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x/]s b]zn] cfhsn cfw'lgs /fHo ;+rfng ug{÷u/fpgsf] nflu d"n sfg'gsf] ¿kdf cf–cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] cfjZostf cg's"nsf] ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . c;n ;+ljwfg ToxL x'G5, h'g ;+ljwfg To; b]zsf hgtfsf cfsfª\IffnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug{ ;Sb5 / cfkm\gf] /fli6«o cfjZostf Pjd\ o'usf] dfunfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{÷u/fpg afws x'"b}g . /fi6«sf] nflu gof" ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f k|fozM To;a]nf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 ha p;n] ckgfO/x]sf] /fhg}lts Joj:yfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/L gof" /fhg}lts Joj:yf nfu" ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;k|sf/ agfOg] ;+ljwfgx¿dWo] of t j}wflgs ;Dd]ng, ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]u of ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgld{t x'G5g\ . ljZjsf k|l;4 b]zx¿sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] cWoog u/L x]l/Pdf oyfy{ cjut x'G5 .

xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdsf] cjnf]sg ubf{ cfh;Dddf h]–hlt ;+ljwfg ag]sf 5g\– j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ / cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& afx]s cGo ;a} ;+ljwfgx¿ /fi6«fWoIf >L % af6 ul7t cfof]uåf/f lgld{t d:of}bfnfO{ cfjZos ;+zf]wg, cbn–abn u/L >L % af6 g} 3f]if0ff u/]/ hf/L ePsf 5g\ . jt{dfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& >L % af6 hf/L eP klg g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg] / o;sf] k|of]u o;} ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] u/]/ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] /fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|of]u x'g] u/L k"j{jtL{ ;+ljwfg @)!( cg';f/ >L % df /x]sf tL clwsf/ g]kfnL hgtfdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf 5g\ . ca of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;+;b\n] ;+zf]wg ug{ afx]s c¿ s;}n] klg k|lt;+x/0f ug{ ;Sb}g .

cfhsn xfdL sxf" klg ;+ljwfg;efåf/f gof" ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifodf s;}n] cfhsf] lgsf; …;+ljwfg;efÚ dfq xf] eGb5g\ . b]zdf lx+;f, xTof / cft+s dRrfO/x]sf] dfcf]jfbLn] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/, ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] ePdf zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts l;4fGtsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ u/L b]zsf] /fhgLltdf ;xefuL x'g >L % sf] ;/sf/;"u jftf{ ug{ xfn cfkm\gf lx+;fhGo lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ /f]s]sf] 5 . af}l4s Joj;fosf s]xL JolQm / ;]gf, /fhg}lts bn;d]t ;+ljwfg;efs} kIfdf jsfnt ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf …;+ljwfg;efÚ 5nkmnsf] /fli6«o d'2f ag]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf g]kfnL gful/s hf];'s}nfO{ klg cfkm\gf ljrf/x¿ /fVg kfpg], ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] g} lbPsf] 5 . b]z ;a}sf] ;femf xf] . To:t} b]zsf] /fHo ;+rfng ug]{÷u/fpg] …d"n sfg'g ;+ljwfgÚ klg k|To]s b]zjf;Lsf] ;femf ;DklQ xf] . o:tf] ljifodf /fhg}lts bn tyf ;d:t g]kfnL hg;d'bfodf rf;f] x'g' / /xg' :jfefljs dfq xf]Og /fi6«k|ltsf] df]xsf] cleJolQm klg xf] . ;+ljwfg;ef s;/L aGg] xf] / s]sf] nflu ;+ljwfg;ef rflxPsf] xf] <

;+ljwfg;ef s;/L lgdf{0f x'g] xf] < o;sf] Joj:yf s;n] ug]{ xf] < ;+j}wflgs dfGotf cg'¿k k|fljlws ¿kdf x]bf{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& h'g xfn k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 o;nfO{ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwsf] ;+;b\åf/f ;+zf]wg gu/L o;df Joj:yf gePsf] …;+ljwfg;efÚ sf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] h:tf s'g} sfd >L % nufot cGo s;}n] klg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . k|hftGqdf /fHo ;+rfngsf] nflu ;+ljwfg x'G5 . sfg'gsf] zf;g x'G5 . ;+ljwfg / k|hftGq;d]t b'j} gdfGg] xf] eg] a]Un} s'/f eof] . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ug]{ cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;fdfGo ;+zf]wg …;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ljw]osÚ ;+;b\sf] k|To]s ;bgdf ;f] ;bgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/te} >L % af6 :jLs[lt aS; ePkl5 ;+zf]wg x'g] / ;+ljwfgsf] …d"ne"t :j¿kÚ df kl/jt{g x'g] ljw]os ;+;b\sf] k|To]s ;bgdf ;f] ;bgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] tLg rf}yfO{ ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t eO{ >L % af6 :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/aS;]kl5 ;f] ljw]ospk/ hgdt ;+u|x u/fOg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof], t/ tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\n] of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg g} ug{ gkfOg] u/fO{ ;Nnfx–;Ddlt >L % df hfx]/ u/]af6 ;f]xL adf]lhd …d"ne"t :j¿kÚ c;+zf]wgLo x'g uO{ hgdt ;+u|xdf klg hfg gkfOg] u/fOPsf] xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] s'g k|fjwfgn] sf]af6 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] eGg] xf] < To;sf] lgsf; st} klg b]lvb}+g . s'g} klg ;+ljwfgn] cfkm" vf/]h x'g] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] x'"b}g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] kfng / ;+/If0f >L % nufot ;a}n] ug'{ kb{5 . of] ;+ljwfgljk/Lt ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g', ug'{kb{5 s;}n] eGb5 eg] To:tf egfO k"0f{tM c;+j}wflgs x'G5g\ .

;+ljwfg;efåf/f gof" ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 eGg]x¿dWo] s'g} s;}n] klg s]–sf] nflu ;+ljwfg;ef rflxPsf] xf] < s]–s:tf] k|hftflGqs clwsf/ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ k'u]g < g]kfnL hgtfsf xslxt ;+/If0f ug{ / g]kfn /fi6«nfO{ ;d'Ggt t'Nofpg tyf gof" g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] s'g k|fjwfgn] dfcf]jfbL of ;Qfdf k'u]sfx¿ of cGo s;}nfO{ /f]s]sf] xf], s;}n] klg cf}+Nofpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}+g . dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] b[li6sf]0f egL @)%* ;fn dfu{ ^ ut] sflGtk'/df 5flkPsf] n]vdf ærfx] h+uaxfb'/sf] !(!) xf];\ jf @)!% ;fnsf] ;+;bLo ;+ljwfg xf];\ jf @)!( ;fnsf] k+rfotL ;+ljwfg xf];\ jf @)$& ;fnsf] jt{dfg ;+;bLo ;+ljwfg xf];\ tL ;a} zf;sju{sf gfOs] >L # / >L % x¿af6 hf/L ul/Psf juL{o clwgfosTjsf n]vf]6x¿ x'g\ . tL ;+ljwfgx¿df cGtlg{lxt k|ltufdL ;DklQ ;DaGw, ;fdGQL e"ld ;DaGw, /fhtGqsf] ;j{zlQm ;dfgtf, jx';+Vos hghfltx¿dfly cNk;+Vos cfo{, v; hfltsf] clwkTo, dlxnfx¿dflysf] lkt[;QfTds zf]if0f, blntx¿dflysf] dg'jfbL pTkL8g, lxGb" wd{sf] Psflwsf/ cflbnfO{ dfq x]g]{ xf] eg] k|ltufdL juL{o rl/q 7Dofpg s'g} ufx|f] kb}{g . To;}n] of] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg vf/]h u/]/ k'"hLjfbL cy{df hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg agfpg / zfxL ;]gfsf] andf b/af/n] dg nfu]sf] a]nf anfTsf/ ug{ glbg gof" ;+ljwfg hgtfsf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] agfpg] / pgLx¿n] g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/]/ hf/L ug]{ k|lqmof ckgfpg] xf]Æ elgPsf] 5 . s] o:tf] ;+ljwfg jftf{åf/f aGg] elgPsf] ;+ljwfg;efåf/f ;Dej xf]nf < o:tf] x'gnfO{ t dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ /fHo;Qf Psnf}6L cfkm\gf] xftdf lnO;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 . cGoyf To:tf] ;+ljwfg aGg ;Dej b]lvb}+g .

Psyl/sf] egfO 5– ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] k|hftflGqs cEof; xf] . hgtf ;j]{;jf{ aGg' xf] . cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ;+ljwfg hgtfaf6 r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] agfpg] xf], k|hftGqdf cf:yf /fVg]n] hgtfdf hfg lxrlsrfpg' x'"b}g . ;+ljwfg;ef cfh;Ddsf] ;+j}wflgs cEof;df, k[i7e"lddf hgtfsf] ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ ;jf{lws pko'Qm ;fwg xf] eGg] klg ul/G5, t/ To:tf] eGg]n] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] s'g k|fjwfgn] hgtfsf k|hftflGqs, g};lu{s clwsf/x¿ hgtfn] pkof]u ug{ /f]s]sf] 5 / < s'g k|lqmofaf6 …;+ljwfg;efÚ af6 aGg] s:tf] gof" ;+ljwfgn] cu|ufdL ult lbg] xf] < ljZjf;of]Uo tyf ts{;+ut ljrf/ lbg ;ssf] b]lvb}+g .

csf{yl/ eg] g]kfndf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf rflxG5, cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/ jf hftLo :jzf;g / eflifs cfwf/df If]qLo :jfoQtf lbnfpgsf] nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf bnx¿sf k|ltlglw, efiffefifL / hghflt, dlxnf, blnt dlw;Lx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;+ljwfg;efdf u/fpg'kb{5 eG5g\ . To:t} s]xL JolQmx¿ g]kfndf ;lqmo tyf ;zQm /fhtGq rflxG5 eG5g\ . s;/L To:tf ju{sf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] lgjf{rgdf lhTg] xf] < klxn] g} Uof/]06L s;n] ug{] xf] < To;sf] Jojxfl/s ;dfwfgsf] lgsf; To:tf] eGg]x¿af6 cfPsf] b]lvb+}g .

b]zsf] ;+ljwfg To; b]zdf lgjf; ug]{ ;a}sf] lxt tyf sNof0f x'g] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . dlxnf, afns j[4 jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] ;+/If0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu hglgjf{lrt ;+;b\af6 sfg'g agfO{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug{;Sg] 5'6 ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] x'g'kb{5 . s'g} ju{, hflt / If]qnfO{ pTkL8g Pjd\ zf]if0f ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf x'g}kb{5 . To:t}u/L dflg;nfO{ a]rlavg ug{, bf; t'Nofpg, jfrg agfpg] s'g} lsl;dn] sfd u/fpg / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hfltkfltsf cfwf/df 5'jf5'tsf] e]befj ug{ gx'g] / To:tf] s;}n] u/]df b08gLo x'g] k|fjwfg /xg}kb{5 . df}lns xs;DaGwL o:tf dfgjLo Joj:yfx¿ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf ePs} b]lvG5g\ .

;+j}wflgs xsclwsf/sf] pNn]v / lgdf{0f ;+j}wflgs of Convention af6 tof/ ul/Psf] /fd|f] gx'g] / hglgjf{lrtn] agfOPsf] dfq j}wflgs / /fd|f] x'g] xf]Og . …;+ljwfg;efÚ klg ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ Ps k|sf/sf] k|lqmof dfq xf] . cem} eGg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg eL8n] agfpg] xf]Og . o;sf] d:of}bf ;+ljwfg ljz]if1n] ug]{ xf] . /fi6«lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofO{ :yflkt e};s]sf /fhg}lts zlQmn] b]zsf] /fhg}lts ;Gt'ng ldnfpg, /fli6«o cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{, hgcf+sfIff cg's"nsf] agfpg] / df}lns dfgjclwsf/x¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o u/L lgdf{0f ul/g] ljifoj:t' xf] . d}n] hfg]a'em];Dd lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf …;+ljwfgÚ x¿ w]/} ;do;Dd l6sfp x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;k|sf/sf] ljZjsf] ;+j}wflgs ljZj Oltxf; xfd|f] ;fd' 5 . ;f]leot ¿;df -O{;jL ;g\ !(!& df_ gof" ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;g\ !(!& gf]e]Da/df ;DkGg eof] . To;df d]G;]ljs kf6L{n] ax'dt Nofof] . n]lggsf] jf]N;]les kf6L{ cNkdtdf k¥of] . o;/L lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/]/ % hgj/L !(!* df klxnf] a}7s a:bf cNkdtn] o;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]g . ax'dtn] lgjf{rgdf cfkm"n] ax'dt k|fKt u/]sf] j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fof] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6} a;]sf] a}7sdf n]lggsf xltof/wf/L nfn;]gf cfP/ ;+ljwfg;efsf lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿nfO{ a}7saf6 ws]n]/ aflx/ lgsfn] / k'gM o:tf] a}7s ug{ gcfpg' eg]/ wDSofP . To;kl5 ;f] lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g ul/of] / sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] Ps ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g u¥of] . To;} ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf] d:of}bfnfO{ !) h'nfO{ !(!* df All Russion Congress of Soviets n] :jLs[t u/L Toxf"sf] ;+ljwfg aGof] . tTkZrft\ ;f]leot ¿;df ag]sf !(@$, !(#^, !(&& ;a} ;+ljwfgx¿ ;ldlt of cfof]u h:t}af6 ag]sf b]lvPsf 5g\ .

k|mfG;df /fHo qmflGtkl5 !&*( df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, !&(! df lnlvt ;+ljwfg / !((# df u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg aGof] . tL ;a} lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efaf6 agfOPsf eP klg /fhg}lts ;Gt'ng gldn]sf sf/0fn] b]zdf Hofb} cl:y/tf a9\b} uof] l:y/tf cfPg . To;kl5 qmdzM ag]sf t];|f], rf}yf] / kf"rf}dWo] xfn k|rngdf @* ;]K6]Da/ !(%* df ag]sf] kf"rf} u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg /x]sf] 5 . kl5 ag]sf oL ;+ljwfgx¿ lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf xf]Ogg\ .

hd{gLdf /fhtGq ( gf]e]Da/ !(!* df pGd'ng ePkl5 klZrdL k|hftflGqs 9f"rfsf] ;+ljwfg agfpg hgj/L !(!( df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fO{ tL lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿n] lj:t[t 5nkmn u/]/ cu:t !(!( df gof" ;+ljwfg hf/L u/] . of] ;+ljwfg cNk ;do;Dd sfod /x\of] . !$ jif{sf] cjlwdf @! j6f ;/sf/ ag] . w]/}k6s ;+;b\ lj36g ul/of] . o;} ;+ljwfgcGtu{t lx6n/sf] pbo eof] . The Weimar Republican Constitution sf gfdn] k|l;4 ;f] ;+ljwfg w]/} l6Sg ;s]g . låtLo ljZjo'4kl5 hd{gL @ efudf ljeflht eof] . klZrd hd{gLsf] kfln{ofd]G6/L sfpG;Lnn] ;+3Lo hd{gLsf] u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfgsf] !($( df d:of}bf u/L agfPsf] ;+ljwfg clxn] !((% ;Dddf $#cf}+ k6s ;+zf]wg eP/ clxn];Dd sfod} /x]sf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfg klg lgjf{lrt ;efaf6 agfOPsf] xf]Og .

;+ljwfg;efåf/f agfOg] gof" ;+ljwfgsf] cfjZostf To; cj:yfdf dfq kb{5 hals b]zsf] /fhg}lts Joj:yfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zdf @))& ;fndf tTsfnLg PstGqLo hxflgof" x's'dL zf;g ;dfKt eO{ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds ax'bnLo ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgfsf] nflu gof" ;+ljwfgsf] cfjZostf k/]af6 @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] tTsfnLg u2Lg;Lg >L % af6 …xfd|f] k|hfsf] zf;g ca pk|fGt lghx¿n] lgjf{rg u/]sf] Ps j}wflgs ;efn] th'{df u/]sf] k|hftflGqs ljwfg cg';f/ xf]cf];\ eGg] xfd|f] OR5f / lg0f{o ePsf]Ú 3f]if0ff ul/of] / ;+ljwfg;efn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;+ljwfg tof/ geP;Ddsf] cGt/sfnLg ;dosf] nflu cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& hf/L ul/of] . o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]lvt zfxL OR5f / lg0f{o tyf hgefjfg's"nsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g u/L sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ hgk|ltlglwTj P]g @))* agfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL k|f/lDes sfjf{xL yflnPsf]nfO{ To;} 5f8L @)!% ;fn h]7 @ ut] pQm cGtl/d zf;g ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf / cGo ;DalGwt bkmfnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L …g]kfnsf] lgldQ Ps ;+ljwfg agL k|f/De geP;DdÚ eGg] zAbfjnL /fvL ;+zf]wg ul/of] . o;kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf k|;+u g} yfGsf nfu]/ a;]sf] ljifosf] clxn] k'gM rrf{ x'gyfn]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg s;/L, s;n] agfpg] xf] eGg'eGbf klg s:tf] ;+ljwfg ag]df g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxt x'G5 eGg] ;f]rfO /fVg' a9L Jojxfl/s x'G5 .

;+ljwfg s;n], s]–s;/L, s:tf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ agfpg] xf] eGg] dfu /fVg' of lrGtg ug'{eGbf xfd|f] dft[e"ldsf] nflu s:tf] ;+ljwfg ag]df of] ;femf km"naf/Lsf afl;Gbf g]kfnL hfthflt, efiffefifL / If]qLo lgjf;Lx¿sf] sNof0f x'G5 < g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf / cv08tf s;/L cIf'00f /xg ;S5, gj g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ s:tf] k|fjwfg ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cfjZostf xfd|f] /fi6« / /fi6«af;Lx¿nfO{ 5, To;tkm{ ;fy{s k|of; x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg hlt;'s} k|hftflGqs, hglxtsf/L / nf]s;Ddlt cg's"nsf] zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ kljq p2]Zo /fVg] eP klg olb ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug]{n] k|hftflGqs ;+:sf/o'Qm cfr/0f, c;n rl/q / ;Ifdtf /fVg ;s]gg\ of /fli6«o lxt eGbf cfkm\gf] lghL :jfy{nfO{ k|>o lbg] vfnsf eP eg] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] cg';f/sf p2]Zo k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfg ;fwg dfq xf], ;fWo xf]Og . ljut !@ jif{sf cg'ejn] xfdLnfO{ w]/} l;sfO;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

of] ;+ljwfg ljutsf ;+ljwfgx¿eGbf w]/} cu|ufdL, ctLj k|ultzLn 5 . of] ;+ljwfgn] ;j{k|yd g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d agfPsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnL hgtfsf cfwf/e"t df}lns dfgjflwsf/ ;'/lIft kf/]sf] 5 . lr/sfnko{Gt ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, /fhg}lts / cfly{s Gofo ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . ;Ifd / :jtGq Gofosf] Joj:yf u/L sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ax'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfg cu|ufdL ;dfh / gof" g]kfn lgdf{0fdf afws ag]sf] 5}g . of] !@ jif{sf] cjlwdf o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf Hofb} lkmtnf] / sdhf]/ Pjd\ hgtfsf d"n ;d:ofk|lt Wofg gk'u]sf] eP klg To:tf] x'g uPsf] ;+ljwfgsf] sdhf]/Laf6 xf]Og . ;+ljwfg :jod\df c;kmn ePsf] xf]Og . clxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfu ljz]iftM dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] 5 . @)$& ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt pknlAweGbf klg cu|ufdL ;'wf/sf] nflu ;+ljwfg;ef rflxPsf] xf] elgPsf] 5 . olb lgjf{rg g} x'g] xf] eg] o:t} g} kl/0ffd lg:sg] 5 egL s;}n] klg cg'dfg ug{;Sg] xf]Og . dfcf]jfbLn] s;/L To:tf] cg'dfg ug{ ;s]sf x'g\ . olb aGb's rnfPs} e/df cfkm"n] eg] h:tf] x'G5 eGg] ;f]lrPsf] xf] eg] aGb'sx¿ t k|ltudgsf/Lx¿;"u klg xf]nfg\ . olb 5}gg\ eg] klg dfcf]jfbLn] xltof/ NofP h:tf] pgLx¿n] klg Nofpg ;S5g\ . xltof/sf] ansf] cfwf/df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf ax'dt Nofpg] kIfsf JolQmx¿sf] ;+ljwfg;efåf/f agfOPsf] ;+ljwfg k|hftflGqs x'g / lr/:yfoL /xg ;j{yf ;Sb}g . xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] cfr/0f / ;+:sf/ k|hftflGqs 5}g . xfdL zlQm h;sf] xftdf x'G5 clwsf+ztM Tot} nfU5f} . xfdL cfkm\gf] Ifdtf lgwf{/0f / k|a4{g ug'{eGbf rfs8L / rfKn';L ug{ ¿rfp"5f}+ . cfhsf] xfd|f] /fli6«o ;d:of ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eGbf xfd|f] cfr/0f / Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' k/]sf] 5 . ha;Dd xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] of] rl/qut ljz]iftfdf ;'wf/ cfp"b}g, ta;Dd h;n] h'g;'s} tl/sf ckgfO{ /fd|f] ;+ljwfg agfP klg oxf" s]xL x'g]jfnf 5}g .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g' / hgtfåf/f r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{' k|hftflGqs clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . t/ eGg / efif0f ug{ hlt ;lhnf] 5, Tolt ;/n xfd|f] h:tf] lk5l8Psf] b]zdf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 aGg] ;+ljwfgaf6 hgclwsf/, dfgjclwsf/, hgtfsf ;j{dfGo df}lns xs ;'/lIft ug]{ ;+ljwfg aGg ufx|f]kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zdf hgdt ;+u|x ;DkGg ug{] ;Gbe{df ax'bnsf] k|rf/ ug{ lhNnf–lhNnfdf hf"bf ax'bn k|rf/sf] efif0f ;dfKt ePkl5 To; 7fp"df efif0f ;'Gg cfpg]dWo]sf JolQmaf6 d;"u ax'bndf dt lbg]x¿sf] ;+Vof %)) 5, ax'bndf dt lbnfPdf slt k};f lbg'x'G5 eg]/ ;f]Wg] u/]sf] d cfkm}+n] a]xf]/]sf] 5' . clzIff, c1fgtf / ul/aLsf sf/0fn] ax';+vos hgtf ePsf] 7fp"df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ljhoL JolQmx¿af6 aGg] ;+ljwfgn] dfcf]jfbLn] rfx] h:tf] …Jojxf/tM b/af/df g} lglxt /x]sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf x:tfGtl/t eO{ efjL lbgx¿df g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cu|ufdL lbzfdf a9\g dfu{ k|z:t x'g]Ú s;/L x'g] xf], a'em\g ;lsPsf] 5}g .

/fhtGq / ax'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfjZostf 5}gM

s]xL ;dootf b]zdf rNb} cfPsf] lx+;f, xTof, cft+s / ljsf;sf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] Wj+; /f]lsPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL / /fHokIf b'j}af6 Ps csf{nfO{ dfg{÷d/fpg :ylut u/]sf 5g\ . cfk;L jftf{ / 5nkmnaf6 zflGt :yfkgf ug]{, lgsf;sf] vf]hL ug]{ eg]sf 5g\ . xfdL ;d:t g]kfnL hgtfsf] / xfdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ ldq /fi6«x¿sf] tyf cGt/f{li6«o rfxgf g} g]kfndf zflGt sfod xf];\ eGg] g} 5 . g]zeQm Pjd\ ljj]szLn s'g} g]kfnLn] g]kfnLnfO{ df/]/ xfd|f] dft[e"lddf g]kfnLsf] /ut gauf];\ eGg] g} cfTdfsf] k'sf/ 5 . b]zdf zflGt sfod x'g ;s]df cToGt /fd|f] xf] . t/, jftf{ PskIfLo ¿kaf6 e+u u/L k'gM cft+sdf b]z / hgtfnfO{ kfg{af6 ca eljiodf k"j{ pbfx/0f bf]xf]l/b}+g eg]/ g]kfnL hgtf ljZj:t x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . b]zdf zflGt cfhsf] /fli6«o cfjZostf xf], zflGtsfdL hgtfsf] x[bob]lvsf] rfxgf xf] . xfdL ;a}df ;b\a'l4 cfcf];\, xfd|f] e|ft[Tj a9f];\, xfdL ;a} /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] sfddf Ps xf]cf}+ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfu /fv]/ …hgo'4 elgPsf] ug]{ dfcf]jfbLn] cfhsn hgjfbL u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] cfkm\gf] nIonfO{ 5f8\g] / ax'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ tyf @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fpg] xf] eGb} cfPsf] kqklqsfx¿df k9\g kfOPsf] 5 . >L % af6 cfkm\g} :jljj]sdf lgo'Qm ul/aS;]sf k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLx¿;"u} jftf{ ubf{ u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] jftf{ t x'g} klg ;Sb}g xf]nf . b'O{ 9'+ufsf] t¿n h:tf] xfd|f] g]kfnsf] e"–/fhg}lts cj:yf ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / /fh;+:yfs} clåtLo g]t[Tj / xfd|f k'vf{sf] cys k|of;af6 lgdf{0f ePsf] xfd|f] g]kfndf /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf /fh;+:yfsf] ckl/xfo{tf 5 . u0ftGq :jod\ >L % af6 klg lbg ;lsaS;Gg, g]kfnsf] /fhd's'6 /fhfsf] dfq JolQmut xf]Og ;d:t g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;femf ;DklQ xf] . b]zeQm g]kfnLn] cfkm\gf] Kof/f] dft[e"ldnfO{ ckmuflg:tfg / sDaf]l8of h:tf] agfpg s;}n] klg lbg] 5}gg\ . of] Ps oyfy{ xf] . To;}n] b]zsf] :jflwgtf, cIf'00ftf / :jtGqtf hf]ufpg /fh;+:yf / hgtfsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;sf] cfjZostf 5 . oxf" u0ftGq x'g} ;Sb}g . lg/+s'z /fhtGq rNg g} ;Sb}g . ;a} ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq of] b]zsf] /fli6«o Pstfsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ jf:tljstf xf] .

ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cfhsf] o'usf] dfu xf] . hgtf ;j]{;jf{ x'g\ . hgtfn] k|ToIf lgjf{rg u/]sf hg k|ltlglwx¿n] hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu zf;g ug]{÷u/fpg] of] Joj:yf xf] . ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx¿n] klg kl/jt{g gvf]h]sf] eGb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;k|sf/ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ax'bnLo k|hftGq b'j}nfO{ oyfjt\ /fVg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/L gof" ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZostf g} kb}{g . k'/fgf] /fhg}lts Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h u/L gof" /fhg}lts Joj:yf Nofpgsf] nflu dfq ;+ljwfg;ef rflxg] xf] . ;fljss} /fhg}lts Joj:yf sfod} /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;fljs ;+ljwfgnfO{ k|lt;+x/0f u/L gof" ;+ljwfg cfP NofOPsf] pbfx/0f ;+;f/e/df st} sxL+ e]l6Psf] 5}g / b]lvb}+g . …;+ljwfg;efÚ c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf lgdf{0f ug{] sfd k"/f ePkl5 of] :jtM lj3l6t x'g k'U5 . ;+If]kdf To:tf] a]nfdf dfq ;+ljwfg;efåf/f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h'g avt s'g} /fhg}lts zlQmn] k'/fgf] /fhg}lts Joj:yfnfO{ Wj+z kf/]/ cfkm\gf] gof" /fhg}lts Joj:yfnfO{ d"t{tf Pjd\ j}wtf lbg Ps k|sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof xf] . b]zdf sfod e}/x]sf] /fhg}lts Joj:yf hgtfnfO{ a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg uf/fpg / cu|ufdL lbzf lbg ;+ljwfgdf q'l6 b]lvG5 eg] To;nfO{ ;Rofpg ;+zf]wg dfq u/]df klg k'U5 . gof" ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfjZostf kb}{ kb}{g . /fi6« ;+rfng ug]{ ;+ljwfg /fhg}lts zlQmx¿sf] ;Gt'ngsf] x'g'k5{ / ToxL ;Gt'lnt ;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL ax'dtn] zf;g ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] k|hftflGqs, /fhg}lts Joj:yfdf ax'dtsf] dfGotf / cNkdtsf] sb/ x'g'kb{5 . oxf" ;+VofTds ax'dtn] agfPsf] ;+ljwfg lbuf] x'"b}g . ;+ljwfg xfd|f] b]zsf oxf"sf /fhg}lts zlQmx¿sf] ;Gt'ngaf6 ;a}sf] dof{bf, ;a}sf] ljrf/ ;d]6]/ of] /fi6«sf] lxt x'g] ;+ljwfg aGg' 7Ls x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf %! k|ltztn] lhTg]n] ax'dtsf] cf8df cfkm"n] eg] h:tf] ;+ljwfg agfof] eg] To:tf] gof" ;+ljwfg l6sfp x'g]5}g . xfdLnfO{ /fhg}lts :yfloTj rflxPsf] 5 .

jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]un] tof/ ubf{ ;f]sf] wf/f !@#-$_ df ;+ljwfgsf] …d"ne"t :j¿kÚ df kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ ePdf hgdt ;u|xaf6 lg0f{o x'g] elgPsf] lyof] . t/ tTsfnLg cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgfsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L kl/jt{g ug{ gkfOg] u/fpg >L % df ;Nnfx / ;Ddlt hfx]/ u/L ;+ljwfgsf …df}lns ;+/rgfÚ nfO{ ckl/jt{gLo u/fPsf] 5 . zflGtjftf{sf] clGtd lgsf; jt{dfg ;+ljwfg 7Ls–a]7Ls s] 5 hgtfsf] ;Ddfg x'g]5 . o;df ;a}n] b]zelQmk"0f{ efjgf /fvL zflGt sfod u/]/ jt{dfg ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rg / ;+ljwfgsf] ;DaGwdf klg of] 7Ls–a]7Ls s] 5 ;f]sf] hgdt lng] hgdt ;+u|x h:tf]sf] klg b'j} Ps}k6s lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug'{ a'l4dfgL 7xg]{ 5 . o;}af6 b]zsf] lxt x'g]5 . g]kfnL hgtf nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ . g]kfnL dfqdf e|ft[Tj / Pstf sfod x'g]5 . gof" g]kfn / ;d[4 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f x'g]5 . ;d:t zflGtsfdL g]kfnL v'zL x'g]5g\ . ;a} g]kfnLsf] rfxgf oxL xf] .

-clvn g]kfn sfg'g Joj;foL ;+3sf] gjf}+ /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't sfo{kqaf6_

bn / b/af/ ldn] ljb]zL x:tIf]k lg:t]h x'G5

lzjxl/ bfxfn

ljb|f]x / jftf{

e/;s ljb|f]xsf] rfxgf s;}n] klg /fVb}g . ljb|f]xsf] l:ylt cfOxfn] klg lx+;fTds ljb|f]x gxf];\ eGg] ;f]rfO x'G5 . s'g} klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ;fwg x'"b}g jf klxrfg ug{ ;lsb}+g ta s'g} klg a]nf ljb|f]x x'g;S5 . ljb|f]x x'"bf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf /fhgLlts cfwf/ cufl8 ;fl/Ps} x'G5 . g]kfndf hgo'4 ;'¿ ubf{ dfcf]jfbLx¿n] klg o:t} cfwf/ t]:of{pg] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ljb|f]xsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu jftf{ g} ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] .

s'g} klg /fhgLlts p2]Zo, /fhgLlts Ph]08f af]s]sf ;+:yfx¿n] /fhgLlts p2]Zo k|flKtsf] Psfk;df 5nkmn u/L ;Demf}tfdf k'Ug] qmd /fhgLlts jftf{ xf] . s'g} s'/f k|fKt ug{sf nflu / s'g} s'/f 5f]8\gsf nflu cfkm\gf lglZrt cle¿lr, rfxgf k|flKt xf];\ eGgsf nflu åGådf b'j} kIfaf6 lglZrt /fhgLlts ;Demf}tfdf k'Ug] k|lqmof /fhgLlts jftf{ xf] .

ljb|f]xsf] :j¿k / jftf{sf] /0fgLlt

x/]s åGådf, x/]s ljb|f]xdf d"No–dfGotf km/s x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f x/]s ljb|f]xsf] :jefj klg cf–cfkm\gf] lsl;dsf] x'G5 . /fHo 5'6\ofpg] ljb|f]x / Joj:yf kl/jt{g jf lglZrt dfu k"/f u/fpg rflnPsf] ljb|f]xdf :j¿k lglZrt ¿kn] km/s x'G5 . xfd|f] d'n'ss} klg ljb|f]xsf] :j¿k x]g]{ xf] eg] cnu–cnu b]lvG5g\ . ))& ;fnsf] ljb|f]x /f0ff zf;gnfO{ kmfNg] lx+;fTds ljb|f]x lyof] eg] )$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng k~rfotL Joj:yf kmfNg] zlQm k'"hL ljb|f]x lyof] . ls;fg cfGbf]ngsf] :j¿k klg cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] lyof] . clxn]sf] ljb|f]xsf] :j¿k klg cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] 5 . of] km/s l:yltdf klg >Ln+sf Pjd\ sfZdL/;"u t'ngf ug]{ ul/G5 . >Ln+sfdf klg ;fgf] sf/0fsf nflu ljb|f]x ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] of] kl5 a9\b} uP/ cnu /fHosf nflu dfu a9\g yfn]sf] xf] . k|foM ljb|f]xdf ;'¿df Pp6f sf/0fn] eP klg lg/Gt/tfdf cs}{ ¿k lngk'U5 . ;Gbe{ cg';f/ To;sf] p2]Zo klg kl/jt{g x'"b} hfG5 .

xfd|f] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] ;'¿jft ;fdflhs, cfly{snufot ;Dk"0f{ vfnsf] pTkL8gaf6 gful/snfO{ d'lQm lbnfpg cfGbf]ng ul/Psf] elgPsf] 5 . o; p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu pgLx¿ ljleGg /0fgLlt ckgfp"5f} eg]sf 5g\ / jftf{nfO{ To;dWo] Pp6f /0fgLlt dfg]sf 5g\ . t/ pgLx¿sf] o; /0fgLlt eGg] zAb :ki6 5}g . o;n] yk :ki6tf dfu ub{5 .

pgLx¿n] )$%÷)$^ ;fn b]lv g} p7fp"b} cfPsf] /fHonfO{ d'Qm t'Nofpg] eGg] Ph]08fnfO{ yf"tL /fVg] xf] ls pgLx¿ lglZrt ¿kdf g} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ xf] < To;sf] hjfkm pgLx¿n] lbg'k5{ . clxn];Dd sxL+ klg sDo'lgi6 zf;g jftf{af6 :yflkt ePsf] 5}g / x'g ;Dej klg 5}g . pgLx¿n] h'g cfbz{ lnP/ hgo'4 ;'¿ u/]sf lyP clxn] jftf{;Dd cfOk'Ubf To;df lgZro klg km/s cfPsf] 5 . ha o'4df ;+nUg ljb|f]xLx¿n] zlQmsf] nflu rfxgf b]vfp"5g\, /fHo zlQmdf ;+nUg x'g vf]H5g\ ta ;d:of jftf{af6 6'lËb} hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . dfcf]jfbLx¿ zlQmdf :yfg vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . o;tkm{ /fHotkm{af6 ;sf/fTds kxn x'g] xf] eg] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 .

/0fgLlts ;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt

dfcf]jfbLx¿n] ;w}" zlQm /fhfdf 5 eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . (& sf] Ps n]vdf dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] ;]gf /fhfsf] clwgdf 5, of] ;+;b\sf] clwgdf /xg'kb{5 eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . /, cem} klg zlQm /fhfdf /lxcfPsf] eGb} cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] efiffdf ;g\ @))@ ;Dd /fHo;"u n8]sf] geO{ ;/sf/;"u n8] . jf:tljs zlQm ;/sf/;"u 5}g, /fhf;"u 5 . clxn] cfP/ /fhfsf] ;]gf;"u n8\of}+, pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ca lhTg ;Sb}gg\, xfdL klg pgLx¿nfO{ lhTg ;Sb}gf}+ eGg] dx;'; dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf 5g\ . o;} l:yltnfO{ pgLx¿n] /0fgLlts ;Gt'ngdf /x]sf] eg]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] egfOdf oltv]/ /0fgLlts ;Gt'ng 5 / o;} avt jftf{ ubf{ cu|ufdL kl/0ffd cfp"5 eGg] 5 . jftf{ kl/0ffdd'vL /xg /fHo Wj:t x'g'k5{ eGg] dfgl;stf /fVg' unt xf] . jftf{sf nflu /0fgLlts ;Gt'ng s'g'{ kb}{g .

jftf{sf] Ph]08f

clxn] jftf{sf] k|;+u rln/fv] klg jftf{sf] r/0fdf ¿DdlnPsf] b]lvG5 . jftf{ ug{sf nflu klxnf Ph]08f rflxG5 . s] Ph]08fdf jftf{ ug]{ < sf] ;"u jftf{ ug]{ < åGåsf k|d'v kfq sf]–sf] x'g\ < klxrfg ul/g'k5{, :ki6 x'g'k5{ . clxn] ;/sf/L jftf{sf/n] …åGågu/af6 zflGtgu/sf] a; lx+l8;Sof]Ú eg]sf 5g\ . o;n] cfGtl/s ¿kdf s]xL ePsf] h:tf] b]vfp"5 . jftf{sf qmddf o:tf s'/fx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug'{k5{, kf/bzL{ x'g'k5{ . o;n] k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nof+sg ug]{ cfwf/ kfp"5 . ;}4flGts ¿kdf jftf{ ug'{ cufl8 k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ug'{kb{5 . Ph]08f :ki6 x'g'k5{ . clxn] ;/sf/L jftf{sf/sf] ;xeflutfd} cGof}ntf 5 . :jo+ gf/fo0fl;+x k'gn] dfq} jftf{ ug]{ xf] ls < ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 klg sf]xL jftf{df a:5 ls, /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ jftf{df s;/L /flvG5 < To;df :ki6tf x'g'k5{ .

clxn] jftf{sf/x¿n] jftf{sf] Ph]08f s] xf] < klxrfg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/, ;+ljwfg;ef jf:tjdf jftf{sf Ph]08fx¿ xf]Ogg\ . oL s]jn Ph]08fsf k|lqmof dfq} x'g\ . t/ logLx¿nfO{ Ph]08f agfOPsf] 5, of] x'g} ;Sb}g . jf:tjdf jftf{df gful/sx¿sf Ph]08f k|:t't x'g'k5{ . gful/s Ph]08fdf åGåaf6 k|efljt gful/ssf] k'g:yf{kgf, 6«'y sldzg, b08xLgtfnfO{ s;/L /f]Sg], hgtfsf] s'g cfly{s, ;fdflhs xs clwsf/ k|fKt gx'"bf hgo'4n] km}ng] df}sf kfof], To;sf] klxrfg kb{5g\ . Tof] ljifonfO{ lnP/ jftf{sf] Ph]08f x'g;S5 . jftf{df 5nkmn x'"bf åGåaf6 k|efljt hgtfsf] k'g:yf{kgf s;/L ug]{, 6«'y sldzgn] s;/L, s] sfd ug]{ < ;fdflhs e]befj s;/L x6fpg] < oL ;dfhsf dfgjLo kIf x'g\ . o;sf ;fy;fy} cfly{s Pjd\ /fhgLlts kIf x'G5g\ . x/]s kIfsf cnu cnu Ph]08f x'G5g\ . tL Ph]08fnfO{ Pp6f 6'Ëf]df k'¥ofpg], tL Ph]08f k|flKt ug]{ / o;df ;xdlt ePdf s'/f nfu" ug]{ k|lqmof dfq} x'g\– uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;ef .

h:t}M ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lqmof xf] eg], ;+ljwfg;ef cfkm}+df cfjZos xf]Og . of] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;d:of rflx+ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgaf6 x'g;s]g . To;sf/0f To;sf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef rflxof] eg]/ eGg'k5{ . ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg] ls ghfg] eGg] eGbf klg ;+ljwfg;ef s]sf nflu < Tof] h¿/L 5 . To;}n] oL jftf{sf d'2fx¿ dfq} x'g\, Ph]08f xf]Ogg\ .

jftf{s} qmddf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ r/0f eg]sf] g]uf]l;P;gsf] r/0f xf] . jftf{sf] qmddf Ph]08f klxNofP/ To;df 5nkmn u/L 6'ª\Uofpg] qmd g]uf]l;P;g xf] . Ph]08fdfly 5nkmn ug]{, tof/L ldl6ª ug]{ jftf{ xf] . Tof] jftf{df ;xdlt ePsf ljifodf x:tfIf/ ug]{ qmddf k'Ug' g]uf]l;P;g xf] . jf:tjdf of] Pp6f k|lqmof g} xf] . jftf{ eg]sf] ;'¿sf] 5nkmn dfq} xf] . To;}n] jftf{nfO{ dfWod agfP/ g]uf]l;P;gdf hfg'k5{ clgdfq} kl/0ffd lg:sG5 . d"n s'/f g} g]uf]l;P;gdf x'G5 . t/ xfd|f jftf{sf/x¿ g]uf]l;P;gsf] t s'/} 5f8f}+, jftf{df ;d]t k|j]z ug{nfO{ 8/fO/fv]sf 5g\ . dfgf}+, jftf{ k|lqmofdf g} ;a}yf]s x'G5 .

k|lqmof / ;Ldf

s'g} klg jftf{ cgGtsfnLg x'g'x'"b}g . jftf{sf] ;do;fl/0fL lglZrt x'g'k5{ . o;sf] dtna of] xf]Og ls hltv]/ a:of] Toltv]/ g} jftf{ 6'lËG5 . r/0fa4 ¿kdf hfg'k5{ . r/0fa4 ¿kdf Ph]08fdfly 5nkmn ug]{ xf] . 5nkmn s'g jftf{df s'g–s'g ljifodf ug]{ eg]/ qmda4tf tf]Sg'k5{ . x/]s r/0fdf ;xdlt ub}{ hfg'k5{ . To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ub}}{ hfg'k5{ . ;d:of eg]sf] jftf{sf/x¿aLr dfq} xf]Og hgtfx¿sf] klg xf] . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf af/]df jftf{sf/x¿åf/f ul/Psf] ;xdlt hfGg' h¿/L x'G5 .

;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf

åGå/t kIfx¿aLr ;f}xfb{ jftfj/0fsf nflu ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . d}bfgdf Psfk;df le8]sf kIfx¿ cfk;df k"jf{u|xL x'G5g\, pgLx¿sf] k"jf{u|xnfO{ zfGt kfg{ lhDd]jf/ ;xhstf{ ;kmn x'g'k5{ . ;xhstf{ rog ubf{ h'g …Dof08]6Ú lbOG5, ToxL cg';f/sf] e"ldsf pgLx¿sf] x'G5 . ;xhstf{x¿n] :jod\ ;Ifd / åGåsf ;jf{ËL0f kIfsf] ulx/f] cWoog u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

cl3Nnf] k6ssf] jftf{sf] qmddf ;'¿df ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ jftf{df ;fd]n gu/fO ;d]t cfPsf] lyof] . t/, To:tf] ;xhstf{sf] cy{} /x"b}g . Ph]08f tof/ ug]{, b'O{ kIfaLr l8lnª ug]{, ;xdltk"0f{ jftfj/0f ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] e"ldsf p;sf] xf] . To;}n] pgLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ km/flsnf] bfo/fdf /fVg'k5{ . clwsf/ljxLg ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfdf sf]xL klg hfg' x'"b}g klg . p;n] kIfx¿aLr 5nkmn u/]/ k|Zgx¿ ;d]t ug{ kfpg] x'g'kb{5 . t/ s'g} s'/f l;kmfl/; ug'{ g}lts ¿kn] g} unt xf] .

/fhgLlts kIf / jfx\o k|efj

clxn] ;a} /fhgLlts kIfx¿ jftf{ cufl8 cf–cfkm\gf] e"ldsfsf] vf]hLdf 5g\ . jftf{sf] cufl8 g} :ki6 x'g' h¿/L klg 5 . clxn] /fhgLltsf] cfGtl/s kIfdf b/jf/, ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bnx¿ / dfcf]jfbL d'Vo x'g\ . oL afx]s logLx¿n] g} jfx\o zlQmnfO{ xfjL agfO/fv]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] sdhf]/L n'sfpg jfx\o zlQmnfO{ b]vfOlbg] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . cfkm" :ki6 gx'g] clg c¿nfO{ 7fp" lbg] ePsf] 5 . s'g} klg cfGtl/s åGådf afx\o rf;f] :jefj}n] x'G5 . xfd|f] d'n'ssf] åGådf jfx\o zlQmsf] rfxgf cjZo 5 . t/ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g], slt x'g] oxL"sf /fhgLlts kIfx¿sf] Jojxf/df e/ k5{ . b/jf/ / /fhgLlts bnx¿ cfk;df ldn] jfx\o zlQm :jtM lg:t]h x'G5 .

klxnf] kfgf | :yflgo ;dfrf/ | ;Dkfblso | dgf]/~hg | ljrf/÷laZn]if0f |