sf7df08f}+, h]i7 !* @)^)

cg'ej cGtjftf{

g]kfndf pBd x}g, gSsn ug]{ k|j[lQ xfjL ef]

8f=uf]kfnk|;fb >]i7

g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt cGof}nsf] e"d/Laf6 u'lh|/x]sf] a]nf g]kfnsf pBdL / Jofkf/Lx? efjL g]t[Tjsf] r'gfjL bf}8df nfu]sf 5g\ . lghL If]qsf] ;jf]{Rr / 5ftf ;+u7g dflgPsf] g]kfn–pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;fpgdf sf7df8f}+df x'g] lgjf{rgdf g]t[Tj lng b'O{ JolQmTj cu|;/ x'g'ePsf] 5– sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o 8f= uf]kfnk|;fb >]i7 / dxf;+3sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf ljgfb]axfb'/ >]i7 . cfpFbf] r'gfj, lghL If]qsf ;d:of, b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus / cfly{s ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t /xL b]zfGt/n] >]i7;Fu jftf{ u/]sf] lyof] . k|:t't 5, jftf{sf d"n c+zx?M–

) pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] r'gfj cfof], tkfO{+ pDd]bjf/ xf] <

xf] . d kSs} pDd]bjf/ xf] . o;df z+sf 5}g .

) tkfO{+ cfkm}+ pDd]bjf/ x'g vf]Hg'ePsf] ls csf{n] p7fPsf] <

r'gfj n8\bf lglZrt ?kdf Pp6f ;d"x x'g}k5{ . To;sf] afah'b pDd]bjf/ cfkm}+df ljZj:t ?kdf cfPg eg] Tof] pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sb}g . d To:tf] pDd]bjf/ x'", h;n] ;do, cj;/ / kl/l:ylt ;a}nfO{ d"Nof+sg u/]/ p7\g] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . To;df d]/f] ljrf/;“u ;xdt x'g] JolQmx¿sf] l6d kSs} 5 .

) k|yd pkfWoIfnfO{ lglj{/f]w rog ug]{ jf låtLo pkfWoIf txaf6 r'gfj n8\g] k/Dk/fdf tkfO{+ rflx" kl5Nnf] 9f]sfaf6 s;/L l5g'{ ef] <

d k5fl8sf] 9f]sfaf6 xf]Og, cufl8sf] 9f]sfaf6 cfp“b} 5' . sfo{ ;ldltdf em08} @% jif{ cufl8b]lv /x"b} cfPsf] 5' . obfsbf s'g} ;ldltdf /lxg dfq} . To;sf/0f k5fl8sf] 9f]sfaf6 cfPsf] xf]Og . lg/Gt/ ?kdf g]t[Tj ju{nfO{ x]b}{ cfPsf] 5' . g]t[Tj ju{;“u a;]/ sfd u/]sf] 5' . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df r'gfjeGbf ;j{;Ddltn] /fd|f] u5{ ls egL /ljeQm hL / k|bLks'df/ hL aLr ;dGjo u/fpg] sfo{df xfdL klg ;+nUg lyof}+ . t/ Tof] ;DaGw Tolt a]nfsf nflu dfq} lyof] . To;kl5sf] ;dGjo eg] ePsf] 5}g . k|yd pkfWoIfnfO{ 5f]8\g] s'/f ePsf] 5}g . ljutdf sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o klg n8]/ cWoIfdf lht]sf 5g\ . sf]xL låtLo pkfWoIfaf6 klg n8]sf 5g\ . Tolt xf], ;fyLx¿sf] rog ug]{ a]nfdf hf] JolQm k|lt:kwL{ 5, hf] JolQmn] g]t[Tj lng ;S5, To:tf] JolQm r'gfj n8\g] rng 5 . lgikIf, lg8/ / :jfy{/lxt JolQmnfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] g]t[Tjdf rog ug'{kb{5 .

) ;j{;Ddltsf] k|lqmofnfO{ lsg r'gf}tL lbg'eof] <

clxn];Dd ;j{;Ddltsf] s'/} cfPsf] 5}g . r'gfj dfq} cfPsf] 5 . ljwfgn] :ki6 u/]/ r'gfj x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf b;–afx| jif{ dfq} eof] . k|hftflGqs k|of;df nfu]sf] k|hftflGqs k4ltn] :j:Yo k|lt:kwf{df k|0ffnLsf] klg ljsf; u/fp“5 .

) tkfO{+sf] pDd]bjf/Lsf] cf}lrTo s] xf] <

r'gfj ljgf]bhL / d]/f] eGg] xf]Og . pxf“ a]7Ls d 7Ls eGg] xf]Og . of] t Pp6f lehg xf] . cfkm\gf] lehgnfO{ lnP/ cufl8 a9\g] xf] . clxn] pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] 5lj cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt ePsf]; lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, lå /fli6«o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, j:t'ut ;+3x¿sf] ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t /xL kl/k|]Iodf sfd ug{ g;s]sf], >L % sf] ;/sf/sf sltko dGqfno;“u s'/f ubf{ klg xfd|f] tkm{af6 plrt k|ltlglwTj gePsf] / dxf;+3sf] v:s"bf] 5ljnfO{ d]/f] g]t[Tjn] 7Ls ug{ ;S5 ls eGg] b[li6sf]0faf6 d]/f] pDd]bjf/L cfPsf] xf] .

) pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] g]t[Tj vl:sPsf] eGg' ef], slxn]b]lv o;sf] ;'?jft eof] <

;do tf]Sg t cK7\of/f] g} knf{ . lsgls cf–cfkm\gf] ;dodf g]t[Tjn] cf–cfkm\gf] of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\, k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . t/, ;do / cj:yf h'g lsl;dn] u'h|b"} 5, h'g cfhsf] ljZjJofkL cy{tGq, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, ljZj u|fdsf] ?kdf ljsl;t e}/x]sf] h'g cj:yf 5, To; a]nfsf cj;/x¿df h'g lsl;dsf] r'gf}tL xfd|f] cufl8 cfPsf 5g\, tL r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] lgldQ cufl8 a9\g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . k'/fgf cu|h g]t[Tjstf{ Pjd\ vfl/Psf JolQmx¿n] c? ;+:yfx¿ agfO/fv]sf 5g\ . o;}n] klg pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 v:s"b} uPsf] b]vfp“5 .

) lghL If]qn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ jf:tljs ;d:of rflx" s] xf] <

lghL If]qdf ;d:of w]/} 5g\ . ljZjsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfljgf s'g} klg ;/sf/n] pBf]u jfl0fHo / cfly{s If]qnfO{ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5}g . cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] of]hgf x]g]{ xf] eg] em08}–em08} g]kfnn] &% k|ltzt lghL If]qnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] of]hgf agfO{ ;s]sf] 5 .

7"nf–7"nf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿ t cf–cfkm}+ nljª ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/, ;fgf–;fgf lhNnf:t/sf ;d:ofx¿ s]Gb|n] a'em\g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] v'nf ?kdf s/ nufO/fv]sf 5g\ t/ tL ;d:ofx¿df s]jn k|]; lj1lKt k|sflzt u/L emf/f 6fg]{ sfd e}/fv]sf] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ xfdLn] ;fem]bf/sf] ?kdf nUg' k5{ . ;/sf/nfO{ xfdLn] a'emfpg ;Sg' k¥of] ls of] 7fp“df o;f] u¥of] eg] o:tf] ;d:of cfp“b5, oL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'"b}gg\, ;dli6ut ?kdf o;nfO{ ;dfwfg ul/Pkl5 a[xQ/ cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ p7fg ug'{kg]{ xf] Tof] FNCCI n] ug{ ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g .

) :yfgLo s/ glt/] :yfgLo lgsfo s;/L rN5 t <

Jofkf/L ju{n] s/ ltg{ slxNo} klg ;+sf]r dfGg ;Sb}gg\ . ltg{sf nflu tof/ x'G5g\ . t/, kf/bzL{ x'g'k¥of], emGeml6nf] x'g' ePg . Tof] s/ slt;Dd pko'Qm xf], Tof] s'/fnfO{ klg x]g'{k5{ . s/ p7fpg] gfddf s;}sf] eQf a9fpgsf] lglDt ug'{ ePg . !)–!% jif{cl3sf] 9f“6 k|j[lQ cfhsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] g]t[Tjdf a;]sf h'g k|fljlw1x¿ 5g\ ltgn] of] s'/f t ;/sf/nfO{ atfpg' k¥of] lg † olt ubf{ of] Gofof]lrt x'"b}g egL Gofof]lrt gx'g] s'/fx¿df xfdLn] s'/f p7fpg' k¥of] h'g clxn];Dd klg :yfgLo tj/df JofKt 5 .

) lghL If]qnfO{ lbPsf] k|f]T;fxgk|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <

;a}s'/f Ps}rf]l6 kfO"b}g . k|hftGqsf] k'g{jxfnLkl5sf] cj:yfdf xfdL a9L dxTjfsf+IfL ePsf 5f}+ . xfd|f cfsf+Iffx¿ r/d ;Ldfdf k'u]]sf 5g\ . k|hftGqsf] k'g{jxfnLsf] a]nfdf /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] hgtfsf] OR5fnfO{ r/d ;Ldfdf k'¥ofOlbP . t/ To; qmddf ;/sf/n] tL s'/fx¿ lbg ;Sb}g . ;/sf/sf] gLlt ;do ;fk]If x'g'k¥of] . To;nfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf n}hfg] cGt/;DaGw ljsl;t ug{k¥of] . ;/sf/n] agfO/fv]sf] cfkm\gf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g . h:t} d"No clej[l4 s/s} s'/f u/f}+ . clxn];Dd klg d"No clej[l4 s/sf] sfof{Gjogdf cK7\of/f 5g\ . ljleGg txsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] clgoldt sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] 5 . lhNnf :t/sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] o; s'/fnfO{ p7fp“bf pk]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

) Jofkf/L OdfGbf/ eP d"=c=s= t ;d:of g} xf]Og lg <

OdfGbf/L Psf]xf]/f] x'"b}g . b'j} kIfaf6 x'g'k5{ . >L % sf] ;/sf/ klg plQs} ;hu x'g'kb{5 . ha;Dd /fli6«o s'/fx¿nfO{ klxrfg ul/"b}g, To;sf] d"Nof+sg ul/"b}g, of] d'Vo a'"bf xf] eg]/ elg"b}+g ta;Dd s]xL x'g]jfnf 5}g . efif0fsf] ?kdf dfq} ;Lldt /fv]/ x'"b}g .

) kf/bzL{ sf/f]af/ u/]/ Jofkf/ rN5 ls rNb}g <

rN5 . Tof]eGbf /fd|f] t c? s'/f x'g} ;Sb}g . Tof]eGbf dfly t xfdL hfg vf]Hg' g} x'"b}g .

) n'sL–rf]/L lsg e}/fv]sf] 5 t <

o;df ;/sf/ Pjd\ Jofkf/L b'j} bf]ifL 5g\ . pBf]u Jofkf/Lx¿ klg ;dfhdf a:g] k|f0fL g} x'g\ . xfd|f] klg lhDd]jf/L TolQ g} 5 . t/, xfdLnfO{ s;/L ug{ nufOG5 t < xfdLnfO{ slxn] 9f“6]/ slxn] hf“rsLsf] s'/f ul/G5, slxn] s] ul/G5, tL ;a} emGem6af6 d'lQm lbg >L % sf] ;/sf/ slxNo} klg tof/ 5}g . p;sf] gfd e|i6frf/, sfnf] ahf/Ldf cfcf];\ eGg] rfxgf s;}nfO{ x'"b}g . To;}n] xfdLn] gLlt, P]g / lgodx¿ å}w cy{ gnfUg] :ki6 agfof}+ / k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L, bIf / ;Ifd agfof}+ eg] w]/} s'/f kf/bzL{ x'g]5g\ / xfnsf w]/} ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 . g]kfn h:tf] d'n'sdf To;n] 7"nf] dxTj /fV5 lsgeg] xfd|f] Jofkf/sf] cfsf/ Tolt 7"nf] 5}g . ljZjsf 7"nf–7"nf /fi6«x¿df klg kf/blz{tfn] rln/fv]s} 5 . t/ Toxf“ klg e|i6frf/ eg] gePsf xf]Ogg\ . xfd|f] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/sf] l8u|L eg] a9L ePs} xf] .

) ;/sf/÷ljb]zLn] x/]s 7fp“df ;xefuL u/fPs} 5g\ . Toxf“ lghL If]qn] bfloTj k"/f u/]sf 5g\ t <

lghL If]qn] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 7fp“x¿ k|z:t 5g\ . lghL If]qnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] s'/fsf] k|z+;f ug}{ k5{ . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] kl/k"/s c+usf] ?kdf /fhZj ;ldltnufotsf] 7fp“df tn;Dd /fv]sf] 5 . t/, sltko 7fp“df xfd|f ;fyLx¿n] …gf]6 ckm l8;]G6Ú n]v]/ c;xdlt p7fPsf 5g\ . t/ Tof] s'/fsf] s'g} ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] 5}g . e08} @÷@ jif{ cufl8 lah'nLsf] efp a9]sf] a]nfdf xfd|f k|ltlglwn] …gf]6 ckm l8;]G6Ú n]v]sf lyP, t/ To;sf] ;'g'jfO{ ePg . To;df ax'dtn] xfdLnfO{ pk]]Iff ub{5g\ . xfd|f] ljrf/ alnof] 9ª\un] :yflkt x'gsf nflu FNCCI ;zQm ?kn] cufl8 cfpg'k5{

) clxn]sf] ;/sf/df Jofkf/ If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj 7"n} 5 . tkfO{"x¿nfO{ s] k'u]g < k|wfgdGqL g} rflxPsf] t xf]Og <

;/sf/ rnfpg' / pBf]u rnfpg' km/s–km/s s'/f x'g\ . t/, o;df ;fdf~h:o eg] x'g}k5{ .

>L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/af6 xfd|f] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf nfu]sf JolQmx¿ dgf]gLt eP/ dGqL x"'b}df ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 eGg] l;4fGtdf d ;xdt 5}g . lsgeg] Tof] /fhgLlt ug]{ 7fp“ xf] . ;/sf/ rnfpg] s'/f xf] . Jofkf/L dfqsf] ;/sf/ xf]Og, hgtfsf] ;/sf/ xf] . p;n] pBf]u jfl0fHo dfq xf]Og w}/} c+ux¿ x]g'{ kb{5 . pBf]u Joj;foLx¿ dfu ub{5g\ . ;/sf/df a:g]n] To;nfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Psflt/ dfu ug]{ / Psflt/ k"/f ug]{ ;+:yf 5 .

) dfu ug]{nfO{ g} Toxf“ /flvlb"bf <

rf]/nfO{ ;f“rf] lb"bf p;nfO{ tx nufpg ;lsG5 eg] h:t} xf] . s]xL xb;Dd of] nfu" klg x'G5 . xfd|f ;fyLx¿n] clxn] ;f“rf] kfPsf 5g\ . Tof] ;f“rf] vf]Ng slt cK7\of/f] 5 eGg] s'/f ;fob pxf“x¿n] yfxf kfpg' ePsf] xf]nf . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf Pjd\ tfls{s JolQm dx]znfn k|wfg pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqL g} eP/ a:g'eof] . efif0fdf eGg' ePsf] lyof]– æd]/f] If]q eg]sf] ;/sf/L If]q xf], d}n] tkfO{+x¿sf] s'/f ug{ ;lSbg . t/ d}n] klg cfkm" pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] dfG5] xf] eGg 5f8\g' ePg .Æ

) pBf]u–Jofkf/ g} ga'em]sf] dfG5]eGbf pBf]u Jofkf/ a'em]sf] dfG5] ;lhnf] x'g] xf]Og / < Toxf“ uP/ s]xL k|fKt gx'g] eP lsg dfu ug]{ <

clxn] ;/sf/sf] h'g cj:yf 5, To;nfO{ x]bf{ ;/sf/ zflGt k|lqmofdf ;+nUg 5 . o;sf] DofG8]06 klg /fhfaf6 tf]lsPsf] 5 . To;}n] klg pBf]u jfl0fHotkm{ s]xL x'g ;s]g .

) clxn] b]zsf] /fhgLltdf b'O{j6f kIf 5g\, Pp6f cfGbf]ng / csf]{ zflGtjftf{sf] kIf . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 s'g kIfdf 5 <

pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 g]kffnL ;dfheGbf aflx/sf] xf]Og . xfdL klg zflGt :yfkgf x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf 5f}+ . zflGt geO{ s'g} s'/f ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g .

) ca zflGt s;/L x'G5 <

;dli6ut ?kdf g]kfnL dfqsf] rfxgf zflGt xf] . ;a} kIfn] o;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ eg]sf 5g\ . xfdL o;nfO{ layf]Ng lb"b}gf}+ eg]/ bnx¿n] elg/fv]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLn] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f jftf{ layf]lnb"}g eg]s} 5 . ;/sf/df g]t[Tj ug]{ dfG5]n] of] s'/f a'em\g' k¥of] .

) a}+s 8'afpg]b]lv lnP/ e|i6frf/df lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf ge} x'"b}g . Tof] s;/L /f]Sg] <

lghL If]qn] 8'afpg] eGg] s'/f s]xL k|ltzt dfq} xf]nf . t/, sltko If]q grfx"bf–grfx"b} klg 8fjf“8f]n ePsf 5g\ . h:tf]M cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltdf, czfGt l:yltdf rfx]/ klg tL pBf]ukltn] lnP/ hfg ;s]gg\ . o; cy{df lghL If]qn] a}+s 8'afpg], 6f6 kN6g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ lglZrt ?kdf pgLx¿sf] Tof] p2]Zo gx'g ;S5 . s/f]8f}" ?k}of“ nufPsf] pBf]u p;n] lsg 8'afpg] <

) g]kfndf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL lghL If]q jf ;/sf/ s;sf sf/0f gcfPsf] <

xfd|f ;/sf/L gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ hlt klg 5g\, ltgLx¿ l:y/ gx'g' klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . cf}Bf]lus gLlt, cfly{s gLlt, j}b]lzs nufgL, k|ljlw tL s'/fx¿df ;/sf/sf gLlt slt l:y/ /x\of] xf]nf <

) )$( kl5 ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eof] xf]nf, t/ gLlt t kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g lg †

gLlt kl/jt{g geP klg kl/jt{g x'g] k|lqmofdf cfO/fv]sf] 5 . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df g} k|ltlqmof Pjd\ ;'emfasf nflu kq k7fPsf] 5 . sDkgL P]g, )%# km]l/g] jfnf 5, Tof] klg cWofb]zdfkm{t .

) Tof] t tkfO{+x¿s} cg's"nsf] dfu xf]Og / <

xfdLn] p7fPsf s'/f xf]Ogg\ . t/, xfd|f]df gLlt kl/jt{g ePkl5 xflsd}lkR5] km/s JofVof x'G5 . To:tf] l:yltdf s;/L ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t x'g] ub{5 < ;/sf/, lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿n] tL s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . xf], lghLIf]q ;Ifd ge}sg j}b]lzs nufgL dfq leq]/ s'g} klg pBf]u jfl0fHosf] k|ult x'g ;Sb}g . Tof] zf:jt 5 . xfd|f bft[ ;+:yfx¿n] klg ;/sf/nfO{ oL s'/fx¿df kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\, gq xfdL s'g} ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ eg]/ k6s–k6s elg/fv]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;/sf/L sfof{Gjogdf sdhf]/L ePsf sf/0f ;xof]u ug{ klg lxlRsrfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] cjl:ylt x]g]{ xf] eg] klg 7"nf] ahf/sf] kx'"r o;n] kfPsf] 5 . cfkm\gf pTkfbgx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm agfPsf] v08df p;n] oL ahf/ bf]xg ug{ ;Sb5 . rLg geP klg ef/t t ;lhnf] kx'"rdf g} /x]sf] 5 .

) xfd|f] gLltdf sdhf]/L sxf“ 5 < ;/sf/n] t h] dfUof] ToxL lbO/fv]sf] 5 t <

;/sf/n] Psåf/ k|0ffnL nfu" u¥of], t/ To;df sd{rf/Lx¿ k'/fgf] k|j[lQaf6 d'Qm /x]gg\ . ;/sf/n] ;do ;fk]If ljifonfO{ ;+af]wg u/]sf] eP klg sfof{Gjogdf lkmtnf] /x\of] . h;n] ubf{ klg ljb]zLx¿ cfp“b}gg\ .

s'g} klg b]zdf nufgL leq\ofpg] s'/f Psf]xf]/f] k|of;n] dfq} x'"b}g . o;df ljZjf;sf lglDt ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f ;/sf/L kIf x'G5 . ;/sf/n] ha;Dd ljZjf; lbnfpg ;Sb}g, Pp6f gful/sn] ljZjf; lbnfP/ s]xL x'g ;Sb}g .

) xfd|f] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ;Ldf sxf“;Dd xf] < xfdLx¿ xªsª, l;+ufk'/ cyjf c? s'g} aGg ;S5f}+ <

xfdL s'g} b]z;“u lsg bf“lhg' k¥of] / < pBf]u Joj;fodf Pp6f syg 5 ;a}eGbf dflysf] ;Ldf eg]sf] cfsfz dfq} xf] . xfdLn] s'g} b]zsf] kl/sNkgf u/]/ ;Lldt x'g' h?/L 5}g . xfd|f ;Ifd s'/fx¿df x]g]{ xf] eg] cGo;“u bf“Hg ldNb}g . ;u/dfyfs} s'/f u/f}+ . cGt ;u/dfyf kfpg ;Sg] kl/l:ylt x'"b}g lg †

) of] t ko{6gsf] s'/f ef] . o;}df nfUg] xf] eg] c?df lsg nfUg] < xfdL s'g Joj;fodf s]lGb|t /xg] <

xfdLnfO{ nfe x'g] eg]sf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] ko{6g g} xf] . bf];|f], hn;|f]t xf] . t];|f], s[lif 5f]8\g ;Sb}gf}+ . xfd|f gAa] k|ltzt JolQm cem} s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . o;nfO{ ;Ifd gagfO{ pGglt k|fKt ug{ ;ls"b}g . Pp6f xfdL economic multiplication df hfg] xf], csf]{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf hfg] xf] . s[lif If]qnfO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f u/]/ hfg}k5{ . o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g . xfdLn] s'g} Jofkf/–Jofj;fo ubf{ o;}nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .

) Tof] afx]s c? x'g ;Sb}g < ;]jf Jofj;fo x'g ;Sb}g < lzIff, :jf:Yo ;km\6j]o/ x'g ;Sb}g <

oL dfgj ;+zfwgsf s'/f x'g\ . To;sf nflu k""hLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Tof] s'/f gx'"bf–gx'"b} klg xfdL;“u ePs} s'/fx¿ k|of]u u/]/ lsg cufl8 ga9\g] <

) To;nfO{ klg t k""hL rflxG5 lg †

Tof] t rflxG5 g} . t/, xfdLn] sxf“ s]Gb|Ls[t x'g] eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg vf]h]sf xf}+ . klxn] g} klxrfg e};s]sf If]qdf ;lhnf] x'G5 .

) ko{6g r/d ;Ldfdf g} uof] eg] klg clxn]sf] eGbf bf]Aa/ xf]nf, af“sLn] sxf“ /f]huf/L vf]Hg] <

s'g} klg pBf]u Tof] b]zdf /fd|f];“u ;~rflnt eof] eg] To;sf] ax'– u'0ffTds k|efj x'G5 . ljleGg ;xfos Joj;fox¿ ;d]t :yflkt x'G5g\ . To;n] af“sL If]qdf klg k|efj kf5{ . ;]jf If]qdf Ps t xfd|f] dfgj ;+zfwg 5}g, csf]{ k""hLsf] k|z:t cfjZostf kb{5 . oL cK7\of/f cem} 5g\  . clxn] klg v';f{gL cfGw| k|b]zaf6 cfp“5, sfutL, df5f klg cfGw| k|b]zaf6 cfO/fv]sf] 5 . olb ToxL s'/fnfO{ klg g]kfnn] kl/jlt{t ug{ ;s] Toxf“ klg cj;/ 5 . t/, xfdLn] tL s'/fx¿ ul//fv]sf 5}gf}+ . xfdL t ;]jf If]q, ;km\6j]o/ If]qdf s'/fx¿ ug{ yfn]sf 5f}+ . o;df klg ;Lldttf 5 . xfd|f] klxrfg e};s]sf If]qdf bf]xg ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] To;n] c? s'/fx¿ ;“u;“u} Nofp“5 .

) eg]kl5 xnf] klg hf]Tg], lxdfn klg r9\g] <

xnf] hf]Tg] s'/fdf d ;Lldt 5}g . o;nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug'{k¥of] . o;sf] pTkfbsTj klg a9fpg' k¥of] . ef/tdf rfdn lgof{t ug]{ xfdL clxn] cfoft ug]{ e}/fv]sf 5f}+ . lsg < xfdLn] cfkm\gf] >f]tx¿sf] k"0f{?kn] pkof]u ug{ ;s]gf}+ . xfdLnfO{ rflxg] k|ljlw leq\ofpg ;s]gf}+ . To;sf/0f of] eO/fv]sf] 5 .

) xfdL cg';Gwfg klg ug{ g;Sg], ljsf; klg ug{ g;Sg] clg xfd|f] kxf8sf] ;'sf{nfO{ ldNg] k|ljlw rflx" s;n] leq\ofOlbg] <

kxf8sf u/fx¿df oflGqsLs/0f ug{'kg]{ d]/f] wf/0f xf]Og . kxf8df s] /f]Kbf x'G5 Tof] ug'{k¥of] . xfdL cfkm\gf] >dnfO{ ;xL 7fp“df ;xL lsl;dn] pkof]u ug'{k¥of] . sxf“ k|of; e}/fv]sf] 5, plrt k|ljlwsf] < hxf“ ;Dej x'"b}g Toxf“ xfdLn] k|of; ul//fv]sf 5f}+ . Tof] s'/fsf] klxrfg lj:tf/} x'"b}5 . ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt Ph]G;Lx¿n] o;sf af/]df ;"rgf k|jfx u/fpg' k¥of] . cem} o;df cndndf kg]{ xf] eg] xfd|f] b]zsf] ljsf; s;/L x'G5 <

) g]kfnLx¿df pBdzLntf rflx" slt 5 <

xfdLsxf“ slxn] un}"rf slxn] klZdgf t slxn] ;]n/ ldnsf] af9L cfof] . Ps k6s l;;f}+ /f]Kg] nx/ rNof] . clxn] lrof aufgsf] xNnf a9]sf] 5 . o;/L nfUg' ePg . olta]nf xfdL pBd ul//fv]sf 5}gf}+ a? gSsn ul//fv]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] To; gSsn ug]{ k|yfaf6 d'Qm x'g'kg]{ a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . sfk]{6, klZdgf, ufd]{G6af6 xfd|f ;fyLx¿n] r]lt;s] .

olta]nf xfd|f] b]zdf pBdLx¿n] cfkm\gf] Jofkf/sf] If]qsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ Ifdtf 5}g . ebf}+df cf“vf km'6]sf] uf]?n] ;w}" xl/of] b]V5 eg] em}" l:ylt /f]Sg Pp6f Ph]G;L rflxG5 . ha gful/s jf JolQm ljz]ifn] ug{ ;Sb}g eg] Tof] ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/n] lng'kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] s'g} Ph]G;L ePg eg] lghL If]qn] ;d]t To:tf ;+:yfx¿dfkm{t cfkm\gf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ / Joj;fosf] …;]r'/];gsf] laGb'Ú cfO;Sof] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg' k5{ . h:t}– jg:klt l3p pBf]u g]kfnsf] IfdtfeGbf a9L 5g\ . ljb]zL d'n'sdf klg xfdL lgof{t ug{ ;S5f}+ . Tof] lgof{t x'g] sf/0fn] xfd|f pBf]u ;~rfng x'g ;S5g\ . To;sf] lgldQ sG8\o'l;e Pk|f]r x'g'k¥of] . To;sf] lgldQ s'g} Ph]G;Ln] sfd ug{'kb{5 . Tof] Ph]G;Lsf] cefj 5 . d}n] pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] g]t[Tj ug{ kfp“ eg] o:tf] …;]nÚ u7g ug]{ k|of; ug]{5' .

) xfdLsxf“ >f]t ePsf t/ tL >f]tx¿ pkof]u ug{ g;Sg]x¿ k|z:t} 5g\ . ltgsf] >f]t k|of]u ul/lbg] s;n] < ljQLo ;+:yf jf s;n] <

lhDd]jf/L t ljQLo ;+:yfs} xf] . ha;Dd ljQLo ;+:yf;Dd >f]t hf“b}"g ta;Dd Tof] >f]t kl/rflnt x'g ;Sb}g .

) Pp6f pBdLn] x]¥of] eg] cNksfnLg gfkmf x]5{ ls bL3{sfnLg gfkmf x]5{ <

cjZo bL3{sfnLg x]5{ .

) clg ufd]{G6, sfk]{6sf] lgolt s;/L cfof] t <

bL3{sfnLg ;f]r g} xf] t/ pgLx¿n] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;s]gg\ . c? b]zn] k|lt:kwf{Tds b/df ;fdfg pknAw u/fO/fv]sf 5g\ . t/, ljsf];f]Gd'v d'n'ssf sf/0f xfdL sf]6f k|yfdf uof}+ . o;n] k|lt:kwf{df hfg'eGbf sf]6f 5"b}5 eGg]tkm{ n}hfG5, t/ cfhsf] o'u eg]sf] k|lt:kwf{sf] o'u xf] . u'0f:t/o'Qm j:t' pTkfbg gug]{ xf] eg] / k|lt:kwf{Tds gx'g] xf] eg] hlt;'s} xNnf u/]klg ;fdfg :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g .

s'g} klg Jofj;fo Ps} k6sdf ;kmn x'"b}g . Rome was not built in a single day eg] em}+ s'g} klg Joj;fo Ps} k6sdf :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . ljleGg k|of;, kl5sf cg'ejx¿n] vfl/P/ Ps 7fp“df k'¥ofO{ Pp6f /fi6«sf] ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . t/, h'g s'/fsf] kf7 c?af6 xfdLn] l;ls;s]sf 5f}+, Tof] s'/f rflx" bf]xf]¥ofpg' ePg . To;sf lglDt To:tf Ph]G;L ePg eg] g >f]tsf] g ahf/sf] klxrfg x'G5 g k|ljlwsf] ljsf; g} x'G5 . o;sf nflu ls t ;/sf/n] lhDdf lng'k¥of] ls xfdL h:t} ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] lhDdf lng'k¥of] / s'g rflx" sfd ug]{ eg]/ sfd cx|fpg' k¥of] .

) s[lifsf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] s'/f cfof], e"lddf s:tf] ;'wf/ u/] cf}Bf]lusLs/0ftkm{ hfg ;lsG5 <

o;df lglZrt ?kdf ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zg rflxG5 . ;/sf/ klg :ki6 x'g'k5{ . ;'wf/ Psf]xf]/f] x'g ;Sb}g . ;'wf/ ;j{kIfLo x'g'kb{5 . h:t}– xfdLdf l;"rfOsf] ;d:of 5 . To;kl5 ;dodf dn–aLpsf] klg ;d:of 5 . ;dodf dn–aLp pknAw x'"b}g . s[lif eGgfn] wfg, ds}, ux'"df dfq} ;Lldt x'g' klg x'"b}g . s'g 7fp“sf] df6f] s:tf] lsl;dsf] 5 / Toxf“ s:tf] lsl;dsf] s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfjZostf 5 To; s'/fsf] klg klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 . oxf“ e"ldsf] klxrfg u/L ;xL pkof]usf] sfo{ g} ePsf] 5}g . s[lifsf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ubf{ ljljwtfdf hfg' k¥of] . Pp6} af6f]df hfg' ePg . clxn] klg xfdLn] x/]s j:t' aflx/af6 cfoft ul//fv]sf 5f}+ .

) g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] afws rflx+ s] xf] <

g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; gx'g'df Ps kIf dfq} lhDd]jf/ 5}gg\ . o;df ;/sf/L kIf klg TolQ g} lhDd]jf/ 5g\, pBf]u Jofkf/L klg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . rfx"bf rfx"b} klg s}of}+ s'/fx¿ k'Ug ;ls/fv]sf 5}gg\ . Ps hdfgf lyof]– cg'dlt kq ;Lldt JolQmx¿n] dfq} k|fKt ug]{ . cg'dlt kq lgolGqt ?kdf lbOGYof] . clxn] Tof] delicenceing / decontrol ePsf] 5 . clxn] sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿n] cg'dlt kq kfO/x]sf 5g\ . t/, slt;Dd hfg] eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg clxn];Dd ePsf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf lgldQ slxn] >f]tsf] sdL 5 t slxn] s]sf] sdL 5 . slxn] ;/sf/ kIf pbf;Lg b]lvG5 t slxn] ;/sf/ ;lqmo /x"bf–/x"b} pBdLx¿ pbf;Lg b]lvG5g\ . ;dli6ut ?kdf ljZjf;sf] sdL xf] . o; ljZjf;sf] ;+s6nfO{ x6fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . h:tf] ;/sf/n] s/ nufp“lbg eG5 km]l/ s/ nufp“b5 . s'g} uf=lj=;÷gu/kflnsfsf] cg'/f]wdf Pp6f pBf]u vf]lnof] eg] ef]lnb]lv rGbf dfUg yflnG5 . p;n] Nofpg] ;fdfgdf s/ nufpg] s'/f u5{g\ . ef/tdf s'g}–s'g} o:tf] If]q tf]lsPsf] 5 . Tof] If]q tf]Sbf Toxf“ olt jif{;Dd s'g} s/ gnfUg] elgPsf] x'G5 . o; cy{df Toxf“sf] :yfgLo lgsfon] klg To:tf If]qnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf x'G5g\ To;}n] o:tf emGem6 g} cfp“b}gg\ . xfdLsxf“ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f g} 5}g .

) xfdLsxf“ sxf“sf] nufgL cfPsf] /fd|f] xf] <

xfd|f] b]zdf /fli6«o pBf]ukltsf] ljsf; x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf xf], cfp“bf hxf“sf] cfP klg x'G5 .

) :jb]zL t ;a} l8kmN6/ e};s] t †

of] cj:yf / kl/l:yltn] ePsf] xf] .

) gof“ pBf]uklt cfpg t ;do nfUb}g / <

o;sf lgldQ ;/sf/n] 7"nf] ;fx; lng'kb{5 . ch]{lG6gfsf] cy{tGq w/f;foL x'"bf klg Toxf“sf] ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ul//fv]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] Pp6f ljZjf; lnP/ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg'k¥of] . ?U0f pBf]unfO{ s;/L lnP/ hfg] eGg] s'/fdf plrt ;f]r agfpg' k¥of] .

) /fli6«o k""hLkltx¿nfO{ t s;}n] /f]s]sf] 5}g t < /fli6«o k""hLklt cfpg] xf] eg] t ljb]zL cfpg} k/]g lg †

ljb]zL nufgL cfpg} x'"b}g eGg] dfGotf xf]Og .

) sf]8fs cfof], uof] lg †

Tof] t a]Un} s'/f xf] . s'g} pBf]ulkR5] s'/f u/]/ t ePg lg †

) lrlgof“ pBdL cfP/ ef/tLo ahf/df dfn lgof{t ug{ ;S5 <

h'g;'s} /fi6«sf JolQm cfPklg xfd|f] b]zdf s'g} /f]s–tf]s ug'{kg]{ h?/L 5}g ha;Dd xfd|f] sfg'gn] To;nfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ub{5 . ljb]zL nufgL cfP/ pTkfbzLn j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf nfUg'k¥of] . pTkfbsTj x'g]lalQs} oxf“sf dflg;n] sfd kfpg] 5g\ .

nufgL ug{ cfpg]n] klg ahf/sf] klxrfg gu/L cfpg]jfnf 5}gg\ . cfhsf] Jofkf/ eg]sf] ahf/ vf]h]/ ug]{ Jofkf/ xf] . p;sf] j:t'sf] Jofkf/ sxf“ x'G5 eGg] / To;sf] k|lt:kwf{ s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f xf] . Tof] s'/fsf] klxrfgkl5 dfq} sf]xL oxf“ nufgL ug{ cfp“5 gq cfp“b}g .

) ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf g]kfnsf] :yfg s;/L ;'/lIft ug]{ < ljb]zaf6 sRrf kbfy{ NofP/ lgof{t ubf{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;lsG5 <

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g xfd|f] nflu afWotf klg xf] . o;df klg ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿nfO{ s;/L n}hfg] eGg] s'/f cfO/fv]sf] 5 . xfdL ;Dk"0f{ ljZjaf6 cnu eP/ /xg ;Sb}gf}+ . To; cj:yfsf] sf/0fn] xfdL ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf hfg'kg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

klxnf] kfgf | :yflgo ;dfrf/ | ;Dkfblso | dgf]/~hg | ljrf/÷laZn]if0f |