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;'g;/L . lhNnfel/sf ;flxTosf/x¿sf] ;femf d~r . 7"nf] gfd / 7"n} k|efj . lhNnfs} k'/fgf] Ps ljz'4 eflifs tyf ;flxlTos ;+:yf . t/, olt x'"bfx'"b} klg clxn] cfP/ ;'g;/L ;flxTo k|lti7fgnfO{ cfkm\gf] cl:tTj arfpg wf}–wf} kl//x]sf] 5 . s]xL jif{otf k|lti7fgn] s'g} pNn]vgLo ;flxlTos sfo{qmd klg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

:yfkgf ePsf] tLg jif{otf laTg nfUbf;Dd clxn] klg k|lti7fgsf] cfkm\g} sfof{no 5}g . ejgsf] t s'/} gu/f}+ . o;sf sfd–sf/jfxLx¿ jt{dfg sfo{ ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿åf/f JolQmut ?kdf g} ;DkGg ul/G5g\ . ;+:yfsf] 5fk, n]6/Kof8nufotsf ;fdfu|Lx¿ ltg} ;b:ox¿sxf" 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfsf] gfdf+lst af]8{ eg] k|To]s gjlgjf{lrt cWoIfsf] 3/df /flvg] k|rng cg';f/ xfnsf cWoIf uh]Gb|k|;fb cfrfo{sf] 3/cufl8sf] uf]7df em'08\ofO"Psf b]Vg ;lsG5 .

cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f k|lti7fg xfnsf] cs{d0o l:yltdf k'u]sf] o;sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ atfp"5g\ . æs'g} sfo{qmd ug{' k/]df To;sf nflu cy{ ;+sng ug{s} lglDt a9L ;do vlr{g'kg]{ afWotf 5,Æ k|lti7fgsf jt{dfg ;lrj /fh]z ljb|f]xLsf] syg 5 . efjL of]hgfaf/] pgL eG5g\– æca eg] yf]/} vr{ x'G5, t/ ;fy{s sfo{qmd k|To]s dlxgf slDtdf Pp6f eP klg ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf 5f}+ .Æ t/, k|lti7fgsf] csd{0otfsf lglDt sf]ifsf] cefj dfq} lhDd]jf/ eg] 5}g . o;sf jt{dfg sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ cf–cfkm\gf JolQmut sfo{ / Joj;fodf a9L ;lqmo /xG5g\ . To;}sf/0f pgLx¿ rflxP hlt ;do ;+:yfsf lglDt lbg ;Sb}gg\ . k|lti7fgsf jt{dfg cWoIf uh]Gb|k|;fb cfrfo{sf] u'gf;f] 5– æeg]sf] a]nfdf ;b:ox¿ Ps 7fp"df h'6fpg} ufx|f] 5 . clg s;/L sfd ug{ ;lsG5 t <Æ ;lrj ljb|f]xLsf] egfO klg o;eGbf k[ys 5}g . o;afx]s cl3Nnf] k':tfsf ;flxTosf/x¿ g]t[Tjsf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g vf]Hg' klg csf]{ sf/0f /x]sf] ;lrjsf] wf/0ff 5 . pgsf cg';f/ g]t[Tj txdf a;]sf cu|h ;flxTosf/x¿sf] dgMl:ylt klg gof"nfO{ /fhgLlts ljrf/sf] cfwf/df kIfkft ug]{ lsl;dsf] kfOG5 . To:t}, b[li6sf]0fdf ljljwtf ePsf gof" k':tfnfO{ Ps} 7fp"df ;d]6\g g;Sg' klg k|lti7fgsf] cBf]ultdf ;xfos 5 .

;'g;/L ;flxTo k|lti7fgsf] lglZqmotf glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//xg'ePsf ;flxTosf/ uf]ljGb ljsnsf cg';f/ k|lti7fgn] ;flxlTos kf7sx¿sf] ck]Iff cg';f/sf sfdx¿ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . k|lti7fgn] cfkm\gf] gfd cg'?ksf] sfd ug{ g;s]sf] atfp"b} pxf" eGg'x'G5– æb'O{–c9fO{ jif{df Psrf]l6 d'vkq lgsfNg', slxn]sfxL+ uf]i7L ug'{eGbf a9L pknlAw xfn;Dd s]xL ePsf] 5}g .Æ k|lti7fgsf] jt{dfg sfd–sf/jfxL emf/f 6fg]{ lsl;dsf] dfq ePsf] / n]vs snfsf/x¿sf aLrdf cGt/lqmof u/L ;+ul7t 9+un] cl3 a9fpg] tyf ;dfGo hgtfdf klg ;flxTosf] nf]slk|otf a9fpg] s'g} klg ;[hgfTds / k|fl1s of]hgf cl3 gNofOPsf] pxf"sf] 7DofO" /x]sf] 5 . k|lti7fgsf ;b:ox¿dWo] w]/}h;f] u}/;flxlTos If]qsf JolQmx¿ klg x'g' / ;b:ox¿df cfkm\gf] ;+:yfk|lt lhDd]jf/ 9+un] g;f]Rg] k|j[lQ xfjL /xg' g} o;sf] cBf]ultsf] sf/0f /x]sf] pxf" atfpg'x'G5 .

lj=;= @)!& ;fndf Og?jfdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;'g;/L ;flxTo Ps]8]dLnfO{ :j= dxfgGb ;fksf]6fsf] cu'jfOdf gfd kl/jt{g u/L @)#) ;fndf ;'g;/L ;flxTo k|lti7fg gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] klxnf] sfo{ ;ldltsf cWoIfdf :j= s0f{l;+x du/ / ;lrjdf :j= df]xg lj/xL /x]sf lyP . To:t} cGo ;b:ox¿df uf]kfn sf]O/fnf …TofuLÚ, zzLk|;fb ahufO", dfg ah|frfo{, ljho >]i7, /d]z e§/fO{ …kfv]Ú / pk]Gb| …kfunÚ lyP . :yfkgfsfnsf] cl3Nnf tLgjif{;Dd t kmf§km'§ ;flxlTos sfo{qmdx¿dfkm{t k|lti7fg ;lqmo g} /x\of] . t/ To;kl5 )$) ;fn;Dd nueu k"0f{?kdf o;n] xftv'§f af"w]/ a:of] . o;sf] df}gtf / lglZqmotfn] ;Ldf gf3]sf] dx;'; u/L )$) ;fnlt/ O6x/Lsf] hgtf dfWolds ljBfnodf ;flxTosf/x¿sf] Pp6f e]nf a:of] . dfg ah|frfo{sf] ;efkltTj / b]js'df/L yfkfsf] k|d'v cfltYodf a;]sf] ;f] e]nfn] cfufdL lbgx¿df ;+:yfnfO{ s;/L ;lqmotfk"j{s ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] af/]df pkl:yt ;flxTosf/x¿aLr lgs} 5nkmn rNof] . cGtdf w/fg] ;flxTosf/ ab|L kflnv]n] k|lti7fgnfO{ w/fgd} nu]/ rnfpg /fv]sf] k|:tfj e]nfn] cg'df]bg u/\of] . o;/L ;'g;/L ;flxTo k|lti7fg )$) ;fndf w/fg k|j]z u/\of] . To;kl5 ljlwjt ?kdf btf{ u/L gof" ljwfgcGtu{t ;+rfngdf NofOof] .

;'g;/L ;flxTo k|lti7fg w/fgdf a;fO" ;/]kl5 clxn];Dd rf/hgfn] o;sf] cWoIftf ul/;s]sf 5g\ . @)$) b]lv @)$$ ;Dd dfg ah|frfo{ o;sf] cWoIf eP . To;kl5 )$$ b]lv )$( ;Dd b]jnfn >]i7 / )$( b]lv )%@ ;Dd ab|L kflnv]sf] cWoIftf /x\of] . )%$ ;fnotf xfn;Dd uh]Gb|k|;fb cfrfo{ o;sf cWoIf /x]sf 5g\ . k|lti7fgsf] xfnsf] sfo{;ldltdf pk;efklt, ;lrj, pk;lrj, sf]iffWoIfdf qmdzM k|ltdf ljjz /fO{, /fh]z ljb|f]xL, k|jLg /fO{ / dgdf]xg kflnv] /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} cGo ;b:ox¿df cRo't k/fh'nL, nf]s/fh lg/f}nf, /df l3ld/], l;l4s0f{ zdf{ /x]sf 5g\ . k|lti7fgsf jt{dfg ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf eg] ab|L kflnv], s'Gtf zdf{, hgfb{g cfrfo{, rGb|dl0f clwsf/L / s[i0fk|;fb >]i7 /x]sf 5g\ .

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sf7df8f}" . ;+uLt Rofgnx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L bz{sx¿ ePsf] Pd=6L=eL= Ol08ofn] cfkm\gf nf]slk|o sfo{qmd g]kfndf k|;f/0f ljt/0f ug{ aGbf]j:t ldnfpg] lhDdf slG6g]G6n dfs]{l6ª k|fOe]6 lnld6]8nfO{ lbPsf] 5 .

ut jif{ g} ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf uPsf] / cfkm\gf ;+s]tx¿ PAS-10 :of6nfO6dfkm{t k|zf/0f ug]{ u/]sf] blIf0f Plzofs} o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L vf]lnPsf] Pd=6L=eL= Ol08ofsf] k|zf/0f g]kfndf c:yfoL ¿kdf ePsf] lyof] . Pd=6L=eL=sf k|ltlglwn] hgfP cg';f/ Pgfnu k|0ffnLaf6 l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf hfg] ;+qmd0fsf sf/0f o:tf] x'g uPsf] lyof] . clxn] ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnL l8hL6fON8 ePsf]n] g]kfndf k'gM cf/De ul/Psf] atfOPsf] 5 .

!@ b]lv #$ jif{sf pd]/ ;d"xsf lszf]/ jf o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L agfOPsf] of] Rofgndf Pd=6L=eL= jsf/f, Pd=6L=eL= k'tnL kmfNt', Pd=6L=eL= nenfOg, Pd=6L=eL= ;]n]S6, Pd=6L=eL= :6fOn, Pd=6L=eL= l;NnL KjfOG6 h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ lgs} nf]slk|o 5g\ .

Pd=6L=eL= Ol08of, ef/t / l5d]ssf @ s/f]8 #% nfv 3/df ljt/0f eO;s]sf] 5 .

cfof] ;f+uLlts sfo{qmdsf] jxf/

olta]nf /fhwfgL / df]km;n ;a} :yfgdf ;+fuLlts dfxf]n a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . ;+uLtsdL{x¿ klg TolQs} pT;fxL ag]sf 5g\ eg] bz{s–>f]tfx¿ klg ;+uLtk|lt df]lxt aGb}5g\ .

ljut * jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] xTof / lx+;faf6 clxn] d'n'sn] c:yfoL zflGt kfPsf] 5 . b]zdf hf/L xTof / lx+;f /f]lsG5 / b]zn] zflGtsf] ;f; km]5{ ls eg]/ w]/} g]kfnLx¿sf] dgdf cfzfsf] TofGb|f] knfPsf] 5 . o; c:yfoL zflGtnfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf abNg w]/} g]kfnLx¿ nfluk/]sf 5g\ eg] 7"nf–7"nf xTof / lx+;fnfO{ glhsaf6 b]v]sf g]kfnLx¿sf] dgdf / dl:tisdf zflGtsf] ljhf/f]k0f ug]{ p2]Zon] snfsf/ / ;+fuLlts 6f]nLx¿ nfluk/]sf 5g\ .

o:t} zflGtsf] sfdgf ub]{}+ bLk >]i7, s'GtL df]Qmfg, k|]d /f0ff cf}tf/L, /fd yfkf, ;'SdLt u'¿ª, ;kgf >L / g]kYonufot cGo snfsf/sf] ;d"xn] …;'Gb/ zfGt g]kfnÚ zflGt ;+uLt ofqf, @)%( sf] gf/f lbO{ g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf zflGtsf] sfdgf;lxt ;f+uLlts sfo{qmd k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L lzj/flqsf] cj;/ kf/]/ hf]ufcf+]} g]kfn cfdfnfO{Ú eGg] gf/fsf ;fy lqmol6e u|'k ckm g]kfnn] …;]e g]kfnÚ nfOe sG;6{sf] jL/]Gb| cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|df oxL k'; !& ut] cfof]hgf u¥of] . …dfof u5'{ d]/f] b]z g]kfnnfO{Ú eGg] uLtsf] ;fy ;'¿ ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf lgdf ¿Daf, lbk]z lszf]/ e§/fO{, ;'gLn ab]{jf, ;f]xg dfgGw/, ;'ud kf]v/]n, k|]d nfdf, cgLn l;+x / d+uf]lnog x6{ u/L sl/a ! bh{g snfsf/n] ;f+uLlts sfo{qmd k|:t't u/]sf lyP .

To;}u/L g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ / gd:t] sNr/df :6'l8of]n] ut !^ / !& ut] e[s'6Ld08kdf / @# / @$ ut] kf]v/fdf gjf}+ lzj/flq ljZj ;+uLt dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . zflGt / Pstfsf] ;Gb]z xfd|f] ;+uLtsf] cfjfh x'g]5 eGg] sfdgf ;lxt pQm sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ufos O{Zj/ u'¿ªn] u/]sf lyP .

zflGtsf] sfdgf u/]/ o;/L b}lgs ¿kdf eO/x]sf ;f+uLlts sfo{qmdnfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lng'x'G5 ;+uLtsf/ zDe'hLt af;sf]6f . pxf" eGg'x''G5– zflGt g} ;+uLt xf] / ;+uLtn] a/flnPsf] / laWj+;lt/ uPsf] dgnfO{ zflGt / ;'ljrf/lt/ 8f]xf]¥ofp"5 .

o; lsl;dsf ;f+uLlts sfo{qmd lgoldt ¿kdf x'g'kg]{ / ;a}kIfaf6 k|f]T;fxg ldn]df cfufdL a}zfvb]lv …k|ltefsf] 8jnLÚ eGg] 6]lnlehgsf] k'/fgf] sfo{qmdnfO{ zflGtsf] ;Gb]zsf ;fy hgtf ;dIf k'¥ofpg] tof/L eO/x]sf] pxf" atfpg'x'G5 .

zflGt ;+uLt ofqfdf ;xefuL eO{ sf7df8f}+ cfOk'Ug' ePsL ;'sdLt u'¿ª cfkm"x¿n] ;'¿ u/]sf] sfo{qmd cToGt ;kmn ePsf] / cfkm\gf] @)÷@! jif]{ ;f+uLlts ofqfdf oltsf] ;+Vofdf >f]tfsf] pkl:ylt gb]v]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmdn] o'4af6 lg/fz ePsf hgtfsf] dgdf cfzfsf] gof ls/0f a;fpg] x'gfn] lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ atfpg'x'G5 .

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sf7df8f}+ . xfn} dfq snfsf/ xl/k|;fb zdf{sf /rgfx¿sf] /fhwfgLdf ;fj{hlgs k|b{zg ul/of] . Osf] lxdfn gfds u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf cfof]hgf ePsf] ;f] lrq k|b{zgL sfo{qmddf g]kfnL snfsf/ / ;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] e"ldsf ljifos n3'uf]i7Lsf] klg cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

k|b{zgLdf /flvPsf ;a} lrqx¿ Oltxf; / ;+:s[t ljifodf s]lGb|t lyP . To;f] t snfsf/ zdf{ eG5g\– æd]/f] ljifo g} Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt ePsf] x'gfn] d}n] log} ljifodf dfq SofGef; /+ª\ofPsf] 5' .Æ pgsf /rgfx¿sf] csf]{ ljif]iftf xf]– hghLjg / dgf]lj1fg . d"ntM sf7df8f}+sf /}yfg] dflgPsf g]jf/L wd{ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ snfsf/ zdf{n] cfkm\gf /rgfx¿df d'vl/t u/]sf 5g\ . eG5g\, æd oxL ;dfhdf x's]{+, g]jf/L efiff, ;+:s[lt / rfnrngn] dnfO{ 5f]of] . To;}n] klg d}n] d]/f] dgsf] ;f+:s[lts df]xnfO{ /+Ëx¿;"u ;f6\g] k|of; ul//x]5' .Æ

x'g klg xf], kf6gsf] aUuLvfgfdf /flvPsf pgsf /rgfx¿df Hofk' bDktLn] dfofk|Llt emNsfPsf] b[io dfq xf]Og oxf"sf k|frLg kf6L kf}jf, d7 dlGb/ / rfnrngsf] ;hLj lrq0f kfOG5 . zdf{n] t g]jf/L ;dfhsf rf8kj{nfO{ cfkm\gf lrqx¿sf] d"n ljifo g} agfPsf 5g\ . To;f] t snfsf/ zdf{n] cToGt} ;'Gb/ 9+Ëdf agfPsf snfsf/ c/gLsf] 3/ 5f]8\bf, tn]h' ejfgLsf] kf;f / l;4fy{ uf}tdn] b/af/ TofUbf zLif{ssf lrqx¿ klg k|b{zgLdf /flvPsf 5g\ . cGo lrqx¿df eGbf oL zLif{sx¿df snfsf/sf] lehg / d]xgt cem} a9L b]lvG5 . To;}n] oL ;a} /rgfx¿nfO{ ;[hgfsf b[li6sf]0f d"Nodfg dfGg'kb{5 .

dgf]/~hg pBf]udf k|0fo k|s/0f

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dgf]/~hg pBf]ucGtu{tsf] rf/j6f k|0fo k|s/0f olta]nf /fhwfgLdf rrf{of]Uo ag]sf] 5 . b'O{jif{ cl3af6} c;dembf/L pTkGg ePsf] gflosf k"hf / k|fljlws ;'/haLrsf] bfDkTo hLjg s]xL ;ftfk"j{ kf/kfr's]sf] l:yltdf k'u]sf] 5 . /, rrf{ rln/x]sf] 5, k"hf s'g} xf]6n dflns;"u / ;'/h Ps l/of gfds ;'Gb/L;"u bf];|f] k6s k|0fo ;"qdf af"lwg] ePsf 5g\ . ;'/hn] ut;ftf Ps cvaf/nfO{ lbPsf] cGtjf{tf{df oL s'/f :jLsf/]sf 5g\, t/ k"hfn] k|s/0f rs{gf;fy 3/sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/, xft]kmf]gsf] gDa/ / 8]/f klg kl/jt{g u/]/ cfkm\gf kIfsf s'/fnfO{ xNnfsf] ahf/d} a]afl/; 5f8]sL 5g\ .

dgf]/~hg pBf]u;"u ;Da4 /x]sf af"sL tLg k|0fo k|s/0f x'g\– uflosf glngf lrqsf/, xf:o snfsf/ hLt' g]kfn / pgs} elthf] tyf xf":o snfsf/ uf]kfn g]kfn -lkm:6]_ x¿sf] . k|0fo;"q k|rlnt hLjgz}nLsf] Pp6f lgoldt ;+of]u xf] . k|0fosd{ dfG5]n] hLjgdf ef]Ug] tdfd cf/f]xdWo] Ps ljlzi7 / pNn]vgLo cf/f]x of cj/f]x xf] . dgf]/~hg pBf]udf k|0fo k|;+u jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf Ps rrf{ / k|rf/of]Uo k|;+usf ?kdf ljsl;t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . ljZj dgf]/~hg pBf]udf o:tf k|;+usf] ljz]if dxTj x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df of] s]xL km/s k|s/0fsf ?kdf rrf{ x'"b} cfPsf] 5 . h:tf] ls glngf lrqsf/n] uPsf] ljxLaf/ ;+hLj ld> gfd u/]sf Ps o'jsnfO{ hLjgdf k|j]z u/fOg\ . glngfn] Ps lbg lax] ug'{ lyof], ul/g\ . ;'Gg]x¿nfO{ oxL g} sfkmL 5 . t/, oxf" rrf{ ug{'kg]{ / kª\tLsf/sf] rrf{sf nflu of]Uo ePsf] ljifo cs}{+ xf] . Pp6f :s'6/ lyof], :s'6/ rnfpg] Pp6f ;f]emf], sfnf] s]6f] lyof], Pp6f k]h/sf] 8Nnf] lyof], xfdLh:tfn] k]h ugf{;fy glngfsf]df t' va/ hfGYof], glngfn] p;nfO{ dfof uly{g\, p;n] klg sd dfof ub}{+gYof] . xfdL Tof] df]xg eGg] glngfsf] ;fyLnfO{ p;sf] >Ldfg\ xf] eGg] Jojxf/ ug]{ ub{Yof}, tL b'j} klg ToxL rfxGy] . nfUbYof]– olt ;f]emf] s]6f], Tolt af7L glngf s;/L Ps hLjgdf h'6] xf]nfg\ . pgLx¿sf] hftdfq} ldNb}gYof], glngfsf] x/ Ozf/f a'em]/ df]xg x/sfd kmQ] ul//xGYof] . ;f]lrGYof]– cfxf, b}an] h'/fPsf] Sof /fd|f] hf]8L † t/, Pslbg r}tsf] x'08/Ln] xtf/ u5{ / Tof] kmfNu'gd} x'lQP/ cfp"5 . of] xf]– glngfn] df]xgnfO{ la;]{/ s'g} ;+hLj gfd u/]sf] dfG5];"u l;Gb'/ xfnL dflU5g\ . olta]nf glngf k|fljlws k|0fosd{df klxnf] / efjgfTds k|0fodf bf];|f] k6s awfO{sf] kfq ag]sL 5g\, awfO{ 5 glngf †

r'na'n] xf":o snfsf/ uf]kfn g]kfn -lkm:6]_ ;"u kfn'ªlt/sf] 8f]Ndf z]kf{ kf]Onf hfg /fhL eOg\ . /, lkm:6]n] 8f]NdfnfO{ kf]Onf lx8fpg] ljlw k'¥ofp"b} eufP/ NofP . t/, ;+of]u s:tf] k¥of] eg] * ut] lkm:6]n] 8f]NdfnfO{ lx+8fPsf] / !# ut] sfsf hLt'n] kmlk{ªsL d'gf /fptnfO{ l;Gb'/ xfNg] lbg . dfG5]x¿ e"ne"n}ofdf kgf{n] 8f]Ndf hLt'sL kTgL eGg] xNnf eof], a'xf/LnfO{ a"9Lsf ?kdf rrf{df Nofp"bf hLt'nfO{ k/]sf] kL/sf] k|s[lt Ps 7fp"df 5 . To;f] eg]/ xNnf rNbf lar/L d'gfnfO{ slt gdHhf eof] xf]nf . lkm:6]n] Toqf] d]xgt u/]/ kf]Onf eufPsf] :jf:gL sfsfsf] kTgL cyf{t\ sfsLsf ?kdf rrf{ x'"bf lkm:6]sf] dgn] s] eGof] xf]nf < s;}–s;}n] eg]– e'jg s];Ln] u/]h:tf] :Sof08n dRrfPsf x'g\ . t/, of] s'/f] kTofOg;Sg'sf] 5 . oL sfsf elthfn] :jf:gLx¿sf] gfddf :Sof08n dRrfpg'sf] s'g} cy{ / clek|fo e]l6b}+g . s'g} Ps kqsf/n] pN6f] s'/f n]lvlbgfn] To:tf] ePsf] xf] eg]/ a'em\g xfdL afWo 5f}+ . jf:tljstf s] xf] l9nf], rf"8f] v'N5 g} xf]nf .

#) jifL{of gflos k"hf rGbsL !) jifL{of 5f]/L cln;f rGb 1fgf]bo afnaflnsf pRr df=lj, hfjnfv]ndf sIff $ df cWoog/t l5g\ . ;'/h;"u ePsf] lg0ff{os ;DaGwljR5]bkl5 k"hfn] 8]/f808f ;a} c1ft:yntkm{ :yfgfGt/0f u/]sL 5g\ . s;}–s;}n] eGg] u/]sf 5g\– k"hfsf] l;g] Sofl/o/ klg o; k|sf/sf ljjfbsf sf/0f 8]/f808f ;/]h:t} s'g} c1ft:yntkm{ ws]lnPsf] 5 .

k"hfsf klt t eGb}5g\– pgsf] k"hf eGg] gfd pgn] /fv]sf 5g\ . e/ t o;} klg pgsf] xf] . To;}n] k"hf rGbn] ca k"hf rGb xf]Og, s'g} /flwsf kl/of/, /flwsf :yflkt, /flwsf kf}8]n, /flwsf l;njfn, /flwsf ldQn, /flwsf l;/f]lxof jf /flwsf nfdfdWo] jf To;k|sf/sf] gfdy/ u|x0f ug'{k5{ / ;'/hsf] kTgLsf ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] gfd]6 x'g'k5{ eGg] pgsf] cfu|x 5 . logLx¿sf] of] k|;+u ;'l:dtf s];Ln] s];Laf6 5'6fgfd x'g nfUbf nfdf n]Vg'kg]{ afWotfeGbf km/s kfOG5 .

slnp8df b]vfk/]sf oL k|0fohGo ljjfbn] kfPsf] of] rfvnfUbf] rrf{n] slnp8df k|ulttkm{ n}hfg] 5f"6sf"6 lbPsf] 5}g . ;d[4zfnL l;g]df ahf/sf] kl/sNkgf ug]{ xf] eg] o:tf lgDg:t/sf Jojxf/ / ;f]raf6 l;g]pBf]u d'Qm x'g'k5{ .