ;Sb}g eGg] k|Tofe"lt o;df lglxt 5 . cGt{/fli6«o k|rng, ;+ljwfgsf] ;du| cIf/ / k|hftGq / efjgf, hgclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO{ /fv]df dfq jt{dfg z+s6sf] lgsf; kfpg ;+ljwfgaf6} ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] sNkgf ug{ g;s]sf] jf ;+ljwfgdf :ki6tM pNn]v gePsf] c;fwf/0f cj:yfdf ;dfGotof æcfjZostfsf] l;4fGtÆ (Doctrine of Necessity) sf] k|of]u u/L k|hftGqLs d"No dfGotfsf] lxt /;+/If0f x'g] u/L;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug'{ kb{5 . hj;/n tl/sfn] ;+j}wflgs ;d:ofsf] lgsf; ;f] ljwfgaf6 kfOb}g . æcfjZostfsf] l;4fGtÆ k|of]u u/L;+ljwfgsf] Go"gtd pNn+3g u/]/ eP klg ;+j}wflgs lgsfz lbg' /fd|f] dflgG5 . h;nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / dd{n] cg'dtL lbPsf] dfGg' kb{5 . k|ltlglw ;ef eg]sf] hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] j}wflgs lgsfo xf] . h;n] pQ/bfoL ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ Ifdtf / hg cfjfh p7fpg] clwsf/k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . k|ltlglw;efn] Psftkm{ hgtfsf] cfjfh j'n{Gb ub{5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bflo jgfpb5 . ef/tsf k|l;Wb ;+ljwfgljb ;'efif s]= sZokn] ;+;bsf] dxTjsf] ;DaGwdf "Parliament is believed to be a national integretion force and conflict resolution. In actual Practice parliament which was considered the grand inquest of the nation" eg]sf 5g\ . ;+;b eg]sf] /fli6«o Pstf sfod ug]{ / 4Gb ;dfwfg ug]{ zlQm xf] / oyfy{df ;+;b egsf] /fi6« jf/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg] c+Ë xf] . o;/L ;+;bsf] /fli6«o dxTj 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ k|hftGqLs zf;g Joj:yfsf] d]¿b08 g} pQ/bfoL hg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] u7g xf] . h'g k|ltlglw;efn] dfq lbg ;Sb5 . t;y{ ;+ljwfgsf] Go"gtd pNnwg u/]/ eP klg hgtfsf] clwsf/ s;/L k"g{/:yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 egL To;nfO{ ;f]Rg' /fd|f] dfGg' kb{5 . hgclwsf/sf] k'gM:yfkgf xfnnfO{ æk|ltlglw ;efsf] k"g{/:yfkgfÆ n] dfq lbg ;Sb5 . j+unfb]z / >Ln+sfsf] pbfx/0fnfO{ g} lng] xf] eg] klg ljz]if cj:yfdf lj3l6t k|ltlglw ;ef k'gM:yfkgf u/L ;+;bsf] dxTj / e"ldsf j9fO{Psf] kfO{G5 . j+unfb]zsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$! -P_ df æolb ;+;b ljw6g ePsf] cj:yfdf jf lj36g x'g] cj:yfdf ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 eg] ;+s6sfn wf]if0ff cjlw ;Ddsf] nflu ;+;b k"g{/:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 .Æ Provided that if any such proclamation of Emergency is issued at a time when parliament stands dissolved or dissolution of parliament takes place during the period of one hundred and twenty days refereed to in sub- clause (c) , the proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which parliament first meets after its re-constituion, Unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution approving the proclamation has been passed by Parliament. (Article 141) o:t} u/L >Ln+sfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *# -^_ elgPsf] 5 æ;+;b lj36g ePsf] cj:yfdf olb /fi6«kltnfO{ b]zdf ;+s6sfnsf] cj:yf pTkGg eO{ lghn] ;+;bsf] cfjZostf b]v]df lj3l6t ;+;bnfO{ k'gM:yfkg ug{ ;S5Æ ''if at any time after the dissolution of parliament, the president is satisfied that an emergency has arisen of such a nature that an earlier meeting of parliament is necessary, he may by proclamation summon the parliament which has been dissolved to meet on a date not less than three days from the date of such proclamation and such parliament shall stand dissolved up on the termination of the emergency or the conclusion of the general election, which ever is earlier, Article 83 (6)

t/ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf j+unfb]z / >L+nsf h:tf] u/L :ki6 ;j}wflgs Joj:yf 5}g . ;+;lbo zf;g k|0ffnL ckgfPsf b]z j+unfb]z / >Ln+sf ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] pQm Joj:Yffn] ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ;+;b k"g{/:yfkgf x'g' ;+;lbo Joj:Yff / k|hftGqsf] dd{ ljkl/t x'b}g eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . j+unfb]z / >Ln+sfsf] pQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] s] j'lemG5 eg] /fi6«df ljz]if ;d:of ptkGg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+;b ckl/xfotf{nfO{ cfTd ;fy ul/Psf] 5 . To;nfO{ hgtfsf] k|hftGqLs clwsf/sf] dxTj / /fli6«o ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{df hgtfsf] ;xefuLtfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ljZjsf s]xL k|hftGqLs b]zx¿df s'g} sf/0fn] ;+;bsf] r'gfj x'g g;s]sf]df ;+;b nDjfO{Psf] pbfx/0fx¿ klg 5g\ . >Ln+sfdf u[xo'Wb ;dodf r'gfj x'g g;ls ;+;bn] sfg"g agfO{ % jif{sf] nflu ;+;b nDjfO{Psf] lyof] . >L+nsfsf] ;+ljwfgdf To; j]nf ;+;b nDJofpg] ;+j}wfgLs Joj:yf lyPg . j]nfotdf ;+j}wflgs ¿Kdf ;+;bsf] kbfjwL % jif{sf] lyof] . t/ b'O{ k6s o'Wbsf] ;dodf r'gfj x'g ;Sb}g egL ;+;b nDjfO{Psf] lyof] . h:t} !(!) b]lv !(!* / !(#% b]lv !($% ;Dd . lsg eg] Tofxf“ ;+;b nDafpg' ;+ljwfg ;Ddt gePklg /fli6«o jfWotf / cfjZostf lyof] . h;n] ubf{ /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ hgtfsf] k|hftflGqs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf 7'nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'g' kb{5 . The Parliament elected at the end of 1910 was prolonged by legislation until 1918 owing to the un-desirability of an election in time of war , and that elected in 1935 was prolonged for the same reason, untill 1945-( Ivor Jenning "Cabinet government" third edition p. 412)

t/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgdf k|ToIf¿kdf lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k"g{/:yfkgf ug]{ ;Djwdf :ki6 pNn]v gul/Ptf klg ;+ljwfgsf] ;du| ;+/rgfnfO{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns ljz]iftf ;+;lbo zf;g k|0ffnL /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cfTdf eg]sf] g} hgk|ltlglw dfkm{t zf;g ug'{ xf] . o;/L hgk|ltlglwsf] dxTjnfO{ x[boudg u/L æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtsf]Æ cfwf/df k|ltlglw;ef k'gM/:yfkgf x'g;S5 . / ;+ljwfgsf] Go"gtd pNn3g u/L ;+ljwfgnfO{ lhjGttf lbg] Psdfq pQd ljsNk klg ;+ljwfgjfb / sfg"gsf] zf;gdf slxn] sf“xL xf]zLof/L ;fy æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtÆnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ cGoyf dflgb}g / ;w} k|of]u klg x'b}g . ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] s]lx d'2fdf o;sf] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts Gofo -Natural Justice) sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ cfkm\gf] jf cfkm\gf glhs jf gft]bf/x¿sf] d'2fdf cfkm} Gofolw; x'g kfO{b}g . t/ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf slxn] sf“xL cfkm\gf] d'2fdf cfkm} Gofoflw; x'gnfO{ GofoLs dfGotfn] :jLsf/]sf] 5 .

ef/tLo ;fjf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{ k|wfg Gofolw; cxdfbL (Ahmadi) n] lgjf{rg cfof]u lj¿4 8f= ;'a|fdgLd (Dr. Subramaniam) sf] lgjf{rg ;DjlGw cfkm\gf] d'2fdf cfkm} GofofwLz x'g ;Sg] / æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtÆ jdf]lhd ;do kl/l:ytL cg';f/ Gofo ;+ut g]} dfGg' kb{5 eGg] km};nf u/]sf 5g\ . -l;=s]=7fs/ n ckm l/6 k|= @^!_ / Dr. S.P. Sathe sf] k|zf;lso sfg"g k]h g++ !&$_, To:t} u/L jx'rlr{t e"kfn Uof; l8hf:6/ (Bhopal Gas disaster) sf] d'2fdf k|fs[lt{s Gofosf] l;WbfGtsf] ljifo p7]sf] lyof] . ;f] b'3{6gfdf w]/} JolQmx¿ Uof;af6 lkl8t ePsf lyP / kLl8tx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbgsf nflu ;/sf/n] e"kfn Uof; l8hhf:6/ PS6 !(** Nofof] . pQm P]g k|fs[lt{s Gofosf] l;WbfGt ljkl/t ePsf] elg ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f lsg k¥of] eg] Uof; l8hf:6/ ug]{ sDkgL o'gfO6]8 sf/afO8 ln= (United Carbide L.t.d) df ;/sf/ sf] @@ % z]o/ /x]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/sf] cfkm} z]o/ ePsf] sDkgLnfO{ 5fgljg ug{ ;/sf/n] P]g jgfpg' lkl8tx¿sf] lxt ljkl/t eof] / of] P]g k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;WbfGt ljkl/t 5 elg P]gsf] jb/sf] dfu ul/of] . t/ Toxf“sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] d'2fsf] ljifo k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;WbfGt ljkl/t ePtf klg æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtÆ sf] cfwf/df d'2f vf/]h u¥of] . -l;=s]= 7fs/sf] P]=lstfj k]h @&#_ . ef/tsf k|l;Wb sfg"gljb 8f= P;=lk= ;fy} -Dr. S.P. Sathe) n] cfkm\gf] k':ts æk|zf;lso sfg"gÆ df n]v]sf 5g\ ls æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGt s'g} ;d:ofsf] cGo ljsNk v'Nnf gePsf] cj;yfdf ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . (The doctrine of necessity should be invoked only when other alternatives are not open) pgL cufl8 eGb5g\ æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtÆ sf] k|of]u jf:tljstf / ljz]if cj:yfdf dfq k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . h'g ;d:ofnfO{ ;/n / l;wf ¿kdf lgsf; lbg ;lsb}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtÆ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtÆ ljleGg d'2fdf k|of]u u/L ;s]sf] 5 . s[i0f k|;fb nD;fn lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf æ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@$ jdf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf ;DjlGw P]g lgod gjg]sf] cj:yfdf ;fljs P]g - ;+ljwfg cfpg eGbf cuf8L jg]sf] P]g_ jdf]lhd sfo{ ;+rfng æcfjZostf sf] l;WbfGtsf]Æ jdf]lhd cf}lrTo k"0f{ dflgg]Æ egL JofVof u/]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L j'xrlr{t c¿0f t];|f] s]zdf uf]klgotf ;DjlGw sfg"g tTsfn gePsf] cj:yfdf æsl7gfO{nfO{Æ dWogh/ /fvL cbfnt cfkm}n] ;"rgf kfpg] sfo{ ljlw lgwf{l/t ul/ lbPsf] lyof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ljz]if cbfntn] sfnLsGt emf=lj= hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] d'2fdf æcfjZostf of] l;WbfGtnfO{Æ l:jsf/ ub}{ eg]sf] 5 æj9'jf ;DjGwL sfd sf/jfxL sf/vfgfsf] lgoddf Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;dfGo l;WbfGtnfO{ cfwf/ glnO{ lgo'lQm j9'jf h:tf ljifox¿df z'Gotfsf] l:ylt ;[hgf x'g] ePsf]n] cfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtsf] cfwf/df j9'jf ;DjlGw lgod geP klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;dfGo l;WbfGtsf] cfwf/df j9'jf k|lqmof ckgfOPsf] x'b"f To;nfO{ Gofo ;+ut dfGg ;lsg]Æ elg km};nf u/]sf] 5 . -g]=sf=k= )%# c+s & k[= %^&_ .

o;/L æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtn]Æ slxn] sf“xL ;+ljwfg , sfg"g / Gofosf d'ne"t d"NodfGotfx¿nfO{ k|ToIf pNn+3g u/]tf klg To;nfO{ ljj]s o'Qm / Gofo ;+ut ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . o;y{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf æcfjZostfsf] l;WbfGtÆ cfwf/df ;+ljwfgnfO{ Go'gtd pNn3g x'g] eP klg k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf ul/Pdf ;+;lbo zf;g k|0ffnL tyf k|hftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug hfG5 .

csf]{tkm{ xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u/]kl5 klg ;efd'v / pk;efd'vsf] kbfjwL lgjf{rgsf] pDd]bjf/ bflvnf ug]{ lbg ;Dd /xg'n] klg k|ltlglw ;efsf] k'g/:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ;DefjgfnfO{ O+lst ub{5 / hgk|ltlglwd"ns k|ltlglw;ef slxNo} klg d[t cj:yfdf /xb}g eGg] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . ;+j}wflgs o:tf] Joj:yf ljZjsf] c¿ s'g} ;+ljwfgdf kfOb}g . k|ltlglw ;efsf] k'g/:yfkgf ;Defjgf geP ;efd'v / pk;efd'vsf] kbfjwL lsg /flv /xg] < xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf /fli6«o;efsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ o;nfO{ :yfoL ;bgsf] ¿kdf dflgPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;efd'vsf] kbfjwL h:t{ /fli6«o;efsf] cWoIfsf] kbfjwL ;'/IfLt ul/Psf] 5}g . o:n] klg hgk|ltlglw ;+:yfx¿ hLjGt /xL/G5g\ eGg] b]lvG5 . ^ dlxgf leq lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ ;t{ ;lxtsf] u/]sf] lj36g kZrft r'gfj ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf]n] Pp6f ;Dj}wflgs ult/f]w pTkGg eO{ c;xh l:ytLsf] ;[hgf{ ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglw;efsf] ;efd'vsf] pkl:ylt x'g'g} k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yfkgfsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ hLljt /fv]sf] u/]sf] dfGg' kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / dd{leq /x]/ vf]hLg' kb{5 . k|ltlglw;ef lj36g kl5 r'gfj x'g' g;ls c;hx / cfktsflng l:ylt cfof] elg k|lelglw ;ef hLjGttf lbgsf] nflu ;efd'vsf] s'g} e"ldsf 5}g s'/f ;+ljwfgdf cGt/lglxt x'g'k5{ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %#-$_ n] lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k'g/:yfkgf x'g} ;Sb}g egL eg]sf] 5}g . xfd|} cg'ejdf klg c;+j}wflgs / b"/f;fok"0f{ lj36gnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g} ab/ u/L k'g:yfkg ul/lbPsf] 5 . s'g} ;do, ;Gbe{ / tYosf cfwf/df ul/Psf] lj36g cf}lrToxLg ePdf ;+j}wflgs jf cGo cfwf/df cdfGo x'g ;S5 Tof] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf / ;+ljwfgsf] cIf]/ / efjgf cg's"n x'g ;Sb5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f -#_ n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf hgtfdf lglxt x'g] / o;sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg adf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . / hgtfsf] tkm{af6 ;fj{ef}d ;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ cfwLsfl/s / j}wflgs ;+:yf eg]s} k|ltlglw;ef xf] . t;y{ k|ltlglw;ef cgGt sfn ;Dd lj3l6t /xL /xg' ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] ckdfg xf] . o;/L ;+j}wflgs ;'Gotf / ult/f]w cfPsf] cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqLn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #% -@_ jdf]lhd l;kml/; u/L wf/f !@& sf] cfwf/df >L % af6 lj3l6t k|ltlglw ;efnfO{ cfkm\gf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;dosf] nflu k'g{/:yfkgf ug{ ;ls jS;G5 . o;sf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dk"0f{¿kdf k|wfgdGqLsf] /xG5 / /fhfsf] ;f]ljj]sdf u/]sf] dfgLb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& sf] k|of]u sf] ;DjGwdf bf;9'Ëf sf] d'2fdf k|wfgGofolw;;lxtsf] & hgfsf] ljz]if Ohnf;n] cfkm\gf] /fodf eg]sf] 5 æs'g} ;j}wflgs c+Ë jf lgsfosf] u7g x'g g;ls s'g} ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf sfo{GjLt x'g g;Sg] cj:yf pTkGg ePdf jf s'g} ;+j}wflgs ;+oqn] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf e} Pp6f ;'Gosf] l:ylt jf ;+j}wflgs ult/f]w (Stalement) pTkGg ePdf To;sf] lg/fs/0f u/L ;+j}wfgLs ;+oGqnfO{ ls|oflzn u/fpgsf nflu tTsfnLg ;dfwffgsf] pko'Qm Pj+ cfjZos Joj:Yf ug{ jfwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/sf] k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . ck|Toflzt ¿kdf pTkGg ePsf] ;+j}wflgs ult/f]w jf l/Qmtf ;dfKt ug{ c¿ s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL ljsNk gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq wf/f !@& sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 .Æ t;y{ wf/f !@& cg';f/ k|ltlglw;ef k"g{/:yfkgf ul/Pdf ;j}wflgs lj;+ultnfO{ Go"g kfg{ pko'Qm ljsNksf] ¿kdf e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5 . lj3l6t k|ltlglw ;ef r'gfj gePsf] sf/0fn] cgGt sfn ;Dd oyfl:yltdf /xg' ;+;lbo dd{ cg's'n sbfkL dflgb}g . k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g g} gof“ hfb]zdfkm{t gof“ k|ltlglw ;ef Nofpgsf] nflu ul/Psf] xf] . hj gof“ hgfb]z åf/f k|ltlglw;ef u7g x'g g;s]df cgGtsfn ;Dd k|ltlglw;ef ljlxg x'g' x'b}g . cGofok"0f{ ¿kdf ul/Psf] lj36gnfO{ k"g/:yfkgf ul/g' kb{5 . tj dfq ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd k|ltlglw;ef cfkm\gf] lgoldlt k|ls|of jdf]lhd k|wfgdGqL r'gL pQ/bfoL ;/sf/ u7g ug{ ;Sb5 . / To:tf] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj lul/hf k|;fb / dfwj g]kfn dfq xf]O{g lnnfd0fLn] klg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . h;n] ubf{ b/jf/sf] klZrd 9f]sfdf ljGtLkq r9fpg] k/Dkf/fsf] tTsfn cGTo x'g]lyof] . o:tf] ;/sf/n] sfo{ sfl/0fL clwsf/ (Executive) clwsf/ dfq k|of]u ub}{g , sfg"g jgfpg] / jh]6 ;+rfng ug{ clwsf/ klg k|fKt ub{5 . clxn] k|ltlglw;efsf] cg'kl:yltn] /fli6«o ;efsf] e"ldsf cGof}n u|:t ePsf] 5 . w]/} ;do ;Dd k|ltlglw;ef gx'b"f /fli6«o ;ef n+u8f] x'g hfG5 . lsg eg] lo b'j} Ps csf]{sf kl/k'/s x'g / k|ltlglw;efsf] c:tLTjdf dfq /fli6«o ;efn] lhjGttf kfpb5 . clxn] /fli6«o ;efdf @) hfgf ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw ;lsPsf] 5 . h;sf] k"lt{ k|ltlglw;ef / :yfgLo lgjf{rg ljgf x'g} ;Sb}g . lt l/Qm kbx¿df k|ltlglw ;ef ljgf s;/L k"lt{ x'g ;Snf < yk ;+j}wflgs cGof}n / ;d:of ;[hgf x'g] k|jn ;+Effjgf 5 . clxn] k|ltlglw;efsf] cg'kl:yltn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ hgtfsf] clwsf/, wf/f #^ -!_ jdf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb u7g ug]{ Joj:yf , #^ -%_ -u_cg';f/ , wf/f %( jdf]lhd cljzjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ug]{ k|ltlglw;efsf] clwsf/, wf/f #* jdf]lhd dGqLx¿n] ^ dlxgf leq ;+;bsf] ;b:o k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf, wf/f #^ -$_ k|ltlglw;ef k|lt pQ/bfloTj x'g] Joj:yf, wf/f $@ dlGqkl/ifb u7g ug]{ ljz]if Joj:yf, wf/f &@ -@_ cWofb]z cg'df]bg k|ltlglw;efaf6 x'g] jfWofTds Aoj:yf, wf/f ^* -!_ cy{ ljw]os k|ltlglw;efdf k|:t't ug]{ Joj:yf, wf/f && /fhZj / Joosf] cg'dfg k]z ug]{ Joj:yf, wf/f &( k'/s cg'dfg k]z ug]{ Joj:yf, wf/f *) k]ZsL vr{ lng] Joj:yf, wf/f %# cg';f/ k|ltlglw;efsf] Pp6f clwj]zgsf] ;dfKtL / csf]{ clwj]zgsf] k|f/Desf jLrsf] cjlw ^ dlxgf eGbf jl9 x'g gx'g] Joj:yf, ;+j}wflgs c+Ëx¿sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;+;bdf /flvg' kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf Gofolw;x¿ / ;+j}wflgs c+Ësf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{{ dxf“cleof]u nufpg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, wf/f !@^ ;GwL ;Demf}tf k|ltlglw;efaf6 cg'df]bg ug]{ Joj:yf / wf/f !!^ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ cflb ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ kToIf¿kdf lgis[o ePsf 5g\ . clxn] k|ltlgwL;ef k'g:yfkgf ul/Pdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg nufot dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;fy{s j}wflgs k|s[of dflgYof] . g]kfnsf Ps hfgf k|l;Wb ;+ljwfg ljb jl/i7 clwjQmf u0f]z/fh zdf{ -hf] k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gdf k|wfgdGqLsf] lgzt{ clwsf/sf] jsfnt ug'{ x'G5_ n] klg clxn]sf] ;+j}wflgs ;+s6sf] lgsfz k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g{/:yfkgf x'g ;Sg] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . To:t} u/L jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf ltghfgf d;f}bfsf/x¿n] klg k|ltlglw ;efsf] k"g{/:yfkgf u/L clxn]sf] ;+j}wflgs ;+s6 6fg{ ;lsg] ljrf/ lbPsf 5g\ . d:of}bfsf/x¿sf] ljrf/ dfkm{t ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf j'em\g] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofsf] cflwsf/Ls l;WbfGt g} dflgG5 . cd]l/sfsf k|l;b h'l/i6 /fjn j/u/ (Raoul Berger) eGg' x'G5 . æd;f}bfsf/x¿sf] egfO{ ;+ljwfg JofVofsf] cfwf/ xf] / pgLx¿sf] egfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] lstfjdf lnlk ul/Ph:t} cflwsfl/s dflgG5Æ What the "ramers thought about the constitution should be the touchstone of constitutional interpretation. Raoul Berger, has argued that the original intent of "ramers is " as good as written into the text of the constitution (On Reading the Constitution" Laurence H. Tribe and Michael c-Dorf. p.10, 12)

o;/L wf/f !@& sf] unt k|of]u u/L k|wfgdGqLsf] lgo'QmL / j/vf:tL ub}{ hfg] / pQ/bfoLTj ljlxg sfo{sfl/0fL nfdf] ;do ;Dd /xL /xg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgsf] pNn3g dfq xf]O{g k|hftGqLs ;+;lbo Joj:yfsf] 7f8f] pkxf; eO{/xg]5 . k|wfgdGqLsf] lgo'QmL / j/vf:tL k|ltlglw ;ef jfx]s c¿ s;}af6 x'g ;Sb}g . /fhfaf6 lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqL /fhf k|lt pQ/bfoLTj /xG5 eg] / /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/ /fhfn] lng' kg]{ x'G5 . t/ k|ltlglw ;efn] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm u/]df /fhf ljjfbdf kb}{g . ToxL wf/f !@& sf] k|of]u u/L pQ/bfloTj ljgfsf] ;/sf/sf] u7g ug{ ul/G5 eg] hglgjf{lrt k|ltlgwL;ef k'g:yfkgf ug{ lsg g;lsg] < clxn] b]zn] /fli6«o d]nldnfk / cfk;L ;f}+xfb|tf (Reconciliation) vf]h]sf] 5 . o:tf] d]nldnfk (Reconciliation) sfod ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yfkgfn] g} ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb5 / clxn] /fhfn] lng ;Sg] sd hf]lvdsf] sbd k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g/:yfkgf g} xf] .

s'g} klg 7'nf] uNtL ;Rrfpg jf cemj9L xfgL x'g glbg s]xL ;fgf] uNtL u/]/ eP klg 7"nf] xfgL gf]S;fg ;Rrfpg' j'WbLdfgL x'G5 . t;y{ k|ltlglw;efsf] k'gM:yfkgf ug{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf gePsf] egL lg/Gt/ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf] uDeL/ pNn3g ug'{ x'"b}g . ;+ljwfgsf] Go'gtd pNn3g u/L To;nfO{ ;Rofpg ;lsG5 eg] ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff x'G5 eg] cfjZostfsf] l;WbfGt / ;+ljwfgsf] ;du| efjgf cg';f/ To;f] ug{ lxrlsrfpg' x'b}g . k|ltlglw;ef k'gM:yfkgf u/L ;+ljwfgnfO{ pko'Qm dfu{df Nofpg' cfhsf] ;jf]{td ljsNk xf] .

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